1
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Tang Y, Jiang L, Zhao X, Hu D, Zhao G, Luo S, Du X, Tang W. FOXO1 inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation via suppressing E2F1 activated NPRL2 expression. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:2510-2520. [PMID: 34459063 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in our lab suggest that nitrogen permease regulator 2-like (NPRL2) upregulation in prostate cancer is associated with malignant behavior and poor prognosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of NPRL2 dysregulation remain poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the transcription factors (TFs) contributing to NPRL2 dysregulation in prostate cancer. Potential TFs were identified using prostate tissue/cell-specific chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-seq data collected in the Cistrome Data Browser and Signaling Pathways Project. Dual-luciferase assay and ChIP-qPCR assay were conducted to assess the binding and activating effect of TFs on the gene promoter. Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays were performed to assess cell proliferation. Results showed that E2F1 is a TF that bound to the NPRL2 promoter and activated its transcription. NPRL2 inhibition significantly alleviated E2F1 enhanced cell proliferation. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that E2F1 upregulation was associated with unfavorable progression-free survival and disease-specific survival. FOXO1 interacted and E2F1 in both PC3 and LNCaP cells and weakened the binding of E2F1 to the NPRL2 promoter. Functionally, FOXO1 overexpression significantly slowed the proliferation of PC3 and LNCaP cells and also decreased E2F1 enhanced cell proliferation. In summary, this study revealed a novel FOXO1/E2F1-NPRL2 regulatory axis in prostate cancer. E2F1 binds to the NPRL2 promoter and activates its transcription, while FOXO1 interacts with E2F1 and weakens its transcriptional activating effects. These findings help expand our understanding of the prostate cancer etiology and suggest that the FOXO1/E2F1-NPRL2 signaling axis might be a potential target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Daixing Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guozhi Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengjun Luo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Du
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Wang Y, Gao W, Li Y, Chow ST, Xie W, Zhang X, Zhou J, Chan FL. Interplay between orphan nuclear receptors and androgen receptor-dependent or-independent growth signalings in prostate cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 78:100921. [PMID: 33121737 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well-established that both the initial and advanced growth of prostate cancer depends critically on androgens and thus on the activated androgen receptor (AR) -mediated signaling pathway. The unique hormone-dependent feature of prostate cancer forms the biological basis of hormone or androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) that aims to suppress the AR signaling by androgen depletion or AR antagonists. ADT still remains the mainstay treatment option for locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer. However, most patients upon ADT will inevitably develop therapy-resistance and progress to relapse in the form of castration-resistant disease (castration-resistant prostate cancer or CRPC) or even a more aggressive androgen-independent subtype (therapy-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer or NEPC). Recent advances show that besides AR, some ligand-independent members of nuclear receptor superfamily-designated as orphan nuclear receptors (ONRs), as their endogenous physiological ligands are either absent or not yet identified to date, also play significant roles in the growth regulation of prostate cancer via multiple AR-dependent or -independent (AR-bypass) pathways or mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the newly elucidated roles of ONRs in prostate cancer, with a focus on their interplay in the AR-dependent pathways (intratumoral androgen biosynthesis and suppression of AR signaling) and AR-independent pathways or cellular processes (hypoxia, oncogene- or tumor suppressor-induced senescence, apoptosis and regulation of prostate cancer stem cells). These ONRs with their newly characterized roles not only can serve as novel biomarkers but also as potential therapeutic targets for management of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Weijie Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Youjia Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sin Ting Chow
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenjuan Xie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianfu Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Franky Leung Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Chun JN, Cho M, Park S, So I, Jeon JH. The conflicting role of E2F1 in prostate cancer: A matter of cell context or interpretational flexibility? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1873:188336. [PMID: 31870703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor E2F1 plays a crucial role in mediating multiple cancer hallmark capabilities that regulate cell cycle, survival, apoptosis, metabolism, and metastasis. Aberrant activation of E2F1 is closely associated with a poor clinical outcome in various human cancers. However, E2F1 has conflictingly been reported to exert tumor suppressive activity, raising a question as to the nature of its substantive role in the control of cell fate. In this review, we summarize deregulated E2F1 activity and its role in prostate cancer. We highlight the recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanism by which E2F1 regulates the development and progression of prostate cancer, providing insight into how cell context or data interpretation shapes the role of E2F1 in prostate cancer. This review will aid in translating biomedical knowledge into therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Nyeo Chun
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Cho
- Undergraduate Research Program, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonbum Park
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hong Jeon
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang C, Liu J, Tao F, Lu Y, He Q, Zhao L, Ou R, Xu Y, Li W. Retracted Article: The nuclear export of TR3 mediated gambogic acid-induced apoptosis in cervical cancer cells through mitochondrial dysfunction. RSC Adv 2019; 9:11855-11864. [PMID: 35516982 PMCID: PMC9063542 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10542a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, chemotherapy is still the main treatment for cervical cancer. However, the drug resistance of chemotherapy drugs seriously restricts its use, so it is urgent to develop new drugs for cervical cancer. Some studies have shown that gambogic acid has a strong anti-tumor effect, while the anti-tumor effect and molecular mechanism of gambogic acid on cervical cancer need to be studied. Our study confirms that the cytotoxic effect of gambogic acid on cervical cancer cells depends on the expression of TR3 protein. Moreover, gambogic acid-induced apoptosis requires TR3 expression. In the mechanism, gambogic acid promoted nuclear export of TR3, resulting in up-regulation of p53, which leads to the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, eventually inducing apoptosis. These results suggest that the nuclear export of TR3 mediated gambogic acid-induced apoptosis through a p53-dependent apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang Province China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The First Affliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Nanbaixiang Street Wenzhou Zhejiang Province China
- Plastic and Cosmetic Center, The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang Province China
| | - Fengxing Tao
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The First Affliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Nanbaixiang Street Wenzhou Zhejiang Province China
| | - Yiyi Lu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The First Affliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Nanbaixiang Street Wenzhou Zhejiang Province China
| | - Qin He
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The First Affliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Nanbaixiang Street Wenzhou Zhejiang Province China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Nanbaixiang Street Wenzhou Zhejiang Province China
| | - Rongying Ou
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang Province China
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The First Affliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Nanbaixiang Street Wenzhou Zhejiang Province China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Laboratory for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Nanbaixiang Street Wenzhou Zhejiang Province China
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Nur77 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma via switching glucose metabolism toward gluconeogenesis through attenuating phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase sumoylation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14420. [PMID: 28240261 PMCID: PMC5333363 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis, an essential metabolic process for hepatocytes, is downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here we show that the nuclear receptor Nur77 is a tumour suppressor for HCC that regulates gluconeogenesis. Low Nur77 expression in clinical HCC samples correlates with poor prognosis, and a Nur77 deficiency in mice promotes HCC development. Nur77 interacts with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK1), the rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis, to increase gluconeogenesis and suppress glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and cell growth arrest. However, PEPCK1 becomes labile after sumoylation and is degraded via ubiquitination, which is augmented by the p300 acetylation of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (Ubc9). Although Nur77 attenuates sumoylation and stabilizes PEPCK1 via impairing p300 activity and preventing the Ubc9-PEPCK1 interaction, Nur77 is silenced in HCC samples due to Snail-mediated DNA methylation of the Nur77 promoter. Our study reveals a unique mechanism to suppress HCC by switching from glycolysis to gluconeogenesis through Nur77 antagonism of PEPCK1 degradation.
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Wu D, Cheung A, Wang Y, Yu S, Chan FL. The emerging roles of orphan nuclear receptors in prostate cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1866:23-36. [PMID: 27264242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Orphan nuclear receptors are members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily and are so named because their endogenous physiological ligands are either unknown or may not exist. Because of their important regulatory roles in many key physiological processes, dysregulation of signalings controlled by these receptors is associated with many diseases including cancer. Over years, studies of orphan NRs have become an area of great interest because their specific physiological and pathological roles have not been well-defined, and some of them are promising drug targets for diseases. The recently identified synthetic small molecule ligands, acting as agonists or antagonists, to these orphan NRs not only help to understand better their functional roles but also highlight that the signalings mediated by these ligand-independent NRs in diseases could be therapeutically intervened. This review is a summary of the recent advances in elucidating the emerging functional roles of orphan NRs in cancers, especially prostate cancer. In particular, some orphan NRs, RORγ, TR2, TR4, COUP-IFII, ERRα, DAX1 and SHP, exhibit crosstalk or interference with androgen receptor (AR) signaling in either normal or malignant prostatic cells, highlighting their involvement in prostate cancer progression as androgen and AR signaling pathway play critical roles in this process. We also propose that a better understanding of the mechanism of actions of these orphan NRs in prostate gland or prostate cancer could help to evaluate their potential value as therapeutic targets for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglan Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alyson Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shan Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Franky L Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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7
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Tenga A, Beard JA, Takwi A, Wang YM, Chen T. Regulation of Nuclear Receptor Nur77 by miR-124. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148433. [PMID: 26840408 PMCID: PMC4739595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor Nur77 is commonly upregulated in adult cancers and has oncogenic functions. Nur77 is an immediate-early response gene that acts as a transcription factor to promote proliferation and protect cells from apoptosis. Conversely, Nur77 can translocate to the mitochondria and induce apoptosis upon treatment with various cytotoxic agents. Because Nur77 is upregulated in cancer and may have a role in cancer progression, it is of interest to understand the mechanism controlling its expression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are responsible for inhibiting translation of their target genes by binding to the 3'UTR and either degrading the mRNA or preventing it from being translated into protein, thereby making these non-coding endogenous RNAs vital regulators of every cellular process. Several miRNAs have been predicted to target Nur77; however, strong evidence showing the regulation of Nur77 by any miRNA is lacking. In this study, we used a luciferase reporter assay containing the 3'UTR of Nur77 to screen 296 miRNAs and found that miR-124, which is the most abundant miRNA in the brain and has a role in promoting neuronal differentiation, caused the greatest reduction in luciferase activity. Interestingly, we discovered an inverse relationship in Daoy medulloblastoma cells and undifferentiated granule neuron precursors in which Nur77 is upregulated and miR-124 is downregulated. Exogenous expression to further elevate Nur77 levels in Daoy cells increased proliferation and viability, but knocking down Nur77 via siRNA resulted in the opposite phenotype. Importantly, exogenous expression of miR-124 reduced Nur77 expression, cell viability, proliferation, and tumor spheroid size in 3D culture. In all, we have discovered miR-124 to be downregulated in instances of medulloblastoma in which Nur77 is upregulated, resulting in a proliferative state that abets cancer progression. This study provides evidence for increasing miR-124 expression as a potential therapy for cancers with elevated levels of Nur77.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Medulloblastoma/genetics
- Medulloblastoma/metabolism
- Medulloblastoma/pathology
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Protein Transport
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Tenga
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Jordan A. Beard
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Apana Takwi
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Yue-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
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The interplay of NR4A receptors and the oncogene-tumor suppressor networks in cancer. Cell Signal 2014; 27:257-66. [PMID: 25446259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor (NR) subfamily 4 group A (NR4A) is a family of three highly homologous orphan nuclear receptors that have multiple physiological and pathological roles, including some in cancer. These NRs are reportedly dysregulated in multiple cancer types, with many studies demonstrating pro-oncogenic roles for NR4A1 (Nur77) and NR4A2 (Nurr1). Additionally, NR4A1 and NR4A3 (Nor-1) are described as tumor suppressors in leukemia. The dysregulation and functions of the NR4A members are due to many factors, including transcriptional regulation, protein-protein interactions, and post-translational modifications. These various levels of intracellular regulation result from the signaling cross-talk of the NR4A members with various signaling pathways, many of which are relevant to cancer and likely explain the family members' functions in oncogenesis and tumor suppression. In this review, we discuss the multiple functions of the NR4A receptors in cancer and summarize a growing body of scientific literature that describes the interconnectedness of the NR4A receptors with various oncogene and tumor suppressor pathways.
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9
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Hu Y, Chau T, Liu HX, Liao D, Keane R, Nie Y, Yang H, Wan YJY. Bile acids regulate nuclear receptor (Nur77) expression and intracellular location to control proliferation and apoptosis. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:281-92. [PMID: 25232032 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bile acids (BA) are endogenous agents capable of causing cancer throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. To uncover the mechanism by which BAs exert carcinogenic effects, both human liver and colon cancer cells as well as mouse primary hepatocytes were treated with BAs and assayed for viability, genotoxic stress, and transcriptional response. BAs induced both Nur77 (NR4A1) and proinflammatory gene expression. The intracellular location of BA-induced Nur77 was time dependent; short-term (1-3 hours) exposure induced nuclear Nur77, whereas longer (1-2 days) exposure also increased cytosolic Nur77 expression and apoptosis. Inhibiting Nur77 nuclear export with leptomycin B decreased lithocholic acid (LCA)-induced apoptosis. Extended (7 days) treatment with BA generated resistance to BA with increased nuclear Nur77, viability, and mobility. While, knockdown of Nur77 in BA-resistant cells increased cellular susceptibility to LCA-induced apoptosis. Moreover, in vivo mouse xenograft experiments demonstrated that BA-resistant cells form larger tumors with elevated Nur77 expression compared with parental controls. DNA-binding and gene expression assays identified multiple survival genes (CDK4, CCND2, MAP4K5, STAT5A, and RBBP8) and a proapoptosis gene (BID) as Nur77 targets. Consistently, BA-induced upregulation of the aforementioned genes was abrogated by a lack of Nur77. Importantly, Nur77 was overexpressed in high percentage of human colon and liver cancer specimens, and the intracellular location of Nur77 correlated with elevated serum total BA levels in patients with colon cancer. These data show for the first time that BAs via Nur77 have a dual role in modulating cell survival and death. IMPLICATIONS These findings establish a direct link between Nur77 and the carcinogenic effect of BAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, California
| | - Thinh Chau
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, California
| | - Hui-Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, California
| | - Degui Liao
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ryan Keane
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, California
| | - Yuqiang Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Municipal's People Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, California. Department of Gastroenterology, First Municipal's People Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Niu G, Lu L, Gan J, Zhang D, Liu J, Huang G. Dual roles of orphan nuclear receptor TR3/Nur77/NGFI-B in mediating cell survival and apoptosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 313:219-58. [PMID: 25376494 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800177-6.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As a transcriptional factor, Nur77 has sparked interests across different research fields in recent years. A number of studies have demonstrated the functional complexity of Nur77 in mediating survival/apoptosis in a variety of cells, including tumor cells. Conflicting observations also exist in clinical reports, in that TR3 behaves like an oncogene in tumors of the GI tract, lung, and breast, that is negatively associated with tumor stage and patient prognosis; while functions as a tumor suppressor gene in malignancies of the hematological and lymphatic system, skin, and ovary whose malfunction results in carcinogenesis. This chapter summarizes the apparent opposing effects of Nur77 on cells and explicates the mechanisms that determine the functional preference of Nur77. We conclude that in addition to cell type and agent context, other factors such as cellular localization, signaling pathway, and posttranslational modification also determine the final effects of Nur77 on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengming Niu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Lu
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun Gan
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Main Library, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingzheng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangjian Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Souvenir R, Flores JJ, Ostrowski RP, Manaenko A, Duris K, Tang J. Erythropoietin inhibits HIF-1α expression via upregulation of PHD-2 transcription and translation in an in vitro model of hypoxia-ischemia. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 5:118-27. [PMID: 24323731 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α is the central transcriptional factor for the regulation of oxygen-associated genes in response to hypoxia. Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor, increases oxygen availability during hypoxia/ischemia and is associated with neuroprotection following hypoxia-ischemia in laboratory models of stroke. However, EPO has failed to translate in a clinical setting. Thus, it is critical to elucidate the key players in EPO-induced neuroprotection. Our preliminary studies have shown that EPO, as a downstream gene of HIF, inhibits HIF-1α in a dose-dependent manner in an in vitro model of hypoxia-ischemia. This study is designed to elucidate the primary mediator of EPO-induced HIF-1α inhibition and subsequent cell survival/neuroprotection. Oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) of nerve growth factor-differentiated rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells were used to model hypoxia-ischemia in an in vitro environment. The profile of HIF-1α, HIF-2α and prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD-2) expression; HIF-1α and prolyl hydroxylase (PHD-2) mRNA levels; matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9; and cell death was evaluated in the presence and absence of either EPO or PHD-2 inhibitor during OGD. Our findings showed that EPO treatment resulted in an increase in PHD-2 transcription and translation, inhibition of HIF-1α expression, reactive oxygen species formation, and MMP-9 activity, resulting in increased cell survival after OGD. We also observed that EPO-induced cell survival/neuroprotection was reversed by siRNA silencing of PHD-2. This led to the conclusion that PHD-2 is a key mediator of EPO-induced HIF-1α inhibition and subsequent neuroprotection in an in vitro model of hypoxia-ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda Souvenir
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
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12
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Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that a subset of orphan nuclear receptors are amplified and prognostic for some human cancers. However, the specific roles of these orphan nuclear receptors in tumor progression and their utility as drug targets are not fully understood. In this review, we summarize recent progress in elucidating the direct and indirect involvement of orphan nuclear receptors in cancer as well as their therapeutic potential in a variety of human cancers. Furthermore, we contrast the role of orphan nuclear receptors in cancer with the known roles of estrogen receptor and androgen receptor in hormone-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Baek
- School of Biological Sciences, Creative Research Initiative Center for Chromatin Dynamics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea;
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13
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Pregnane xenobiotic receptor in cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic response. Cancer Lett 2012; 328:1-9. [PMID: 22939994 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR) is an orphan nuclear receptor that regulates the metabolism of endobiotics and xenobiotics. PXR is promiscuous and unique in that it is activated by a diverse group of xenochemicals, including therapeutic anticancer drugs and naturally-occurring endocrine disruptors. PXR has been predominantly studied to understand its regulatory role in xenobiotic clearance in liver and intestine via induction of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. PXR, however, is widely expressed and has functional implications in other normal and malignant tissues, including breast, prostate, ovary, endometrium and bone. The differential expression of PXR and its target genes in cancer tissues has been suggested to determine the prognosis of chemotherapeutic outcome. In addition, the emerging evidence points to the implications of PXR in regulating apoptotic and antiapoptotic as well as growth factor signaling that promote tumor proliferation and metastasis. In this review, we highlight the recent progress made in understanding the role of PXR in cancer, discuss the future directions to further understand the mechanistic role of PXR in cancer, and conclude with the need to identify novel selective PXR modulators.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 (also known as NR4A1, NGFIB, TR3, TIS1, NAK-1, or N10) is a unique transcription factor encoded by an immediate early gene. Nur77 signaling is deregulated in many cancers and constitutes an important molecule for drug targeting. AREAS COVERED Nur77 as a versatile transcription factor that displays distinct dual roles in cell proliferation and apoptosis. In addition, several recent insights into Nur77's non-genomic signaling through its physical interactions with various signaling proteins and its phosphorylation-dependent regulation will be highlighted. The possible mechanisms by which Nur77 supports carcinogenesis and specific examples in different human cancers will be summarized. Different approaches to target Nur77 using mimetics, natural products, and synthetic compounds are also described. EXPERT OPINION These latest findings shed light on the novel roles of Nur77 as an exploitable target for new cancer therapeutics. Further work which focuses on a more complete understanding of the Nur77 interactome as well as how the different networks of Nur77 functional interactions are orchestrated in a stimulus or context-specific way will aid the development of more selective, non-toxic approaches for targeting Nur77 in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally K Y To
- University of Hong Kong, School of Biological Sciences, 4S-14 Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Prolyl isomerase Pin1 stabilizes and activates orphan nuclear receptor TR3 to promote mitogenesis. Oncogene 2011; 31:2876-87. [PMID: 22002310 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pin1 regulates a subset of phosphoproteins by isomerizing phospho-Ser/Thr-Pro motifs via a 'post-phosphorylation' mechanism. Here, we characterize TR3 as a novel Pin1 substrate, and the mitogenic function of TR3 depends on Pin1-induced isomerization. There are at least three phospho-Ser-Pro motifs on TR3 that bind to Pin1. The Ser95-Pro motif of TR3 is the key site through which Pin1 enhances TR3 stability by retarding its degradation. Pin1 can also catalyze TR3 through phospho-Ser431-Pro motif, which is phosphorylated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2), resulting in enhanced TR3 transactivation. Furthermore, Pin1 not only facilitates TR3 targeting to the promoter of cyclin D2, a novel downstream target of TR3, but also promotes TR3 to recruit p300, thereby inducing cell proliferation. Importantly, we found that Pin1 is indispensable for TR3 to promote tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. Our study thus suggests that Pin1 has an important role in cell proliferation by isomerizing TR3.
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Yoon K, Lee SO, Cho SD, Kim K, Khan S, Safe S. Activation of nuclear TR3 (NR4A1) by a diindolylmethane analog induces apoptosis and proapoptotic genes in pancreatic cancer cells and tumors. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:836-42. [PMID: 21362629 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NR4A1 (Nur77, TR3) is overexpressed in pancreatic tumors and activation of TR3 by 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-methoxyphenyl)methane (DIM-C-pPhOCH(3)) inhibits cell and tumor growth and induces apoptosis. Microarray analysis demonstrates that in L3.6pL pancreatic cancer cells DIM-C-pPhOCH(3) induces genes associated with metabolism, homeostasis, signal transduction, transcription, stress, transport, immune responses, growth inhibition and apoptosis. Among the most highly induced growth inhibitory and proapoptotic genes including activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), p21, cystathionase, dual specificity phosphatase 1 and growth differentiation factor 15, RNA interference studies demonstrated that induction of all but the later gene by DIM-C-pPhOCH(3) were TR3-dependent. We also observed that DIM-C-pPhOCH(3) induced Fas ligand and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and induction of TRAIL was ATF3 dependent. Results of this and previous studies demonstrate that TR3 is unique among nuclear receptors since nuclear TR3 is activated or deactivated by diindolylmethane derivatives to induce different apoptotic and growth inhibitory pathways that inhibit pancreatic cancer cell and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsil Yoon
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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17
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Lee SO, Abdelrahim M, Yoon K, Chintharlapalli S, Papineni S, Kim K, Wang H, Safe S. Inactivation of the orphan nuclear receptor TR3/Nur77 inhibits pancreatic cancer cell and tumor growth. Cancer Res 2010; 70:6824-36. [PMID: 20660371 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the orphan nuclear receptor TR3/Nur77 (NR4A1) promotes apoptosis and inhibits pancreatic tumor growth, but its endogenous function and the effects of its inactivation have yet to be determined. TR3 was overexpressed in human pancreatic tumors compared with nontumor tissue. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of TR3 or cell treatment with the TR3 antagonist 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)methane (DIM-C-pPhOH) decreased proliferation, induced apoptosis, and decreased expression of antiapoptotic genes including Bcl-2 and survivin in pancreatic cancer cells. Survivin suppression was mediated by formation of a TR3-Sp1-p300 DNA binding complex on the proximal GC-rich region of the survivin promoter. When administered in vivo, DIM-C-pPhOH induced apoptosis and inhibited tumor growth in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer, associated with inhibition of the same antiapoptotic markers observed in vitro. Our results offer preclinical validation of TR3 as a drug target for pancreatic cancer chemotherapy, based on the ability of TR3 inhibitors to block the growth of pancreatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syng-Ook Lee
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Liu JJ, Zeng HN, Zhang LR, Zhan YY, Chen Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Xiang SH, Liu WJ, Wang WJ, Chen HZ, Shen YM, Su WJ, Huang PQ, Zhang HK, Wu Q. A unique pharmacophore for activation of the nuclear orphan receptor Nur77 in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3628-37. [PMID: 20388790 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nur77 is a steroid orphan receptor that plays a critical role in regulating proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, including acting as a switch for Bcl-2 function. We previously reported that the octaketide cytosporone B (Csn-B) is a natural agonist for Nur77. In this study, we synthesized a series of Csn-B analogues and performed a structure-activity analysis that suggested criteria for the development of a unique pharmacophore to activate Nur77. The components of the pharmacophore necessary for binding Nur77 included the benzene ring, the phenolic hydroxyl group, and the acyl chain of the Csn-B scaffold, whereas the key feature for activating the biological function of Nur77 was the ester group. Csn-B analogues that bound Nur77 tightly not only stimulated its transactivation activity but also initiated mitochondrial apoptosis by means of novel cross-talk between Nur77 and BRE, an antiapoptotic protein regulated at the transcriptional level. Notably, the derivative n-amyl 2-[3,5-dihydroxy-2-(1-nonanoyl)phenyl]acetate exhibited greater antitumor activity in vivo than its parent compounds, highlighting particular interest in this compound. Our findings describe a pathway for rational design of Csn-B-derived Nur77 agonists as a new class of potent and effective antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, PR China
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19
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Cho SD, Lee SO, Chintharlapalli S, Abdelrahim M, Khan S, Yoon K, Kamat AM, Safe S. Activation of nerve growth factor-induced B alpha by methylene-substituted diindolylmethanes in bladder cancer cells induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 77:396-404. [PMID: 20023005 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.061143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor-induced B (NGFI-B) genes are orphan nuclear receptors, and NGFI-B alpha (Nur77, TR3) is overexpressed in bladder tumors and bladder cancer cells compared with nontumorous bladder tissue. 1,1-Bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-methoxyphenyl)-methane (DIM-C-pPhOCH(3)) and 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-phenyl)methane have previously been identified as activators of Nur77, and both compounds inhibited growth and induced apoptosis of UC-5 and KU7 bladder cancer cells. The proapoptotic effects of methylene-substituted diindolylmethanes (C-DIMs) were unaffected by cotreatment with leptomycin B and were dependent on nuclear Nur77, and RNA interference with a small inhibitory RNA for Nur77 (iNur77) demonstrated that C-DIM-induced activation of apoptosis was Nur77-dependent. Microarray analysis of DIM-C-pPhOCH(3)-induced genes in UC-5 bladder cancer cells showed that this compound induced multiple Nur77-dependent proapoptotic or growth inhibitory genes including tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), cystathionase, p21, p8, and sestrin-2. DIM-C-pPhOCH(3) (25 mg/kg/d) also induced apoptosis and inhibited tumor growth in athymic nude mice bearing KU7 cells as xenografts, demonstrating that Nur77-active C-DIMs exhibit potential for bladder cancer chemotherapy by targeting Nur77, which is overexpressed in this tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Dae Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Biosciences, Brain Korea 21 Project, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju City, Republic of Korea
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20
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Lei NZ, Zhang XY, Chen HZ, Wang Y, Zhan YY, Zheng ZH, Shen YM, Wu Q. A feedback regulatory loop between methyltransferase PRMT1 and orphan receptor TR3. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 37:832-48. [PMID: 19095693 PMCID: PMC2647306 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PRMT1, an arginine methyltransferase, plays an important role in numerous cellular processes. In this study, we demonstrate a feedback regulatory loop between PRMT1 and the orphan receptor TR3. Unlike another orphan receptor HNF4, TR3 is not methylated by PRMT1 although they physically interact with each other. By delaying the TR3 protein degradation, PRMT1 binding leads to the elevation of TR3 cellular protein level, thereby enhances the DNA binding and transactivation activity of TR3 in a non-methyltransferase manner. Another coactivator SRC-2 acts synergistically with PRMT1 to regulate TR3 functions. In turn, TR3 binding to the catalytic domain of PRMT1 causes an inhibition of the PRMT1 methyltransferase activity. This repression results in the functional changes in some of PRMT1 substrates, including STAT3 and Sam68. The negative regulation of PRMT1 by TR3 was further confirmed in both TR3-knockdown cells and TR3-knockout mice with the use of an agonist for TR3. Taken together, our study not only identifies a regulatory role of PRMT1, independent on methyltransferase activity, in TR3 transactivation, but also characterizes a novel function of TR3 in the repression of PRMT1 methyltransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-zi Lei
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian Province, China
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21
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Safe S, Papineni S, Chintharlapalli S. Cancer chemotherapy with indole-3-carbinol, bis(3'-indolyl)methane and synthetic analogs. Cancer Lett 2008; 269:326-38. [PMID: 18501502 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) conjugates are phytochemicals expressed in brassica vegetables and have been associated with the anticancer activities of vegetable consumption. I3C and its metabolite bis(3'-indolyl)methane (DIM) induce overlapping and unique responses in multiple cancer cell lines and tumors, and these include growth inhibition, apoptosis and antiangiogenic activities. The mechanisms of these responses are complex and dependent on cell context. I3C and/or DIM activate or inactivate multiple nuclear receptors, induce endoplasmic reticulum stress, decrease mitochondrial membrane potential, and modulate multiple signaling pathways including kinases. DIM has been used as a template to synthesize a series of 1,1-bis(3'indolyl)-1-(substituted aromatic)methanes (i.e. C-DIMs) which are also cytotoxic to cancer cells and tumors. Some of the effects of C-DIMs resemble those reported for DIM analogs; however, structure-activity studies with the aromatic ring has resulted in generation of highly unique receptor agonists. For example, p-trifluoromethylphenyl, p-t-butylphenyl and p-biphenyl analogs activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), and p-methoxyphenyl and p-phenyl compounds activate nerve growth factor-induced-Balpha (NGFI-Balpha, Nur77) orphan nuclear receptor. The effects of C-DIMs on PPARgamma and Nur77 coupled with their receptor-independent activities has resulted in the development of a novel group of multi-targeted anticancer drugs with excellent potential for clinical treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, Vet. Res. Building 410, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA.
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22
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Xu J, Deng X, Demetriou AA, Farkas DL, Hui T, Wang C. Factors released from cholestatic rat livers possibly involved in inducing bone marrow hepatic stem cell priming. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:143-55. [PMID: 18225978 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that bone marrow beta 2m(-)/Thy-1+ hepatic stem cells (BMHSCs) were able to engraft in vivo and differentiate into functioning hepatocytes in vitro. Our transcriptomic profiling on BMHSCs derived from rats subjected to common bile duct ligation (CBDL) demonstrated CBDL-derived beta 2m(-)/Thy-1+ BMHSCs expressed hepatocyte-like genes and shared more commonly expressed genes with hepatocytes, suggesting that an "on-site" priming of BMHSCs into hepatocyte lineage was initiated under the condition of CBDL. In this paper, transcriptomic profiling was carried out on livers from rats with CBDL to identify candidate factors released from cholestatic livers possibly involved in the priming of BMHSCs using Affymetrix Rat Genome U34A arrays. In CBDL rat livers, 1,091 probe sets were differentially expressed, of which 188 up-regulated probe sets were annotated as "extracellular" components. Gene ontology analysis showed many up-regulated genes belonged to cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, including Il1b, Il18, Ptn, Spp1, Grn, Ccl2, Cxcl1, Pf4, Tgfb, and Tgfb3. Cell differentiation and proliferation regulation factors such as Dmbt1, Efna1, Lgals1, Lep, Pmp2, and Gas6 were also induced in CBDL livers. Furthermore, many proteolysis and peptidolysis genes such as Mmp2, Mmp12, Mmp14, and Mmp23 were up-regulated in CBDL livers. Gene expression profiling showed that many cytokine-, chemokine-, growth factor- as well as certain extracellular protein-related genes were induced in CBDL livers, suggesting that these genes may be involved in hepatic BMHSCs priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Medicine and Burns & Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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23
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Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zheng D. Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin/SerpinA3 is a novel target of orphan nuclear receptor Nur77. FEBS J 2008; 275:1025-38. [PMID: 18248459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nur77 is one member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. As a transcription factor, Nur77 participates in a variety of biological processes, including T cell development, inflammatory responses, steroid hormone synthesis, and hepatic glucose metabolism. It typically acts via binding to the Nur77 responsive element (NBRE) in the promoter regions of its target genes. In the present study, we identified a novel Nur77-regulated gene, alpha1-antichymotrypsin/SerpinA3, via an approach combining computational prediction and wet-laboratory validations. First, we identified 483 candidate genes via a human genome-wide scan for NBREs in their proximal promoters. Three out of 14 function-associated genes were further identified to be transactivated by Nur77 in luciferase reporter gene assays in HEK 293T cells. The transactivation assay proved that the NBRE (-182 to -175) in the SerpinA3 promoter region is a novel Nur77-dependent functional motif in HEK 293T and HepG2 cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Nur77 physically associates with the SerpinA3 promoter region both in vitro and in vivo. Nur77 overexpression and RNA interference-mediated Nur77 gene knockdown analysis confirmed that SerpinA3 is indeed a novel Nur77-targeted gene. These data may throw light on the function of Nur77 in inflammatory responses and acute-phase reactions as well as the development of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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24
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Abstract
Nur77, Nurr1, and NOR-1 form the NR4A subfamily of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors and have been described in the regulation of differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and survival of many different cell types. The expression of NR4A nuclear receptors in vascular pathologies has only recently been revealed, after which studies on the functional involvement of NR4A receptors in vascular disease were initiated. This review summarizes our current view on involvement of Nur77, Nurr1, and NOR-1 in atherosclerotic vascular disease and discusses NR4A function in vascular response to injury.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Graft Occlusion, Vascular/metabolism
- Graft Occlusion, Vascular/pathology
- Humans
- Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/blood supply
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Bonta
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Cho SD, Yoon K, Chintharlapalli S, Abdelrahim M, Lei P, Hamilton S, Khan S, Ramaiah SK, Safe S. Nur77 agonists induce proapoptotic genes and responses in colon cancer cells through nuclear receptor-dependent and nuclear receptor-independent pathways. Cancer Res 2007; 67:674-83. [PMID: 17234778 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor-induced Balpha (NGFI-Balpha, Nur77) is an orphan nuclear receptor with no known endogenous ligands; however, recent studies on a series of methylene-substituted diindolylmethanes (C-DIM) have identified 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(phenyl)methane (DIM-C-Ph) and 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-anisyl)methane (DIM-C-pPhOCH3) as Nur77 agonists. Nur77 is expressed in several colon cancer cell lines (RKO, SW480, HCT-116, HT-29, and HCT-15), and we also observed by immunostaining that Nur77 was overexpressed in colon tumors compared with normal colon tissue. DIM-C-Ph and DIM-C-pPhOCH3 decreased survival and induced apoptosis in RKO colon cancer cells, and this was accompanied by induction of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) protein. The induction of apoptosis and TRAIL by DIM-C-pPhOCH3 was significantly inhibited by a small inhibitory RNA for Nur77 (iNur77); however, it was evident from RNA interference studies that DIM-C-pPhOCH3 also induced Nur77-independent apoptosis. Analysis of DIM-C-pPhOCH3-induced gene expression using microarrays identified several proapoptotic genes, and analysis by reverse transcription-PCR in the presence or absence of iNur77 showed that induction of programmed cell death gene 1 was Nur77 dependent, whereas induction of cystathionase and activating transcription factor 3 was Nur77 independent. DIM-C-pPhOCH3 (25 mg/kg/d) also inhibited tumor growth in athymic nude mice bearing RKO cell xenografts. These results show that Nur77-active C-DIM compounds represent a new class of anti-colon cancer drugs that act through receptor-dependent and receptor-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Dae Cho
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station 77843-4466, USA
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26
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Moll UM, Marchenko N, Zhang XK. p53 and Nur77/TR3 - transcription factors that directly target mitochondria for cell death induction. Oncogene 2006; 25:4725-43. [PMID: 16892086 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The complex apoptotic functions of the p53 tumor suppressor are central to its antineoplastic activity in vivo. Conversely, p53 function is altered or attenuated in one way or another in the majority of human cancers. Besides its well-understood action as a transcriptional regulator of multiple apoptotic genes, p53 also exerts a direct pro-apoptotic role at the mitochondria by engaging in protein-protein interactions with anti- and pro-apoptotic Bcl2 family members, thereby executing the shortest known circuitry of p53 death signaling. Nur77, also known as TR3 or NGFI-B, is a unique transcription factor belonging to the orphan nuclear receptor superfamily. Even more extreme than p53, Nur77 can exert opposing biological activities of survival and death. Its activities are regulated by subcellular distribution, expression levels, protein modification and heterodimerization with retinoid X receptor. In cancer cells, Nur77 functions in the nucleus as an oncogenic survival factor, but becomes a potent killer when certain death stimuli induce its migration to mitochondria, where it binds to Bcl2 and conformationally converts it to a killer that triggers cytochrome c release and apoptosis. This review focuses on their unexpected transcription-independent pro-death programs at mitochondria and highlights the remarkable mechanistic similarities between them. Moreover, an accumulating body of evidence provides ample rationale to further investigate how these mitochondrial p53 and Nur77 pathways could become exploitable targets for new cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- U M Moll
- Department of Pathology Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8691, USA.
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27
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Bismar TA, Demichelis F, Riva A, Kim R, Varambally S, He L, Kutok J, Aster JC, Tang J, Kuefer R, Hofer MD, Febbo PG, Chinnaiyan AM, Rubin MA. Defining aggressive prostate cancer using a 12-gene model. Neoplasia 2006; 8:59-68. [PMID: 16533427 PMCID: PMC1584291 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical clinical question in prostate cancer research is: How do we develop means of distinguishing aggressive disease from indolent disease? Using a combination of proteomic and expression array data, we identified a set of 36 genes with concordant dysregulation of protein products that could be evaluated in situ by quantitative immunohistochemistry. Another five prostate cancer biomarkers were included using linear discriminant analysis, we determined that the optimal model used to predict prostate cancer progression consisted of 12 proteins. Using a separate patient population, transcriptional levels of the 12 genes encoding for these proteins predicted prostate-specific antigen failure in 79 men following surgery for clinically localized prostate cancer (P = .0015). This study demonstrates that cross-platform models can lead to predictive models with the possible advantage of being more robust through this selection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek A Bismar
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Mu X, Yang L, Chang C. Stage dependent and androgen inductive expression of orphan receptor TR4 in rat testis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:464-9. [PMID: 16414012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/29/2005] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the expression of TR4 in different stages of seminiferous tubules and the relationship between TR4 and androgen in rat testis. We found that TR4 was stage-dependently expressed in rat seminiferous tubules, T withdrawal induced by high doses of testosterone undecanoate and ethane dimethane sulfonate inhibit TR4 expression in rat testis, and testosterone induced TR4 expression in co-cultured primary germ/Sertoli cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that androgen receptor could enhance TR4-mediated transactivation activity in testis cells in the presence of testosterone. Together, these data indicate that the expression of TR4 in rat testis is stage dependent and androgen inductive, and suggest the important role of orphan receptor TR4 in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Mu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk 23507, USA
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29
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Darragh J, Soloaga A, Beardmore V, Wingate A, Wiggin G, Peggie M, Arthur J. MSKs are required for the transcription of the nuclear orphan receptors Nur77, Nurr1 and Nor1 downstream of MAPK signalling. Biochem J 2006; 390:749-59. [PMID: 15910281 PMCID: PMC1199668 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
MSK (mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase) 1 and MSK2 are kinases activated downstream of either the ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) 1/2 or p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathways in vivo and are required for the phosphorylation of CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) and histone H3. Here we show that the MSKs are involved in regulating the transcription of the immediate early gene Nur77. Stimulation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts with PMA, EGF (epidermal growth factor), TNF (tumour necrosis factor) or anisomycin resulted in induction of the Nur77 mRNA. The induction of Nur77 by TNF and anisomycin was abolished in MSK1/2 double-knockout cells, whereas induction was significantly reduced in response to PMA or EGF. The MSK responsive elements were mapped to two AP (activator protein)-1-like elements in the Nur77 promoter. The induction of Nur77 was also blocked by A-CREB, suggesting that MSKs control Nur77 transcription by phosphorylating CREB bound to the two AP-1-like elements. Consistent with the decrease in Nur77 mRNA levels in the MSK1/2-knockout cells, it was also found that MSKs were required for the induction of Nur77 protein by PMA and TNF. MSKs were also found to be required for the transcription of two genes related to Nur77, Nurr1 and Nor1, which were also transcribed in a CREB- or ATF1 (activating transcription factor-1)-dependent manner. Downstream of anisomycin signalling, a second ERK-dependent pathway, independent of MSK and CREB, was also required for the transcription of Nurr1 and Nor1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anisomycin
- CREB-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Epidermal Growth Factor
- Fibroblasts
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases/genetics
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases/metabolism
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/genetics
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/metabolism
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Darragh
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Ana Soloaga
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Victoria A. Beardmore
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Andrew D. Wingate
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Giselle R. Wiggin
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Mark Peggie
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
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Miyake H, Hara I, Eto H. Clinical outcome of maximum androgen blockade using flutamide as second-line hormonal therapy for hormone-refractory prostate cancer. BJU Int 2005; 96:791-5. [PMID: 16153202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2005.05766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the efficacy of maximum androgen blockade (MAB) using flutamide as second-line hormonal therapy for advanced hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 55 patients with HRPC who were treated with MAB using flutamide (375 mg daily) as second-line hormonal therapy. All patients had previously received bicalutamide combined with either surgical or medical castration as first-line hormonal therapy, which failed. The effect of the second-line therapy was evaluated by serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level alone, and the response defined as a decrease of >50% from the baseline PSA at the start of second-line therapy. RESULTS On initiating second-line hormonal therapy there was a reduction in the PSA level in 25 of the 55 patients (45%), among whom 12 (22%) were regarded as responders, while the PSA level continued to increase in the remaining 30 (55%). The median (range) duration of the PSA response was 6 (1-13) months. During the observation period there were no severe side-effects from the second-line MAB therapy. Patients without bone metastases or whose disease progressed >1 year after first-line therapy had a significantly higher incidence of PSA response to second-line therapy, despite no significant effect of other factors examined on the PSA response to second-line therapy. Furthermore, the cause-specific survival in responders to second-line therapy was significantly better than that in nonresponders; however, multivariate analysis showed that no factors, including response to second-line therapy, could be used as independent predictors of cause-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS MAB using flutamide as second-line hormonal therapy can give a comparatively favourable PSA response with no severe side-effects; therefore, this therapy may be suitable for patients with HRPC after primary MAB using bicalutamide has failed, particularly in those with no bone metastases or whose disease has progressed for >1 year after first-line therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Miyake
- Department of Urology, Hyogo Medical Center for Adults, Akashi, Japan.
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Chintharlapalli S, Burghardt R, Papineni S, Ramaiah S, Yoon K, Safe S. Activation of Nur77 by selected 1,1-Bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-substituted phenyl)methanes induces apoptosis through nuclear pathways. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:24903-14. [PMID: 15871945 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nur77 is an orphan receptor and a member of the nerve growth factor-I-B subfamily of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. Based on the results of transactivation assays in pancreatic and other cancer cell lines, we have now identified for the first time Nur77 agonists typified by 1,1-bis(3-indolyl)-1-(p-anisyl)methane that activate GAL4-Nur77 chimeras expressing wild-type and the ligand binding domain (E/F) of Nur77. In Panc-28 pancreatic cancer cells, Nur77 agonists activate the nuclear receptor, and downstream responses include decreased cell survival and induction of cell death pathways, including tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Moreover, the transactivation and apoptotic responses are also induced in other pancreatic, prostate, and breast cancer cells that express Nur77. In Panc-28 cells, small inhibitory RNA for Nur77 reverses ligand-dependent transactivation and induction of TRAIL and PARP cleavage. Nur77 agonists also inhibit tumor growth in vivo in athymic mice bearing Panc-28 cell xenografts. These results identify compounds that activate Nur77 through the ligand binding domain and show that ligand-dependent activation of Nur77 through nuclear pathways in cancer cells induces cell death and these compounds are a novel class of anticancer agents.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Animals
- Annexin A5/chemistry
- Annexin A5/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Cell Death
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Cytosol/metabolism
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Humans
- Ligands
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Methane/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Models, Chemical
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/chemistry
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Retinoids/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Chintharlapalli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Lee KW, Ma L, Yan X, Liu B, Zhang XK, Cohen P. Rapid Apoptosis Induction by IGFBP-3 Involves an Insulin-like Growth Factor-independent Nucleomitochondrial Translocation of RXRα/Nur77. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:16942-8. [PMID: 15731112 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412757200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) induces apoptosis by its ability to bind insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) as well as its IGF-independent effects involving binding to other molecules including the retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRalpha). Here we describe that in response to IGFBP-3, the RXRalpha binding partner nuclear receptor Nur77 rapidly undergoes translocation from the nucleus to the mitochondria, initiating an apoptotic cascade resulting in caspase activation within 6 h. This translocation is a type 1 IGF receptor-signaling independent event as IGFBP-3 induces Nur77 translocation in R-cells. IGFBP-3 and Nur77 are additive in inducing apoptosis. GFP-Nur77 transfection into RXRalpha wild-type and knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts and subsequent treatment with IGFBP-3 show that RXRalpha is required for IGFBP-3-induced Nur77 translocation and apoptosis. Addition of IGFBP-3 to 22RV1 cell lysates enhanced the ability of GST-RXRalpha to "pull down" Nur77, and overexpression of IGFBP-3 enhanced the accumulation of mitochondrial RXRalpha. This unique nongenotropic nuclear pathway supports an emerging role for IGFBP-3 as a novel, multicompartmental signaling molecule involved in induction of apoptosis in malignant cells.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Densitometry
- Dimerization
- Enzyme Activation
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3/physiology
- Mice
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Protein Transport
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Retinoid X Receptor alpha/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Somatomedins/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuk-Wha Lee
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Park KC, Song KH, Chung HK, Kim H, Kim DW, Song JH, Hwang ES, Jung HS, Park SH, Bae I, Lee IK, Choi HS, Shong M. CR6-Interacting Factor 1 Interacts with Orphan Nuclear Receptor Nur77 and Inhibits Its Transactivation. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 19:12-24. [PMID: 15459248 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractCR6-interacting factor 1 (CRIF1) was recently identified as a nuclear protein that interacts with the Gadd45 (growth arrest and DNA damage inducible 45) family of proteins and participates in the regulation of the G1/S phase of the cell cycle. However, the nuclear action of CRIF1 is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that CRIF1 acts as a novel coregulator of transactivation of the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77. Both in vitro and in vivo studies show that CRIF1 interacts with Nur77 via the Nur77 AB domain and that it dramatically inhibits the AB domain-mediated transactivation of Nur77. Transient transfection assays demonstrate that CRIF1 inhibits steroid receptor coactivator-2-mediated Nur77 transactivation, and silencing of endogenous CRIF1 by small interfering RNA relieves this repression. CRIF1 possesses intrinsic repressor activities that are not affected by the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A. In addition, overexpression of CRIF1 inhibits TSH/protein kinase A-induced Nur-responsive element promoter activity. CRIF1 inhibited Nur77-dependent induction of E2F1 promoter activity, mRNA expression, and Nur77-mediated G1/S progression in cell cycle. These results suggest that CRIF1 acts as a repressor of the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 by inhibiting AB domain-mediated transcriptional activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit/pharmacology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mutation/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Response Elements/genetics
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Cheol Park
- Laboratory of Endocrine Cell Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, 640 Daesadong Chungku Daejeon 301-721, Korea
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Hong H, Tong W, Perkins R, Fang H, Xie Q, Shi L. Multiclass Decision Forest—A Novel Pattern Recognition Method for Multiclass Classification in Microarray Data Analysis. DNA Cell Biol 2004; 23:685-94. [PMID: 15585126 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2004.23.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The wealth of knowledge imbedded in gene expression data from DNA microarrays portends rapid advances in both research and clinic. Turning the prodigious and noisy data into knowledge is a challenge to the field of bioinformatics, and development of classifiers using supervised learning techniques is the primary methodological approach for clinical application using gene expression data. In this paper, we present a novel classification method, multiclass Decision Forest (DF), that is the direct extension of the two-class DF previously developed in our lab. Central to DF is the synergistic combining of multiple heterogenic but comparable decision trees to reach a more accurate and robust classification model. The computationally inexpensive multiclass DF algorithm integrates gene selection and model development, and thus eliminates the bias of gene preselection in crossvalidation. Importantly, the method provides several statistical means for assessment of prediction accuracy, prediction confidence, and diagnostic capability. We demonstrate the method by application to gene expression data for 83 small round blue-cell tumors (SRBCTs) samples belonging to one of four different classes. Based on 500 runs of 10-fold crossvalidation, tumor prediction accuracy was approximately 97%, sensitivity was approximately 95%, diagnostic sensitivity was approximately 91%, and diagnostic accuracy was approximately 99.5%. Among 25 genes selected to distinguish tumor class, 12 have functional information in the literature implicating their involvement in cancer. The four types of SRBCTs samples are also distinguishable in a clustering analysis based on the expression profiles of these 25 genes. The results demonstrated that the multiclass DF is an effective classification method for analysis of gene expression data for the purpose of molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixiao Hong
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, National Center for Toxicological Research, FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
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Mu X, Lee YF, Liu NC, Chen YT, Kim E, Shyr CR, Chang C. Targeted inactivation of testicular nuclear orphan receptor 4 delays and disrupts late meiotic prophase and subsequent meiotic divisions of spermatogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:5887-99. [PMID: 15199144 PMCID: PMC480911 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.13.5887-5899.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) is specifically and stage-dependently expressed in late-stage pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids. In the developing mouse testis, the highest expression of TR4 can be detected at postnatal days 16 to 21 when the first wave of spermatogenesis progresses to late meiotic prophase. Using a knockout strategy to delete TR4 in mice, we found that sperm production in TR4(-/-) mice is reduced. The comparison of testes from developing TR4(+/+) and TR4(-/-) mice shows that spermatogenesis in TR4(-/-) mice is delayed. Analysis of the first wave of spermatogenesis shows that the delay can be due to delay and disruption of spermatogenesis at the end of late meiotic prophase and subsequent meiotic divisions. Seminiferous tubule staging shows that stages X to XII, where late meiotic prophase and meiotic divisions take place, are delayed and disrupted in TR4(-/-) mice. Histological examination of testis sections from TR4(-/-) mice shows degenerated primary spermatocytes and some necrotic tubules. Testis-specific gene analyses show that the expression of sperm 1 and cyclin A1, which are genes expressed at the end of meiotic prophase, was delayed and decreased in TR4(-/-) mouse testes. Taken together, results from TR4(+/+) and TR4(-/-) mice indicate that TR4 is essential for normal spermatogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Mu
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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