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Fomina M, Gromozova O, Gadd GM. Morphological responses of filamentous fungi to stressful environmental conditions. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2024; 129:115-169. [PMID: 39389704 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
The filamentous growth mode of fungi, with its modular design, facilitates fungal adaptation to stresses they encounter in diverse terrestrial and anthropogenic environments. Surface growth conditions elicit diverse morphological responses in filamentous fungi, particularly demonstrating the remarkable adaptability of mycelial systems to metal- and mineral-rich environments. These responses are coupled with fungal biogeochemical activity and can ameliorate hostile conditions. A tessellated agar tile system, mimicking natural environmental heterogeneity, revealed negative chemotropism to toxic metals, distinct extreme growth strategies, such as phalanx and guerrilla movements and transitions between them, and the formation of aggregated re-allocation structures (strands, cords, synnemata). Other systems showed intrahyphal growth, intense biomineralization, and extracellular hair-like structures. Studies on submerged mycelial growth, using the thermophilic fungus Thielavia terrestris as an example, provided mechanistic insights into the morphogenesis of two extreme forms of fungal submerged culture-pelleted and dispersed growth. It was found that the development of fungal pellets was related to fungal adaptation to unfavorable stressful conditions. The two key elements affecting morphogenesis leading to the formation of either pelleted or dispersed growth were found to be (1) a lag phase (or conidia swelling stage) as a specific period of fungal morphogenesis when a certain growth form is programmed in response to morphogenic stressors, and (2) cAMP as a secondary messenger of cell signaling, defining the implementation of the particular growth strategy. These findings can contribute to knowledge of fungal-based biotechnologies, providing a means for controllable industrial processes at both morphological and physiological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fomina
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Olena Gromozova
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, P.R. China
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2
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Williams TD, Joshua I, Soubigou F, Dublanska SM, Bergquist R, Rousseau A. Distinct TORC1 signalling branches regulate Adc17 proteasome assembly chaperone expression. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261892. [PMID: 38949052 PMCID: PMC11298713 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
When stressed, cells need to adapt their proteome to maintain protein homeostasis. This requires increased proteasome assembly. Increased proteasome assembly is dependent on increased production of proteasome assembly chaperones. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, inhibition of the growth-promoting kinase complex TORC1 causes increased proteasome assembly chaperone translation, including that of Adc17. This is dependent upon activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Mpk1 and relocalisation of assembly chaperone mRNA to patches of dense actin. We show here that TORC1 inhibition alters cell wall properties to induce these changes by activating the cell wall integrity pathway through the Wsc1, Wsc3 and Wsc4 sensor proteins. We demonstrate that, in isolation, these signals are insufficient to drive protein expression. We identify that the TORC1-activated S6 kinase Sch9 must be inhibited as well. This work expands our knowledge on the signalling pathways that regulate proteasome assembly chaperone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Williams
- MRC-PPU, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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Galello F, Bermúdez-Moretti M, Martínez MCO, Rossi S, Portela P. The cAMP-PKA signalling crosstalks with CWI and HOG-MAPK pathways in yeast cell response to osmotic and thermal stress. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2024; 11:90-105. [PMID: 38495453 PMCID: PMC10941952 DOI: 10.15698/mic2024.03.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely used in food and non-food industries. During industrial fermentation yeast strains are exposed to fluctuations in oxygen concentration, osmotic pressure, pH, ethanol concentration, nutrient availability and temperature. Fermentation performance depends on the ability of the yeast strains to adapt to these changes. Suboptimal conditions trigger responses to the external stimuli to allow homeostasis to be maintained. Stress-specific signalling pathways are activated to coordinate changes in transcription, translation, protein function, and metabolic fluxes while a transient arrest of growth and cell cycle progression occur. cAMP-PKA, HOG-MAPK and CWI signalling pathways are turned on during stress response. Comprehension of the mechanisms involved in the responses and in the adaptation to these stresses during fermentation is key to improving this industrial process. The scope of this review is to outline the advancement of knowledge about the cAMP-PKA signalling and the crosstalk of this pathway with the CWI and HOG-MAPK cascades in response to the environmental challenges heat and hyperosmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Galello
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Bermúdez-Moretti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Clara Ortolá Martínez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Portela
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Kang X, Zhang J, Xu Y, Zhang X, Cui F, Li H. Knocking-out ARO80 promotes the intracellular ROS accumulation through weakening MAPK pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Cañonero L, Pautasso C, Galello F, Sigaut L, Pietrasanta L, Arroyo J, Bermúdez-Moretti M, Portela P, Rossi S. Heat stress regulates the expression of TPK1 gene at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119209. [PMID: 34999138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae cAMP regulates different cellular processes through PKA. The specificity of the response of the cAMP-PKA pathway is highly regulated. Here we address the mechanism through which the cAMP-PKA pathway mediates its response to heat shock and thermal adaptation in yeast. PKA holoenzyme is composed of a regulatory subunit dimer (Bcy1) and two catalytic subunits (Tpk1, Tpk2, or Tpk3). PKA subunits are differentially expressed under certain growth conditions. Here we demonstrate the increased abundance and half-life of TPK1 mRNA and the assembly of this mRNA in cytoplasmic foci during heat shock at 37 °C. The resistance of the foci to cycloheximide-induced disassembly along with the polysome profiling analysis suggest that TPK1 mRNA is impaired for entry into translation. TPK1 expression was also evaluated during a recurrent heat shock and thermal adaptation. Tpk1 protein level is significantly increased during the recovery periods. The crosstalk of cAMP-PKA pathway and CWI signalling was also studied. Wsc3 sensor and some components of the CWI pathway are necessary for the TPK1 expression upon heat shock. The assembly in foci upon thermal stress depends on Wsc3. Tpk1 expression is lower in a wsc3∆ mutant than in WT strain during thermal adaptation and thus the PKA levels are also lower. An increase in Tpk1 abundance in the PKA holoenzyme in response to heat shock is presented, suggesting that a recurrent stress enhanced the fitness for the coming favourable conditions. Therefore, the regulation of TPK1 expression by thermal stress contributes to the specificity of cAMP-PKA signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Cañonero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Constanza Pautasso
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fiorella Galello
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Sigaut
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Física, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lia Pietrasanta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Física, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Arroyo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana Bermúdez-Moretti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Portela
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Wang G, Zhao Z, Ren B, Yu W, Zhang X, Liu J, Wang L, Si D, Yang M. Exenatide exerts a neuroprotective effect against diabetic cognitive impairment in rats by inhibiting apoptosis: Role of the JNK/c‑JUN signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:111. [PMID: 35119079 PMCID: PMC8845025 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exenatide could reduce blood glucose and alleviate cognitive dysfunction induced by diabetes mellitus (DM). In the present study, a diabetic model was established in Sprague‑Dawley rats to further explore the mechanism of exenatide on diabetes‑induced cognitive impairment. Notably, the model rats performed poorly in the Morris water maze test and had more apoptotic neurons compared with the control rats. By contrast, exenatide attenuated cognitive impairment and inhibited neuronal apoptosis in the DM rat model. To explore the neuroprotective mechanisms of exenatide, western blotting was performed to detect the expression levels of markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, including cytochrome c (Cyt‑c), Caspase‑3, JNK and c‑JUN, in hippocampal tissue. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR was also performed to measure the mRNA expression levels of Cyt‑c and Caspase‑3. After 16 weeks of treatment, exenatide treatment downregulated Cyt‑c, Caspase‑3, phosphorylated (p)‑JNK and p‑c‑JUN expression in the hippocampal tissue of diabetic rats. Moreover, Cyt‑c, Caspase‑3, JNK and JUN expression levels were detected following treatment with a specific inhibitor of JNK (SP600125). The results revealed that SP600125 had similar inhibitory effects on the JNK pathway and ERS‑related protein expression (Cyt‑t, Caspase‑3, p‑JNK and p‑c‑JUN). These results suggested that exenatide improved cognitive dysfunction in DM rats and that the underlying mechanism may be associated with inhibiting apoptosis by suppressing the activation of JNK/c‑JUN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyin Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Zongquan Zhao
- General Practice, Pingjiang Xincheng Community Health Service Center, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215101, P.R. China
| | - Bo Ren
- Medical Experimental Center, Jitang College of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Wu Yu
- School Hospital, Hengshui University, Hengshui, Hebei 053010, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Daowen Si
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Meiliu Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, Hengshui University, Hengshui, Hebei 053010, P.R. China
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Waite KA, Burris A, Vontz G, Lang A, Roelofs J. Proteaphagy is specifically regulated and requires factors dispensable for general autophagy. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101494. [PMID: 34919962 PMCID: PMC8732087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Changing physiological conditions can increase the need for protein degradative capacity in eukaryotic cells. Both the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy contribute to protein degradation. However, these processes can be differently regulated depending on the physiological conditions. Strikingly, proteasomes themselves can be a substrate for autophagy. The signals and molecular mechanisms that govern proteasome autophagy (proteaphagy) are only partly understood. Here, we used immunoblots, native gel analyses, and fluorescent microscopy to understand the regulation of proteaphagy in response to genetic and small molecule-induced perturbations. Our data indicate that chemical inhibition of the master nutrient sensor TORC1 (inhibition of which induces general autophagy) with rapamycin induces a bi-phasic response where proteasome levels are upregulated after an autophagy-dependent reduction. Surprisingly, several conditions that result in inhibited TORC1, such as caffeinine treatment or nitrogen starvation, only induced proteaphagy (i.e., without any proteasome upregulation), suggesting a convergence of signals upstream of proteaphagy under different physiological conditions. Indeed, we found that several conditions that activated general autophagy did not induce proteaphagy, further distinguishing proteaphagy from general autophagy. Consistent with this, we show that Atg11, a selective autophagy receptor, as well as the MAP kinases Mpk1, Mkk1, and Mkk2 all play a role in autophagy of proteasomes, although they are dispensable for general autophagy. Taken together, our data provide new insights into the molecular regulation of proteaphagy by demonstrating that degradation of proteasome complexes is specifically regulated under different autophagy-inducing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenrick A Waite
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Alicia Burris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA; Biology & Environmental Health, Missouri Southern State University, Joplin, Missouri, USA
| | - Gabrielle Vontz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Angelica Lang
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jeroen Roelofs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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Phosphoproteomic responses of TORC1 target kinases reveal discrete and convergent mechanisms that orchestrate the quiescence program in yeast. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110149. [PMID: 34965436 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic TORC1 kinase assimilates diverse environmental cues, including growth factors and nutrients, to control growth by tuning anabolic and catabolic processes. In yeast, TORC1 stimulates protein synthesis in response to abundant nutrients primarily through its proximal effector kinase Sch9. Conversely, TORC1 inhibition following nutrient limitation unlocks various distally controlled kinases (e.g., Atg1, Gcn2, Npr1, Rim15, Slt2/Mpk1, and Yak1), which cooperate through poorly defined circuits to orchestrate the quiescence program. To better define the signaling landscape of the latter kinases, we use in vivo quantitative phosphoproteomics. Through pinpointing known and uncharted Npr1, Rim15, Slt2/Mpk1, and Yak1 effectors, our study examines the architecture of the distally controlled TORC1 kinase network. Accordingly, this is built on a combination of discrete, convergent, and multilayered feedback regulatory mechanisms, which likely ensure homeostatic control of and/or robust responses by TORC1 and its effector kinases under fluctuating nutritional conditions.
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Iloun P, Hooshmandi E, Gheibi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi R, Ahmadiani A. Roles and Interaction of the MAPK Signaling Cascade in Aβ25-35-Induced Neurotoxicity Using an Isolated Primary Hippocampal Cell Culture System. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1497-1507. [PMID: 32601776 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized with increased formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain. Aβ peptide toxicity is associated with disturbances of several intracellular signaling pathways such as mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of MAPKs and their interactions in Aβ-induced neurotoxicity using isolated hippocampal neurons from the rat. Primary hippocampal cells were cultured in neurobasal medium for 4 days. Cells were treated with Aβ25-35 and/or MAPKs inhibitors for 24 h. Cell viability was determined by an MTT assay and phosphorylated levels of P38, JNK, and ERK were measured by Western blots. Aβ treatment (10-40 µM) significantly decreased hippocampal cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of P38 and ERK did not restore cell viability, while JNK inhibition potentiated the Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Compared to the controls, Aβ treatment increased levels of phosphorylated JNK, ERK, and c-Jun, while it had no effect on levels of phosphorylated P38. In addition, P38 inhibition led to decreased expression levels of phosphorylated ERK; inhibition of JNK resulted in decreased expression of c-Jun; and inhibition of ERK, decreased phosphorylated levels of JNK. These results strongly suggest that P38, ERK, and JNK are not independently involved in Aβ-induced toxicity in the hippocampal cells. In AD, which is a multifactorial disease, inhibiting a single member of the MAPK signaling pathway, does not seem to be sufficient to mitigate Aβ-induced toxicity and thus their interactions with each other or potentially with different signaling pathways should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Iloun
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Etrat Hooshmandi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak, Chamran Exp. Way, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sevda Gheibi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak, Chamran Exp. Way, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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Martínez-Matías N, Chorna N, González-Crespo S, Villanueva L, Montes-Rodríguez I, Melendez-Aponte LM, Roche-Lima A, Carrasquillo-Carrión K, Santiago-Cartagena E, Rymond BC, Babu M, Stagljar I, Rodríguez-Medina JR. Toward the discovery of biological functions associated with the mechanosensor Mtl1p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae via integrative multi-OMICs analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7411. [PMID: 33795741 PMCID: PMC8016984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional analysis of the Mtl1 protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has revealed that this transmembrane sensor endows yeast cells with resistance to oxidative stress through a signaling mechanism called the cell wall integrity pathway (CWI). We observed upregulation of multiple heat shock proteins (HSPs), proteins associated with the formation of stress granules, and the phosphatase subunit of trehalose 6-phosphate synthase which suggests that mtl1Δ strains undergo intrinsic activation of a non-lethal heat stress response. Furthermore, quantitative global proteomic analysis conducted on TMT-labeled proteins combined with metabolome analysis revealed that mtl1Δ strains exhibit decreased levels of metabolites of carboxylic acid metabolism, decreased expression of anabolic enzymes and increased expression of catabolic enzymes involved in the metabolism of amino acids, with enhanced expression of mitochondrial respirasome proteins. These observations support the idea that Mtl1 protein controls the suppression of a non-lethal heat stress response under normal conditions while it plays an important role in metabolic regulatory mechanisms linked to TORC1 signaling that are required to maintain cellular homeostasis and optimal mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Martínez-Matías
- grid.267033.30000 0004 0462 1680Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936-5067 USA
| | - Nataliya Chorna
- grid.267033.30000 0004 0462 1680Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936-5067 USA
| | - Sahily González-Crespo
- grid.267033.30000 0004 0462 1680Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936-5067 USA
| | - Lilliam Villanueva
- grid.267033.30000 0004 0462 1680Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936-5067 USA
| | - Ingrid Montes-Rodríguez
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico Medical Center, Rio Piedras, PR 00936-3027 USA
| | - Loyda M. Melendez-Aponte
- grid.267033.30000 0004 0462 1680Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936-5067 USA
| | - Abiel Roche-Lima
- grid.267033.30000 0004 0462 1680Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936-5067 USA
| | - Kelvin Carrasquillo-Carrión
- grid.267033.30000 0004 0462 1680Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936-5067 USA
| | - Ednalise Santiago-Cartagena
- grid.267033.30000 0004 0462 1680Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936-5067 USA
| | - Brian C. Rymond
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA
| | - Mohan Babu
- grid.57926.3f0000 0004 1936 9131Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2 Canada
| | - Igor Stagljar
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Donnelly Centre, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada ,grid.482535.d0000 0004 4663 8413Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Split, Croatia
| | - José R. Rodríguez-Medina
- grid.267033.30000 0004 0462 1680Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936-5067 USA
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Stępień Ł, Lalak-Kańczugowska J. Signaling pathways involved in virulence and stress response of plant-pathogenic Fusarium species. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Nomura W, Futamata R, Inoue Y. Role of RhoGAP Rgd1 in Pkc1 signaling-related actin repolarization under heat shock stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129853. [PMID: 33508381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A serine/threonine kinase Pkc1 is the sole protein kinase C in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and plays an important role in the regulation of polarized growth and stress responses such as those due to heat shock. Exposure of cells to high temperature transiently arrests polarized growth and leads to depolarization of the actin cytoskeleton, followed by actin repolarization during adaptation to heat shock stress. Actin repolarization is ensured by the activation of Pkc1 signaling; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. METHODS Using an overexpression construct of a constitutively active mutant of Pkc1 (Pkc1R398P), we explored the Pkc1 target molecules involved in actin repolarization. RESULTS PKC1R398P overexpression as well as heat shock stress increased the phosphorylation levels of Rho GTPase-activating protein (RhoGAP) Rgd1. Rgd1 was found to contribute to Pkc1-signaling-related actin repolarization during adaptation to heat shock stress in a GAP activity-independent manner, with Ser148 in Rgd1 playing a crucial role. Furthermore, Rgd1 was involved in the maintenance of phosphorylation status of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase Mpk1, a downstream effector of Pkc1, under heat shock stress. CONCLUSIONS Rgd1 is a target of Pkc1 signaling under conditions of heat shock stress, and required for the normal process of actin repolarization during adaptation to heat shock stress. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide insights into the molecular mechanism underlying Pkc1-mediated modulation of actin repolarization under heat shock stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Ryota Futamata
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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13
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Orlowski S, Flees J, Greene ES, Ashley D, Lee SO, Yang FL, Owens CM, Kidd M, Anthony N, Dridi S. Effects of phytogenic additives on meat quality traits in broiler chickens1. J Anim Sci 2020; 96:3757-3767. [PMID: 30184154 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytogenics have been reported to improve growth performances in farm animals and are thereby considered as potential key solutions for antibiotic-free livestock nutrition. Yet, their effects on meat quality are still not well defined; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of 5 experimental phytogenic additives (3 dietary and 2 water supplements) on growth and meat quality in broilers. One-day-old broiler chicks (n = 576) were assigned to 48 floor pens and divided into 6 treatments (Control, AV/HGP/16 premix [AVHGP], Superliv concentrate premix [SCP], bacteriostatic herbal growth promotor [BHGP], AV/SSL/12 [AVSSL], and Superliv Gold [SG]) in a complete randomized design (8 pens/treatment with 12 birds/pen, and 96 birds/group). Feed intake and BW were recorded, and birds were processed at 42 d to evaluate carcass traits. Breast muscle tissues were excised to determine stress- and antioxidant-related genes expression. Both AVSSL- and SG-treated broilers produced heavier (P < 0.05) slaughter weights compared with the control-fed broilers, whereas AVSSL supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) fat pad size and increased (P < 0.05) breast weights compared with the control-fed broilers. Although pH and a* values remained unchanged, L* was decreased (P < 0.05) in all treatment and b* was reduced (P < 0.05) in SG when compared with controls. The trained sensory panelists detected more (P < 0.05) green herb flavor in the breast meat from AVHGP than SCP, SG, and control birds. The expression of superoxide dismutase 2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and JNK gene was upregulated in AVHGP and BHGP compared with the control (P < 0.05). Together, these results indicated that phytogenic additives might improve meat quality of broilers through modulation of stress- and antioxidant-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Orlowski
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Joshua Flees
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Elizabeth S Greene
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Danielle Ashley
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Sun-Ok Lee
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Famous L Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Casey M Owens
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Michael Kidd
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Nicholas Anthony
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
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14
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Chen YT, Yang CC, Lin KC, Chen KH, Sung PH, Shao PL, Li YC, Chiang JY, Yip HK. Preactivated and disaggregated shape-changed platelets protect kidney against from ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat through attenuating inflammation reaction. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:2155-2168. [PMID: 31502757 DOI: 10.1002/term.2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that preactivated and disaggregated shape-changed platelet (PreD-SCP) therapy significantly protected rat kidney from ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Adult-male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 24) were equally categorized into Groups 1 (sham-operated control [SC]), 2 (SC + PreD-SCP), 3 (IR only), and 4 (IR + PreD-SCP). By 72 hr after IR procedure, the circulatory levels of creatinine, blood urine nitrogen and inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin [IL]-6/tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α), and ratio of urine protein to urine creatinine were significantly higher in Group 3 than in other groups and significantly higher in Group 4 than in Groups 1 and 2, but they showed no different between Groups 1 and 2 (all p < .001). The microscopic findings showed that the expressions of kidney injury score, cellular inflammation (MMP-9/CD14//F4/80), and fibrotic area were identical to the circulatory inflammation, whereas the integrity of podocyte components (ZO-1/synaptopodin/podocin) exhibited an opposite to circulatory inflammation among the four groups (all p < .0001). The protein expressions of inflammatory (TNF-α/IL-1ß/NF-κB/iNOS/TRAF6/MyD88/TLR-4), apoptotic/cell death (mitochondrial Bax/cleaved caspase-3/p-53), oxidized protein, mitogen-activated protein kinase family (p-38/p-JNK/p-c-JUN), and mitochondrial-damaged biomarkers displayed a similar pattern, whereas the antiapoptotic (Bcl-2/Bcl-XL) and integrity of mitochondrial biomarkers followed an opposite trend to circulatory inflammation among the four groups (all p < .001). PreD-SCP therapy effectively protected the kidney against IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ta Chen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chao Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Chen Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsun Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lin Shao
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - John Y Chiang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hon-Kan Yip
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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15
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Shi C, Hao B, Yang Y, Muhammad I, Zhang Y, Chang Y, Li Y, Li C, Li R, Liu F. JNK Signaling Pathway Mediates Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity Accompanied by Changes of Glutathione S-Transferase A1 Content and Expression. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1092. [PMID: 31620005 PMCID: PMC6763582 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is an analgesic-antipyretic drug and widely used in clinics. Its overdose may cause serious liver damage. Here, we examined the mechanistic role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in liver injury induced by different doses of APAP. Male mice were treated with APAP (150 and 175 mg·kg-1), and meanwhile JNK inhibitor SP600125 was used to interfere APAP-induced liver damage. The results showed that JNK signaling pathway was activated by APAP in a dose-dependent manner. C-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor decreased JNK and c-Jun activation significantly (P < 0.01) at 175 mg·kg-1 APAP dose, and phosphorylation levels of upstream proteins of JNK were also decreased markedly (P < 0.05). In addition, serum aminotransferases activities and hepatic oxidative stress increased in a dose-dependent manner with APAP treatment, but the levels of aminotransferases and oxidative stress decreased in mice treated with JNK inhibitor, which implied that JNK inhibition ameliorated APAP-induced liver damage. It was observed that apoptosis was increased in APAP-induced liver injury, and SP600125 can attenuate apoptosis through the inhibition of JNK phosphorylation. Meanwhile, glutathione S-transferases A1 (GSTA1) content in serum was enhanced, while GSTA1 content and expression in liver reduced significantly with administration of APAP (150 and 175 mg·kg-1). After inhibiting JNK, GSTA1 content in serum decreased significantly (P < 0.01); meanwhile, GSTA1 content and expression in liver enhanced. These findings suggested that JNK signaling pathway mediated APAP-induced hepatic injury, which was accompanied by varying GSTA1 content and expression in liver and serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Beili Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ishfaq Muhammad
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yicong Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Changwen Li
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Fangping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
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16
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Jiménez-Gutiérrez E, Alegría-Carrasco E, Sellers-Moya Á, Molina M, Martín H. Not just the wall: the other ways to turn the yeast CWI pathway on. Int Microbiol 2019; 23:107-119. [PMID: 31342212 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway took this name when its role in the cell response to cell wall aggressions was clearly established. The receptors involved in sensing the damage, the relevant components operating in signaling to the MAPK Slt2, the transcription factors activated by this MAPK, as well as some key regulatory mechanisms have been identified and characterized along almost 30 years. However, other stimuli that do not alter specifically the yeast cell wall, including protein unfolding, low or high pH, or plasma membrane, oxidative and genotoxic stresses, have been also found to trigger the activation of this pathway. In this review, we compile almost forty non-cell wall-specific compounds or conditions, such as tunicamycin, hypo-osmotic shock, diamide, hydroxyurea, arsenate, and rapamycin, which induce these stresses. Relevant aspects of the CWI-mediated signaling in the response to these non-conventional pathway activators are discussed. The data presented here highlight the central and key position of the CWI pathway in the safeguard of yeast cells to a wide variety of external aggressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jiménez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (IRICIS), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Alegría-Carrasco
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (IRICIS), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Sellers-Moya
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (IRICIS), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (IRICIS), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Humberto Martín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (IRICIS), Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Huang CJ, Lu MY, Chang YW, Li WH. Experimental Evolution of Yeast for High-Temperature Tolerance. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:1823-1839. [PMID: 29684163 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermotolerance is a polygenic trait that contributes to cell survival and growth under unusually high temperatures. Although some genes associated with high-temperature growth (Htg+) have been identified, how cells accumulate mutations to achieve prolonged thermotolerance is still mysterious. Here, we conducted experimental evolution of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae laboratory strain with stepwise temperature increases for it to grow at 42 °C. Whole genome resequencing of 14 evolved strains and the parental strain revealed a total of 153 mutations in the evolved strains, including single nucleotide variants, small INDELs, and segmental duplication/deletion events. Some mutations persisted from an intermediate temperature to 42 °C, so they might be Htg+ mutations. Functional categorization of mutations revealed enrichment of exonic mutations in the SWI/SNF complex and F-type ATPase, pointing to their involvement in high-temperature tolerance. In addition, multiple mutations were found in a general stress-associated signal transduction network consisting of Hog1 mediated pathway, RAS-cAMP pathway, and Rho1-Pkc1 mediated cell wall integrity pathway, implying that cells can achieve Htg+ partly through modifying existing stress regulatory mechanisms. Using pooled segregant analysis of five Htg+ phenotype-orientated pools, we inferred causative mutations for growth at 42 °C and identified those mutations with stronger impacts on the phenotype. Finally, we experimentally validated a number of the candidate Htg+ mutations. This study increased our understanding of the genetic basis of yeast tolerance to high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Huang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yeh Lu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiung Li
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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18
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Pulsed Laser Deposited Biocompatible Lithium-Doped Hydroxyapatite Coatings with Antimicrobial Activity. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Simple and lithium-doped biological-origin hydroxyapatite layers were synthesized by Pulsed Laser Deposition technique on medical grade Ti substrates. Cytotoxic effects of lithium addition and the biocompatibility of obtained coatings were assessed using three cell lines of human origin (new initiated dermal fibroblasts, immortalized keratinocytes HaCaT, and MG-63 osteosarcoma). Antimicrobial properties of obtained coatings were assessed on two strains (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans), belonging to species representative for the etiology of medical devices biofilm-associated infections. Our findings suggest that synthesized lithium-doped coatings exhibited low cytotoxicity on human osteosarcoma and skin cells and therefore, an excellent biocompatibility, correlated with a long-lasting anti-staphylococcal and -fungal biofilm activity. Along with low fabrication costs generated by sustainable resources, these biological-derived materials demonstrate their promising potential for future prospective solutions—viable alternatives to commercially available biomimetic HA implants—for the fabrication of a new generation of implant coatings.
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19
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Dunayevich P, Baltanás R, Clemente JA, Couto A, Sapochnik D, Vasen G, Colman-Lerner A. Heat-stress triggers MAPK crosstalk to turn on the hyperosmotic response pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15168. [PMID: 30310096 PMCID: PMC6181916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells make decisions based on a combination of external and internal signals. In yeast, the high osmolarity response (HOG) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway that responds to a variety of stimuli, and it is central to the general stress response. Here we studied the effect of heat-stress (HS) on HOG. Using live-cell reporters and genetics, we show that HS promotes Hog1 phosphorylation and Hog1-dependent gene expression, exclusively via the Sln1 phosphorelay branch, and that the strength of the activation is larger in yeast adapted to high external osmolarity. HS stimulation of HOG is indirect. First, we show that HS causes glycerol loss, necessary for HOG activation. Preventing glycerol efflux by deleting the glyceroporin FPS1 or its regulators RGC1 and ASK10/RGC2, or by increasing external glycerol, greatly reduced HOG activation. Second, we found that HOG stimulation by HS depended on the operation of a second MAPK pathway, the cell-wall integrity (CWI), a well-known mediator of HS, since inactivating Pkc1 or deleting the MAPK SLT2 greatly reduced HOG activation. Our data suggest that the main role of the CWI in this process is to stimulate glycerol loss. We found that in yeast expressing the constitutively open channel mutant (Fps1-Δ11), HOG activity was independent of Slt2. In summary, we suggest that HS causes a reduction in turgor due to the loss of glycerol and the accompanying water, and that this is what actually stimulates HOG. Thus, taken together, our findings highlight a central role for Fps1, and the metabolism of glycerol, in the communication between the yeast MAPK pathways, essential for survival and reproduction in changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dunayevich
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Baltanás
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Antonio Clemente
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Couto
- CIHIDECAR-Departamento de Química Orgánica, FCEN, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daiana Sapochnik
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Vasen
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Colman-Lerner
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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20
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Liu L, Levin DE. Intracellular mechanism by which genotoxic stress activates yeast SAPK Mpk1. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2898-2909. [PMID: 30230955 PMCID: PMC6249863 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-07-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-activated MAP kinases (SAPKs) respond to a wide variety of stressors. In most cases, the pathways through which specific stress signals are transmitted to the SAPKs are not known. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SAPK Mpk1 (Slt2) is a well-characterized component of the cell-wall integrity (CWI) signaling pathway, which responds to physical and chemical challenges to the cell wall. However, Mpk1 is also activated in response to genotoxic stress through an unknown pathway. We show that, in contrast to cell-wall stress, the pathway for Mpk1 activation by genotoxic stress does not involve the stimulation of the MAP kinase kinases (MEKs) that function immediately upstream of Mpk1. Instead, DNA damage activates Mpk1 through induction of proteasomal degradation of Msg5, the dual-specificity protein phosphatase principally responsible for maintaining Mpk1 in a low-activity state in the absence of stress. Blocking Msg5 degradation in response to genotoxic stress prevented Mpk1 activation. This work raises the possibility that other Mpk1-activating stressors act intracellularly at different points along the canonical Mpk1 activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - David E Levin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118.,Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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21
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Sukegawa Y, Negishi T, Kikuchi Y, Ishii K, Imanari M, Ghanegolmohammadi F, Nogami S, Ohya Y. Genetic dissection of the signaling pathway required for the cell wall integrity checkpoint. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.219063. [PMID: 29853633 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.219063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall integrity checkpoint monitors synthesis of cell wall materials during the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. Upon perturbation of cell wall synthesis, the cell wall integrity checkpoint is activated, downregulating Clb2 transcription. Here, we identified genes involved in this checkpoint by genetic screening of deletion mutants. In addition to the previously identified dynactin complex, the Las17 complex, in particular the Bzz1 and Vrp1 components, plays a role in this checkpoint. We also revealed that the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) and cell wall integrity mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are essential for checkpoint function. The defective checkpoint caused by the deficient dynactin and Las17 complexes was rescued by hyperactivation of the cell wall integrity MAPK pathway, but not by the activated form of Hog1, suggesting an order to these signaling pathways. Mutation of Fkh2, a transcription factor important for Clb2 expression, suppressed the checkpoint-defective phenotype of Las17, HOG MAPK and cell wall integrity MAPK mutations. These results provide genetic evidence that signaling from the cell surface regulates the downstream transcriptional machinery to activate the cell wall integrity checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sukegawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8562, Japan.,AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Bldg. Kashiwa Research Complex 2, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8565, Japan
| | - Takahiro Negishi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yo Kikuchi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8562, Japan
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8562, Japan
| | - Miyuki Imanari
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8562, Japan
| | - Farzan Ghanegolmohammadi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8562, Japan
| | - Satoru Nogami
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ohya
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8562, Japan .,AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Bldg. Kashiwa Research Complex 2, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture 277-8565, Japan
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Goryachev AB, Leda M. Many roads to symmetry breaking: molecular mechanisms and theoretical models of yeast cell polarity. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:370-380. [PMID: 28137950 PMCID: PMC5341721 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-10-0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mathematical modeling has been instrumental in identifying common principles of cell polarity across diverse systems. These principles include positive feedback loops that are required to destabilize a spatially uniform state of the cell. The conserved small G-protein Cdc42 is a master regulator of eukaryotic cellular polarization. Here we discuss recent developments in studies of Cdc42 polarization in budding and fission yeasts and demonstrate that models describing symmetry-breaking polarization can be classified into six minimal classes based on the structure of positive feedback loops that activate and localize Cdc42. Owing to their generic system-independent nature, these model classes are also likely to be relevant for the G-protein–based symmetry-breaking systems of higher eukaryotes. We review experimental evidence pro et contra different theoretically plausible models and conclude that several parallel and non–mutually exclusive mechanisms are likely involved in cellular polarization of yeasts. This potential redundancy needs to be taken into consideration when interpreting the results of recent cell-rewiring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Goryachev
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin Leda
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
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Nomura W, Inoue Y. Contribution of phosphatidylserine to Rho1- and Pkc1-related repolarization of the actin cytoskeleton under stressed conditions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Small GTPases 2017; 10:449-455. [PMID: 28613115 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1339766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae undergoes polarized cell growth, which is established in association with actin polarization. Rho1, one of the Rho-type GTPases in S. cerevisiae, is crucial for maintaining polarized cell growth and actin polarization and controlling the downstream signaling pathway, the Pkc1-Mpk1 MAP kinase cascade, through a physical interaction with Pkc1, the sole protein kinase C in this yeast. The Pkc1-Mpk1 MAP kinase cascade is important for the repolarization of actin under heat shock-stressed conditions. We recently reported that phosphatidylserine (PS), a membrane phospholipid component, played a pivotal role in the physical interaction between Rho1 and Pkc1 as well as the activation of the Pkc1-Mpk1 MAP kinase cascade. However, it currently remains unclear whether PS is involved in actin polarization by regulating the physical interaction between Rho1 and Pkc1. We herein demonstrated that the C1 domain of Pkc1, which is responsible for the interaction with Rho1, was crucial for Rho1-regulated actin polarization. We also found that actin repolarization under heat shock-stressed conditions was impaired in a mutant defective in CHO1 encoding PS synthase. These results suggest that PS contributes to actin polarization in which Rho1 and Pkc1 play a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Uji , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Uji , Kyoto , Japan
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The glycogen synthase kinase MoGsk1, regulated by Mps1 MAP kinase, is required for fungal development and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:945. [PMID: 28424497 PMCID: PMC5430414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01006-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of blast disease, is one of the most destructive plant pathogens, causing significant yield losses on staple crops such as rice and wheat. The fungus infects plants with a specialized cell called an appressorium, whose development is tightly regulated by MAPK signaling pathways following the activation of upstream sensors in response to environmental stimuli. Here, we show the expression of the Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) MoGSK1 in M. oryzae is regulated by Mps1 MAP kinase, particularly under the stressed conditions. Thus, MoGSK1 is functionally characterized in this study. MoGsk1 is functionally homologues to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GSK3 homolog MCK1. Gene replacement of MoGSK1 caused significant delay in mycelial growth, complete loss of conidiation and inability to penetrate the host surface by mycelia-formed appressorium-like structures, consequently resulting in loss of pathogenicity. However, the developmental and pathogenic defects of Δmogsk1 are recovered via the heterologous expression of Fusarium graminearum GSK3 homolog gene FGK3, whose coding products also shows the similar cytoplasmic localization as MoGsk1 does in M. oryzae. By contrast, overexpression of MoGSK1 produced deformed appressoria in M. oryzae. In summary, our results suggest that MoGsk1, as a highly conservative signal modulator, dictates growth, conidiation and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
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Combined Transcriptomics and Chemical-Genetics Reveal Molecular Mode of Action of Valproic acid, an Anticancer Molecule using Budding Yeast Model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35322. [PMID: 27734932 PMCID: PMC5062167 DOI: 10.1038/srep35322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VA) is a pharmacologically important histone deacetylase inhibitor that recently garnered attention as an anticancer agent. Since the molecular mechanisms behind the multiple effects of VA are unclear, this study was aimed to unravel the comprehensive cellular processes affected by VA and its molecular targets in vivo using budding yeast as a model organism. Interestingly, genome-wide transcriptome analysis of cells treated with VA showed differential regulation of 30% of the genome. Functional enrichment analysis of VA transcriptome evidenced alteration of various cellular processes including cell cycle, cell wall biogenesis, DNA repair, ion homeostasis, metabolism, stress response, transport and ribosomal biogenesis, etc. Moreover, our genetic screening analysis revealed VA molecular targets belonging to oxidative and osmotic stress, DNA repair, cell wall integrity, and iron homeostasis. Further, our results demonstrated the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) Hog1 (p38) and Slt2 (p44/42) upon VA treatment. Our results also exhibited that VA acts through alteration of mitochondrial, ER architecture and functions. Especially, VA effects were neutralized in cells lacking lipid particles. Altogether, our results deciphered the novel molecular insights and mechanistic links to strengthen our knowledge on diverse cellular effects of VA along with its probable therapeutic targets and detoxification approaches.
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Leng G, Song K. Direct interaction of Ste11 and Mkk1/2 through Nst1 integrates high-osmolarity glycerol and pheromone pathways to the cell wall integrity MAPK pathway. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:148-60. [PMID: 26787465 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Coordination and cross talks of MAPK pathways are critical for signaling efficiency, but their mechanisms are not well understood. Slt2, the MAP kinase of cell wall integrity pathway (CWI), is activated by heat stress even in the absence of upstream components of this pathway, suggesting a supplementary input for Slt2 activation. Here, we identify a new interaction of Ste11 and Mkk1, mediated by Nst1 that connects the high-osmolarity glycerol and pheromone pathways directly to CWI pathway in response to heat and pheromone. We suggest that Ser(407) and Thr(411) are novel residues of Mkk1 activated by these MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Leng
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiwon Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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The Chromone Alkaloid, Rohitukine, Affords Anti-Cancer Activity via Modulating Apoptosis Pathways in A549 Cell Line and Yeast Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137991. [PMID: 26405812 PMCID: PMC4583253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of cancer research and treatment has made significant progress, yet we are far from having completely safe, efficient and specific therapies that target cancer cells and spare the healthy tissues. Natural compounds may reduce the problems related to cancer treatment. Currently, many plant products are being used to treat cancer. In this study, Rohitukine, a natural occurring chromone alkaloid extracted from Dysoxylum binectariferum, was investigated for cytotoxic properties against budding yeast as well as against lung cancer (A549) cells. We endeavored to specifically study Rohitukine in S. cerevisiae in the context of MAPK pathways as yeast probably represents the experimental model where the organization and regulation of MAPK pathways are best understood. MAPK are evolutionarily conserved protein kinases that transfer extracellular signals to the machinery controlling essential cellular processes like growth, migration, differentiation, cell division and apoptosis. We aimed at carrying out hypothesis driven studies towards targeting the important network of cellular communication, a critical process that gets awry in cancer. Employing mutant strains of genetic model system Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae encodes five MAPKs involved in control of distinct cellular responses such as growth, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. Our study involves gene knockouts of Slt2 and Hog1 which are functional homologs of human ERK5 and mammalian p38 MAPK, respectively. We performed cytotoxicity assay to evaluate the effect of Rohitukine on cell viability and also determined the effects of drug on generation of reactive oxygen species, induction of apoptosis and expression of Slt2 and Hog1 gene at mRNA level in the presence of drug. The results of this study show a differential effect in the activity of drug between the WT, Slt2 and Hog1 gene deletion strain indicating involvement of MAPK pathway. Further, we investigated Rohitukine induced cytotoxic effects in lung cancer cells and stimulated the productions of ROS after exposure for 24 hrs. Results from western blotting suggest that Rohitukine triggered apoptosis in A549 cell line through upregulation of p53, caspase9 and down regulation of Bcl-2 protein. The scope of this study is to understand the mechanism of anticancer activity of Rohitukine to increase the repertoire of anticancer drugs, so that problem created by emergence of resistance towards standard anticancer compounds can be alleviated.
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Mesquita VA, Machado MD, Silva CF, Soares EV. Impact of multi-metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) exposure on the physiology of the yeast Pichia kudriavzevii. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11127-11136. [PMID: 25794581 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal contamination of the environment is frequently associated to the presence of two or more metals. This work aimed to study the impact of a mixture of metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) on the physiology of the non-conventional yeast Pichia kudriavzevii. The incubation of yeast cells with 5 mg/l Cd, 10 mg/l Pb and 5 mg/l Zn, for 6 h, induced a loss of metabolic activity (assessed by FUN-1 staining) and proliferation capacity (evaluated by a clonogenic assay), with a small loss of membrane integrity (measured by trypan blue exclusion assay). The staining of yeast cells with calcofluor white revealed that no modification of chitin deposition pattern occurred during the exposure to metal mixture. Extending for 24 h, the exposure of yeast cells to metal mixture provoked a loss of membrane integrity, which was accompanied by the leakage of intracellular components. A marked loss of the metabolic activity and the loss of proliferation capacity were also observed. The analysis of the impact of a single metal has shown that, under the conditions studied, Pb was the metal responsible for the toxic effect observed in the metal mixture. Intracellular accumulation of Pb seems to be correlated with the metals' toxic effects observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Mesquita
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, ISEP-School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
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Golla U, Bandi G, Tomar RS. Molecular Cytotoxicity Mechanisms of Allyl Alcohol (Acrolein) in Budding Yeast. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1246-64. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Upendarrao Golla
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology,
Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal-462023, India
| | - Goutham Bandi
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology,
Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal-462023, India
| | - Raghuvir S. Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology,
Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal-462023, India
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Baranwal S, Azad GK, Singh V, Tomar RS. Signaling of chloroquine-induced stress in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires the Hog1 and Slt2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:5552-66. [PMID: 25022582 PMCID: PMC4135872 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02393-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) has been under clinical use for several decades, and yet little is known about CQ sensing and signaling mechanisms or about their impact on various biological pathways. We employed the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism to study the pathways targeted by CQ. Our screening with yeast mutants revealed that it targets histone proteins and histone deacetylases (HDACs). Here, we also describe the novel role of mitogen-activated protein kinases Hog1 and Slt2, which aid in survival in the presence of CQ. Cells deficient in Hog1 or Slt2 are found to be CQ hypersensitive, and both proteins were phosphorylated in response to CQ exposure. CQ-activated Hog1p is translocated to the nucleus and facilitates the expression of GPD1 (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), which is required for the synthesis of glycerol (one of the major osmolytes). Moreover, cells treated with CQ exhibited an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the effects were rescued by addition of reduced glutathione to the medium. The deletion of SOD1, the superoxide dismutase in yeast, resulted in hypersensitivity to CQ. We have also observed P38 as well as P42/44 phosphorylation in HEK293T human cells upon exposure to CQ, indicating that the kinds of responses generated in yeast and human cells are similar. In summary, our findings define the multiple biological pathways targeted by CQ that might be useful for understanding the toxicity modulated by this pharmacologically important molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Baranwal
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Gajendra Kumar Azad
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Vikash Singh
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Raghuvir S Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
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Han Q, Wu F, Wang X, Qi H, Shi L, Ren A, Liu Q, Zhao M, Tang C. The bacterial lipopeptide iturins induce Verticillium dahliae cell death by affecting fungal signalling pathways and mediate plant defence responses involved in pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:1166-88. [PMID: 24934960 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt in cotton caused by Verticillium dahliae is one of the most serious plant diseases worldwide. Because no known fungicides or cotton cultivars provide sufficient protection against this pathogen, V. dahliae causes major crop yield losses. Here, an isolated cotton endophytic bacterium, designated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 41B-1, exhibited greater than 50% biocontrol efficacy against V. dahliae in cotton plants under greenhouse conditions. Through high-performance liquid chromatography and mass analysis of the filtrate, we found that the antifungal compounds present in the strain 41B-1 culture filtrate were a series of isoforms of iturins. The purified iturins suppressed V. dahliae microsclerotial germination in the absence or presence of cotton. Treatment with the iturins induced reactive oxygen species bursts, Hog1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and defects in cell wall integrity. The oxidative stress response and high-osmolarity glycerol pathway contribute to iturins resistance in V. dahliae. In contrast, the Slt2 MAPK pathway may be involved in iturins sensitivity in this fungus. In addition to antagonism, iturins could induce plant defence responses as activators and mediate pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity. These findings suggest that iturins may affect fungal signalling pathways and mediate plant defence responses against V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
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Sacristán-Reviriego A, Madrid M, Cansado J, Martín H, Molina M. A conserved non-canonical docking mechanism regulates the binding of dual specificity phosphatases to cell integrity mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in budding and fission yeasts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85390. [PMID: 24465549 PMCID: PMC3898958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) are essential for the negative regulation of MAPK pathways. Similar to other MAPK-interacting proteins, most MKPs bind MAPKs through specific docking domains known as D-motifs. However, we found that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MKP Msg5 binds the MAPK Slt2 within the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway through a distinct motif (IYT). Here, we demonstrate that the IYT motif mediates binding of the Msg5 paralogue Sdp1 to Slt2 as well as of the MKP Pmp1 to its CWI MAPK counterpart Pmk1 in the evolutionarily distant yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. As a consequence, removal of the IYT site in Msg5, Sdp1 and Pmp1 reduces MAPK trapping caused by the overexpression of catalytically inactive versions of these phosphatases. Accordingly, an intact IYT site is necessary for inactive Sdp1 to prevent nuclear accumulation of Slt2. We also show that both Ile and Tyr but not Thr are essential for the functionality of the IYT motif. These results provide mechanistic insight into MKP-MAPK interplay and stress the relevance of this conserved non-canonical docking site in the regulation of the CWI pathway in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Sacristán-Reviriego
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Madrid
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Cansado
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Humberto Martín
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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Alcasabas AA, de Clare M, Pir P, Oliver SG. Control analysis of the eukaryotic cell cycle using gene copy-number series in yeast tetraploids. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:744. [PMID: 24176122 PMCID: PMC3826841 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the model eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, previous experiments have identified those genes that exert the most significant control over cell growth rate. These genes are termed HFC for high flux control. Such genes are overrepresented within pathways controlling the mitotic cell cycle. Results We postulated that the increase/decrease in growth rate is due to a change in the rate of progression through specific cell cycle steps. We extended and further developed an existing logical model of the yeast cell cycle in order elucidate how the HFC genes modulated progress through the cycle. This model can simulate gene dosage-variation and calculate the cycle time, determine the order and relative speed at which events occur, and predict arrests and failures to correctly execute a step. To experimentally test our model’s predictions, we constructed a tetraploid series of deletion mutants for a set of eight genes that control the G2/M transition. This system allowed us to vary gene copy number through more intermediate levels than previous studies and examine the impact of copy-number variation on growth, cell-cycle phenotype, and response to different cellular stresses. Conclusions For the majority of strains, the predictions agreed with experimental observations, validating our model and its use for further predictions. Where simulation and experiment diverged, we uncovered both novel tetraploid-specific phenotypes and a switch in the determinative execution point of a key cell-cycle regulator, the Cdc28 kinase, from the G1/S to the S/G2 boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephen G Oliver
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
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Low temperature highlights the functional role of the cell wall integrity pathway in the regulation of growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem J 2012; 446:477-88. [PMID: 22747505 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Unlike other stresses, the physiological significance and molecular mechanisms involved in the yeast cold response are largely unknown. In the present study, we show that the CWI (cell wall integrity) pathway plays an important role in the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at low temperatures. Cells lacking the Wsc1p (wall integrity and stress response component 1) membrane sensor or the MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) Bck1p (bypass of C kinase 1), Mkk (Mapk kinase) 1p/Mkk2p or Slt2p (suppressor of lyt2) exhibited cold sensitivity. However, there was no evidence of either a cold-provoked perturbation of the cell wall or a differential cold expression program mediated by Slt2p. The results of the present study suggest that Slt2p is activated by different inputs in response to nutrient signals and mediates growth control through TORC1 (target of rapamycin 1 complex)-Sch9p (suppressor of cdc25) and PKA (protein kinase A) at low temperatures. We found that absence of TOR1 (target of rapamycin 1) causes cold sensitivity, whereas a ras2Δ mutant shows increased cold growth. Lack of Sch9p alleviates the phenotype of slt2Δ and bck1Δ mutant cells, as well as attenuation of PKA activity by overexpression of BCY1 (bypass of cyclase mutations 1). Interestingly, swi4Δ mutant cells display cold sensitivity, but the phenotype is neither mediated by the Slt2p-regulated induction of Swi4p (switching deficient 4)-responsive promoters nor influenced by osmotic stabilization. Hence, cold signalling through the CWI pathway has distinct features and might mediate still unknown effectors and targets.
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Yang Z, Huang B, Zhang Z, Kang Y, Fu M, Liao W. Effects of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 gene silencing on human osteoblast-like cells. Connect Tissue Res 2012; 53:498-507. [PMID: 22606974 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2012.694927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify the effects of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4) gene silencing on human osteoblast-like cells. The siRNA sequences of the target gene, IRAK-4, were constructed and transferred into MG63 cells (control group = MG63 cells; SC group = MG63 cells transfected with scrambled IRAK-4 siRNA; KD group = MG63 cells transfected with 75 nM IRAK-4 siRNA). The morphological changes, cell growth, cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, and the expression of various cytokines and proteins were compared. Compared with the control and SC groups, IRAK-4 gene silencing in MG63 cells caused morphological changes, inhibited growth, altered the cell-cycle distribution, increased apoptosis (p < 0.05), decreased bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels (p < 0.05), and decreased protein expression of Bcl-2/Bax and Bcl-2, p-JNK1/2, p-ERK1/2, and p-p38MAPK (p < 0.05). The results indicated that IRAK-4 gene silencing in MG63 cells inhibited cell proliferation and function and increase apoptosis, which may be related to the decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio and inhibition of the protein expression of various components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. The results of this study may help improve the understanding of the relationship between IRAK-4 and osteoblast-like cells and the interactions between various cytokines in the periprosthetic inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Yang
- Department of Orthopedic and Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Cooper KF, Scarnati MS, Krasley E, Mallory MJ, Jin C, Law MJ, Strich R. Oxidative-stress-induced nuclear to cytoplasmic relocalization is required for Not4-dependent cyclin C destruction. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:1015-26. [PMID: 22421358 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.096479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast cyclin-C-Cdk8p kinase complex represses the transcription of a subset of genes involved in the stress response. To relieve this repression, cyclin C is destroyed in cells exposed to H(2)O(2) by the 26S proteasome. This report identifies Not4p as the ubiquitin ligase mediating H(2)O(2)-induced cyclin C destruction. Not4p is required for H(2)O(2)-induced cyclin C destruction in vivo and polyubiquitylates cyclin C in vitro by utilizing Lys48, a ubiquitin linkage associated with directing substrates to the 26S proteasome. Before its degradation, cyclin C, but not Cdk8p, translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This translocation requires both the cell-wall-integrity MAPK module and phospholipase C, and these signaling pathways are also required for cyclin C destruction. In addition, blocking cytoplasmic translocation slows the mRNA induction kinetics of two stress response genes repressed by cyclin C. Finally, a cyclin C derivative restricted to the cytoplasm is still subject to Not4p-dependent destruction, indicating that the degradation signal does not occur in the nucleus. These results identify a stress-induced proteolytic pathway regulating cyclin C that requires nuclear to cytoplasmic relocalization and Not4p-mediated ubiquitylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina F Cooper
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Two Medical Center Drive, Stratford, NJ 08055, USA
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Soriano-Carot M, Bañó MC, Igual JC. The yeast mitogen-activated protein kinase Slt2 is involved in the cellular response to genotoxic stress. Cell Div 2012; 7:1. [PMID: 22296825 PMCID: PMC3298782 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maintenance of genomic integrity is essential for cell viability. Complex signalling pathways (DNA integrity checkpoints) mediate the response to genotoxic stresses. Identifying new functions involved in the cellular response to DNA-damage is crucial. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SLT2 gene encodes a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade whose main function is the maintenance of the cell wall integrity. However, different observations suggest that SLT2 may also have a role related to DNA metabolism. RESULTS This work consisted in a comprehensive study to connect the Slt2 protein to genome integrity maintenance in response to genotoxic stresses. The slt2 mutant strain was hypersensitive to a variety of genotoxic treatments, including incubation with hydroxyurea (HU), methylmetanosulfonate (MMS), phleomycin or UV irradiation. Furthermore, Slt2 was activated by all these treatments, which suggests that Slt2 plays a central role in the cellular response to genotoxic stresses. Activation of Slt2 was not dependent on the DNA integrity checkpoint. For MMS and UV, Slt2 activation required progression through the cell cycle. In contrast, HU also activated Slt2 in nocodazol-arrested cells, which suggests that Slt2 may respond to dNTP pools alterations. However, neither the protein level of the distinct ribonucleotide reductase subunits nor the dNTP pools were affected in a slt2 mutant strain. An analysis of the checkpoint function revealed that Slt2 was not required for either cell cycle arrest or the activation of the Rad53 checkpoint kinase in response to DNA damage. However, slt2 mutant cells showed an elongated bud and partially impaired Swe1 degradation after replicative stress, indicating that Slt2 could contribute, in parallel with Rad53, to bud morphogenesis control after genotoxic stresses. CONCLUSIONS Slt2 is activated by several genotoxic treatments and is required to properly cope with DNA damage. Slt2 function is important for bud morphogenesis and optimal Swe1 degradation under replicative stress. The MAPK Slt2 appears as a new player in the cellular response to genotoxic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soriano-Carot
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain.
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Kuravi VK, Kurischko C, Puri M, Luca FC. Cbk1 kinase and Bck2 control MAP kinase activation and inactivation during heat shock. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:4892-907. [PMID: 22031291 PMCID: PMC3237631 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-04-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cbk1 kinase was previously implicated in regulating polarized morphogenesis, gene expression, and cell integrity. This study reveals that Cbk1 regulates heat shock signaling and stress adaptation by modulating Mpk1 activity and MAPK phosphatase localization. A model for Cbk1 and its putative substrate for these functions is presented. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cbk1 kinase is a LATS/NDR tumor suppressor orthologue and component of the Regulation of Ace2 and Morphogenesis signaling network. Cbk1 was previously implicated in regulating polarized morphogenesis, gene expression, and cell integrity. Here we establish that Cbk1 is critical for heat shock and cell wall stress signaling via Bck2, a protein associated with the Pkc1-Mpk1 cell integrity pathway. We demonstrate that cbk1 and bck2 loss-of-function mutations prevent Mpk1 kinase activation and Mpk1-dependent gene expression but do not disrupt Mpk1 Thr-190/Tyr-192 phosphorylation. Bck2 overexpression partially restores Mpk1-dependent Rlm1 transcription factor activity in cbk1 mutants, suggesting that Bck2 functions downstream of Cbk1. We demonstrate that Bck2 precisely colocalizes with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase Sdp1. During heat shock, Bck2 and Sdp1 transiently redistribute from nuclei and the cytosol to mitochondria and other cytoplasmic puncta before returning to their pre-stressed localization patterns. Significantly, Cbk1 inhibition delays the return of Bck2 and Sdp1 to their pre-stressed localization patterns and delays Mpk1 Thr-190/Tyr-192 dephosphorylation upon heat shock adaptation. We conclude that Cbk1 and Bck2 are required for Mpk1 activation during heat shock and cell wall stress and for Mpk1 dephosphorylation during heat shock adaptation. These data provide the first evidence that Cbk1 kinase regulates MAPK-dependent stress signaling and provide mechanistic insight into Sdp1 phosphatase regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata K Kuravi
- Department of Animal Biology and Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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de Nadal E, Posas F. Elongating under Stress. GENETICS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:326286. [PMID: 22567351 PMCID: PMC3335722 DOI: 10.4061/2011/326286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In response to extracellular stimuli, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) modulate gene expression to maximize cell survival. Exposure of yeast to high osmolarity results in activation of the p38-related MAPK Hog1, which plays a key role in reprogramming the gene expression pattern required for cell survival upon osmostress. Hog1 not only regulates initiation but also modulates other steps of the transcription process. Recent work indicates that other yeast signalling MAPKs such as Mpk1 modulate transcriptional elongation in response to cell wall stress. Similarly, mammalian MAPKs have also been found associated to coding regions of stress-responsive genes. In this paper, significant progress in MAPK-regulated events that occur during the transcriptional elongation step is summarized, and future directions are discussed. We expect that the principles learned from these studies will provide a new understanding of the regulation of gene expression by signalling kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulàlia de Nadal
- Cell Signaling Unit, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Elsztein C, de Lucena RM, de Morais MA. The resistance of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the biocide polyhexamethylene biguanide: involvement of cell wall integrity pathway and emerging role for YAP1. BMC Mol Biol 2011; 12:38. [PMID: 21854579 PMCID: PMC3175164 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-12-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) is an antiseptic polymer that is mainly used for cleaning hospitals and pools and combating Acantamoeba infection. Its fungicide activity was recently shown by its lethal effect on yeasts that contaminate the industrial ethanol process, and on the PE-2 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one of the main fermenting yeasts in Brazil. This pointed to the need to know the molecular mechanism that lay behind the cell resistance to this compound. In this study, we examined the factors involved in PHMB-cell interaction and the mechanisms that respond to the damage caused by this interaction. To achieve this, two research strategies were employed: the expression of some genes by RT-qPCR and the analysis of mutant strains. Results Cell Wall integrity (CWI) genes were induced in the PHMB-resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain JP-1, although they are poorly expressed in the PHMB-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE2 strain. This suggested that PHMB damages the glucan structure on the yeast cell wall. It was also confirmed by the observed sensitivity of the yeast deletion strains, Δslg1, Δrom2, Δmkk2, Δslt2, Δknr4, Δswi4 and Δswi4, which showed that the protein kinase C (PKC) regulatory mechanism is involved in the response and resistance to PHMB. The sensitivity of the Δhog1 mutant was also observed. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity assay and gene expression analysis showed that the part played by YAP1 and CTT1 genes in cell resistance to PHMB is unrelated to oxidative stress response. Thus, we suggested that Yap1p can play a role in cell wall maintenance by controlling the expression of the CWI genes. Conclusion The PHMB treatment of the yeast cells activates the PKC1/Slt2 (CWI) pathway. In addition, it is suggested that HOG1 and YAP1 can play a role in the regulation of CWI genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Elsztein
- Interdepartmental Research Group in Metabolic Engineering, Av, Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Arias P, Díez-Muñiz S, García R, Nombela C, Rodríguez-Peña JM, Arroyo J. Genome-wide survey of yeast mutations leading to activation of the yeast cell integrity MAPK pathway: novel insights into diverse MAPK outcomes. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:390. [PMID: 21810245 PMCID: PMC3167797 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The yeast cell wall integrity mitogen-activated protein kinase (CWI-MAPK) pathway is the main regulator of adaptation responses to cell wall stress in yeast. Here, we adopt a genomic approach to shed light on two aspects that are only partially understood, namely, the characterization of the gene functional catalog associated with CWI pathway activation and the extent to which MAPK activation correlates with transcriptional outcomes. RESULTS A systematic yeast mutant deletion library was screened for constitutive transcriptional activation of the CWI-related reporter gene MLP1. Monitoring phospho-Slt2/Mpk1 levels in the identified mutants revealed sixty-four deletants with high levels of phosphorylation of this MAPK, including mainly genes related to cell wall construction and morphogenesis, signaling, and those with unknown function. Phenotypic analysis of the last group of mutants suggests their involvement in cell wall homeostasis. A good correlation between levels of Slt2 phosphorylation and the magnitude of the transcriptional response was found in most cases. However, the expression of CWI pathway-related genes was enhanced in some mutants in the absence of significant Slt2 phosphorylation, despite the fact that functional MAPK signaling through the pathway was required. CWI pathway activation was associated to increased deposition of chitin in the cell wall - a known survival compensatory mechanism - in about 30% of the mutants identified. CONCLUSION We provide new insights into yeast genes related to the CWI pathway and into how the state of activation of the Slt2 MAPK leads to different outcomes, discovering the versatility of this kind of signaling pathways. These findings potentially have broad implications for understanding the functioning of other eukaryotic MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Arias
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IRYCIS, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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The Rho1 GTPase acts together with a vacuolar glutathione S-conjugate transporter to protect yeast cells from oxidative stress. Genetics 2011; 188:859-70. [PMID: 21625004 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.111.130724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of redox homeostasis is critical for the survival of all aerobic organisms. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as in other eukaryotes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during metabolism and upon exposure to environmental stresses. The abnormal production of ROS triggers defense mechanisms to avoid the deleterious consequence of ROS accumulation. Here, we show that the Rho1 GTPase is necessary to confer resistance to oxidants in budding yeast. Temperature-sensitive rho1 mutants (rho1(ts)) are hypersensitive to oxidants and exhibit high accumulation of ROS even at a semipermissive temperature. Rho1 associates with Ycf1, a vacuolar glutathione S-conjugate transporter, which is important for heavy metal detoxification in yeast. Rho1 and Ycf1 exhibit a two-hybrid interaction with each other and form a bimolecular fluorescent complex on the vacuolar membrane. A fluorescent-based complementation assay suggests that the GTP-bound Rho1 associates with Ycf1 and that their interaction is enhanced upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide. The rho1(ts) mutants also exhibit hypersensitivity to cadmium, while cells carrying a deletion of YCF1 or mutations in a component of the Pkc1-MAP kinase pathway exhibit little or minor sensitivity to oxidants. We thus propose that Rho1 protects yeast cells from oxidative stress by regulating multiple downstream targets including Ycf1. Since both Rho1 and Ycf1 belong to highly conserved families of proteins, similar mechanisms may exist in other eukaryotes.
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Chen X, Wu J, Hua D, Shu K, Wang JZ, Li L, Lei T. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125 is neuroprotective in amygdala kindled rats. Brain Res 2010; 1357:104-14. [PMID: 20692238 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is implicated in cell death in neurodegenerative disorders and has been taken as a critical point between the physiological and pathological status. JNK specific inhibitor SP600125 has been found to have a protective effect against transient brain ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuronal death in rat hippocampal CA1 region. Former studies have shown the relation between JNK phosphorylation and neuronal damage in models of brain ischemia or in chemically or acute electrically kindled animal in which the stimulus-induced JNK phosphorylation was temporary or transient. In this study, the effect of repeated activation of JNK was examined in the amygdala kindled rats, under or without intraventrical infusion of SP600125, compared with the sham control. JNK phosphorylation was detected by Western blot and immunofluorescent staining in hippocampal extracts and in slices respectively. Nissl staining was performed to detect the neuronal defect. We found that the level of JNK phosphorylation (46KD) in the hippocampus increased in the amygdala kindled rats, whereas such JNK phosphorylation could be inhibited by SP600125. Expression of total JNK in the hippocampus remained unchanged in kindled rats compared with the sham control, and was not affected by SP600125. Neuronal defect was marked in the kindling group and in the vehicle DMSO group, and was alleviated under the administration of SP600125. These findings suggest that JNK phosphorylation is involved in the process of hippocampal sclerosis in the mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). JNK signaling pathway may be a new target to interfere with the development of hippocampal sclerosis in the temporal lobe epilepsy. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 can show a protective effect on hippocampal neurons in TLE by inhibiting JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Ave 1095, 430030 Wuhan, China
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Traven A, Lo TL, Pike BL, Friesen H, Guzzo J, Andrews B, Heierhorst J. Dual functions of Mdt1 in genome maintenance and cell integrity pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2010; 27:41-52. [PMID: 19894211 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates considerable cross-talk between genome maintenance and cell integrity control pathways. The RNA recognition motif (RRM)- and SQ/TQ cluster domain (SCD)-containing protein Mdt1 is required for repair of 3'-blocked DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and efficient recombinational maintenance of telomeres in budding yeast. Here we show that deletion of MDT1 (PIN4/YBL051C) leads to severe synthetic sickness in the absence of the genes for the central cell integrity MAP kinases Bck1 and Slt2/Mpk1. Consistent with a cell integrity function, mdt1Delta cells are hypersensitive to the cell wall toxin calcofluor white and the Bck1-Slt2 pathway activator caffeine. An RRM-deficient mdt1-RRM0 allele shares the severe bleomycin hypersensitivity, inefficient recombinational telomere maintenance and slt2 synthetic sickness phenotypes, but not the cell wall toxin hypersensitivity with mdt1Delta. However, the mdt1-RRM(3A) allele, where only the RNA-binding site is mutated, behaves similarly to the wild-type, suggesting that the Mdt1 RRM functions as a protein-protein interaction rather than a nucleic acid-binding module. Surprisingly, in a strain background where double mutants are sick but still viable, bck1Deltamdt1Delta and slt2Deltamdt1Delta mutants differ in some of their phenotypes, consistent with the emerging concept of flexible signal entry and exit points in the Bck1-Mkk1/2-Slt2 pathway. Overall, the results indicate that Mdt1 has partially separable functions in both cell wall and genome integrity pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Traven
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine SVH, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
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Binder U, Oberparleiter C, Meyer V, Marx F. The antifungal protein PAF interferes with PKC/MPK and cAMP/PKA signalling of Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Microbiol 2009; 75:294-307. [PMID: 19889092 PMCID: PMC2814085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein PAF inhibits polar growth and induces apoptosis in Aspergillus nidulans. We report here that two signalling cascades are implicated in its antifungal activity. PAF activates the cAMP/protein kinase A (Pka) signalling cascade. A pkaA deletion mutant exhibited reduced sensitivity towards PAF. This was substantiated by the use of pharmacological modulators: PAF aggravated the effect of the activator 8-Br-cAMP and partially relieved the repressive activity of caffeine. Furthermore, the Pkc/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Mpk) signalling cascade mediated basal resistance to PAF, which was independent of the small GTPase RhoA. Non-functional mutations of both genes resulted in hypersensitivity towards PAF. PAF did not increase MpkA phosphorylation or induce enzymes involved in the remodelling of the cell wall, which normally occurs in response to activators of the cell wall integrity pathway. Notably, PAF exposure resulted in actin gene repression and a deregulation of the chitin deposition at hyphal tips of A. nidulans, which offers an explanation for the morphological effects evoked by PAF and which could be attributed to the interconnection of the two signalling pathways. Thus, PAF represents an excellent tool to study signalling pathways in this model organism and to define potential fungal targets to develop new antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Binder
- Biocenter, Division of Molecular Biology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Our paths might cross: the role of the fungal cell wall integrity pathway in stress response and cross talk with other stress response pathways. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2009; 8:1616-25. [PMID: 19717745 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00193-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fungi occupy diverse environments and are subjected to many extreme conditions. Among the stressful conditions faced by fungi are pH changes, osmotic changes, thermal changes, oxide radicals, nutrient deprivation, and exposure to chemicals. These adversities can be found either in the environment or in animal and human hosts. The cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway provides a means to fortify and repair damages to the cell wall in order to withstand stressful environments. The CWI pathway in comprised of cell wall stress sensors that lead to activation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. Signaling through the MAPK cascade leads to expression of transcription factors that facilitate biosynthesis of cell wall components and actin organization. Given the relatively limited number of components of the CWI pathway and the very diverse stimuli, there must be a means of expanding the pathway. To manage the diverse stress conditions, the CWI pathway cross talks with other pathways or proteins, and these cross talk events enhance the signaling capabilities of the CWI pathway. Lateral influences that facilitate maintaining the cell wall under stress conditions are TOR signaling, calcineurin signaling, the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway, the cyclic AMP-protein kinase A pathway, and additional proteins. In this article, we highlight several of the cross talk events that have been described for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and several other fungi.
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Safdar A. Fungal cytoskeleton dysfunction or immune activation triggered by β-glucan synthase inhibitors. Cancer 2009; 115:2812-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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García R, Rodríguez-Peña JM, Bermejo C, Nombela C, Arroyo J. The high osmotic response and cell wall integrity pathways cooperate to regulate transcriptional responses to zymolyase-induced cell wall stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:10901-11. [PMID: 19234305 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808693200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to situations in which cell wall integrity is seriously compromised mainly involves the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway. However, in a recent work ( Bermejo, C., Rodriguez, E., García, R., Rodríguez-Peña, J. M., Rodríguez de la Concepción, M. L., Rivas, C., Arias, P., Nombela, C., Posas, F., and Arroyo, J. (2008) Mol. Biol. Cell 19, 1113-1124 ) we have demonstrated the co-participation of the high osmotic response (HOG) pathway to ensure yeast survival to cell wall stress mediated by zymolyase, which hydrolyzes the beta-1,3 glucan network. Here we have characterized the role of both pathways in the regulation of the overall yeast transcriptional responses to zymolyase treatment using whole genome expression profiling. A main group of yeast genes is dependent on both MAPKs, Slt2 and Hog1, for their induction. The transcriptional activation of these genes depends on the MAPKKK Bck1, the transcription factor Rlm1, and elements of the sho1 branch of the HOG pathway, but not on the sensors of the CWI pathway. A second group of genes is dependent on Slt2 but not Hog1 or Pbs2. However, the induction of these genes is dependent on upstream elements of the HOG pathway such as Sho1, Ste50, and Ste11, in accordance with a sequential activation of the HOG and CWI pathways. Zymolyase also promotes an osmotic-like transcriptional response with the activation of a group of genes dependent on elements of the Sho1 branch of HOG pathway but not on Slt2, with the induction of many of them dependent on Msn2/4. Additionally, in the absence of Hog1, zymolyase induces an alternative response related to mating and filamentation as a consequence of the cross-talk between these pathways and the HOG pathway. Finally, in the absence of Slt2, zymolyase increases the induction of genes associated with osmotic adaptation with respect to the wild type, suggesting an inhibitory effect of the CWI pathway over the HOG pathway. These studies clearly reveal the complexity of the signal transduction machinery responsible for regulating yeast adaptation responses to cell wall stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl García
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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PKC1 is essential for protection against both oxidative and nitrosative stresses, cell integrity, and normal manifestation of virulence factors in the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2008; 7:1685-98. [PMID: 18689526 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00146-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell wall integrity is crucial for fungal growth, survival, and pathogenesis. Responses to environmental stresses are mediated by the highly conserved Pkc1 protein and its downstream components. In this study, we demonstrate that both oxidative and nitrosative stresses activate the PKC1 cell integrity pathway in wild-type cells, as measured by phosphorylation of Mpk1, the terminal protein in the PKC1 phosphorylation cascade. Furthermore, deletion of PKC1 shows that this gene is essential for defense against both oxidative and nitrosative stresses; however, other genes involved directly in the PKC1 pathway are dispensable for protection against these stresses. This suggests that Pkc1 may have multiple and alternative functions other than activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade from a "top-down" approach. Deletion of PKC1 also causes osmotic instability, temperature sensitivity, severe sensitivity to cell wall-inhibiting agents, and alterations in capsule and melanin. Furthermore, the vital cell wall components chitin and its deacetylated form chitosan appear to be mislocalized in a pkc1Delta strain, although this mutant contains wild-type levels of both of these polymers. These data indicate that loss of Pkc1 has pleiotropic effects because it is central to many functions either dependent on or independent of PKC1 pathway activation. Notably, this is the first time that Pkc1 has been implicated in protection against nitrosative stress in any organism.
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Hos2p/Set3p deacetylase complex signals secretory stress through the Mpk1p cell integrity pathway. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2008; 7:1191-9. [PMID: 18487345 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00059-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Perturbations in secretory function activate stress response pathways critical for yeast survival. Here we report the identification of the Hos2p/Set3p deacetylase complex (SET3C) as an essential component of the secretory stress response. Strains lacking core components of the Hos2p/Set3p complex exhibit hypersensitivity to secretory stress. Although not required for the unfolded protein response (UPR) and ribosomal gene repression, the Hos2p complex is required for proper activation of the Mpk1p/Slt2p cell integrity kinase cascade. Disruption of the Hos2p complex results in abrogated Mpk1p phosphorylation, whereas constitutive activation of the Mpk1p pathway rescues the hos2Delta mutant growth defect in response to secretory stress. Furthermore, Hos2p activity is required for the Mpk1p-mediated activation of stress-responsive transcription factor Rlm1p, but not for the stress-induced degradation of the C-type cyclin Ssn8p. Our results identify the Hos2p complex as a critical component of the secretory stress response and support the existence a coordinated stress response consisting of the UPR, ribosomal gene repression, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in response to defects in secretory function.
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