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Stetler-Stevenson WG. The Continuing Saga of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 2: Emerging Roles in Tissue Homeostasis and Cancer Progression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1336-1352. [PMID: 37572947 PMCID: PMC10548276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are a conserved family of proteins that were originally identified as cytokine-like erythroid growth factors. Subsequently, TIMPs were characterized as endogenous inhibitors of matrixin proteinases. These proteinases are the primary mediators of extracellular matrix turnover in pathologic conditions, such as cancer invasion and metastasis. Thus, TIMPs were immediately recognized as important regulators of tissue homeostasis. However, TIMPs also demonstrate unique biological activities that are independent of metalloproteinase regulation. Although often overlooked, these non-protease-mediated TIMP functions demonstrate a variety of direct cellular effects of potential therapeutic value. TIMP2 is the most abundantly expressed TIMP family member, and ongoing studies show that its tumor suppressor activity extends beyond protease inhibition to include direct modulation of tumor, endothelial, and fibroblast cellular responses in the tumor microenvironment. Recent data suggest that TIMP2 can suppress both primary tumor growth and metastatic niche formation. TIMP2 directly interacts with cellular receptors and matrisome elements to modulate cell signaling pathways that result in reduced proliferation and migration of neoplastic, endothelial, and fibroblast cell populations. These effects result in enhanced cell adhesion and focal contact formation while reducing tumor and endothelial proliferation, migration, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions. These findings are consistent with TIMP2 homeostatic functions beyond simple inhibition of metalloprotease activity. This review examines the ongoing evolution of TIMP2 function, future perspectives in TIMP research, and the therapeutic potential of TIMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Stetler-Stevenson
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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2
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Factors of local conversion of iodothyronines correlate with indicators of hormonal, biochemical, and hematological profiles in patients with spinal canal and dural sac stenosis of the lumbar spine. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2022. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2022-7.6.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to find out the mechanisms of pathogenesis of degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the spine, it is of particular interest to search for body parameters which are directly or indirectly interrelated with the key factors of peripheral conversion of nidus iodothyronines and constitute a system of network interactions, affecting metabolic indicators at the local and systemic level.The aim. To search for correlations of local key factors of peripheral conversion of Ligamentum flavum iodothyronines with indicators of biochemical, hematological and hormonal blood profiles of patients with stenosing processes of the spinal canal and dural sac in the lumbar spine.Materials and methods. 33 patients (15 males, 18 females) with stenosing processes of the spinal canal and dural sac in the lumbar spine were examined (mean age – 45.73 ± 1.95 years). The expression of deiodinase genes and other candidate genes was determined in Ligamentum flavum biopsies collected during surgical treatment. Biochemical, hematological and hormonal parameters were determined in peripheral blood. The resulting data array was processed in order to find correlations between the parameters of systemic and local metabolism.Results. The relationships of deiodinases with the expression of GDF5, MMP1, MMP3 and TIMP1 in Ligamentum flavum (p < 0.05) were found. Of the hormonal profile of the blood serum, the most significant indicators were thyreotropin, free triiodothyronine and thyroperoxidase antibodies. In the biochemical profile, levels of direct bilirubin, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides changed along with the expression of deiodinases. Correlative relationships with the expression of deiodinases were found for the following hematological analytes of whole peripheral blood: hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, numbers of granulocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, band neutrophils, red cell distribution width and platelet crit. The data obtained indicate the involvement of peripheral conversion factors in the pathogenetic process and provide information to form a new view on the pathogenesis of degenerative-dystrophic processes in the Ligamentum flavum of patients with stenosing processes of the spinal canal and the dural sac in the lumbar spine.
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Simultaneous targeting of CD44 and MMP9 catalytic and hemopexin domains as a therapeutic strategy. Biochem J 2021; 478:1139-1157. [PMID: 33600567 PMCID: PMC7959692 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Crosstalk of the oncogenic matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) and one of its ligands, CD44, involves cleavage of CD44 by the MMP9 catalytic domain, with the CD44–MMP9 interaction on the cell surface taking place through the MMP9 hemopexin domain (PEX). This interaction promotes cancer cell migration and invasiveness. In concert, MMP9-processed CD44 induces the expression of MMP9, which degrades ECM components and facilitates growth factor release and activation, cancer cell invasiveness, and metastasis. Since both MMP9 and CD44 contribute to cancer progression, we have developed a new strategy to fully block this neoplastic process by engineering a multi-specific inhibitor that simultaneously targets CD44 and both the catalytic and PEX domains of MMP9. Using a yeast surface display technology, we first obtained a high-affinity inhibitor for the MMP9 catalytic domain, which we termed C9, by modifying a natural non-specific MMP inhibitor, N-TIMP2. We then conjugated C9 via a flexible linker to PEX, thereby creating a multi-specific inhibitor (C9-PEX) that simultaneously targets the MMP9 catalytic and PEX domains and CD44. It is likely that, via its co-localization with CD44, C9-PEX may compete with MMP9 localization on the cell surface, thereby inhibiting MMP9 catalytic activity, reducing MMP9 cellular levels, interfering with MMP9 homodimerization, and reducing the activation of downstream MAPK/ERK pathway signaling. The developed platform could be extended to other oncogenic MMPs as well as to other important target proteins, thereby offering great promise for creating novel multi-specific therapeutics for cancer and other diseases.
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Rajalingam K, Krishnaswami V, Alagarsamy S, Kandasamy R. Solubility Enhancement of Methotrexate by Solid Nanodispersion Approach for the Improved Treatment of Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:140-150. [PMID: 32888268 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620999200904120241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present work aimed to develop MT loaded solid Nano dispersion by improving its solubility, half-life and bioavailability in biological system thereby this formulation may be afforded economically. BACKGROUND Small cell lung carcinoma is a type of malignant tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth at lung tissues. The potent anti-cancer drug methotrexate (MT) chosen for the present work is poorly soluble in water (BCS type IV class) with short half-life and hepatotoxic effect. OBJECTIVE With the concept of polymeric surfactant to improve the solubility along with wettability of drugs, the present work has been hypothesized to improve its solubility using polyvinyl pyrollidone (PVP K30) polymer and α- tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) surfactant, thereby the bioavailability is expected to get enhanced. By varying the PVP K30 and TPGS ratios different formulations were developed using emulsification process. METHODS The developed MT loaded solid nanodispersion was further characterized for its particle size, charge, morphology, encapsulation efficiency and in-vitro release behavior etc. Results: The results of FT-IR spectrometric analysis indicated the compatibility nature of MTX, PVPK30 and TPGS. The developed formulations showed spherical morphology, particle size ranging from 59.28±24.2 nm to 169.33±10.85 nm with a surface charge ranging from -10.33 ± 2.81mV to -9.57 ± 1.2 mV. The in vitro release studies as performed by dialysis bag method showed a sustained release pattern as checked by UV Spectrophotometer. Residual solvent analysis for MTXNDs performed by HPLC indicates there is no residual DMSO in the formulation. Transmission electron microscopic image of MTXNDs revealed that the particles are spherical shaped with a solid core structure. Haemolytic assay indicates that the developed formulation is safe for intravenous administration. Cell culture studies in A549 cells indicates the enhanced cytotoxic effect for the developed formulation. CONCLUSION This proof of study indicates that the developed formulation may have anticancer potential for SCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Rajalingam
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Venkateshwaran Krishnaswami
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Shanmugarathinam Alagarsamy
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Ruckmani Kandasamy
- Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (CENTRE), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, India
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Hu P, Chiarini A, Wu J, Freddi G, Nie K, Armato U, Prà ID. Exosomes of adult human fibroblasts cultured on 3D silk fibroin nonwovens intensely stimulate neoangiogenesis. BURNS & TRAUMA 2021; 9:tkab003. [PMID: 34212056 PMCID: PMC8240536 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Bombyx mori silk fibroin is a biomacromolecule that allows the assembly of scaffolds for tissue engineering and regeneration purposes due to its cellular adhesiveness, high biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. Earlier work showed that two types of 3D silk fibroin nonwovens (3D-SFnws) implanted into mouse subcutaneous tissue were promptly vascularized via undefined molecular mechanisms. The present study used nontumorigenic adult human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) adhering to a third type of 3D-SFnws to assess whether HDFs release exosomes whose contents promote neoangiogenesis. Methods Electron microscopy imaging and physical tests defined the features of the novel carded/hydroentangled 3D-SFnws. HDFs were cultured on 3D-SFnws and polystyrene plates in an exosome-depleted medium. DNA amounts and D-glucose consumption revealed the growth and metabolic activities of HDFs on 3D-SFnws. CD9-expressing total exosome fractions were from conditioned media of 3D-SFnws and 2D polystyrene plates HDF cultures. Angiogenic growth factors (AGFs) in equal amounts of the two groups of exosomal proteins were analysed via double-antibody arrays. A tube formation assay using human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMVECs) was used to evaluate the exosomes’ angiogenic power. Results The novel features of the 3D-SFnws met the biomechanical requirements typical of human soft tissues. By experimental day 15, 3D-SFnws-adhering HDFs had increased 4.5-fold in numbers and metabolized 5.4-fold more D-glucose than at day 3 in vitro. Compared to polystyrene-stuck HDFs, exosomes from 3D-SFnws-adhering HDFs carried significantly higher amounts of AGFs, such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-4 and IL-8; angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2; angiopoietin-1 receptor (or Tie-2); growth-regulated oncogene (GRO)-α, GRO-β and GRO-γ; matrix metalloproteinase-1; tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1; and urokinase-type plasminogen activator surface receptor, but lesser amounts of anti-angiogenic tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-2 and pro-inflammatory monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. At concentrations from 0.62 to 10 μg/ml, the exosomes from 3D-SFnws-cultured HDFs proved their angiogenic power by inducing HDMVECs to form significant amounts of tubes in vitro. Conclusions The structural and mechanical properties of carded/hydroentangled 3D-SFnws proved their suitability for tissue engineering and regeneration applications. Consistent with our hypothesis, 3D-SFnws-adhering HDFs released exosomes carrying several AGFs that induced HDMVECs to promptly assemble vascular tubes in vitro. Hence, we posit that once implanted in vivo, the 3D-SFnws/HDFs interactions could promote the vascularization and repair of extended skin wounds due to burns or other noxious agents in human and veterinary clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hu
- Human Histology & Embryology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics & Gynaecology, University of Verona Medical School, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Venetia, Italy.,Department of Burns & Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of ZunYi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, ZunYi City, 563003 Guizhou Province, China
| | - Anna Chiarini
- Human Histology & Embryology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics & Gynaecology, University of Verona Medical School, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Venetia, Italy
| | - Jun Wu
- Human Histology & Embryology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics & Gynaecology, University of Verona Medical School, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Venetia, Italy.,Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Second People's Hospital, University of Shenzhen, 3002 Sungang West Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Giuliano Freddi
- Silk Biomaterials S.r.l., Via Cavour 2, I-22074, Lomazzo, Lombardy, Italy
| | - Kaiyu Nie
- Department of Burns & Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of ZunYi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, ZunYi City, 563003 Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ubaldo Armato
- Human Histology & Embryology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics & Gynaecology, University of Verona Medical School, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Venetia, Italy.,Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Second People's Hospital, University of Shenzhen, 3002 Sungang West Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ilaria Dal Prà
- Human Histology & Embryology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics & Gynaecology, University of Verona Medical School, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134, Verona, Venetia, Italy.,Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Second People's Hospital, University of Shenzhen, 3002 Sungang West Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
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Sesen J, Driscoll J, Moses-Gardner A, Orbach DB, Zurakowski D, Smith ER. Non-invasive Urinary Biomarkers in Moyamoya Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661952. [PMID: 33868159 PMCID: PMC8047329 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A major difficulty in treating moyamoya disease is the lack of effective methods to detect novel or progressive disease prior to the onset of disabling stroke. More importantly, a tool to better stratify operative candidates and quantify response to therapy could substantively complement existing methods. Here, we present proof-of-principle data supporting the use of urinary biomarkers as diagnostic adjuncts in pediatric moyamoya patients. Methods: Urine and cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from pediatric patients with moyamoya disease and a cohort of age and sex-matched control patients. Clinical and radiographic data were paired with measurements of a previously validated panel of angiogenic proteins quantified by ELISA. Results were compared to age and sex-matched controls and subjected to statistical analyses. Results: Evaluation of a specific panel of urinary and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers by ELISA demonstrated significant elevations of angiogenic proteins in samples from moyamoya patients compared to matched controls. ROC curves for individual urinary biomarkers, including MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-9/NGAL, and VEGF, showed excellent discrimination. The optimal urinary biomarker was MMP-2, providing a sensitivity of 88%, specificity of 100%, and overall accuracy of 91%. Biomarker levels changed in response to therapy and correlated with radiographic evidence of revascularization. Conclusions: We report, for the first time, identification of a panel of urinary biomarkers that predicts the presence of moyamoya disease. These biomarkers correlate with presence of disease and can be tracked from the central nervous system to urine. These data support the hypothesis that urinary proteins are useful predictors of the presence of moyamoya disease and may provide a basis for a novel, non-invasive method to identify new disease and monitor known patients following treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sesen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jessica Driscoll
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alexander Moses-Gardner
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Darren B Orbach
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Zurakowski
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Departments of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Edward R Smith
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Cabral-Pacheco GA, Garza-Veloz I, Castruita-De la Rosa C, Ramirez-Acuña JM, Perez-Romero BA, Guerrero-Rodriguez JF, Martinez-Avila N, Martinez-Fierro ML. The Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9739. [PMID: 33419373 PMCID: PMC7767220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling endopeptidases that have the capacity to degrade almost every component of the ECM. The degradation of the ECM is of great importance, since it is related to embryonic development and angiogenesis. It is also involved in cell repair and the remodeling of tissues. When the expression of MMPs is altered, it can generate the abnormal degradation of the ECM. This is the initial cause of the development of chronic degenerative diseases and vascular complications generated by diabetes. In addition, this process has an association with neurodegeneration and cancer progression. Within the ECM, the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) inhibit the proteolytic activity of MMPs. TIMPs are important regulators of ECM turnover, tissue remodeling, and cellular behavior. Therefore, TIMPs (similar to MMPs) modulate angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. An interruption in the balance between MMPs and TIMPs has been implicated in the pathophysiology and progression of several diseases. This review focuses on the participation of both MMPs (e.g., MMP-2 and MMP-9) and TIMPs (e.g., TIMP-1 and TIMP-3) in physiological processes and on how their abnormal regulation is associated with human diseases. The inclusion of current strategies and mechanisms of MMP inhibition in the development of new therapies targeting MMPs was also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Idalia Garza-Veloz
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (G.AC.-P.); (C.C.-D.l.R.); (J.MR.-A.); (B.AP.-R.); (J.FG.-R.); (N.M.-A.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Margarita L Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (G.AC.-P.); (C.C.-D.l.R.); (J.MR.-A.); (B.AP.-R.); (J.FG.-R.); (N.M.-A.)
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Morad G, Daisy CC, Otu HH, Libermann TA, Dillon ST, Moses MA. Cdc42-Dependent Transfer of mir301 from Breast Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Regulates the Matrix Modulating Ability of Astrocytes at the Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3851. [PMID: 32481745 PMCID: PMC7311991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer brain metastasis is a major clinical challenge and is associated with a dismal prognosis. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the early stages of brain metastasis can provide opportunities to develop efficient diagnostics and therapeutics for this significant clinical challenge. We have previously reported that breast cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) breach the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via transcytosis and can promote brain metastasis. Here, we elucidate the functional consequences of EV transport across the BBB. We demonstrate that brain metastasis-promoting EVs can be internalized by astrocytes and modulate the behavior of these cells to promote extracellular matrix remodeling in vivo. We have identified protein and miRNA signatures in these EVs that can lead to the interaction of EVs with astrocytes and, as such, have the potential to serve as targets for development of diagnostics and therapeutics for early detection and therapeutic intervention in breast cancer brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Morad
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.M.); (C.C.D.)
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Cassandra C. Daisy
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.M.); (C.C.D.)
| | - Hasan H. Otu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA;
| | - Towia A. Libermann
- BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (T.A.L.); (S.T.D.)
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Simon T. Dillon
- BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (T.A.L.); (S.T.D.)
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marsha A. Moses
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (G.M.); (C.C.D.)
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Induction of synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases by interleukin-6; evidence for hepatic regeneration following hemi-hepatectomy. Clin Exp Hepatol 2020; 6:137-141. [PMID: 32728631 PMCID: PMC7380479 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2020.95679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study Interleukin-6 (IL-6) can play a role in hepatic regeneration through many mechanisms, one of which is the induction of synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The aim of the study is to focus on the significance and role of MMPs in the regenerative process to reveal the correlation between IL-6 and MMPs in rats following partial hepatectomy. Material and methods Following hemi-hepatectomy, eighty male rats were divided into a control group and a group treated with IL-6 35 µg/100 gm body weight according to a lethality study. The blood samples were drawn from all animal groups for MMP-9 serum level assessment. For the quantitative determination of MMP-9 an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used (Cytoimmune Science Inc., MD) through the quantitative sandwich immunosorbent assay technique. A monoclonal antibody for MMP-9 was pre-coated onto microplate standards. After washing away the unbound substances, an enzyme-linked polyclonal antibody specific for cytokine was added to the wells and color developed in proportion to the amount of total cytokine (pro and/or active) bound in the initial step. The color development was stopped and the intensity of the color was measured. Results The liver regeneration rate (%) was significantly higher in the group of rats treated with IL-6 (median value was 49.55% vs. 33.20%), p < 0.001. The MMPs’ serum level was significantly higher in the group of rats with resection and treatment (median value was 8.01). Conclusions These results give evidence for the vital role of MMPs in the process of hepatic regeneration, the level of which, in turn, has a close relationship with the level of IL-6. MMPs have diverse effects in promoting angiogenesis, remodeling of extracellular matrix and endothelial cell proliferation.
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Dynamic matrisome: ECM remodeling factors licensing cancer progression and metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:207-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomes) have 4 tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), multifunctional proteins that all inhibit members of the large matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family but differ in their other roles, including the regulation of pro-MMP activation, cell growth, apoptosis and angiogenesis, and the structure of extracellular matrices (ECMs). Molecular phylogeny analyses indicate that vertebrate TIMP genes arose from an invertebrate ancestor through 3 successive duplications, possibly including 2 whole genome duplications, during early vertebrate phylogeny. TIMPs from invertebrates also inhibit metalloproteinases, bind to pro-MMPs, and contribute to ECM structures but are not orthologs of any particular vertebrate TIMP. The most ancient vertebrate superclass, the Agnatha (jawless fish), seems to provide a snapshot of a stage in TIMP evolution preceding the third gene duplication. This review examines the structures of TIMPs from different vertebrate orders using information relating to the structural basis of their various functions. Provisional conclusions are that during their evolutionary divergence, various TIMPs lost inhibitory activity toward some metalloproteinases, specialized in effects on different pro-MMPs, and developed new interactions with discrete targets (including integrins and receptors), while recapitulating a role in ECM structure. The analysis is limited by the sparse information available regarding the functional properties of nonmammalian TIMPs.-Brew, K. Reflections on the evolution of the vertebrate tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Brew
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
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Yamada Y, Chowdhury A, Schneider JP, Stetler-Stevenson WG. Macromolecule-Network Electrostatics Controlling Delivery of the Biotherapeutic Cell Modulator TIMP-2. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1285-1293. [PMID: 29505725 PMCID: PMC6329387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) is an endogenous 22 kDa proteinase inhibitor, demonstrating antitumorigenic, antimetastatic and antiangiogenic activities in vitro and in vivo. Recombinant TIMP-2 is currently undergoing preclinical testing in multiple, murine tumor models. Here we report the development of an inert, injectable peptide hydrogel matrix enabling encapsulation and sustained release of TIMP-2. We studied the TIMP-2 release profile from four β-hairpin peptide gels of varying net electrostatic charge. A negatively charged peptide gel (designated AcVES3) enabling encapsulation of 4 mg/mL of TIMP-2, without effects on rheological properties, facilitated the slow sustained release (0.9%/d) of TIMP-2 over 28 d. Released TIMP-2 is structurally intact and maintains the ability to inhibit MMP activity, as well as suppress lung cancer cell proliferation in vitro. These findings suggest that the AcVES3 hydrogel will be useful as an injectable vehicle for systemic delivery of TIMP-2 in vivo for ongoing preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yamada
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - Ananda Chowdhury
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Joel P. Schneider
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21701, United States
| | - William G. Stetler-Stevenson
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Shirian J, Arkadash V, Cohen I, Sapir T, Radisky ES, Papo N, Shifman JM. Converting a broad matrix metalloproteinase family inhibitor into a specific inhibitor of MMP-9 and MMP-14. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:1122-1134. [PMID: 29473954 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MMP-14 and MMP-9 are two well-established cancer targets for which no specific clinically relevant inhibitor is available. Using a powerful combination of computational design and yeast surface display technology, we engineered such an inhibitor starting from a nonspecific MMP inhibitor, N-TIMP2. The engineered purified N-TIMP2 variants showed enhanced specificity toward MMP-14 and MMP-9 relative to a panel of off-target MMPs. MMP-specific N-TIMP2 sequence signatures were obtained that could be understood from the structural perspective of MMP/N-TIMP2 interactions. Our MMP-9 inhibitor exhibited 1000-fold preference for MMP-9 vs. MMP-14, which is likely to translate into significant differences under physiological conditions. Our results provide new insights regarding evolution of promiscuous proteins and optimization strategies for design of inhibitors with single-target specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Shirian
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Valeria Arkadash
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Itay Cohen
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tamila Sapir
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Niv Papo
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Julia M Shifman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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14
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Arkadash V, Yosef G, Shirian J, Cohen I, Horev Y, Grossman M, Sagi I, Radisky ES, Shifman JM, Papo N. Development of High Affinity and High Specificity Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinase 14 through Computational Design and Directed Evolution. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3481-3495. [PMID: 28087697 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.756718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of the extracellular matrices in the human body is controlled by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of more than 20 homologous enzymes. Imbalance in MMP activity can result in many diseases, such as arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, fibrosis, and cancers. Thus, MMPs present attractive targets for drug design and have been a focus for inhibitor design for as long as 3 decades. Yet, to date, all MMP inhibitors have failed in clinical trials because of their broad activity against numerous MMP family members and the serious side effects of the proposed treatment. In this study, we integrated a computational method and a yeast surface display technique to obtain highly specific inhibitors of MMP-14 by modifying the natural non-specific broad MMP inhibitor protein N-TIMP2 to interact optimally with MMP-14. We identified an N-TIMP2 mutant, with five mutations in its interface, that has an MMP-14 inhibition constant (Ki ) of 0.9 pm, the strongest MMP-14 inhibitor reported so far. Compared with wild-type N-TIMP2, this variant displays ∼900-fold improved affinity toward MMP-14 and up to 16,000-fold greater specificity toward MMP-14 relative to other MMPs. In an in vitro and cell-based model of MMP-dependent breast cancer cellular invasiveness, this N-TIMP2 mutant acted as a functional inhibitor. Thus, our study demonstrates the enormous potential of a combined computational/directed evolution approach to protein engineering. Furthermore, it offers fundamental clues into the molecular basis of MMP regulation by N-TIMP2 and identifies a promising MMP-14 inhibitor as a starting point for the development of protein-based anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Arkadash
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Gal Yosef
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jason Shirian
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itay Cohen
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yuval Horev
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Moran Grossman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Julia M Shifman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Niv Papo
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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15
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Abstract
A compelling long-term goal of cancer biology is to understand the crucial players during tumorigenesis in order to develop new interventions. Here, we review how the four non-redundant tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulate the pericellular proteolysis of a vast range of matrix and cell surface proteins, generating simultaneous effects on tumour architecture and cell signalling. Experimental studies demonstrate the contribution of TIMPs to the majority of cancer hallmarks, and human cancers invariably show TIMP deregulation in the tumour or stroma. Of the four TIMPs, TIMP1 overexpression or TIMP3 silencing is consistently associated with cancer progression or poor patient prognosis. Future efforts will align mouse model systems with changes in TIMPs in patients, will delineate protease-independent TIMP function, will pinpoint therapeutic targets within the TIMP-metalloproteinase-substrate network and will use TIMPs in liquid biopsy samples as biomarkers for cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartland W Jackson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, TMDT 301-13, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G IL7 Canada
- Bodenmiller Laboratory, University of Zürich, Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Winterthurstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Defamie
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, TMDT 301-13, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G IL7 Canada
| | - Paul Waterhouse
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, TMDT 301-13, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G IL7 Canada
| | - Rama Khokha
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, TMDT 301-13, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G IL7 Canada
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16
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Xu J, Liu XJ, Li L, Zhang SH, Li Y, Gao RJ, Zhen YS. An engineered TIMP2-based and enediyne-integrated fusion protein for targeting MMP-14 shows potent antitumor efficacy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26322-34. [PMID: 26314845 PMCID: PMC4694904 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that MMP-14 is highly expressed in a panel of human solid tumors and poses as a potential molecular target for anticancer drugs. Currently, major strategies for targeted therapeutics have mainly focused on the use of antibody or ligand-based agents. For seeking an alternative approach, it is of interest to employ endogenous proteins as drug delivery carriers. Considering the facts that TIMP2, the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2, shows specific interaction with MMP-14 and that Lidamycin (LDM), an extremely potent cytotoxic antitumor antibiotic, consists of an apoprotein (LDP) and a highly active enediyne (AE); we designed and prepared a TIMP2-based and enediyne-integrated fusion protein LDP(AE)-TIMP2 by DNA recombination and molecular reconstitution consecutively. Furthermore, the MMP-14 binding attributes of the active fusion protein were determined and its therapeutic efficacy against human esophageal carcinoma KYSE150 xenograft and human fibrosarcoma HT1080 xenograft models in nude mice was investigated. It is suggested that TIMP2, the endogenous and MMP-14 binding protein, might serve as a guided carrier for targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Jun Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Juan Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Su Zhen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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17
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Guo P, Yang J, Jia D, Moses MA, Auguste DT. ICAM-1-Targeted, Lcn2 siRNA-Encapsulating Liposomes are Potent Anti-angiogenic Agents for Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Theranostics 2016; 6:1-13. [PMID: 26722369 PMCID: PMC4679350 DOI: 10.7150/thno.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is a promising therapeutic target as well as a potential diagnostic biomarker for breast cancer. It has been previously shown to promote breast cancer progression by inducing the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells as well as by enhancing angiogenesis. Lcn2 levels in urine and tissue samples of breast cancer patients has also been correlated with breast cancer status and poor patient prognosis. In this study, we have engineered a novel liposomal small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery system to target triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) via a recently identified molecular target, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). This ICAM-1-targeted, Lcn2 siRNA- encapsulating liposome (ICAM-Lcn2-LP) binds human TNBC MDA-MB-231cells significantly stronger than non-neoplastic MCF-10A cells. Efficient Lcn2 knockdown by ICAM-Lcn2-LPs led to a significant reduction in the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from MDA-MB-231 cells, which, in turn, led to reduced angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Angiogenesis (neovascularization) is a requirement for solid tumor growth and progression, and its inhibition is an important therapeutic strategy for human cancers. Our results indicate that a tumor-specific strategy such as the TNBC-targeted, anti-angiogenic therapeutic approach developed here, may be clinically useful in inhibiting TNBC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guo
- 1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, United States
- 2. Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- 3. Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Jiang Yang
- 2. Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- 3. Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Di Jia
- 2. Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- 3. Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Marsha A. Moses
- 2. Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- 3. Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Debra T. Auguste
- 1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, United States
- 2. Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- 3. Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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18
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Zhou B, Fan Y, Rao J, Xu Z, Liu Y, Lu L, Li G. Matrix metalloproteinases-9 deficiency impairs liver regeneration through epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in partial hepatectomy mice. J Surg Res 2015; 197:201-9. [PMID: 25956184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver regeneration is a complex process regulated by many complex mechanisms involving cytokines, growth factors, metabolic networks, and so forth. Previous investigations have demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an essential factor in liver regeneration. The present study aimed to explore the role of MMP-9 in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and related proliferation signaling factors in a mouse partial hepatectomy (PH) model. MATERIALS AND METHODS MMP-9 knockout (KO) and wild-type mice were used to establish the PH model. Liver regeneration was analyzed based on proliferation cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry and liver weight to body weight ratio. Also, EGFR ligands, EGFR, and downstream factors were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot. RESULTS MMP-9 KO mice showed a delayed hepatic regenerative response after PH. EGFR ligands, including heparin-binding epidermal growth factor and amphiregulin, were expressed at significantly lower levels between days 1 and 3 posthepatectomy in MMP-9 KO mice. MMP-9 KO mice also inhibited and delayed EGFR activation after PH. After PH, the expression of STAT3, NF-κB, and cyclinD1, all downstream of EGFR, was similar to EGFR activation. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide new evidence supporting a critical role of MMP-9 in liver regeneration after PH through activation of EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation of Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ye Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation of Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianhua Rao
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation of Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenchao Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation of Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation of Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation of Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation of Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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19
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Jia D, Huang L, Bischoff J, Moses MA. The endogenous zinc finger transcription factor, ZNF24, modulates the angiogenic potential of human microvascular endothelial cells. FASEB J 2014; 29:1371-82. [PMID: 25550468 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-258947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified a zinc finger transcription factor, ZNF24 (zinc finger protein 24), as a novel inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis and have demonstrated that ZNF24 exerts this effect by repressing the transcription of VEGF in breast cancer cells. Here we focused on the role of ZNF24 in modulating the angiogenic potential of the endothelial compartment. Knockdown of ZNF24 by siRNA in human primary microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) led to significantly decreased cell migration and invasion compared with control siRNA. ZNF24 knockdown consistently led to significantly impaired VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling and decreased levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), with no effect on levels of major regulators of MMP-2 activity such as the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases and MMP-14. Moreover, silencing ZNF24 in these cells led to significantly decreased EC proliferation. Quantitative PCR array analyses identified multiple cell cycle regulators as potential ZNF24 downstream targets which may be responsible for the decreased proliferation in ECs. In vivo, knockdown of ZNF24 specifically in microvascular ECs led to significantly decreased formation of functional vascular networks. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ZNF24 plays an essential role in modulating the angiogenic potential of microvascular ECs by regulating the proliferation, migration, and invasion of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Jia
- *Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lan Huang
- *Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- *Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marsha A Moses
- *Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Foradori MJ, Chen Q, Fernandez CA, Harper J, Li X, Tsang PCW, Langer R, Moses MA. Matrilin-1 is an inhibitor of neovascularization. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14301-9. [PMID: 24692560 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.529982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of conducting a series of studies whose goal was to discover novel endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors, we have purified matrilin-1 (MATN-1) and have demonstrated, for the first time, that it inhibits neovascularization both in vitro and in vivo. Proteins were extracted from cartilage using a 2 m NaCl, 0.01 m HEPES buffer at 4 °C, followed by concentration of the extract. The concentrate was fractionated by size exclusion chromatography, and fractions were then screened for their ability to inhibit capillary endothelial cell (EC) proliferation in vitro. Fractions containing EC inhibitory activity were pooled and further purified by cation exchange chromatography. The resulting fractions from this step were then screened to isolate the antiangiogenic activity in vitro. This activity was identified by tandem mass spectrometry as being MATN-1. Human MATN-1 was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified to homogeneity. Purified recombinant MATN-1, along with purified native protein, was shown to inhibit angiogenesis in vivo using the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay by the inhibition of capillary EC proliferation and migration. Finally, using a MATN-1-deficient mouse, we showed that angiogenesis during fracture healing was significantly higher in MATN-1(-/-) mice compared with the wild type mice as demonstrated by in vivo imaging and by elevated expression of angiogenesis markers including PECAM1, VEGFR, and VE-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Foradori
- From the Program in Vascular Biology and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Qian Chen
- the Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903
| | - Cecilia A Fernandez
- From the Program in Vascular Biology and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jay Harper
- From the Program in Vascular Biology and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Xin Li
- the Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903
| | - Paul C W Tsang
- the Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, and
| | - Robert Langer
- the Department of Biochemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Marsha A Moses
- From the Program in Vascular Biology and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
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21
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Han H, Bourboulia D, Jensen-Taubman S, Isaac B, Wei B, Stetler-Stevenson WG. An endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis inversely correlates with side population phenotype and function in human lung cancer cells. Oncogene 2014; 33:1198-206. [PMID: 23474755 PMCID: PMC6322540 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The side population (SP) in human lung cancer cell lines and tumors is enriched with cancer stem cells. An endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis known as tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), characterized for its ability to inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), has been shown by several laboratories to impede tumor progression through MMP-dependent or -independent mechanisms. We recently reported that forced expression of TIMP-2, as well as the modified form Ala+TIMP-2 (that lacks MMP inhibitory activity) significantly blocks growth of A549 human lung cancer cells in vivo. However, the mechanisms underlying TIMP-2 antitumor effects are not fully characterized. Here, we examine the hypothesis that the TIMP-2 antitumor activity may involve regulation of the SP in human lung cancer cells. Indeed, using Hoechst dye efflux assay and flow cytometry, as well as quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis, we found that endogenous TIMP-2 mRNA levels showed a significant inverse correlation with SP fraction size in six non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. In A549 cells expressing increased levels of TIMP-2, a significant decrease in SP was observed, and this decrease was associated with lowered gene expression of ABCG2, ABCB1 and AKR1C1. Functional analysis of A549 cells showed that TIMP-2 overexpression increased chemosensitivity to cytotoxic drugs. The SP isolated from TIMP-2-overexpressing A549 cells also demonstrated impaired migratory capacity compared with the SP from empty vector control. More importantly, our data provide strong evidence that these TIMP-2 functions occur independent of MMP inhibition, as A549 cells overexpressing Ala+TIMP-2 exhibited identical behavior to those overexpressing TIMP-2 alone. Our findings provide the first indication that TIMP-2 modulates SP phenotype and function, and suggests that TIMP-2 may act as an endogenous suppressor of the SP in human lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S Jensen-Taubman
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, the National Institutes of Health, Advanced Technology Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - B Wei
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, the National Institutes of Health, Advanced Technology Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - WG Stetler-Stevenson
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, the National Institutes of Health, Advanced Technology Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
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22
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Kim SM, Choi N, Hwang S, Yim MS, Lee JS, Lee SM, Cho G, Ryu EK. Folate Receptor-Specific Positron Emission Tomography Imaging with Folic Acid-Conjugated Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.11.3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Kim HJ, Cho YR, Kim SH, Seo DW. TIMP-2-derived 18-mer peptide inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and migration through cAMP/PKA-dependent mechanism. Cancer Lett 2013; 343:210-6. [PMID: 24252252 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we report the regulatory effects and molecular mechanisms of integrin α3β1-binding tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) 18-mer peptide (peptide 9) on proliferation, migration and tubular formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Peptide 9 markedly inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-A-stimulated cell proliferation. This anti-proliferative activity of peptide 9 is mediated by cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent induction of p27(Kip1) expression as evidenced by using adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 or PKA inhibitor H89. Peptide 9-mediated inhibition of endothelial cell migration and tubular formation is also dependent on cAMP/PKA activity. Collectively, our findings clearly show the pharmacological roles and action mechanism of peptide 9 in regulating angiogenic responses through cAMP/PKA activity, and support further development as a potential therapeutics for the treatment of angiogenesis-related disorders including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ju Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Rak Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyeon Kim
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Seo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Das AM, Seynhaeve ALB, Rens JAP, Vermeulen CE, Koning GA, Eggermont AMM, Ten Hagen TLM. Differential TIMP3 expression affects tumor progression and angiogenesis in melanomas through regulation of directionally persistent endothelial cell migration. Angiogenesis 2013; 17:163-77. [PMID: 24221409 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The angiogenic potential of solid tumors, or the ability to initiate neovasculature development from pre-existing host vessels, is facilitated by soluble factors secreted by tumor cells and involves breaching of extracellular matrix barriers, endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, migration and reassembly. We evaluated the angiogenic potential of human melanoma cell lines differing in their degree of aggressiveness, based on their ability to regulate directionally persistent EC migration. We observed that conditioned-medium (CM) of the aggressive melanoma cell line BLM induced a high effective migratory response in ECs, while CMs of Mel57 and 1F6 had an inhibitory effect. Further, the melanoma cell lines exhibited a varied expression profile of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP3), detectable in the CM. TIMP3 expression inversely correlated with aggressiveness of the melanoma cell line, and ability of the respective CMs to induce directed EC migration. Interestingly, TIMP3 expression was found to be silenced in the BLM cell line, concurrent with its role as a tumor suppressor. Treatment with recombinant human TIMP3 and CM of modified, TIMP3 expressing, BLM cells mitigated directional EC migration, while CM of TIMP3 silenced 1F6 cells induced directed EC migration. The functional implication of TIMP3 expression on tumor growth and angiogenic potential in melanoma was evaluated in vivo. We observed that TIMP3 expression reduced tumor growth, angiogenesis and macrophage infiltration of BLM tumors while silencing TIMP3 increased tumor growth and angiogenesis of 1F6 tumors. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TIMP3 expression correlates with inhibition of directionally persistent EC migration and adversely affects the angiogenic potential and growth of melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha M Das
- Laboratory Experimental Surgical Oncology, Section Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Room Ee 0104a, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Qi JH, Ebrahem Q, Ali M, Cutler A, Bell B, Prayson N, Sears J, Knauper V, Murphy G, Anand-Apte B. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 peptides inhibit angiogenesis and choroidal neovascularization in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55667. [PMID: 23469166 PMCID: PMC3585964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) while originally characterized as inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have recently been shown to have a wide range of functions that are independent of their MMP inhibitory properties. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) is a potent inhibitor of VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and neovascularization through its ability to block the binding of VEGF to its receptor VEGFR-2. To identify and characterize the anti-angiogenic domain of TIMP-3, structure function analyses and synthetic peptide studies were performed using VEGF-mediated receptor binding, signaling, migration and proliferation. In addition, the ability of TIMP-3 peptides to inhibit CNV in a mouse model was evaluated. We demonstrate that the anti-angiogenic property resides in the COOH-terminal domain of TIMP-3 protein which can block the binding of VEGF specifically to its receptor VEGFR-2, but not to VEGFR-1 similar to the full-length wild-type protein. Synthetic peptides corresponding to putative loop 6 and tail region of TIMP-3 have anti-angiogenic properties as determined by inhibition of VEGF binding to VEGFR-2, VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 and downstream signaling pathways as well as endothelial cell proliferation and migration in response to VEGF. In addition, we show that intravitreal administration of TIMP-3 peptide could inhibit the size of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization lesions in mice. Thus, we have identified TIMP-3 peptides to be efficient inhibitors of angiogenesis and have a potential to be used therapeutically in diseases with increased neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hua Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Quteba Ebrahem
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mariya Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alecia Cutler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Nicholas Prayson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Sears
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Vera Knauper
- Metalloproteinase Research Group, Matrix Biology and Tissue Repair Research Unit, Dental School, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Murphy
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Cambridge Research Institute, The Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bela Anand-Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bourboulia D, Han H, Jensen-Taubman S, Gavil N, Isaac B, Wei B, Neckers L, Stetler-Stevenson WG. TIMP-2 modulates cancer cell transcriptional profile and enhances E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex expression in A549 lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2013; 4:166-76. [PMID: 23371049 PMCID: PMC3702216 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) plays an essential role in regulating matrix remodeling, cell growth, differentiation, angiogenesis and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. We have recently shown that TIMP-2-mediated inhibition of tumor growth is independent of matrix metalloproteinase-mediated mechanisms, and is a consequence of modulating both the tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. In the current study we aim to identify the molecular pathways associated with these effects. We analyzed the transcriptional profile of the human lung cancer cell line A549 upon overexpression of TIMP-2 and Ala+TIMP-2 (mutant that does not inhibit MMP activity), and we found changes in gene expression predominantly related to decreased tumor development and metastasis. Increased E-cadherin expression in response to both TIMP-2 and Ala+TIMP-2 expression was confirmed by real time quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting. A549 cells treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) displayed loss of cobblestone morphology and cell-cell contact, while cells overexpressing TIMP-2 or Ala+TIMP-2 were resistant to EGF-induced morphological changes. Moreover, exogenous treatment with recombinant Ala+TIMP-2 blocked EGF induced down-regulation of E-cadherin. In vivo, immunohistochemistry of A549 xenografts expressing either TIMP-2 or Ala+TIMP-2 demonstrated increased E-cadherin protein levels. More importantly, transcriptional profile analysis of tumor tissue revealed critical pathways associated with effects on tumor-host interaction and inhibition of tumor growth. In conclusion, we show that TIMP-2 promotes an anti-tumoral transcriptional profile in vitro and in vivo, including upregulation of E-cadherin, in A549 lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Bourboulia
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Advanced Technology Center, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - HuiYing Han
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Advanced Technology Center, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandra Jensen-Taubman
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Advanced Technology Center, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Noah Gavil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Advanced Technology Center, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
| | - Biju Isaac
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Advanced Technology Center, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Beiyang Wei
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Advanced Technology Center, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Len Neckers
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William G. Stetler-Stevenson
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Advanced Technology Center, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Bethesda, MD, USA
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27
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Antagonism of VEGF-A-induced increase in vascular permeability by an integrin α3β1-Shp-1-cAMP/PKA pathway. Blood 2012; 120:4892-902. [PMID: 23074279 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-05-428243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer, VEGF-induced increase in vascular permeability results in increased interstitial pressure, reducing perfusion and increasing hypoxia, which reduce delivery of chemotherapeutic agents and increase resistance to ionizing radiation. Here, we show that both TIMP-2 and Ala + TIMP-2, a TIMP-2 mutant without matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory activity, antagonize the VEGF-A-induced increase in vascular permeability, both in vitro and in vivo. Like other agents known to preserve endothelial barrier function, TIMP-2 elevates cytosolic levels of cAMP and increases cytoskeletal-associated vascular endothelial cadherin in human microvascular endothelial cells. All of these effects are completely ablated by selective knockdown of integrin α3β1 expression, expression of a dominant negative protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp-1 mutant, administration of the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor orthovanadate, or the adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ22536. This TIMP-2-mediated inhibition of vascular permeability involves an integrin α3β1-Shp-1-cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent vascular endothelial cadherin cytoskeletal association, as evidenced by using siRNAs to integrin α3β1 and Shp-1, or treatment with Shp-1 inhibitor NSC87877 and protein kinase A inhibitor H89. Our results demonstrate the potential utility for TIMP-2 in cancer therapy through "normalization" of vascular permeability in addition to previously described antiangiogenic effects.
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Yang J, McNeish B, Butterfield C, Moses MA. Lipocalin 2 is a novel regulator of angiogenesis in human breast cancer. FASEB J 2012; 27:45-50. [PMID: 22982376 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-211730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), a member of the lipocalin family, is up-regulated in a variety of epithelial cancers. We have previously reported that Lcn2 induces the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in breast cancer through the estrogen receptor α/Slug axis and that it is a potential noninvasive biomarker of this disease. Here, we report the novel finding that Lcn2 regulates breast cancer angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key angiogenic activator, was significantly increased with Lcn2 expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells as well as in an angiogenic line derived from MDA-MB-436 cells. Treatment with a VEGF-neutralizing antibody demonstrates that VEGF is essential for the angiogenic activity of Lcn2. We further demonstrate that Lcn2-induced VEGF is mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and that Lcn2 regulates HIF-1α through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk). The regulation of HIF-1α and VEGF by Lcn2 was also demonstrated in the aggressive MDA-MB-231 cell line. Using the mouse corneal pocket assay, we found that Lcn2 significantly enhanced the angiogenesis induced by VEGF. Taken together, these results are the first to demonstrate that Lcn2 promotes angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo and suggest a novel mechanism through which Lcn2 may promote tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yang
- Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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29
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30
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Nieuwesteeg MA, Walsh LA, Fox MA, Damjanovski S. Domain specific overexpression of TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 reveals MMP-independent functions of TIMPs during Xenopus laevis development. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 90:585-95. [PMID: 22574808 DOI: 10.1139/o2012-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix remodelling mediates many processes including cell migration and differentiation and is regulated through the enzymatic action of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). TIMPs are secreted proteins, consisting of structurally and functionally distinct N- and C-terminal domains. TIMP N-terminal domains inhibit MMP activity, whereas their C-terminal domains may have cell signalling activity. The in vivo role of TIMP N- and C-terminal domains in regulating developmental events has not previously been demonstrated. Here we investigated the roles of TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 N- and C-terminal domains in Xenopus laevis embryos. We show that overexpression of TIMP-2 N- and C-terminal domains results in severe developmental defects and death, as well as unique changes in MMP-2 and -9 expression, indicating that the individual domains may regulate MMPs through distinct mechanisms. In contrast, we show that only the N-terminal, but not the C-terminal domain of TIMP-3, results in developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Nieuwesteeg
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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31
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Hałoń A, Nowak-Markwitz E, Donizy P, Matkowski R, Maciejczyk A, Gansukh T, Györffy B, Spaczyński M, Zabel M, Lage H, Surowiak P. Enhanced immunoreactivity of TIMP-2 in the stromal compartment of tumor as a marker of favorable prognosis in ovarian cancer patients. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:491-501. [PMID: 22511598 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412446978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane is a critical step in tumor progression. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP 2) act in a coordinated manner to form an integrated system involved in ovarian cancer (OC) progression. In this study, the authors describe the expression of TIMP-2 detected by immunohistochemistry in 6 OC cell lines and in 43 malignant epithelial ovarian tumors (in tumor and stromal compartments) in sections originating from primary laparotomies. No significant correlations between overall and progression-free survival and TIMP-2 expression in tumor compartment were observed. The analysis demonstrated a significant association between enhanced stromal expression of TIMP-2 and better clinical response to cisplatin- and paclitaxel-based chemotherapy. Increased expression of TIMP-2 in the stromal compartment and simultaneous overexpression in both stromal and tumor compartments strongly correlated with increased survival. No significant correlations were found in vitro between resistance to cisplatin, paclitaxel, or topotecan and the expression of TIMP-2 in the OC cell lines, suggesting stromal influences on tumor chemoresistance in the physiological environment. This study supports the concept of TIMP-2 expression in the stromal compartment of OC as a promising marker of prognosis and response to cisplatin- and paclitaxel-based chemotherapy in OC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Hałoń
- Department of Pathomorphology (AH,PD), Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Cao Y, Arbiser J, D'Amato RJ, D'Amore PA, Ingber DE, Kerbel R, Klagsbrun M, Lim S, Moses MA, Zetter B, Dvorak H, Langer R. Forty-year journey of angiogenesis translational research. Sci Transl Med 2012; 3:114rv3. [PMID: 22190240 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Forty years ago, Judah Folkman predicted that tumor growth is dependent on angiogenesis and that inhibiting this process might be a new strategy for cancer therapy. This hypothesis formed the foundation of a new field of research that represents an excellent example of how a groundbreaking scientific discovery can be translated to yield benefits for patients. Today, antiangiogenic drugs are used to treat human cancers and retinal vascular diseases. Here, we guide readers through 40 years of angiogenesis research and discuss challenges of antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Selection of Clinically useful Angiogenesis-Related Biomarkers: An Update. Int J Biol Markers 2012; 27:e65-81. [DOI: 10.5301/jbm.2012.8989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a complex phenomenon that involves interaction between growth factors/cytokines and their receptors, and proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors, which, in addition to and in accordance with their main roles, act together during this multistep process. cancer angiogenesis is specific, because the same factors that enable angiogenesis are involved in the process of carcinogenesis. the aim of this review was to analyze the current knowledge regarding the significance of selected biomarkers in cancer angiogenesis, with emphasis on their prognostic value in the circulation.
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Bourboulia D, Jensen-Taubman S, Rittler MR, Han HY, Chatterjee T, Wei B, Stetler-Stevenson WG. Endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor blocks tumor growth via direct and indirect effects on tumor microenvironment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:2589-600. [PMID: 21933655 PMCID: PMC3204083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) belongs to a small family of endogenous proteins that inhibits a group of enzymes, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). TIMP-2 inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and migration in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo, through MMP-dependent and -independent mechanisms. However, little is known regarding the contribution of these mechanisms to the antitumor effects of TIMP-2. Using a retroviral delivery system, we stably overexpressed TIMP-2 and its mutant Ala+TIMP-2 (devoid of MMP inhibitory activity) in human adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Using real time PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we confirmed enhanced TIMP-2 expression and its MMP inhibitory activity by reverse zymography. In vitro, growth assays suggested that TIMP-2 and Ala+TIMP-2 did not alter basal cell proliferation rates, however, tumor cell migration and invasion were inhibited. In vivo, both TIMP-2 and Ala+TIMP-2 A549 xenografts exhibited reduced growth rate, CD31 immunostaining indicated decreased intratumoral microvascular density, and TUNEL demonstrated enhanced tumor cell apoptosis. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analyses of A549 xenograft tissues with either phospho-FAK (Tyr397) or phospho-AKT (Ser473) showed decreased activation in both TIMP-2 and Ala+TIMP-2 tumor cells. We conclude that TIMP-2-mediated inhibition of tumor growth occurs, at least in part, independently of MMP inhibition, and is a consequence of both direct effects of TIMP-2 on tumor cells and modulation of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Bourboulia
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, the National Institutes of Health, Advanced Technology Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sandra Jensen-Taubman
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, the National Institutes of Health, Advanced Technology Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Matthew R. Rittler
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, the National Institutes of Health, Advanced Technology Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hui Ying Han
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, the National Institutes of Health, Advanced Technology Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tania Chatterjee
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, the National Institutes of Health, Advanced Technology Center, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Beiyang Wei
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, the National Institutes of Health, Advanced Technology Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William G. Stetler-Stevenson
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, the National Institutes of Health, Advanced Technology Center, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
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Seo DW, Saxinger WC, Guedez L, Cantelmo AR, Albini A, Stetler-Stevenson WG. An integrin-binding N-terminal peptide region of TIMP-2 retains potent angio-inhibitory and anti-tumorigenic activity in vivo. Peptides 2011; 32:1840-8. [PMID: 21871510 PMCID: PMC3177407 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) inhibits angiogenesis by several mechanisms involving either MMP inhibition or direct endothelial cell binding. The primary aim of this study was to identify the TIMP-2 region involved in binding to the previously identified receptor integrin α3β1, and to determine whether synthetic peptides derived from this region retained angio-inhibitory and tumor suppressor activity. We demonstrated that the N-terminal domain of TIMP-2 (N-TIMP-2) binds to α3β1 and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-stimulated endothelial cell growth in vitro, suggesting that both the α3β1-binding domain and the growth suppressor activity of TIMP-2 localize to the N-terminal domain. Using a peptide array approach we identify a 24 amino acid region of TIMP-2 primary sequence, consisting of residues Ile43-Ala66, which shows α3β1-binding activity. Subsequently we demonstrate that synthetic peptides from this region compete for TIMP-2 binding to α3β1 and suppress endothelial growth in vitro. We define a minimal peptide sequence (peptide 8-9) that possesses both angio-inhibitory and, using a murine xenograft model of Kaposi's sarcoma, anti-tumorigenic activity in vivo. Thus, both the α3β1-binding and the angio-inhibitory activities co-localize to a solvent exposed, flexible region in the TIMP-2 primary sequence that is unique in amino acid sequence compared with other members of the TIMP family. Furthermore, comparison of the TIMP-2 and TIMP-1 protein 3-D structures in this region also identified unique structural differences. Our findings demonstrate that the integrin binding, tumor growth suppressor and in vivo angio-inhibitory activities of TIMP-2 are intimately associated within a unique sequence/structural loop (B-C loop).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W. Carl Saxinger
- Basic Research Laboratory, Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Bldg. 1052, Frederick, MD 21702
| | | | | | - Adriana Albini
- Resp Ricerca Oncologica, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - William G. Stetler-Stevenson
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Advanced Technology Center, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer, Research, National Cancer Institute, Advanced Technology Center, 8717 Grovemont Circle, Bethesda, MD 20892-4605; Voice: 301-402-1521; Fax: 301-435-8036;
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36
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Peptide from the C-terminal domain of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) inhibits membrane activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). Matrix Biol 2011; 30:404-12. [PMID: 21839835 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular activation of latent matrix metalloproteinase-2 (proMMP-2) requires formation of a cell membrane-associated activation complex that involves specific binding between the hemopexin domain of proMMP-2 (PEX) and the C-terminal domain of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (C-TIMP-2). In this study, we tested the feasibility of inhibiting activation of proMMP-2 by exogenous inhibitors, which block the binding between PEX and TIMP-2. The recombinant C-TIMP-2 and synthetic peptides from C-TIMP-2 were used as inhibitors for proMMP-2 activation. Recombinant C-TIMP-2 bound specifically to both the catalytically inactive MMP-2(E404A) and the C-terminal domain of MMP-2 (PEX) in a concentration dependent manner with apparent K(d) of 3.9×10(-7)M and 1.7×10(-7)M, respectively. Moreover, C-TIMP-2 competed the binding between MMP-2(E404A) and full-length TIMP-2. Finally, activity assays showed that addition of C-TIMP-2 to HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells inhibited proMMP-2 activation in a concentration-dependent manner. We then designed a synthetic peptide, P175L, consisting of 20 residues from the PEX-binding tail region of C-TIMP-2. P175L bound PEX and inhibited cell membrane-mediated activation of proMMP-2 in a concentration dependent manner. Deletion of the last 9 tail residues of C-TIMP-2 in P175L abrogated the inhibitory activities of the peptide showing that these residues were essential for function. Overall, these experiments have demonstrated that proMMP-2 activation can be inhibited by exogenous inhibitors which points to a potential strategy for MMP-2 specific inhibition.
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Zhou B, Honor LB, He H, Ma Q, Oh JH, Butterfield C, Lin RZ, Melero-Martin JM, Dolmatova E, Duffy HS, Gise AV, Zhou P, Hu YW, Wang G, Zhang B, Wang L, Hall JL, Moses MA, McGowan FX, Pu WT. Adult mouse epicardium modulates myocardial injury by secreting paracrine factors. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:1894-904. [PMID: 21505261 DOI: 10.1172/jci45529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The epicardium makes essential cellular and paracrine contributions to the growth of the fetal myocardium and the formation of the coronary vasculature. However, whether the epicardium has similar roles postnatally in the normal and injured heart remains enigmatic. Here, we have investigated this question using genetic fate-mapping approaches in mice. In uninjured postnatal heart, epicardial cells were quiescent. Myocardial infarction increased epicardial cell proliferation and stimulated formation of epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs), which remained in a thickened layer on the surface of the heart. EPDCs did not adopt cardiomyocyte or coronary EC fates, but rather differentiated into mesenchymal cells expressing fibroblast and smooth muscle cell markers. In vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that EPDCs secreted paracrine factors that strongly promoted angiogenesis. In a myocardial infarction model, EPDC-conditioned medium reduced infarct size and improved heart function. Our findings indicate that epicardium modulates the cardiac injury response by conditioning the subepicardial environment, potentially offering a new therapeutic strategy for cardiac protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Serum MMPs and TIMPs: May be predictors of breast carcinogenesis? Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:537-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Harness JV, Turovets NA, Seiler MJ, Nistor G, Altun G, Agapova LS, Ferguson D, Laurent LC, Loring JF, Keirstead HS. Equivalence of conventionally-derived and parthenote-derived human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14499. [PMID: 21249129 PMCID: PMC3017547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines can be derived via multiple means, it is important to determine particular characteristics of individual lines that may dictate the applications to which they are best suited. The objective of this work was to determine points of equivalence and differences between conventionally-derived hESC and parthenote-derived hESC lines (phESC) in the undifferentiated state and during neural differentiation. Methodology/Principal Findings hESC and phESC were exposed to the same expansion conditions and subsequent neural and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) differentiation protocols. Growth rates and gross morphology were recorded during expansion. RTPCR for developmentally relevant genes and global DNA methylation profiling were used to compare gene expression and epigenetic characteristics. Parthenote lines proliferated more slowly than conventional hESC lines and yielded lower quantities of less mature differentiated cells in a neural progenitor cell (NPC) differentiation protocol. However, the cell lines performed similarly in a RPE differentiation protocol. The DNA methylation analysis showed similar general profiles, but the two cell types differed in methylation of imprinted genes. There were no major differences in gene expression between the lines before differentiation, but when differentiated into NPCs, the two cell types differed in expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes. Conclusions/Significance These data show that hESC and phESC are similar in the undifferentiated state, and both cell types are capable of differentiation along neural lineages. The differences between the cell types, in proliferation and extent of differentiation, may be linked, in part, to the observed differences in ECM synthesis and methylation of imprinted genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie V. Harness
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Nikolay A. Turovets
- International Stem Cell Corporation, Oceanside, California, United States of America
| | - Magdalene J. Seiler
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Nistor
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Gulsah Altun
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Larissa S. Agapova
- International Stem Cell Corporation, Oceanside, California, United States of America
| | - David Ferguson
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Louise C. Laurent
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jeanne F. Loring
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hans S. Keirstead
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fernandez CA, Roy R, Lee S, Yang J, Panigrahy D, Van Vliet KJ, Moses MA. The anti-angiogenic peptide, loop 6, binds insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:41886-95. [PMID: 20940305 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.166439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), the endogenous inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, have been shown to possess biological functions that are independent of their ability to inhibit matrix metalloproteinases. We have previously shown that the C-terminal domain of TIMP-2 and, in particular, Loop 6 inhibit capillary endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. To elucidate the mechanism by which Loop 6 inhibits angiogenesis, we sought to determine whether its biological effects were the result of a known TIMP-2 protein-protein interaction or of a receptor-mediated event. In this study, we identify insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor as a binding partner of Loop 6/TIMP-2 and characterize this interaction on the endothelial cell surface and the consequences of this interaction on downstream receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia A Fernandez
- Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Extracellular matrix proteins and tumor angiogenesis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:586905. [PMID: 20671917 PMCID: PMC2910498 DOI: 10.1155/2010/586905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor development is a complex process that relies on interaction and communication
between a number of cellular compartments. Much of the mass of a solid tumor is comprised of
the stroma which is richly invested with extracellular matrix. Within this matrix are a host of
matricellular proteins that regulate the expression and function of a myriad of proteins that
regulate tumorigenic processes. One of the processes that is vital to tumor growth and
progression is angiogenesis, or the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vasculature.
Within the extracellular matrix are structural proteins, a host of proteases, and resident pro- and
antiangiogenic factors that control tumor angiogenesis in a tightly regulated fashion. This paper discusses the role that the extracellular matrix and ECM proteins play in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis.
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42
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From the endometrium physiology to a comprehensive strategy for the discovery of ovarian cancer biomarkers. Oncol Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12156-010-0035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Abstract
In this study, we examine the effects of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) on the phosphorylation status of specific phosphotyrosine residues on the vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) cytoplasmic tail and examine the effects on associated downstream signaling pathways. To focus on metalloproteinase-independent mechanisms, we used the TIMP-2 analog known as Ala+TIMP-2 that is deficient in matrix metalloproteinase-inhibitory activity. Our experiments are designed to compare the effects of VEGF-A stimulation with or without Ala+TIMP-2 pretreatment, as well as basal responses in human microvascular endothelial cells. Our results show that Ala+TIMP-2 selectively alters the phosphorylation pattern of VEGFR-2 after VEGF-A stimulation and disrupts the downstream activation of PLC-gamma, Ca(+2) flux, Akt, and eNOS, as well as decreasing cGMP levels. Moreover, we observed an Ala+TIMP-2-induced reduction in cGMP levels typically elevated by exogenous NO donors implicating Ala+TIMP-2 in the direct activation of an isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX)-sensitive cGMP phosphodiesterase activity. TIMP-2 suppression of endothelial mitogenesis and angiogenesis involves at least two mechanisms, one mediated by protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibition of VEGFR-2 activation as well as downstream signaling and a second mechanism involving direct activation of an IBMX-sensitive phosphodiesterase activity.
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Brew K, Nagase H. The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs): an ancient family with structural and functional diversity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1803:55-71. [PMID: 20080133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 898] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are widely distributed in the animal kingdom and the human genome contains four paralogous genes encoding TIMPs 1 to 4. TIMPs were originally characterized as inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), but their range of activities has now been found to be broader as it includes the inhibition of several of the disintegrin-metalloproteinases, ADAMs and ADAMTSs. TIMPs are therefore key regulators of the metalloproteinases that degrade the extracellular matrix and shed cell surface molecules. Structural studies of TIMP-MMP complexes have elucidated the inhibition mechanism of TIMPs and the multiple sites through which they interact with target enzymes, allowing the generation of TIMP variants that selectively inhibit different groups of metalloproteinases. Engineering such variants is complicated by the fact that TIMPs can undergo changes in molecular dynamics induced by their interactions with proteases. TIMPs also have biological activities that are independent of metalloproteinases; these include effects on cell growth and differentiation, cell migration, anti-angiogenesis, anti- and pro-apoptosis, and synaptic plasticity. Receptors responsible for some of these activities have been identified and their signaling pathways have been investigated. A series of studies using mice with specific TIMP gene deletions has illuminated the importance of these molecules in biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Brew
- Department of Basic Science, College of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Zhong S, Yang G, Xia C, Duanlian Z, Shan S. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase and its tissue inhibitor in haemangioma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 29:614-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-009-0516-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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TIMPs and cardiac remodeling: 'Embracing the MMP-independent-side of the family'. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 48:445-53. [PMID: 19799912 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the biological role of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) during cardiac remodeling and the progression of heart failure has proven to be an enormous challenge. Remodeling of the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM), regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitors, TIMPs, is a well-established paradigm in cardiac health and disease. Originally, TIMPs were thought to function exclusively as endogenous inhibitors of MMP activity, thereby fine-tuning MMP-mediated ECM degradation and numerous related processes. However, during the last two decades, the concept of MMP-independent TIMP-mediated receptor signaling and regulation of cell fate has emerged. Although our current knowledge is still limited, in this review, we highlight some of the novel data, illustrating the MMP-independent biological properties of the four TIMP family members. Moreover, we discuss how these cell-specific insights may contribute to the process of cardiac remodeling, disease and failure. Finally, we identify where additional research is needed that will codetermine the possible future of TIMPs as therapeutic targets.
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Waleh NS, Murphy BJ, Zaveri NT. Increase in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) levels and inhibition of MMP-2 activity in a metastatic breast cancer cell line by an anti-invasive small molecule SR13179. Cancer Lett 2009; 289:111-8. [PMID: 19751965 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), the endogenous inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), regulates tumor invasion by modulating the activity of MMP-2. In addition, TIMP-2 is involved in the direct regulation of cell growth and angiogenesis, independent of MMP inhibition. Therefore, the development of therapeutic agents that increase TIMP-2 levels may offer a novel and broad approach to anti-neoplastic therapy. We report that a novel small molecule synthetic flavanoid SR13179, which inhibits the invasion of a highly metastatic human breast cancer cell line MCF-10CA1a through Matrigel, significantly increases protein and mRNA levels of TIMP-2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. SR13179 inhibits the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 by >50% but has no effect on MMP-2 protein expression. SR13179 also possesses potent anti-tumor activity in several tumor cell lines regardless of their hormone receptor, p53 or multi-drug resistance status. Given the multifunctional inhibitory activity of TIMP-2 on tumor growth and invasion, the observed increase in TIMP-2 expression by SR13179 may play a central role in the anti-tumor and anti-invasive activity of this novel small molecule. Modulation of TIMP-2 protein expression may be a new molecular target for anti-metastatic adjuvant therapy for breast and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid S Waleh
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States
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Roy R, Yang J, Moses MA. Matrix metalloproteinases as novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in human cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:5287-97. [PMID: 19738110 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.23.5556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 596] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of enzymes is comprised of critically important extracellular matrix remodeling proteases whose activity has been implicated in a number of key normal and pathologic processes. The latter include tumor growth, progression, and metastasis as well as the dysregulated angiogenesis that is associated with these events. As a result, these proteases have come to represent important therapeutic and diagnostic targets for the treatment and detection of human cancers. In this review, we summarize the literature that establishes these enzymes as important clinical targets, discuss the complexity surrounding their choice as such, and chronicle the development strategies and outcomes of their clinical testing to date. The status of the MMP inhibitors currently in US Food and Drug Administration approved clinical trials is presented and reviewed. We also discuss the more recent and successful targeting of this enzyme family as diagnostic and prognostic predictors of human cancer, its status, and its stage. This analysis includes a wide variety of human cancers and a number of human sample types including tissue, plasma, serum, and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopali Roy
- Program in Vascular Biology and Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA
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Roy R, Yang J, Moses MA. Matrix metalloproteinases as novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in human cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009. [PMID: 19738110 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of enzymes is comprised of critically important extracellular matrix remodeling proteases whose activity has been implicated in a number of key normal and pathologic processes. The latter include tumor growth, progression, and metastasis as well as the dysregulated angiogenesis that is associated with these events. As a result, these proteases have come to represent important therapeutic and diagnostic targets for the treatment and detection of human cancers. In this review, we summarize the literature that establishes these enzymes as important clinical targets, discuss the complexity surrounding their choice as such, and chronicle the development strategies and outcomes of their clinical testing to date. The status of the MMP inhibitors currently in US Food and Drug Administration approved clinical trials is presented and reviewed. We also discuss the more recent and successful targeting of this enzyme family as diagnostic and prognostic predictors of human cancer, its status, and its stage. This analysis includes a wide variety of human cancers and a number of human sample types including tissue, plasma, serum, and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopali Roy
- Program in Vascular Biology and Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA
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A systematic methodology for proteome-wide identification of peptides inhibiting the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:13775-80. [PMID: 18780781 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0803241105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a systematic computational methodology based on bioinformatics that has enabled us to identify and classify >120 endogenous peptide inhibitors of endothelial cell proliferation and migration. These peptides are derived from members of the type IV collagen, thrombospondin, and CXC chemokine protein families, as well as somatotropin hormones, serpins, and various kringle-containing proteins. Their activity in suppressing the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells in vitro provides proof of principle for the validity of this computational method. Interestingly, some of the peptides are derived from proteins known to be proangiogenic. By performing receptor neutralization studies, we have identified receptors to which these peptides bind. On the basis of this receptor-binding information, we evaluated several examples of peptide-based combinatorial screening strategies. In some cases, this combinatorial screening identified strong synergism between peptides. The current work provides a guideline for a computational-based peptidomics approach for the discovery of endogenous bioactive peptides.
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