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Sato Y, Takaya A, Mouslim C, Hughes KT, Yamamoto T. FliT selectively enhances proteolysis of FlhC subunit in FlhD4C2 complex by an ATP-dependent protease, ClpXP. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33001-11. [PMID: 25278020 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.593749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the ClpXP ATP-dependent protease specifically recognizes and degrades the flagellar master transcriptional activator complex, FlhD4C2, to negatively control flagellar biogenesis. The flagellum-related protein, FliT, is also a negative regulator of flagellar regulon by inhibiting the binding of FlhD4C2 to the promoter DNA. We have found a novel pathway of FliT inhibition of FlhD4C2 activity connected to ClpXP proteolysis. An in vitro degradation assay using purified proteins shows that FliT selectively increases ClpXP proteolysis of the FlhC subunit in the FlhD4C2 complex. FliT behaves specifically to ClpXP-dependent proteolysis of FlhC. An in vitro interaction assay detects the ternary complex of FliT-FlhD4C2-ClpX. FliT promotes the affinity of ClpX against FlhD4C2 complex, whereas FliT does not directly interact with ClpX. Thus, FliT interacts with the FlhC in FlhD4C2 complex and increases the presentation of the FlhC recognition region to ClpX. The DNA-bound form of FlhD4C2 complex is resistant to ClpXP proteolysis. We suggest that the role of FliT in negatively controlling the flagellar gene expression involves increasing free molecules of FlhD4C2 sensitive to ClpXP proteolysis by inhibiting the binding to the promoter DNA as well as enhancing the selective proteolysis of FlhC subunit by ClpXP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Sato
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675 Japan and
| | - Akiko Takaya
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675 Japan and
| | - Chakib Mouslim
- the Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Kelly T Hughes
- the Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Tomoko Yamamoto
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675 Japan and
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Ollivierre JN, Fang J, Beuning PJ. The Roles of UmuD in Regulating Mutagenesis. J Nucleic Acids 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20936072 PMCID: PMC2948943 DOI: 10.4061/2010/947680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All organisms are subject to DNA damage from both endogenous and environmental sources. DNA damage that is not fully repaired can lead to mutations. Mutagenesis is now understood to be an active process, in part facilitated by lower-fidelity DNA polymerases that replicate DNA in an error-prone manner. Y-family DNA polymerases, found throughout all domains of life, are characterized by their lower fidelity on undamaged DNA and their specialized ability to copy damaged DNA. Two E. coli Y-family DNA polymerases are responsible for copying damaged DNA as well as for mutagenesis. These DNA polymerases interact with different forms of UmuD, a dynamic protein that regulates mutagenesis. The UmuD gene products, regulated by the SOS response, exist in two principal forms: UmuD(2), which prevents mutagenesis, and UmuD(2)', which facilitates UV-induced mutagenesis. This paper focuses on the multiple conformations of the UmuD gene products and how their protein interactions regulate mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaylene N Ollivierre
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 102 Hurtig Hall, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abdelhakim AH, Oakes EC, Sauer RT, Baker TA. Unique contacts direct high-priority recognition of the tetrameric Mu transposase-DNA complex by the AAA+ unfoldase ClpX. Mol Cell 2008; 30:39-50. [PMID: 18406325 PMCID: PMC2717000 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clp/Hsp100 ATPases remodel and disassemble multiprotein complexes, yet little is known about how they preferentially recognize these complexes rather than their constituent subunits. We explore how substrate multimerization modulates recognition by the ClpX unfoldase using a natural substrate, MuA transposase. MuA is initially monomeric but forms a stable tetramer when bound to transposon DNA. Destabilizing this tetramer by ClpX promotes an essential transition in the phage Mu recombination pathway. We show that ClpX interacts more tightly with tetrameric than with monomeric MuA. Residues exposed only in the MuA tetramer are important for enhanced recognition--which requires the N domain of ClpX--as well as for a high maximal disassembly rate. We conclude that an extended set of potential enzyme contacts are exposed upon assembly of the tetramer and function as internal guides to recruit ClpX, thereby ensuring that the tetrameric complex is a high-priority substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaa H Abdelhakim
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Marshall-Batty KR, Nakai H. Activation of a dormant ClpX recognition motif of bacteriophage Mu repressor by inducing high local flexibility. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:9060-70. [PMID: 18230617 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705508200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal domain (CTD) of bacteriophage Mu immunity repressor (Rep) regulates DNA binding by the N-terminal domain and degradation by ClpXP protease. Five residues at the Rep C terminus (CTD5) can serve as a ClpX recognition motif, but it is dormant unless activated, a state that can be induced by the presence of dominant-negative mutant repressors (Vir). Conversion of Rep to ClpXP-sensitive form was associated with not only increased exposure of CTD5 to solvent but also increased CTD motion or flexibility as measured by fluorescence anisotropy. CTD mutations (V183S, K193S, and V196S) promoting ClpXP resistance without destroying the recognition motif prevented increased CTD motion induced by Vir. Suppression of ClpXP protease resistance conferred by the V196S mutation also correlated with restoration of CTD motion. The temperature-sensitive R47Q mutation present in cis within the DNA-binding domain restored ClpXP protease sensitivity to the V196S mutant, and anisotropy analysis indicated that R47Q allows the V196S CTD to gain increased flexibility when Vir was present. The results indicate that the CTD functions to turn the recognition motif on and off, most likely by modulating flexibility of the domain that harbors the ClpX recognition motif, suggesting a general mechanism by which proteins can regulate their own degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Marshall-Batty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, D. C. 20057, USA
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Marshall-Batty KR, Nakai H. Trans-targeting of protease substrates by conformationally activating a regulable ClpX-recognition motif. Mol Microbiol 2008; 67:920-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.06099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ranquet C, Toussaint A, de Jong H, Maenhaut-Michel G, Geiselmann J. Control of Bacteriophage Mu Lysogenic Repression. J Mol Biol 2005; 353:186-95. [PMID: 16154589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Revised: 07/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The transposable and temperate phage Mu infects Escherichia coli where it can enter the lytic life-cycle or reside as a repressed and integrated prophage. The repressor protein Rep is the key element in the lysis-lysogeny decision. We have analyzed the fate of Rep in different mutants by Western blotting under two conditions that can induce a lysogen: high temperature and stationary phase. We show that, unexpectedly, Rep accumulates under all conditions where the prophage is completely derepressed, and that this accumulation is ClpX-dependent. An analysis of the degradation kinetics shows that Rep is a target of two protease systems: inactivation of either the clpP or lon gene results in a stabilization of Rep. Such a reaction scheme explains the counterintuitive observation that derepression is correlated with high repressor concentration. We conclude that under all conditions of phage induction the repressor is sequestered in a non-active form. A quantitative simulation accounts for our experimental data. It provides a model that captures the essential features of Mu induction and explains some of the mechanisms by which the physiological signals affecting the lysis-lysogeny decision converge onto Rep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ranquet
- Laboratoire du Contrôle de l'Expression Génique, Institut Jean Roget-Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Domaine de la Merci, F-38700 La Tronche, France.
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Jackson MW, Silva-Herzog E, Plano GV. The ATP-dependent ClpXP and Lon proteases regulate expression of the Yersinia pestis type III secretion system via regulated proteolysis of YmoA, a small histone-like protein. Mol Microbiol 2005; 54:1364-78. [PMID: 15554975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Yersinia pestis plasmid pCD1-encoded type III secretion system (T3SS) is essential for the pathogenicity of Y. pestis in mammalian hosts. T3SS-associated genes are maximally expressed at 37 degrees C in the absence of extracellular calcium. Expression of T3SS genes requires LcrF, an AraC-like transcriptional activator, and is repressed by YmoA, a small histone-like protein. The mechanism by which temperature regulates T3SS gene expression has not been determined; however, changes in DNA topology have been implicated in this process. We report here that a Y. pestis strain deficient in production of the ClpXP and Lon proteases does not express a functional T3SS partly because of high cytosolic levels of YmoA. YmoA is rapidly degraded at 37 degrees C in wild-type Y. pestis, but remains stable in a clpXPlon deletion mutant. The stability of YmoA in wild-type Y. pestis increased as the growth temperature of the culture decreased; in contrast, YmoA was stable at all temperatures examined in the clpXPlon deletion mutant. These results indicate that the ClpXP and Lon proteases contribute to the environmental regulation of the Y. pestis T3SS system through regulated proteolysis of YmoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Griffith KL, Shah IM, Wolf RE. Proteolytic degradation of Escherichia coli transcription activators SoxS and MarA as the mechanism for reversing the induction of the superoxide (SoxRS) and multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) regulons. Mol Microbiol 2004; 51:1801-16. [PMID: 15009903 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In Escherichia coli, the SoxRS regulon confers resistance to redox-cycling compounds, and the Mar regulon provides a defence against multiple antibiotics. The response regulators, SoxS and MarA, are synthesized de novo in response to their inducing signals and directly activate transcription of a common set of target genes. Although the mechanisms of transcription activation by SoxS and MarA have been well studied, little is known about how the systems are shut-off once the inducing stress has subsided, except that de novo synthesis of the regulators is known to cease almost immediately. Here, we induced the SoxRS regulon and determined that, upon removal of the inducer, expression of the regulon's genes quickly returns to the preinduced level. This rapid shut-off indicates that the system is reset by an active process. We found that SoxS is unstable and infer that SoxS degradation is responsible for the rapid return of the system to the ground state upon removal of the inducing signal. We also found that MarA is unstable and that the instability of both proteins is intrinsic and unregulated. We used null mutations of protease genes to identify the proteases involved in the degradation of SoxS and MarA. Among single protease mutations, only lon mutations increased the half-life of SoxS and MarA. In addition, SoxS appeared to be nearly completely stable in a lon ftsH double mutant. Using hexahistidine tags placed at the respective ends of the activators, we found that access to the amino-terminus is essential for the proteolytic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Griffith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Neher SB, Sauer RT, Baker TA. Distinct peptide signals in the UmuD and UmuD' subunits of UmuD/D' mediate tethering and substrate processing by the ClpXP protease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:13219-24. [PMID: 14595014 PMCID: PMC263758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2235804100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Escherichia coli UmuD' protein is a component of DNA polymerase V, an error-prone polymerase that carries out translesion synthesis on damaged DNA templates. The intracellular concentration of UmuD' is strictly controlled by regulated transcription, by posttranslational processing of UmuD to UmuD', and by ClpXP degradation. UmuD' is a substrate for the ClpXP protease but must form a heterodimer with its unabbreviated precursor, UmuD, for efficient degradation to occur. Here, we show that UmuD functions as a UmuD' delivery protein for ClpXP. UmuD can also deliver a UmuD partner for degradation. UmuD resembles SspB, a well-characterized substrate-delivery protein for ClpX, in that both proteins use related peptide motifs to bind to the N-terminal domain of ClpX, thereby tethering substrate complexes to ClpXP. The combined use of a weak substrate recognition signal and a delivery factor that tethers the substrate to the protease allows regulated proteolysis of UmuD/D' in the cell. Dual recognition strategies of this type may be a relatively common feature of intracellular protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia B Neher
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Defenbaugh DA, Nakai H. A context-dependent ClpX recognition determinant located at the C terminus of phage Mu repressor. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:52333-9. [PMID: 14559921 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308724200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteriophage Mu immunity repressor is a conformationally sensitive sensor that can be interconverted between forms resistant to and sensitive to degradation by ClpXP protease. Protease-sensitive repressor molecules with an altered C-terminal sequence promote rapid degradation of the wild-type repressor by inducing its C-terminal end to become exposed. Here we determined that the last 5 C-terminal residues (CTD5) of the wild-type repressor contain the motif required for recognition by the ClpX molecular chaperone, a motif that is strongly dependent upon the context in which it is presented. Although attachment of the 11-residue ssrA degradation tag to the C terminus of green fluorescent protein (GFP) promoted its rapid degradation by ClpXP, attachment of 5-27 C-terminal residues of the repressor failed to promote degradation. Disordered peptides derived from 41 and 35 C-terminal residues of CcdA (CcdA41) and thioredoxin (TrxA35), respectively, activated CTD5 when placed as linkers between GFP and repressor C-terminal sequences. However, when the entire thioredoxin sequence was included as a linker to promote an ordered configuration of the TrxA35 peptide, the resulting substrate was not degraded. In addition, a hybrid tag, in which CTD5 replaced the 3-residue recognition motif of the ssrA tag, was inactive when attached directly to GFP but active when attached through the CcdA41 peptide. Thus, CTD5 is sufficient to act as a recognition motif but has requirements for its presentation not shared by the ssrA tag. We suggest that activation of CTD5 may require presentation on a disordered or flexible domain that confers ligand flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn A Defenbaugh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA
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