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Mohindra P, Zhong JX, Fang Q, Cuylear DL, Huynh C, Qiu H, Gao D, Kharbikar BN, Huang X, Springer ML, Lee RJ, Desai TA. Local decorin delivery via hyaluronic acid microrods improves cardiac performance, ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:60. [PMID: 37872196 PMCID: PMC10593781 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00336-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) remains a global public health burden and often results following myocardial infarction (MI). Following injury, cardiac fibrosis forms in the myocardium which greatly hinders cellular function, survival, and recruitment, thus severely limits tissue regeneration. Here, we leverage biophysical microstructural cues made of hyaluronic acid (HA) loaded with the anti-fibrotic proteoglycan decorin to more robustly attenuate cardiac fibrosis after acute myocardial injury. Microrods showed decorin incorporation throughout the entirety of the hydrogel structures and exhibited first-order release kinetics in vitro. Intramyocardial injections of saline (n = 5), microrods (n = 7), decorin microrods (n = 10), and free decorin (n = 4) were performed in male rat models of ischemia-reperfusion MI to evaluate therapeutic effects on cardiac remodeling and function. Echocardiographic analysis demonstrated that rats treated with decorin microrods (5.21% ± 4.29%) exhibited significantly increased change in ejection fraction (EF) at 8 weeks post-MI compared to rats treated with saline (-4.18% ± 2.78%, p < 0.001) and free decorin (-3.42% ± 1.86%, p < 0.01). Trends in reduced end diastolic volume were also identified in decorin microrod-treated groups compared to those treated with saline, microrods, and free decorin, indicating favorable ventricular remodeling. Quantitative analysis of histology and immunofluorescence staining showed that treatment with decorin microrods reduced cardiac fibrosis (p < 0.05) and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (p < 0.05) at 8 weeks post-MI compared to saline control. Together, this work aims to contribute important knowledge to guide rationally designed biomaterial development that may be used to successfully treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Mohindra
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Justin X Zhong
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qizhi Fang
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Darnell L Cuylear
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Graduate Program in Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Huynh
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huiliang Qiu
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dongwei Gao
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bhushan N Kharbikar
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew L Springer
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Randall J Lee
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tejal A Desai
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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2
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Xie C, Mondal DK, Ulas M, Neill T, Iozzo RV. Oncosuppressive roles of decorin through regulation of multiple receptors and diverse signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C554-C566. [PMID: 35171698 PMCID: PMC8917911 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00016.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Decorin is a stromal-derived prototype member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan gene family. In addition to its functions as a regulator of collagen fibrillogenesis and TGF-β activity soluble decorin acts as a pan-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor. Decorin binds to various RTKs including EGFR HER2 HGFR/Met VEGFR2 TLR and IGFR. Although the molecular mechanism for the action of decorin on these receptors is not entirely elucidated overall decorin evokes transient activation of these receptors with suppression of downstream signaling cascades culminating in growth inhibition followed by their physical downregulation via caveosomal internalization and degradation. In the case of Met decorin leads to decreased β-catenin signaling pathway and growth suppression. As most of these RTKs are responsible for providing a growth advantage to cancer cells the result of decorin treatment is oncosuppression. Another decorin-driven mechanism to restrict cancer growth and dissemination is by impeding angiogenesis via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and the concurrent activation of protracted endothelial cell autophagy. In this review we will dissect the multiple roles of decorin in cancer biology and its potential use as a next-generation protein-based adjuvant therapy to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Xie
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dipon K. Mondal
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mikdat Ulas
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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3
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Pemmari T, Ivanova L, May U, Lingasamy P, Tobi A, Pasternack A, Prince S, Ritvos O, Makkapati S, Teesalu T, Cairo MS, Järvinen TAH, Liao Y. Exposed CendR Domain in Homing Peptide Yields Skin-Targeted Therapeutic in Epidermolysis Bullosa. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1833-1845. [PMID: 32497513 PMCID: PMC7403337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic skin-selective therapeutics would be a major advancement in the treatment of diseases affecting the entire skin, such as recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), which is caused by mutations in the COL7A1 gene and manifests in transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-driven fibrosis and malignant transformation. Homing peptides containing a C-terminal R/KXXR/K motif (C-end rule [CendR] sequence) activate an extravasation and tissue penetration pathway for tumor-specific drug delivery. We have previously described a homing peptide CRKDKC (CRK) that contains a cryptic CendR motif and homes to angiogenic blood vessels in wounds and tumors, but it cannot penetrate cells or tissues. In this study, we demonstrate that removal of the cysteine from CRK to expose the CendR sequence confers the peptide novel ability to home to normal skin. Fusion of the truncated CRK (tCRK) peptide to the C terminus of an extracellular matrix protein decorin (DCN), a natural TGF-β inhibitor, resulted in a skin-homing therapeutic molecule (DCN-tCRK). Systemic DCN-tCRK administration in RDEB mice led to inhibition of TGF-β signaling in the skin and significant improvement in the survival of RDEB mice. These results suggest that DCN-tCRK has the potential to be utilized as a novel therapeutic compound for the treatment of dermatological diseases such as RDEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toini Pemmari
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University & Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Larisa Ivanova
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Ulrike May
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University & Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Prakash Lingasamy
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Allan Tobi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anja Pasternack
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stuart Prince
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University & Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Ritvos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shreya Makkapati
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for Nanomedicine, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; Deparmtent of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Tero A H Järvinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University & Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Yanling Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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4
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Chiarini A, Onorati F, Marconi M, Pasquali A, Patuzzo C, Malashicheva A, Irtyega O, Faggian G, Pignatti PF, Trabetti E, Armato U, Dal Pra I. Studies on sporadic non-syndromic thoracic aortic aneurysms: II. Alterations of extra-cellular matrix components and focal adhesion proteins. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 25:51-58. [PMID: 29708036 DOI: 10.1177/2047487318759120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Sporadic non-syndromic thoracic aortic aneurysms (SNSTAAs) are less well understood than familial non-syndromic or syndromic ones. Here, we focused on morphologic and molecular changes of the extracellular matrix of the tunica media of SNSTAAs. Design Single centre design. Methods Surgical media samples from seven SNSTAAs and seven controls underwent quantitative polymerase chain reaction, proteomics-bioinformatics, immunoblotting, histology and immunohistochemistry analysis. Results A down-regulation of Decorin mRNA with unchanged protein levels associated with a remarkable increase of collagen fibres. A reduced and distorted network of elastic fibres partnered with an attenuated expression of microfibril-associated glycoprotein1 despite the rise of MFAP2 gene-encoded mRNA levels. An increasingly proteolysed paxillin (55 kDa PXN), a focal adhesion protein, combined with an upregulated 62 kDa PXN holoprotein, without changes in amount and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (pp125FAK). The upregulation of SPOCK2-encoded Testican2 proteoglycan and of ectodysplasin (EDA) protein was coupled with a down-regulation of EDA2 receptor (EDA2R). Conclusions Several tunica media extracellular matrix-related changes favour SNSTAA development. A steady level of decorin and a microfibril-associated glycoprotein1 protein shortage cause the assembly of structurally defective collagen and elastic fibres. Up-regulation of PXN holoproteins perturbs PXN/pp125FAK interaction and focal adhesion functioning. Testican2 up-regulation suppresses the membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase inhibiting activities of other SPOCK family members thus enhancing extracellular matrix proteolysis. Finally, the altered EDA•EDA2R signalling would impact on the remodelling of SNSTAA tunica media. Altogether, our results pave the way to a deeper molecular understanding of SNSTAAs necessary to identify their early diagnostic biochemical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiarini
- 1 Histology and Embryology Section, University of Verona Medical School, Italy
| | - Francesco Onorati
- 2 Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Verona Medical School, Italy
| | - Maddalena Marconi
- 1 Histology and Embryology Section, University of Verona Medical School, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Patuzzo
- 3 Biology and Genetics Section, University of Verona Medical School, Italy
| | | | - Olga Irtyega
- 4 Federal Almazov Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Giuseppe Faggian
- 2 Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Verona Medical School, Italy
| | - Pier F Pignatti
- 3 Biology and Genetics Section, University of Verona Medical School, Italy
| | | | - Ubaldo Armato
- 1 Histology and Embryology Section, University of Verona Medical School, Italy
| | - Ilaria Dal Pra
- 1 Histology and Embryology Section, University of Verona Medical School, Italy
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5
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Paracuellos P, Kalamajski S, Bonna A, Bihan D, Farndale RW, Hohenester E. Structural and functional analysis of two small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans, fibromodulin and chondroadherin. Matrix Biol 2017; 63:106-116. [PMID: 28215822 PMCID: PMC5618690 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are important regulators of extracellular matrix assembly and cell signalling. We have determined crystal structures at ~ 2.2 Å resolution of human fibromodulin and chondroadherin, two collagen-binding SLRPs. Their overall fold is similar to that of the prototypical SLRP, decorin, but unlike decorin neither fibromodulin nor chondroadherin forms a stable dimer. A previously identified binding site for integrin α2β1 maps to an α-helix in the C-terminal cap region of chondroadherin. Interrogation of the Collagen Toolkits revealed a unique binding site for chondroadherin in collagen II, and no binding to collagen III. A triple-helical peptide containing the sequence GAOGPSGFQGLOGPOGPO (O is hydroxyproline) forms a stable complex with chondroadherin in solution. In fibrillar collagen I and II, this sequence is aligned with the collagen cross-linking site KGHR, suggesting a role for chondroadherin in cross-linking. The crystal structures of fibromodulin and chondroadherin have been determined. Fibromodulin and chondroadherin are monomeric in solution. Chondroadherin binds to a unique site in type II collagen that contains the sequence GAOGPSGFQGLOGPOGPO (O, hydroxyproline). In collagen fibres, the chondroadherin binding site is adjacent to the cross-linking site, KGHR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arkadiusz Bonna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Bihan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W Farndale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Erhard Hohenester
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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6
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Rämisch S, Pramhed A, Tillgren V, Aspberg A, Logan DT. Crystal structure of human chondroadherin: solving a difficult molecular-replacement problem usingde novomodels. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 73:53-63. [DOI: 10.1107/s205979831601980x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chondroadherin (CHAD) is a cartilage matrix protein that mediates the adhesion of isolated chondrocytes. Its protein core is composed of 11 leucine-rich repeats (LRR) flanked by cysteine-rich domains. CHAD makes important interactions with collagen as well as with cell-surface heparin sulfate proteoglycans and α2β1integrins. The integrin-binding site is located in a region of hitherto unknown structure at the C-terminal end of CHAD. Peptides based on the C-terminal human CHAD (hCHAD) sequence have shown therapeutic potential for treating osteoporosis. This article describes a still-unconventional structure solution by phasing withde novomodels, the first of a β-rich protein. Structure determination of hCHAD using traditional, though nonsystematic, molecular replacement was unsuccessful in the hands of the authors, possibly owing to a combination of low sequence identity to other LRR proteins, four copies in the asymmetric unit and weak translational pseudosymmetry. However, it was possible to solve the structure by generating a large number ofde novomodels for the central LRR domain usingRosettaand multiple parallel molecular-replacement attempts usingAMPLE. The hCHAD structure reveals an ordered C-terminal domain belonging to the LRRCT fold, with the integrin-binding motif (WLEAK) being part of a regular α-helix, and suggests ways in which experimental therapeutic peptides can be improved. The crystal structure itself and docking simulations further support that hCHAD dimers form in a similar manner to other matrix LRR proteins.
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7
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8
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Federico S, Pierce BF, Piluso S, Wischke C, Lendlein A, Neffe AT. Design von Decorin-basierten Peptiden, die an Kollagen I binden, und ihr Potenzial als Adhäsionssequenzen in Biomaterialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Federico S, Pierce BF, Piluso S, Wischke C, Lendlein A, Neffe AT. Design of Decorin-Based Peptides That Bind to Collagen I and their Potential as Adhesion Moieties in Biomaterials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [PMID: 26216251 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mimicking the binding epitopes of protein-protein interactions by using small peptides is important for generating modular biomimetic systems. A strategy is described for the design of such bioactive peptides without accessible structural data for the targeted interaction, and the effect of incorporating such adhesion peptides in complex biomaterial systems is demonstrated. The highly repetitive structure of decorin was analyzed to identify peptides that are representative of the inner and outer surface, and it was shown that only peptides based on the inner surface of decorin bind to collagen. The peptide with the highest binding affinity for collagen I, LHERHLNNN, served to slow down the diffusion of a conjugated dye in a collagen gel, while its dimer could physically crosslink collagen, thereby enhancing the elastic modulus of the gel by one order of magnitude. These results show the potential of the identified peptides for the design of biomaterials for applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Federico
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow (Germany).,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm (Germany)
| | - Benjamin F Pierce
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow (Germany)
| | - Susanna Piluso
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow (Germany).,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm (Germany)
| | - Christian Wischke
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow (Germany)
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow (Germany).,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm (Germany)
| | - Axel T Neffe
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow (Germany). .,Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm (Germany).
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10
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Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive nomenclature of proteoglycans. Matrix Biol 2015; 42:11-55. [PMID: 25701227 PMCID: PMC4859157 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 772] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We provide a comprehensive classification of the proteoglycan gene families and respective protein cores. This updated nomenclature is based on three criteria: Cellular and subcellular location, overall gene/protein homology, and the utilization of specific protein modules within their respective protein cores. These three signatures were utilized to design four major classes of proteoglycans with distinct forms and functions: the intracellular, cell-surface, pericellular and extracellular proteoglycans. The proposed nomenclature encompasses forty-three distinct proteoglycan-encoding genes and many alternatively-spliced variants. The biological functions of these four proteoglycan families are critically assessed in development, cancer and angiogenesis, and in various acquired and genetic diseases where their expression is aberrant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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11
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Sattelle BM, Shakeri J, Cliff MJ, Almond A. Proteoglycans and their heterogeneous glycosaminoglycans at the atomic scale. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:951-61. [PMID: 25645947 DOI: 10.1021/bm5018386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycan spatiotemporal organization underpins extracellular matrix biology, but atomic scale glimpses of this microarchitecture are obscured by glycosaminoglycan size and complexity. To overcome this, multimicrosecond aqueous simulations of chondroitin and dermatan sulfates were abstracted into a prior coarse-grained model, which was extended to heterogeneous glycosaminoglycans and small leucine-rich proteoglycans. Exploration of relationships between sequence and shape led to hypotheses that proteoglycan size is dependent on glycosaminoglycan unit composition but independent of sequence permutation. Uronic acid conformational equilibria were modulated by adjacent hexosamine sulfonation and iduronic acid increased glycosaminoglycan chain volume and rigidity, while glucuronic acid imparted chain plasticity. Consequently, block copolymeric glycosaminoglycans contained microarchitectures capable of multivalent binding to growth factors and collagen, with potential for interactional synergy at greater chain number. The described atomic scale views of proteoglycans and heterogeneous glycosaminoglycans provide structural routes to understanding their fundamental signaling and mechanical biological roles and development of new biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict M Sattelle
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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12
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Islam M, Gor J, Perkins SJ, Ishikawa Y, Bächinger HP, Hohenester E. The concave face of decorin mediates reversible dimerization and collagen binding. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35526-33. [PMID: 24169694 PMCID: PMC3853298 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.504530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin, the prototypical small leucine-rich proteoglycan, binds to collagen and thereby regulates collagen assembly into fibrils. The crystal structure of the decorin core protein revealed a tight dimer formed by the association of two monomers via their concave faces (Scott, P. G., McEwan, P. A., Dodd, C. M., Bergmann, E. M., Bishop, P. N., and Bella, J. (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 15633–15638). Whether decorin binds collagen as a dimer has been controversial. Using analytical ultracentrifugation, we determined a dissociation constant of 1.37 ± 0.30 μm for the mouse decorin dimer. Dimerization could be abolished by engineering glycosylation sites into the dimer interface; other interface mutants remained dimeric. The monomeric mutants were as stable as wild-type decorin in thermal unfolding experiments. Mutations on the concave face of decorin abolished collagen binding regardless of whether the mutant proteins retained the ability to dimerize or not. We conclude that the concave face of decorin mediates collagen binding and that the dimer therefore must dissociate to bind collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwaesh Islam
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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13
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Stamov DR, Müller A, Wegrowski Y, Brezillon S, Franz CM. Quantitative analysis of type I collagen fibril regulation by lumican and decorin using AFM. J Struct Biol 2013; 183:394-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Brézillon S, Pietraszek K, Maquart FX, Wegrowski Y. Lumican effects in the control of tumour progression and their links with metalloproteinases and integrins. FEBS J 2013; 280:2369-81. [PMID: 23438179 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lumican is a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family. It is present in numerous extracellular matrices of different tissues, such as muscle, cartilage, and cornea. In skin, lumican is present as a glycoprotein. It plays a critical role in collagen fibrillogenesis, as shown by knocking out of its gene in mice. A direct link between lumican expression and melanoma progression and metastasis has been demonstrated. Lumican was shown to impede tumour cell migration and invasion by directly interacting with the α2β1 integrin. In addition, an active sequence of the lumican core protein, called lumcorin, was identified as being responsible for inhibition of melanoma cell migration. Lumican was also shown to exert angiostatic properties by downregulating the proteolytic activity associated with endothelial cell membranes, particularly matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-14 and MMP-9. Globally, lumican appears to be a potent agent for inhibiting tumour progression rather than tumorigenesis. However, progressive changes in proteoglycans occur in the tumour environment. The complexity and diversity of proteoglycan structure might be responsible for a variety of functions that regulate cell behaviour. Through their core protein and their glycosaminoglycan chains, proteoglycans can interact with growth factors and chemokines. These interactions affect cell signalling, motility, adhesion, growth, and apoptosis. This review summarizes recent data concerning lumican control of tumour progression in different cancers, with a particular focus on its interactions with MMPs and integrins. Its potential therapeutic implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Brézillon
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et de Biologie Moléculaire, CNRS FRE 3481, Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.
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15
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Sofeu Feugaing DD, Götte M, Viola M. More than matrix: the multifaceted role of decorin in cancer. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 92:1-11. [PMID: 23058688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The small leucine-rich proteoglycan, decorin, has incrementally been shown to be a powerful inhibitor of growth in a wide variety of tumour cells, an effect specifically mediated by the interaction of decorin core protein with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and other ErbB family proteins. Nowadays, this matrikine has become the main focus of various cancer studies. Decorin is an important component of the cellular microenvironment or extracellular matrix (ECM). Its interactions with matrix and cell membrane components have been implicated in many physiological and pathophysiological processes including matrix organisation, signal transduction, wound healing, cell migration, inhibition of metastasis, and angiogenesis. This review summarises recent findings on decorin's interactions and behaviour related to cancer. Highlighted are key functions of decorin such as interaction with cell surface receptors, as well as with ECM components, and the therapeutic potential of this multifunctional molecule.
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16
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Dellett M, Hu W, Papadaki V, Ohnuma SI. Small leucine rich proteoglycan family regulates multiple signalling pathways in neural development and maintenance. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:327-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2012.01339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Dellett
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Ophthalmology; UCL; London; UK
| | - Wanzhou Hu
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Ophthalmology; UCL; London; UK
| | - Vasiliki Papadaki
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Ophthalmology; UCL; London; UK
| | - Shin-ichi Ohnuma
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Ophthalmology; UCL; London; UK
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17
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Topological analysis of small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan nyctalopin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33137. [PMID: 22485138 PMCID: PMC3317652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nyctalopin is a small leucine rich repeat proteoglycan (SLRP) whose function is
critical for normal vision. The absence of nyctalopin results in the complete
form of congenital stationary night blindness. Normally, glutamate released by
photoreceptors binds to the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 6 (GRM6), which
through a G-protein cascade closes the non-specific cation channel, TRPM1, on
the dendritic tips of depolarizing bipolar cells (DBCs) in the retina.
Nyctalopin has been shown to interact with TRPM1 and expression of TRPM1 on the
dendritic tips of the DBCs is dependent on nyctalopin expression. In the current
study, we used yeast two hybrid and biochemical approaches to investigate
whether murine nyctalopin was membrane bound, and if so by what mechanism, and
also whether the functional form was as a homodimer. Our results show that
murine nyctalopin is anchored to the plasma membrane by a single transmembrane
domain, such that the LRR domain is located in the extracellular space.
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18
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Orgel JPRO, San Antonio JD, Antipova O. Molecular and structural mapping of collagen fibril interactions. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 52:2-17. [PMID: 21182410 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2010.511353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The fibrous collagens form the structural basis of all mammalian connective tissues, including the vasculature, dermis, bones, tendons, cartilage, and those tissues that support organs such as the heart, kidneys, liver, and lungs. The helical structure of collagen has been extensively studied but in addition to its helical character, its molecular packing arrangement (in its aggregated or fibrillar form) and the presence of specific amino acid sequences govern collagen's in vivo functions. Collagen's molecular packing arrangement helps control cellular communication, attachment and movement, and conveys its tissue-specific biomechanical properties. Recent progress in understanding collagen's molecular packing, fibrillar structure, domain organization, and extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions in light of X-ray fiber diffraction data provides significant new insights into how the ECM is organized and functions. In this review, the hierarchy of fibrillar collagen structure is discussed in the context of how this organization affects ECM-"ligand" interactions, with specific attention to collagenolysis, integrins, fibronection, glycoprotein VI receptor (GPVI), and proteoglycans (PG). Understanding the complex structure of collagen and its attached ligands should provide new insights into tissue growth, development, regeneration, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P R O Orgel
- Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
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19
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Orgel JPRO, Eid A, Antipova O, Bella J, Scott JE. Decorin core protein (decoron) shape complements collagen fibril surface structure and mediates its binding. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7028. [PMID: 19753304 PMCID: PMC2737631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin is the archetypal small leucine rich repeat proteoglycan of the vertebrate extracellular matrix (ECM). With its glycosaminoglycuronan chain, it is responsible for stabilizing inter-fibrillar organization. Type I collagen is the predominant member of the fibrillar collagen family, fulfilling both organizational and structural roles in animal ECMs. In this study, interactions between decoron (the decorin core protein) and binding sites in the d and e1 bands of the type I collagen fibril were investigated through molecular modeling of their respective X-ray diffraction structures. Previously, it was proposed that a model-based, highly curved concave decoron interacts with a single collagen molecule, which would form extensive van der Waals contacts and give rise to strong non-specific binding. However, the large well-ordered aggregate that is the collagen fibril places significant restraints on modes of ligand binding and necessitates multi-collagen molecular contacts. We present here a relatively high-resolution model of the decoron-fibril collagen complex. We find that the respective crystal structures complement each other well, although it is the monomeric form of decoron that shows the most appropriate shape complementarity with the fibril surface and favorable calculated energies of interaction. One molecule of decoron interacts with four to six collagen molecules, and the binding specificity relies on a large number of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions, primarily with the collagen motifs KXGDRGE and AKGDRGE (d and e1 bands). This work helps us to understand collagen-decorin interactions and the molecular architecture of the fibrillar ECM in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P R O Orgel
- BioCAT and microCoSM Centres: Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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20
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Park H, Huxley-Jones J, Boot-Handford RP, Bishop PN, Attwood TK, Bella J. LRRCE: a leucine-rich repeat cysteine capping motif unique to the chordate lineage. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:599. [PMID: 19077264 PMCID: PMC2637281 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The small leucine-rich repeat proteins and proteoglycans (SLRPs) form an important family of regulatory molecules that participate in many essential functions. They typically control the correct assembly of collagen fibrils, regulate mineral deposition in bone, and modulate the activity of potent cellular growth factors through many signalling cascades. SLRPs belong to the group of extracellular leucine-rich repeat proteins that are flanked at both ends by disulphide-bonded caps that protect the hydrophobic core of the terminal repeats. A capping motif specific to SLRPs has been recently described in the crystal structures of the core proteins of decorin and biglycan. This motif, designated as LRRCE, differs in both sequence and structure from other, more widespread leucine-rich capping motifs. To investigate if the LRRCE motif is a common structural feature found in other leucine-rich repeat proteins, we have defined characteristic sequence patterns and used them in genome-wide searches. Results The LRRCE motif is a structural element exclusive to the main group of SLRPs. It appears to have evolved during early chordate evolution and is not found in protein sequences from non-chordate genomes. Our search has expanded the family of SLRPs to include new predicted protein sequences, mainly in fishes but with intriguing putative orthologs in mammals. The chromosomal locations of the newly predicted SLRP genes would support the large-scale genome or gene duplications that are thought to have occurred during vertebrate evolution. From this expanded list we describe a new class of SLRP sequences that could be representative of an ancestral SLRP gene. Conclusion Given its exclusivity the LRRCE motif is a useful annotation tool for the identification and classification of new SLRP sequences in genome databases. The expanded list of members of the SLRP family offers interesting insights into early vertebrate evolution and suggests an early chordate evolutionary origin for the LRRCE capping motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosil Park
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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21
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Franch R, Chiavegato A, Maraschin M, Candeo S, Ausoni S, Villa A, Gerosa G, Gasparotto L, Parnigotto P, Sartore S. Differential availability/processing of decorin precursor in arterial and venous smooth muscle cells. J Anat 2007; 209:271-87. [PMID: 16928198 PMCID: PMC2100334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of specific differentiation markers for arterial smooth muscle (SM) cells is still a matter of debate. A clone named MM1 was isolated from a library of monoclonal antibodies to adult porcine aorta, which in vivo binds to arterial but not venous SM cells, except for the pulmonary vein. MM1 immunoreactivity in Western blotting involved bands in the range of M(r) 33-226 kDa, in both arterial and venous SM tissues. However, immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that MM1 bound to a 100-kDa polypeptide that was present only in the arterial SM extract. By mass spectrometry analysis of tryptic digests from MM1-positive 130- and 120-kDa polypeptides of aorta SM extract, the antigen recognized by the antibody was identified as a decorin precursor. Using a crude decorin preparation from this tissue MM1 reacted strongly with the 33-kDa polypeptide and this pattern did not change after chondroitinase ABC treatment. In vitro, decorin immunoreactivity was found in secreted grainy material produced by confluent arterial SM cells, although lesser amounts were also seen in venous SM cells. Western blotting of extracts from these cultures showed the presence of the 33-kDa band but not of the high-molecular-weight components, except for the 100-kDa monomer. The 100/33-kDa combination was more abundant in arterial SM cells than in the venous counterpart. In the early phase of neointima formation, induced by endothelial injury of the carotid artery or vein-to-artery transposition, the decorin precursor was not expressed, but it was up-regulated in the SM cells of the media underlying the neointima in both models. Collectively, these data suggest a different processing/utilization of the 100-kDa monomer of proteoglycan decorin in arterial and venous SM cells, which is abolished after vein injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Serena Candeo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PaduaItaly
| | - Simonetta Ausoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PaduaItaly
- NRC Institute of Neuroscience, Section of PaduaItaly
| | | | - Gino Gerosa
- Department of Cardiological, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of PaduaItaly
| | | | | | - Saverio Sartore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PaduaItaly
- NRC Institute of Neuroscience, Section of PaduaItaly
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22
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Majava M, Bishop PN, Hägg P, Scott PG, Rice A, Inglehearn C, Hammond CJ, Spector TD, Ala-Kokko L, Männikkö M. Novel mutations in the small leucine-rich repeat protein/proteoglycan (SLRP) genes in high myopia. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:336-44. [PMID: 17117407 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the genetic component in high myopia has been well established in population and family studies, but only a few candidate genes have been explored to date. The extracellular matrix small leucine-rich repeat proteins/proteoglycans (SLRPs) regulate collagen fibril diameter and spacing. Given their role in extracellular matrix assembly and expression in the eye, they are likely to regulate its shape and size. Analysis of 85 English and 40 Finnish subjects with high myopia (refractive error of -6 diopters [D] or greater) resulted in 23 sequence variations in four SLRP genes, LUM, FMOD, PRELP, and OPTC. We observed higher number of variations in OPTC in English patients than in controls (p=0.042), and a possibly protective variation in LUM (c.893-105G>A) with p-value of 0.0043. Two intronic variations, six nonsynonymous and one synonymous amino acid changes, were not found in any of the nonmyopic controls. Five changes were detected in opticin, Thr177Arg, Arg229His, Arg325Trp, Gly329Ser, and Arg330His, and all but one (Arg229His) were shown to cosegregate with high myopia in families with incomplete penetrance. A homology model for opticin revealed that Arg229His and Arg325Trp are likely to disrupt the protein structure, and PolyPhen analysis suggested that Thr177Arg, Arg325Trp, and Gly329Ser changes may be damaging. A Leu199Pro change in lumican and Gly147Asp and Arg324Thr variations in fibromodulin are located in the highly conserved leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains. This study provides new insight into the genetics of high myopia, suggesting that sequence variations in the SLRP genes expressed in the eye may be among the genetic risk factors underlying the pathogenesis of high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Majava
- Collagen Research Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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23
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Melching LI, Fisher WD, Lee ER, Mort JS, Roughley PJ. The cleavage of biglycan by aggrecanases. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14:1147-54. [PMID: 16806997 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aggrecanase-1 [a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4] and aggrecanase-2 (ADAMTS-5) have been named for their ability to degrade the proteoglycan aggrecan. While this may be the preferred substrate for these enzymes, they are also able to degrade other proteins. The aim of this work was to determine whether the aggrecanases could degrade biglycan and decorin. METHODS Biglycan, decorin and aggrecan were purified from human and bovine cartilage and subjected to degradation by recombinant aggrecanase-1 or aggrecanase-2. In vitro degradation was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS/PAGE) and immunoblotting, and the cleavage site in biglycan was determined by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. SDS/PAGE and immunoblotting were also used to assess in situ degradation in both normal and arthritic human articular cartilage. RESULTS Both aggrecanase-1 and aggrecanase-2 are able to cleave bovine and human biglycan at a site within their central leucine-rich repeat regions. Cleavage occurs at an asparagine-cysteine bond within the fifth leucine-rich repeat. In contrast, the closely related proteoglycan decorin is not a substrate for the aggrecanases. Analysis of human articular cartilage from osteoarthritic (OA) and rheumatoid arthritic (RA) joints showed that a biglycan degradation product of equivalent size is present in the extracellular matrix. No equivalent degradation product was, however, detectable in normal adult human articular cartilage. CONCLUSION Biglycan, which is structurally unrelated to aggrecan, can act as a substrate for aggrecanase-1 and aggrecanase-2, and these proteinases may account for at least part of the biglycan degradation that is present in arthritic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Melching
- Shriners Hospital for Children, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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24
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Singh I, Shankaran H, Beauharnois ME, Xiao Z, Alexandridis P, Neelamegham S. Solution structure of human von Willebrand factor studied using small angle neutron scattering. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:38266-75. [PMID: 17052980 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607123200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
von Willebrand factor (VWF) binding to platelets under high fluid shear is an important step regulating atherothrombosis. We applied light and small angle neutron scattering to study the solution structure of human VWF multimers and protomer. Results suggest that these proteins resemble prolate ellipsoids with radius of gyration (R(g)) of approximately 75 and approximately 30 nm for multimer and protomer, respectively. The ellipsoid dimensions/radii are 175 x 28 nm for multimers and 70 x 9.1 nm for protomers. Substructural repeat domains are evident within multimeric VWF that are indicative of elements of the protomer quarternary structure (16 nm) and individual functional domains (4.5 nm). Amino acids occupy only approximately 2% of the multimer and protomer volume, compared with 98% for serum albumin and 35% for fibrinogen. VWF treatment with guanidine.HCl, which increases VWF susceptibility to proteolysis by ADAMTS-13, causes local structural changes at length scales <10 nm without altering protein R(g). Treatment of multimer but not protomer VWF with random homobifunctional linker BS(3) prior to reduction of intermonomer disulfide linkages and Western blotting reveals a pattern of dimer and trimer units that indicate the presence of stable intermonomer non-covalent interactions within the multimer. Overall, multimeric VWF appears to be a loosely packed ellipsoidal protein with non-covalent interactions between different monomer units stabilizing its solution structure. Local, and not large scale, changes in multimer conformation are sufficient for ADAMTS-13-mediated proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajeet Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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25
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Geng Y, McQuillan D, Roughley PJ. SLRP interaction can protect collagen fibrils from cleavage by collagenases. Matrix Biol 2006; 25:484-91. [PMID: 16979885 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2006.08.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Decorin, fibromodulin and lumican are small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans (SLRPs) which interact with the surface of collagen fibrils. Together with other molecules they form a coat on the fibril surface which could impede the access to collagenolytic proteinases. To address this hypothesis, fibrils of type I or type II collagen were formed in vitro and treated with either collagenase-1 (MMP1) or collagenase-3 (MMP13). The fibrils were either treated directly or following incubation in the presence of the recombinant SLRPs. The susceptibility of the uncoated and SLRP-coated fibrils to collagenase cleavage was assessed by SDS/PAGE. Interaction with either recombinant decorin, fibromodulin or lumican results in decreased collagenase cleavage of both fibril types. Thus SLRP interaction can help protect collagen fibrils from cleavage by collagenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Geng
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, 1529 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A6
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26
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Orgel JPRO, Irving TC, Miller A, Wess TJ. Microfibrillar structure of type I collagen in situ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:9001-5. [PMID: 16751282 PMCID: PMC1473175 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502718103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibrous collagens are ubiquitous in animals and form the structural basis of all mammalian connective tissues, including those of the heart, vasculature, skin, cornea, bones, and tendons. However, in comparison with what is known of their production, turnover and physiological structure, very little is understood regarding the three-dimensional arrangement of collagen molecules in naturally occurring fibrils. This knowledge may provide insight into key biological processes such as fibrillo-genesis and tissue remodeling and into diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Here we present a crystallographic determination of the collagen type I supermolecular structure, where the molecular conformation of each collagen segment found within the naturally occurring crystallographic unit cell has been defined (P1, a approximately 40.0 A, b approximately 27.0 A, c approximately 678 A, alpha approximately 89.2 degrees , beta approximately 94.6 degrees , gamma approximately 105.6 degrees ; reflections: 414, overlapping, 232, and nonoverlapping, 182; resolution, 5.16 A axial and 11.1 A equatorial). This structure shows that the molecular packing topology of the collagen molecule is such that packing neighbors are arranged to form a supertwisted (discontinuous) right-handed microfibril that interdigitates with neighboring microfibrils. This interdigitation establishes the crystallographic superlattice, which is formed of quasihexagonally packed collagen molecules. In addition, the molecular packing structure of collagen shown here provides information concerning the potential modes of action of two prominent molecules involved in human health and disease: decorin and the Matrix Metallo-Proteinase (MMP) collagenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P R O Orgel
- Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research and Instrumentation, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
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27
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McEwan PA, Scott PG, Bishop PN, Bella J. Structural correlations in the family of small leucine-rich repeat proteins and proteoglycans. J Struct Biol 2006; 155:294-305. [PMID: 16884925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2006.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The family of small leucine-rich repeat proteins and proteoglycans (SLRPs) contains several extracellular matrix molecules that are structurally related by a protein core composed of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) flanked by two conserved cysteine-rich regions. The small proteoglycan decorin is the archetypal SLRP. Decorin is present in a variety of connective tissues, typically "decorating" collagen fibrils, and is involved in important biological functions, including the regulation of the assembly of fibrillar collagens and modulation of cell adhesion. Several SLRPs are known to regulate collagen fibrillogenesis and there is evidence that they may share other biological functions. We have recently determined the crystal structure of the protein core of decorin, the first such determination of a member of the SLRP family. This structure has highlighted several correlations: (1) SLRPs have similar internal repeat structures; (2) SLRP molecules are far less curved than an early model of decorin based on the three-dimensional structure of ribonuclease inhibitor; (3) the N-terminal and C-terminal cysteine-rich regions are conserved capping motifs. Furthermore, the structure shows that decorin dimerizes through the concave surface of its LRR domain, which has been implicated previously in its interaction with collagen. We have established that both decorin and opticin, another SLRP, form stable dimers in solution. Conservation of residues involved in decorin dimerization suggests that the mode of dimerization for other SLRPs will be similar. Taken together these results suggest the need for reevaluation of currently accepted models of SLRP interaction with their ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A McEwan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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28
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Scott PG, Dodd CM, Bergmann EM, Sheehan JK, Bishop PN. Crystal Structure of the Biglycan Dimer and Evidence That Dimerization Is Essential for Folding and Stability of Class I Small Leucine-rich Repeat Proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:13324-13332. [PMID: 16547006 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513470200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Biglycan and decorin are two closely related proteoglycans whose protein cores contain leucine-rich repeats flanked by disulfides. We have previously shown that decorin is dimeric both in solution and in crystal structures. In this study we determined whether biglycan dimerizes and investigated the role of dimerization in the folding and stability of these proteoglycans. We used light scattering to show that biglycan is dimeric in solution and solved the crystal structure of the glycoprotein core of biglycan at 3.40-angstroms resolution. This structure reveals that biglycan dimerizes in the same way as decorin, i.e. by apposition of the concave inner surfaces of the leucine-rich repeat domains. We demonstrate that low concentrations of guanidinium chloride denature biglycan and decorin but that the denaturation is completely reversible following removal of the guanidinium chloride, as assessed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Furthermore, the rate of refolding is dependent on protein concentration, demonstrating that it is not a unimolecular process. Upon heating, decorin shows a single structural transition at a T(m) of 45-46 degrees C but refolds completely upon cooling to 25 degrees C. This property of decorin enabled us to show both by calorimetry and light scattering that dimer to monomer transition coincided with unfolding and monomer to dimer transition coincided with refolding; thus these processes are inextricably linked. We further conclude that folded monomeric biglycan or decorin cannot exist in solution. This implies novel interrelated functions for the parallel beta sheet faces of these leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans, including dimerization and stabilization of protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Scott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Carole M Dodd
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Ernst M Bergmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada; Alberta Synchrotron Institute, Research Transition Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - John K Sheehan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences and Academic Unit of Eye & Vision Science, The Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, Great Britain
| | - Paul N Bishop
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences and Academic Unit of Eye & Vision Science, The Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, Great Britain
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29
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Choudhury SD, Allsop T, Passman A, Norris GE. Use of a proteomics approach to identify favourable conditions for production of good quality lambskin leather. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 384:723-35. [PMID: 16389555 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is necessary to understand the changes that occur during the initial processing of lamb skins, because these will affect the final quality of the leather. The types of collagen, their macro and micro structures, the presence of proteins other than collagens, and the quantity and the type of proteoglycans, all have a profound effect on the quality of leather. Proteins isolated from untreated or raw sheep skin and from pickled skin (skins treated with sodium sulfide and lime followed by bating with enzymes, then preserved in sodium chloride and sulfuric acid) were significantly different when analysed by use of 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Agarose gel electrophoresis with a very sensitive sequential staining procedure has been used to identify the glycosaminoglycans present in raw and treated skin and their impact on quality of leather. Results showed that effective removal of proteoglycans acting as inter-fibrillar adhesives of collagen fibrils seemed to improve leather quality. Removal of these molecules not only opens up the fibre structure of the skin but may also be important in wool removal. The presence of elastin, which imparts elastic properties to skin, is of significant importance to tanners. The amino acids desmosine and isodesmosine, found exclusively in elastin, were quantitatively analysed to assess the role of elastin in leather quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Deb Choudhury
- Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Scott PG, Bishop PN, Bella J. On the calculation of the binding force between decorin and collagen. J Biomech 2006; 39:1159-60; author reply 1160-2. [PMID: 16516221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Vesentini S, Montevecchi FM, Redaelli A. Response to letter to the editor: On the calculation of the binding force between decorin and collagen. J Biomech 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bhide VM, Laschinger CA, Arora PD, Lee W, Hakkinen L, Larjava H, Sodek J, McCulloch CA. Collagen Phagocytosis by Fibroblasts Is Regulated by Decorin. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:23103-13. [PMID: 15811857 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410060200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin is a small, leucine-rich proteoglycan that binds to collagen and regulates fibrillogenesis. We hypothesized that decorin binding to collagen inhibits phagocytosis of collagen fibrils. To determine the effects of decorin on collagen degradation, we analyzed phagocytosis of collagen and collagen/decorin-coated fluorescent beads by Rat-2 and gingival fibroblasts. Collagen beads bound to gingival cells by alpha2beta1 integrins. Binding and internalization of decorin/collagen-coated beads decreased dose-dependently with increasing decorin concentration (p < 0.001). Inhibition of binding was sustained over 5 h (p < 0.001) and was attributed to interactions between decorin and collagen and not to decorin-collagen receptor interactions. Both the non-glycosylated decorin core protein and the thermally denatured decorin significantly inhibited collagen bead binding (approximately 50 and 89%, respectively; p < 0.05). Mimetic peptides corresponding to leucine-rich repeats 1-3, encompassed by a collagen-binding approximately 11-kDa cyanogen bromide fragment of decorin and leucine-rich repeats 4 and 5, previously shown to bind to collagen, were tested for their ability to inhibit collagen bead binding. Although the synthetic peptide 3 alone exhibited saturable binding to collagen, neither peptides 3 nor 1 and 2 markedly inhibited phagocytosis. Leucine-rich repeat 3 bound to a triple helical peptide containing the alpha2 integrin-binding site of collagen. When collagen beads were co-incubated with peptides 3 and 4, inhibition of collagen phagocytosis (55%) was equivalent to intact native/recombinant core protein. Thus a novel collagen binding domain in decorin acts cooperatively with leucine-rich repeat 4 to mask the alpha2beta1 integrin-binding site on collagen, an important sequence for the phagocytosis of collagen fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay M Bhide
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Matrix Dynamics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Ontario
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O'Connor E, Eisenhaber B, Dalley J, Wang T, Missen C, Bulleid N, Bishop PN, Trump D. Species specific membrane anchoring of nyctalopin, a small leucine-rich repeat protein. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:1877-87. [PMID: 15905181 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene NYX, which encodes nyctalopin, lead to the retinal disorder congenital stationary night blindness which is characterized by defective night vision (nyctalopia) from birth. Nyctalopin is of unknown function but is predicted to be a secreted glycoprotein of the extracellular small leucine-rich repeat (SLRP) proteoglycan and protein family attached to the cell membrane in humans via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor but in mouse via a transmembrane domain. We investigated membrane association and attachment for human and mouse nyctalopin and show, conclusively, that human nyctalopin is a GPI anchored protein. In addition, the orthologous mouse protein, although it localizes to the cell surface, is not GPI anchored. We also confirm both mouse and human nyctalopins are glycosylated. Further sequence analysis suggests that chimp, dog and frog nyctalopins are likely to be GPI anchored but that rat nyctalopin is not. This is the first reported example of orthologous proteins which have different mechanisms of cell membrane attachment. Notably, the disease-causing mutations that have been identified to date in the human NYX gene are all distributed throughout the core LRR region and not in the C-terminal GPI anchor signal sequence. We propose that the presence of nyctalopin on the surface of the cell rather than the mechanism of anchoring is crucial to its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth O'Connor
- Academic Unit of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Universiy of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Schönherr E, Sunderkötter C, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Decorin, a Novel Player in the Insulin-like Growth Factor System. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:15767-72. [PMID: 15701628 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500451200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Decorin is a multifunctional proteoglycan that is expressed by sprouting endothelial cells. Its expression supports capillary formation and cell survival. Previously, it was shown that some effects of decorin are mediated by protein kinase B and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21. However, the cell surface receptor responsible for these effects was unknown. We demonstrate that decorin binds to the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor on endothelial cells with an affinity in the nanomolar range (K(D) = 18 nm), which is comparable with IGF-I (K(D) = 1.2 nm). Furthermore, decorin can bind IGF-I itself, but with a lower affinity (K(D) = 190 nm) than classical IGF-I-binding proteins. Decorin addition causes IGF-I receptor phosphorylation and activation, which is followed by receptor down-regulation. These effects are caused by the core protein of decorin, and the binding region could be mapped to the N terminus of the molecule. The physiological relevance of the decorin/IGF-I receptor interaction was corroborated in two animal models (e.g. inflammatory angiogenesis in the cornea and unilateral ureteral obstruction). In both models the IGF-I receptor was up-regulated in decorin-deficient mice compared with controls and the up-regulation could not compensate the decorin deficiency in the disease models. These data indicate that decorin is an important player in the IGF system and its loss cannot fully be compensated in different types of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Schönherr
- Matrix Biology and Tissue Repair Research Unit, Cardiff University Dental School, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom.
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Scott PG, McEwan PA, Dodd CM, Bergmann EM, Bishop PN, Bella J. Crystal structure of the dimeric protein core of decorin, the archetypal small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:15633-8. [PMID: 15501918 PMCID: PMC524833 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0402976101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin is a ubiquitous extracellular matrix proteoglycan with a variety of important biological functions that are mediated by its interactions with extracellular matrix proteins, cytokines, and cell surface receptors. Decorin is the prototype of the family of small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans and proteins (SLRPs), characterized by a protein core composed of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), flanked by two cysteine-rich regions. We report here the crystal structure of the dimeric protein core of decorin, the best characterized member of the SLRP family. Each monomer adopts the curved solenoid fold characteristic of LRR domains, with a parallel beta-sheet on the inside interwoven with loops containing short segments of beta-strands, 3(10) helices, and polyproline II helices on the outside. Two main features are unique to this structure. First, decorin dimerizes through the concave surfaces of the LRR domains, which have been implicated previously in protein-ligand interactions. The amount of surface buried in this dimer rivals the buried surfaces of some of the highest-affinity macromolecular complexes reported to date. Second, the C-terminal region adopts an unusual capping motif that involves a laterally extended LRR and a disulfide bond. This motif seems to be unique to SLRPs and has not been observed in any other LRR protein structure to date. Possible implications of these features for decorin ligand binding and SLRP function are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Alberta Synchrotron Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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Shah US, Getzenberg RH. Fingerprinting the diseased prostate: associations between BPH and prostate cancer. J Cell Biochem 2004; 91:161-9. [PMID: 14689588 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two of the most common diseases which occur in ageing men relate to their prostate. BPH and prostate cancer are prevalent diseases which have an impact on most men as they age. The advent of gene expression analysis has provided an opportunity to examine these diseases in a novel fashion. These analyses, to date, have revealed associations between these two diseases which have not been previously identified. These commonalities include global genetic changes which occur throughout the prostates in individuals with these diseases. Understanding the fingerprints of these diseases is providing novel markers and treatment strategies for both BPH and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma S Shah
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA
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Nareyeck G, Seidler DG, Troyer D, Rauterberg J, Kresse H, Schönherr E. Differential interactions of decorin and decorin mutants with type I and type VI collagens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:3389-98. [PMID: 15291816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin can bind via its core protein to different types of collagens such as type I and type VI. To test whether decorin can act as a bridging molecule between these collagens, the binding properties of wild-type decorin, two full-length decorin species with single amino acid substitutions (DCN E180K, DCN E180Q), which previously showed reduced binding to collagen type I fibrils, and a truncated form of decorin (DCN Q153) to the these collagens were investigated. In a solid phase assay dissociation constants for wild-type decorin bound to methylated, therefore monomeric, triple helical type I collagen were in the order of 10(-10) m, while dissociation constants for fibrillar type I collagen were approximately 10(-9) m. The dissociation constant for type VI was approximately 10(-7) m. Using real-time analysis for a more detailed investigation DCN E180Q and DCN E180K exhibited lower association and higher dissociation constants to type I collagen, compared to wild-type decorin, deviating by at least one order of magnitude. In contrast, the affinities of these mutants to type VI collagen were 10 times higher than the affinity of wild-type decorin (K(D) approximately 10(-8) m). Further investigations verified that complexes of type VI collagen and decorin bound type I collagen and that the affinity of collagen type VI to type I was increased by the presence of decorin. These data show that decorin not only can regulate collagen fibril formation but that it also can act as an intermediary between type I and type VI collagen and that these two types of collagen interact via different binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Nareyeck
- Departement of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital of Münster, Germany
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Gopalakrishnan M, Forsten-Williams K, Täuber UC. Ligand-induced coupling versus receptor pre-association: cellular automaton simulations of FGF-2 binding. J Theor Biol 2004; 227:239-51. [PMID: 14990388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2003.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Revised: 10/27/2003] [Accepted: 11/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The binding of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) to its cell surface receptor (CSR) and subsequent signal transduction is known to be enhanced by heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). HSPGs bind FGF-2 with low affinity and likely impact CSR-mediated signaling via stabilization of FGF-2-CSR complexes via association with both the ligand and the receptor. What is unknown is whether HSPG associates with CSR in the absence of FGF-2. In this paper, we determine conditions by which pre-association would impact CSR-FGF-2-HSPG triad formation assuming diffusion-limited surface reactions. Using mean-field rate equations, we show that (i) when [HSPG] is much higher than [CSR], the presence of pre-formed complexes does not affect the steady state of FGF-2 binding, and (ii) when the concentrations are comparable, the presence of pre-formed complexes substantially increases the steady-state concentration of FGF-2 bound to CSR. These findings are supported by explicit cellular automaton simulations, which justify the mean-field treatment. We discuss the advantages of such a two-receptor system compared to a single-receptor model, when the parameters are comparable. Further, we speculate that the observed high concentration of HSPG in intact cells ([HSPG]-100[CSR]) provides a way to ensure that the binding levels of FGF-2 to its signaling receptor remains high, irrespective of the presence of pre-formed CSR-HSPG complexes on the cell surface, while allowing the cell to finely tune the response to FGF-2 via down-regulation of the signaling receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0435, USA.
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Goldoni S, Owens RT, McQuillan DJ, Shriver Z, Sasisekharan R, Birk DE, Campbell S, Iozzo RV. Biologically Active Decorin Is a Monomer in Solution. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:6606-12. [PMID: 14660661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310342200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that decorin and its protein core can have molecular masses nearly double the size of those previously published, suggesting a dimeric structure. In this study we tested whether biologically active decorin and its glycoprotein core would form dimers in solution. We used homo- and hetero-bifunctional chemical cross-linking reagents, BS3 and sulfo-SMPB, respectively, as well as glutaraldehyde and found no preferential dimer formation, whether chemical cross-linking was performed in the presence or absence of live cells. Under the same experimental conditions, we easily detected dimers of epidermal growth factor receptor and basic fibroblast growth factor, two glycoproteins known to dimerize. Only at very high cross-linker to decorin molar ratios (2000:1) were trimers and multimers observed, but performing the chemical cross-linking in the presence of a reducing agent abolished these. The elution of decorin protein core in Superose 6 gel chromatography gave masses compatible with monomeric proteins, both before and after denaturation with 2.5 M guanidine HCl. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization gave a mass of 44,077 Da for decorin protein core, without any evidence of dimers or oligomers. Extensive oligomerization of the decorin protein core was observed only after dialysis against water and freeze-drying. These oligomers were considered artifacts because they were independent of chemical cross-linking and were resistant to heat denaturation and disulfide-bond reduction. Oligomeric preparations showed markedly reduced biological activity in both phosphorylation and collagen fibrillogenesis assays. Thus, biologically active decorin is a monomer in solution and, as such, is a monovalent ligand for various extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors, and cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Goldoni
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Le Goff MM, Hindson VJ, Jowitt TA, Scott PG, Bishop PN. Characterization of opticin and evidence of stable dimerization in solution. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:45280-7. [PMID: 12951322 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303117200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Opticin is a class III member of the extracellular matrix small leucine-rich repeat protein (SLRP) family that was initially identified in the eye in association with the collagen fibrils of the vitreous humor. Recombinant and tissue-extracted forms of bovine opticin were subjected to biochemical and biophysical characterization. Following SDS-PAGE the predominant component produced by both forms was a broad band between 45-52 kDa. There was evidence for two-stage processing and, additionally, a proteolytic cleavage product of approximately 25 kDa. Deconvolution of circular dichroism spectra revealed beta-sheet (41%), beta-turn (21%), and alpha-helix (10%), and thermal denaturation experiments showed a transition with a midpoint of 47 degrees C. Weight-averaged molecular mass measurements using both light scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation demonstrated that opticin exists in solution as a stable dimer of approximately 90 kDa, which can be dissociated into a monomer by denaturation with 2.5 m guanidine hydrochloride or during SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Opticin remains a dimer after removal of the amino-terminal region by O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase digestion, suggesting that dimer formation is mediated by the leucine-rich repeats. Dimerization could have a number of functional consequences, including divalent ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali M Le Goff
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences and Research Group in Eye & Vision Science, The Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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