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Aureli M, Mauri L, Carsana EV, Dobi D, Breviario S, Lunghi G, Sonnino S. Gangliosides and Cell Surface Ganglioside Metabolic Enzymes in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:305-332. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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2
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Keil J, Rafn GR, Turan IM, Aljohani MA, Sahebjam-Atabaki R, Sun XL. Sialidase Inhibitors with Different Mechanisms. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13574-13593. [PMID: 36252951 PMCID: PMC9620260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sialidases, or neuraminidases, are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of sialic acid (Sia)-containing molecules, mostly removal of the terminal Sia (desialylation). By desialylation, sialidase can modulate the functionality of the target compound and is thus often involved in biological pathways. Inhibition of sialidases with inhibitors is an important approach for understanding sialidase function and the underlying mechanisms and could serve as a therapeutic approach as well. Transition-state analogues, such as anti-influenza drugs oseltamivir and zanamivir, are major sialidase inhibitors. In addition, difluoro-sialic acids were developed as mechanism-based sialidase inhibitors. Further, fluorinated quinone methide-based suicide substrates were reported. Sialidase product analogue inhibitors were also explored. Finally, natural products have shown competitive inhibiton against viral, bacterial, and human sialidases. This Perspective describes sialidase inhibitors with different mechanisms and their activities and future potential, which include transition-state analogue inhibitors, mechanism-based inhibitors, suicide substrate inhibitors, product analogue inhibitors, and natural product inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph
M. Keil
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and
Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and
Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Garrett R. Rafn
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and
Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and
Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Isaac M. Turan
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and
Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and
Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Majdi A. Aljohani
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and
Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and
Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Reza Sahebjam-Atabaki
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and
Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and
Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Xue-Long Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and
Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and
Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
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Hyun SW, Feng C, Liu A, Lillehoj EP, Trotta R, Kingsbury TJ, Passaniti A, Lugkey KN, Chauhan S, Cipollo JF, Luzina IG, Atamas SP, Cross AS, Goldblum SE. Altered sialidase expression in human myeloid cells undergoing apoptosis and differentiation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14173. [PMID: 35986080 PMCID: PMC9390117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into sialic acid biology and sialidase/neuraminidase (NEU) expression in mature human neutrophil (PMN)s, we studied NEU activity and expression in PMNs and the HL60 promyelocytic leukemic cell line, and changes that might occur in PMNs undergoing apoptosis and HL60 cells during their differentiation into PMN-like cells. Mature human PMNs contained NEU activity and expressed NEU2, but not NEU1, the NEU1 chaperone, protective protein/cathepsin A(PPCA), NEU3, and NEU4 proteins. In proapoptotic PMNs, NEU2 protein expression increased > 30.0-fold. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor protected against NEU2 protein upregulation, PMN surface desialylation and apoptosis. In response to 3 distinct differentiating agents, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, and retinoic acid, total NEU activity in differentiated HL60 (dHL60) cells was dramatically reduced compared to that of nondifferentiated cells. With differentiation, NEU1 protein levels decreased > 85%, PPCA and NEU2 proteins increased > 12.0-fold, and 3.0-fold, respectively, NEU3 remained unchanged, and NEU4 increased 1.7-fold by day 3, and then returned to baseline. In dHL60 cells, lectin blotting revealed decreased α2,3-linked and increased α2,6-linked sialylation. dHL60 cells displayed increased adhesion to and migration across human bone marrow-derived endothelium and increased bacterial phagocytosis. Therefore, myeloid apoptosis and differentiation provoke changes in NEU catalytic activity and protein expression, surface sialylation, and functional responsiveness.
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Heimerl M, Gausepohl T, Mueller JH, Ricke-Hoch M. Neuraminidases-Key Players in the Inflammatory Response after Pathophysiological Cardiac Stress and Potential New Therapeutic Targets in Cardiac Disease. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081229. [PMID: 36009856 PMCID: PMC9405403 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteins and glycolipids on the cell surfaces of vertebrates and higher invertebrates contain α-keto acid sugars called sialic acids, terminally attached to their glycan structures. The actual level of sialylation, regulated through enzymatic removal of the latter ones by NEU enzymes, highly affects protein-protein, cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions. Thus, their regulatory features affect a large number of different cell types, including those of the immune system. Research regarding NEUs within heart and vessels provides new insights of their involvement in the development of cardiovascular pathologies and identifies mechanisms on how inhibiting NEU enzymes can have a beneficial effect on cardiac remodelling and on a number of different cardiac diseases including CMs and atherosclerosis. In this regard, a multitude of clinical studies demonstrated the potential of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) to serve as a biomarker following cardiac diseases. Anti-influenza drugs i.e., zanamivir and oseltamivir are viral NEU inhibitors, thus, they block the enzymatic activity of NEUs. When considering the improvement in cardiac function in several different cardiac disease animal models, which results from NEU reduction, the inhibition of NEU enzymes provides a new potential therapeutic treatment strategy to treat cardiac inflammatory pathologies, and thus, administrate cardioprotection.
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Lillehoj EP, Luzina IG, Atamas SP. Mammalian Neuraminidases in Immune-Mediated Diseases: Mucins and Beyond. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883079. [PMID: 35479093 PMCID: PMC9035539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian neuraminidases (NEUs), also known as sialidases, are enzymes that cleave off the terminal neuraminic, or sialic, acid resides from the carbohydrate moieties of glycolipids and glycoproteins. A rapidly growing body of literature indicates that in addition to their metabolic functions, NEUs also regulate the activity of their glycoprotein targets. The simple post-translational modification of NEU protein targets-removal of the highly electronegative sialic acid-affects protein folding, alters protein interactions with their ligands, and exposes or covers proteolytic sites. Through such effects, NEUs regulate the downstream processes in which their glycoprotein targets participate. A major target of desialylation by NEUs are mucins (MUCs), and such post-translational modification contributes to regulation of disease processes. In this review, we focus on the regulatory roles of NEU-modified MUCs as coordinators of disease pathogenesis in fibrotic, inflammatory, infectious, and autoimmune diseases. Special attention is placed on the most abundant and best studied NEU1, and its recently discovered important target, mucin-1 (MUC1). The role of the NEU1 - MUC1 axis in disease pathogenesis is discussed, along with regulatory contributions from other MUCs and other pathophysiologically important NEU targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik P. Lillehoj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Irina G. Luzina
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Research Service, Baltimore Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sergei P. Atamas
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Bourguet E, Figurska S, Fra Czek MM. Human Neuraminidases: Structures and Stereoselective Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3002-3025. [PMID: 35170942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective describes the classification, structures, substrates, mechanisms of action, and implications of human neuraminidases (hNEUs) in various pathologies. Some inhibitors have been developed for each isoform, leading to more precise interactions with hNEUs. Although crystal structure data are available for NEU2, most of the findings are based on NEU1 inhibition, and limited information is available for other hNEUs. Therefore, the synthesis of new compounds would facilitate the enrichment of the arsenal of inhibitors to better understand the roles of hNEUs and their mechanisms of action. Nevertheless, due to the already known inhibitors of human neuraminidase enzymes, a structure-activity relationship is presented along with different approaches to inhibit these enzymes for the development of potent and selective inhibitors. Among the different emerging strategies, one is the inhibition of the dimerization of NEU1 or NEU3, and the second is the inhibition of certain receptors located close to hNEU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Bourguet
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), CNRS UMR 7312, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Sylwia Figurska
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), CNRS UMR 7312, 51097 Reims, France.,Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Manuela Maria Fra Czek
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), CNRS UMR 7312, 51097 Reims, France.,Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Feroz H, Chennamsetty N, Byers S, Holstein M, Li ZJ, Ghose S. Assessing detergent-mediated virus inactivation, protein stability, and impurity clearance in biologics downstream processes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1091-1104. [PMID: 35023152 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Detergent-mediated virus inactivation (VI) provides a valuable orthogonal strategy for viral clearance in mammalian processes, in particular for next-generation continuous manufacturing. Furthermore, there exists an industry-wide need to replace the conventionally employed detergent Triton X-100 with eco-friendly alternatives. However, given Triton X-100 has been the gold standard for VI due its minimal impact on protein stability and high inactivation efficacy, inactivation by other eco-friendly detergents and its impact on protein stability is not well understood. In this study, the sugar-based detergent commonly used in membrane protein purification, n-dodecyl-β- d-maltoside was found to be a promising alternative for VI. We investigated a panel of detergents to compare the relative VI efficacy, impact on therapeutic quality attributes, and clearance of the VI agent and other impurities through subsequent chromatographic steps. Detergent-mediated inactivation and protein stability showed comparable trends to low pH inactivation. Using experimental and modeling data, we found detergent-mediated product aggregation and its kinetics to be driven by extrinsic factors such as detergent and protein concentration. Detergent-mediated aggregation was also impacted by an initial aggregation level as well as intrinsic factors such as the protein sequence and detergent hydrophobicity, and critical micelle concentration. Knowledge gained here on factors driving product stability and VI provides valuable insight to design, standardize, and optimize conditions (concentration and duration of inactivation) for screening of detergent-mediated VI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasin Feroz
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Naresh Chennamsetty
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sara Byers
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa Holstein
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zheng J Li
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., Devens, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, Co., Devens, Massachusetts, USA
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Forcella M, Manzoni M, Benaglia G, Bonanomi M, Giacopuzzi E, Papini N, Bresciani R, Fusi P, Borsani G, Monti E. Characterization of three sialidases from Danio rerio. Biochimie 2021; 187:57-66. [PMID: 34022291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish encodes several sialidases belonging to the NEU3 group, the plasma membrane-associated member of the family with high specificity toward ganglioside substrates. Neu3.1, Neu3.2 and Neu 3.3 have been expressed in E. coli and purified using the pGEX-2T expression system. Although all the enzymes are expressed by bacterial cells, Neu3.1 formed insoluble aggregates that hampered its purification. Neu3.2 and Neu3.3 formed oligomers as demonstrated by gel filtration chromatography experiments. Actually, the first formed a trimer whereas the second a pentamer. Intriguingly, despite relevant degree of sequence identity and similarity, the two enzymes showed peculiar substrate specificities toward gangliosides other than GM3, two glycoproteins and two forms of sialyllactose. Using molecular modelling and the crystal structure of the human cytosolic sialidase NEU2 as a template, the 3D models of the sialidases from zebrafish have been generated. As expected, the 3D models showed the typical six blade beta-propeller typical of sialidases, with an overall highly conserved active site architecture. The differences among the three zebrafish enzymes and human NEU2 are mainly located in the loops connecting the antiparallel beta strands of the propeller core. These portions of the proteins are probably responsible for the differences observed in substrate specificities, as well as in the different subcellular localization and aggregation features observed in solution. Finally, the in silico analysis of RNA-Seq data evidenced a peculiar expression profile of the three genes during embryogenesis, suggesting different roles of these sialidases during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Forcella
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Manzoni
- Division of Biotechnology, Dept. of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuliana Benaglia
- Division of Biotechnology, Dept. of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonanomi
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Edoardo Giacopuzzi
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Papini
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Bresciani
- Division of Biotechnology, Dept. of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Fusi
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borsani
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Dept. of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenio Monti
- Division of Biotechnology, Dept. of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Yuan L, Zhao Y, Sun XL. Sialidase substrates for Sialdiase assays - activity, specificity, quantification and inhibition. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:513-531. [PMID: 32813176 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sialidases are glycosidases responsible for the removal of sialic acid (Sia) residues (desialylation) from glycan portions of either glycoproteins or glycolipids. By desialylation, sialidases are able to modulate the functionality and stability of the Sia-containing molecules and are involved in both physiological and pathological pathways. Therefore, evaluation of sialidase activity and specificity is important for understanding the biological significance of desialylation by sialidases and its function and the related molecular mechanisms of the physiological and pathological pathways. In addition, it is essential for developing novel mechanisms and approaches for disease treatment and diagnosis and pathogen detection as well. This review summarizes the most recent sialidase substrates for evaluating sialidase activity and specificity and screening sialidase inhibitors, including (i) general sialidase substrates, (ii) specific sialidase substrates, (iii) native sialidase substrates and (iv) cellular sialidase substrates. This review also provides a brief introduction of recent instrumental methods for quantifying the sialidase activity, such as UV, fluorescence, HPLC and LC-MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA.,School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Xue-Long Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA.
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Vilcaes AA, Garbarino-Pico E, Torres Demichelis V, Daniotti JL. Ganglioside Synthesis by Plasma Membrane-Associated Sialyltransferase in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031063. [PMID: 32033474 PMCID: PMC7043224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are constituents of the mammalian cell membranes and participate in the inflammatory response. However, little is known about the presence and enzymatic activity of ganglioside sialyltransferases at the cell surface of macrophages, one of the most important immune cells involved in the innate inflammatory process. In the present study, using biochemical and fluorescent microscopy approaches, we found that endogenous ST8Sia-I is present at the plasma membrane (ecto-ST8Sia-I) of murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, ecto-ST8Sia-I can synthetize GD3 ganglioside at the cell surface in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages even when LPS-stimulated macrophages reduced the total ST8Sia-I expression levels. Besides, cotreatment of LPS with an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase recovered the ecto-ST8Sia-I expression, suggesting that NO production is involved in the reduction of ST8Sia-I expression. The diminution of ST8Sia-I expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages correlated with a reduction of GD3 and GM1 gangliosides and with an increment of GD1a. Taken together, the data supports the presence and activity of sialyltransferases at the plasma membrane of RAW264.7 cells. The variations of ecto-ST8Sia-I and ganglioside levels in stimulated macrophages constitutes a promissory pathway to further explore the physiological role of this and others ganglioside metabolism-related enzymes at the cell surface during the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo A. Vilcaes
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina; (E.G.-P.); (V.T.D.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Correspondence: (A.A.V.); (J.L.D.)
| | - Eduardo Garbarino-Pico
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina; (E.G.-P.); (V.T.D.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Vanina Torres Demichelis
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina; (E.G.-P.); (V.T.D.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Jose L. Daniotti
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina; (E.G.-P.); (V.T.D.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Correspondence: (A.A.V.); (J.L.D.)
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Lipničanová S, Chmelová D, Ondrejovič M, Frecer V, Miertuš S. Diversity of sialidases found in the human body - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:857-868. [PMID: 31945439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sialidases are enzymes essential for numerous organisms including humans. Hydrolytic sialidases (EC 3.2.1.18), trans-sialidases and anhydrosialidases (intramolecular trans-sialidases, EC 4.2.2.15) are glycoside hydrolase enzymes that cleave the glycosidic linkage and release sialic acid residues from sialyl substrates. The paper summarizes diverse sialidases present in the human body and their potential impact on development of antiviral compounds - inhibitors of viral neuraminidases. It includes a brief overview of catalytic mechanisms of action of sialidases and describes the origin of sialidases in the human body. This is followed by description of the structure and function of sialidase families with a special focus on the GH33 and GH34 families. Various effects of sialidases on human body are also briefly described. Modulation of sialidase activity may be considered a useful tool for effective treatment of various diseases. In some cases, it is desired to completely suppress the activity of sialidases by suitable inhibitors. Specific sialidase inhibitors are useful for the treatment of influenza, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, different types of cancer, or heart defects. Challenges and future directions are shortly depicted in the final part of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Lipničanová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Chmelová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia.
| | - Miroslav Ondrejovič
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia.
| | - Vladimír Frecer
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, SK-83232 Bratislava, Slovakia; ICARST n.o., Jamnického 19, SK-84101, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Stanislav Miertuš
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia; ICARST n.o., Jamnického 19, SK-84101, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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12
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Investigation of substrate specificity of sialidases with membrane mimetic glycoconjugates. Glycoconj J 2019; 37:175-185. [PMID: 31802374 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sialidases or neuraminidases play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes by cleaving terminal sialic acids (Sias) (desialylation) from the glycans of both glycoproteins and glycolipids. To understand the biological significance of desialylation by sialidases, it is important to investigate enzyme specificity with native substrate in biological membrane of cells. Herein, we report a membrane-mimicking system with liposome ganglioside conjugates containing different lipids for evaluating substrate specificity of sialidase and the lipid effect on the enzyme activity. Briefly, liposomes of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cholesterol with ganglioside (GM3 or GM1) along with different percentage of phosphatidylserine (PS) or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were prepared and characterized. Their desialylation profiles with Arthrobacter ureafaciens (bacterial) sialidase and H1N1 (influenza viral) sialidase were quantified by HPLC method. A diversity of substrate preference was found for both bacterial and viral sialidase to the liposome ganglioside conjugate platform. The apparent Km and Vmax were dependent on the type of lipid. These results indicate that the intrinsic characteristics of the membrane-like system affect the sialidase specificity and activity. This biomimetic substrate provides a better tool for unravelling the substrate specificity and the biological function of sialidases and for screening of functional sialidase inhibitors as well.
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Richards MR, Guo T, Hunter CD, Cairo CW. Molecular dynamics simulations of viral neuraminidase inhibitors with the human neuraminidase enzymes: Insights into isoenzyme selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5349-5358. [PMID: 29903413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of viral neuraminidase enzymes have been previously developed as therapeutics. Humans can express multiple forms of neuraminidase enzymes (NEU1, NEU2, NEU3, NEU4) that share a similar active site and enzymatic mechanism with their viral counterparts. Using a panel of purified human neuraminidase enzymes, we tested the inhibitory activity of 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA), zanamivir, oseltamivir, and peramivir against each of the human isoenzymes. We find that, with the exceptions of DANA and zanamivir, these compounds show generally poor activity against the human neuraminidase enzymes. To provide insight into the interactions of viral inhibitors with human neuraminidases, we conducted molecular dynamics simulations using homology models based on coordinates reported for NEU2. Simulations revealed that an organized water is displaced by zanamivir in binding to NEU2 and NEU3 and confirmed the critical importance of engaging the binding pocket of the C7-C9 glycerol sidechain. Our results suggest that compounds designed to target the human neuraminidases should provide more selective tools for interrogating these enzymes. Furthermore, they emphasize a need for additional structural data to enable structure-based drug design in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele R Richards
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tianlin Guo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Carmanah D Hunter
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christopher W Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada.
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Hunter CD, Khanna N, Richards MR, Rezaei Darestani R, Zou C, Klassen JS, Cairo CW. Human Neuraminidase Isoenzymes Show Variable Activities for 9- O-Acetyl-sialoside Substrates. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:922-932. [PMID: 29341588 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of terminal sialic acids is central to many cellular processes, and structural modification of sialic acid can disrupt these interactions. A prominent, naturally occurring, modification of sialic acid is 9- O-acetylation (9- O-Ac). Study of this modification through generation and analysis of 9- O-Ac sialosides is challenging because of the lability of the acetate group. Fundamental questions regarding the role of 9- O-Ac sialic acids remain unanswered, including what effect it may have on recognition and hydrolysis by the human neuraminidase enzymes (hNEU). To investigate the substrate activity of 9- O-acetylated sialic acids (Neu5,9Ac2), we synthesized an acetylated fluorogenic hNEU substrate 2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-9- O-acetyl-α-d- N-acetylneuraminic acid. Additionally, we generated a panel of octyl sialyllactosides containing modified sialic acids including variation in linkage, 9- O-acetylation, and C-5 group (Neu5Gc). Relative rates of substrate cleavage by hNEU were determined using fluorescence spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. We report that 9- O-acetylation had a significant, and differential, impact on sialic acid hydrolysis by hNEU with general substrate tolerance following the trend of Neu5Ac > Neu5Gc ≫ Neu5,9Ac2 for NEU2, NEU3, and NEU4. Both NEU2 and NEU3 had remarkably reduced activity for Neu5,9Ac2 containing substrates. Other isoenzymes appeared to be more tolerant, with NEU4 even showing increased activity on Neu5,9Ac2 substrates with an aryl aglycone. The impact of these minor structural changes to sialic acid on hNEU activity was unexpected, and these results provide evidence of the substantial influence of 9- O-Ac modifications on hNEU enzyme substrate specificity. Furthermore, these findings may implicate hNEU in processes governed by 9- O-acetyltransferases and -esterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmanah D. Hunter
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Neha Khanna
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michele R. Richards
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Reza Rezaei Darestani
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Chunxia Zou
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - John S. Klassen
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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15
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Karhadkar TR, Pilling D, Cox N, Gomer RH. Sialidase inhibitors attenuate pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15069. [PMID: 29118338 PMCID: PMC5678159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis involves increasing amounts of scar tissue appearing in a tissue, but what drives this is unclear. In fibrotic lesions in human and mouse lungs, we found extensive desialylation of glycoconjugates, and upregulation of sialidases. The fibrosis-associated cytokine TGF-β1 upregulates sialidases in human airway epithelium cells, lung fibroblasts, and immune system cells. Conversely, addition of sialidases to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells induces accumulation of extracellular TGF-β1, forming what appears to be a sialidase - TGF-β1 - sialidase positive feedback loop. Monocyte-derived cells called fibrocytes also activate fibroblasts, and we found that sialidases potentiate fibrocyte differentiation. A sialylated glycoprotein called serum amyloid P (SAP) inhibits fibrocyte differentiation, and sialidases attenuate SAP function. Injections of the sialidase inhibitors DANA and oseltamivir (Tamiflu) starting either 1 day or 10 days after bleomycin strongly attenuate pulmonary fibrosis in the mouse bleomycin model, and by breaking the feedback loop, cause a downregulation of sialidase and TGF-β1 accumulation. Together, these results suggest that a positive feedback loop involving sialidases potentiates fibrosis, and suggest that sialidase inhibitors could be useful for the treatment of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas R Karhadkar
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Darrell Pilling
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Nehemiah Cox
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Richard H Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Drive, College Station, Texas, 77843-3474, USA.
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16
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Dirr L, El-Deeb IM, Chavas LMG, Guillon P, Itzstein MV. The impact of the butterfly effect on human parainfluenza virus haemagglutinin-neuraminidase inhibitor design. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4507. [PMID: 28674426 PMCID: PMC5495814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses represent a leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children, with currently no available approved drug or vaccine. The viral surface glycoprotein haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) represents an ideal antiviral target. Herein, we describe the first structure-based study on the rearrangement of key active site amino acid residues by an induced opening of the 216-loop, through the accommodation of appropriately functionalised neuraminic acid-based inhibitors. We discovered that the rearrangement is influenced by the degree of loop opening and is controlled by the neuraminic acid’s C-4 substituent’s size (large or small). In this study, we found that these rearrangements induce a butterfly effect of paramount importance in HN inhibitor design and define criteria for the ideal substituent size in two different categories of HN inhibitors and provide novel structural insight into the druggable viral HN protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Dirr
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Ibrahim M El-Deeb
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | | | - Patrice Guillon
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
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17
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Antibody against Microbial Neuraminidases Recognizes Human Sialidase 3 (NEU3): the Neuraminidase/Sialidase Superfamily Revisited. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.00078-17. [PMID: 28655817 PMCID: PMC5487728 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00078-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidases (NAs) are critical virulence factors for several microbial pathogens. With a highly conserved catalytic domain, a microbial NA "superfamily" has been proposed. We previously reported that murine polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) sialidase activity was important in leukocyte trafficking to inflamed sites and that antibodies to Clostridium perfringens NA recognized a cell surface molecule(s), presumed to be a sialidase of eukaryotic origin on interleukin-8-stimulated human and murine PMNs. These antibodies also inhibited cell sialidase activity both in vitro and, in the latter instance, in vivo We therefore hypothesized that mammalian sialidases share structural homology and epitopes with microbial NAs. We now report that antibodies to one of the isoforms of C. perfringens NA, as well as anti-influenza virus NA serum, recognize human NEU3 but not NEU1 and that antibodies to C. perfringens NA inhibit NEU3 enzymatic activity. We conclude that the previously described microbial NA superfamily extends to human sialidases. Strategies designed to therapeutically inhibit microbial NA may need to consider potential compromising effects on human sialidases, particularly those expressed in cells of the immune system.IMPORTANCE We previously reported that sialidase activity of human neutrophils plays a critical role in the host inflammatory response. Since the catalytic domains of microbial neuraminidases are highly conserved, we hypothesized that antibodies against Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase might inhibit mammalian sialidase activity. Before the recognition of four mammalian sialidase (Neu) isoforms, we demonstrated that anti-C. perfringens neuraminidase antibodies inhibited human and murine sialidase activity in vivo and in vitro We now show that the antibodies to microbial neuraminidase (C. perfringens and influenza virus) recognize human NEU3, which is important for neural development and cell signaling. Since many microbes that infect mucosal surfaces express neuraminidase, it is possible that the use of sialidase inhibitors (e.g., zanamivir), might also compromise human sialidase activity critical to the human immune response. Alternatively, sialidase inhibitors may prove useful in the treatment of hyperinflammatory conditions.
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18
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Membrane restructuring following in situ sialidase digestion of gangliosides: Complex model bilayers by synchrotron radiation reflectivity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:845-851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Dengue Virus NS1 Disrupts the Endothelial Glycocalyx, Leading to Hyperpermeability. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005738. [PMID: 27416066 PMCID: PMC4944995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is the most prevalent arboviral disease in humans and a major public health problem worldwide. Systemic plasma leakage, leading to hypovolemic shock and potentially fatal complications, is a critical determinant of dengue severity. Recently, we and others described a novel pathogenic effect of secreted dengue virus (DENV) non-structural protein 1 (NS1) in triggering hyperpermeability of human endothelial cells in vitro and systemic vascular leakage in vivo. NS1 was shown to activate toll-like receptor 4 signaling in primary human myeloid cells, leading to secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and vascular leakage. However, distinct endothelial cell-intrinsic mechanisms of NS1-induced hyperpermeability remained to be defined. The endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL) is a network of membrane-bound proteoglycans and glycoproteins lining the vascular endothelium that plays a key role in regulating endothelial barrier function. Here, we demonstrate that DENV NS1 disrupts the EGL on human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, inducing degradation of sialic acid and shedding of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. This effect is mediated by NS1-induced expression of sialidases and heparanase, respectively. NS1 also activates cathepsin L, a lysosomal cysteine proteinase, in endothelial cells, which activates heparanase via enzymatic cleavage. Specific inhibitors of sialidases, heparanase, and cathepsin L prevent DENV NS1-induced EGL disruption and endothelial hyperpermeability. All of these effects are specific to NS1 from DENV1-4 and are not induced by NS1 from West Nile virus, a related flavivirus. Together, our data suggest an important role for EGL disruption in DENV NS1-mediated endothelial dysfunction during severe dengue disease. Dengue is the most prevalent mosquito-borne disease in humans and represents a major public health problem worldwide. Leakage of fluids and molecules from the bloodstream into tissues can lead to shock and potentially death and is a critical determinant of dengue disease severity. Recently, we showed that a secreted protein from dengue virus (DENV)-infected cells, non-structural protein 1 (NS1), can trigger increased leakage both in human cell culture and mouse models. It has been shown that NS1 can activate toll-like receptor 4 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells, leading to secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can result in vascular leak. However, the mechanism by which NS1 triggers hyperpermeability directly in human endothelial cells remained undefined. The endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL) is a network of membrane-bound molecules that lines endothelial cells on the inside of blood vessels, helping to regulate proper vascular function. Here, we show that DENV NS1 can disrupt the integrity of the EGL, inducing breakdown and shedding of key components. This is mediated by NS1 induction of cellular enzymes (e.g., sialidases, heparanase, and cathepsin L) that contribute to EGL alterations. Inhibitors that block these enzymes prevent both EGL disruption and endothelial permeability. These effects were all demonstrated to be specific to NS1 from DENV serotypes 1–4, as NS1 from the related West Nile Virus did not produce EGL alterations or increased leakage. Our study suggests a novel role for DENV NS1 in inducing EGL disruption to increase fluid leakage during severe dengue disease.
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20
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Jia F, Howlader MA, Cairo CW. Integrin-mediated cell migration is blocked by inhibitors of human neuraminidase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1170-1179. [PMID: 27344026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are critical receptors in cell migration and adhesion. A number of mechanisms are known to regulate the function of integrins, including phosphorylation, conformational change, and cytoskeletal anchoring. We investigated whether native neuraminidase (Neu, or sialidase) enzymes which modify glycolipids could play a role in regulating integrin-mediated cell migration. Using a scratch assay, we found that exogenously added Neu3 and Neu4 activity altered rates of cell migration. We observed that Neu4 increased the rate of migration in two cell lines (HeLa, A549); while Neu3 only increased migration in HeLa cells. A bacterial neuraminidase was able to increase the rate of migration in HeLa, but not in A549 cells. Treatment of cells with complex gangliosides (GM1, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b) resulted in decreased cell migration rates, while LacCer was able to increase rates of migration in both lines. Importantly, our results show that treatment of cells with inhibitors of native Neu enzymes had a dramatic effect on the rates of cell migration. The most potent compound tested targeted the human Neu4 isoenzyme, and was able to substantially reduce the rate of cell migration. We found that the lateral mobility of integrins was reduced by treatment of cells with Neu3, suggesting that Neu3 enzyme activity resulted in changes to integrin-co-receptor or integrin-cytoskeleton interactions. Finally, our results support the hypothesis that inhibitors of human Neu can be used to investigate mechanisms of cell migration and for the development of anti-adhesive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jia
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Md Amran Howlader
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christopher W Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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21
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Khazaei K, Yeung JH, Moore MM, Bennet AJ. Inhibitory efficiencies for mechanism-based inactivators of sialidases. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2015-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe the measurement of the inactivation rate constants for the mechanism-based inactivator 2,3-difluorosialic acid acting upon the sialidase from Micromonospora viridifaciens. Using double mixing stopped-flow experiments conducted in a 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid buffer (100 mmol/L, pH 7.00) at 25 °C, the derived kinetic parameters are kinact/Ki = (3.9 ± 0.8) × 106 (mol/L)–1 s–1 and Ki = 1.7 ± 0.4 μmol/L. We demonstrate that the inhibitory efficiency of the inactivation event is similar to the catalytic efficiency for this sialidase acting upon a typical substrate, 4-methylumbelliferone α-d-sialoside, kcat/Km = (7.2 ± 2.8) × 106 (mol/L)–1 s–1. Furthermore, we show that the catalytic efficiencies for inactivation and hydrolysis by the Kdnase from Aspergillus fumigatus are similar for the corresponding Kdn-analogues. We conclude that the deactivating effect of incorporating an axial 3-fluoro substituent onto the sialic acid scaffold is comparable to the enhanced activation that occurs when the 4-methylumbelliferone leaving group is changed to the more nucleofugal fluoride ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Khazaei
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Juliana H.F. Yeung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Margo M. Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Bennet
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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22
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Rahman MM, Hirokawa T, Tsuji D, Tsukimoto J, Hitaoka S, Yoshida T, Chuman H, Itoh K. Novel pH-dependent regulation of human cytosolic sialidase 2 (NEU2) activities by siastatin B and structural prediction of NEU2/siastatin B complex. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 4:234-242. [PMID: 29124209 PMCID: PMC5669518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytosolic sialidase (Neuraminidase 2, NEU2) catalyzes the removal of terminal sialic acid residues from glycoconjugates. The effect of siastatin B, known as a sialidase inhibitor, has not been evaluated toward human NEU2 yet. We studied the regulation of NEU2 activity by siastatin B in vitro and predicted the interaction in silico. Inhibitory and stabilizing effects of siastatin B were analyzed in comparison with DANA (2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid) toward 4-umbelliferyl N-acetylneuraminic acid (4-MU-NANA)- and α2,3-sialyllactose-degrading activities of recombinant NEU2 produced by E. coli GST-fusion gene expression. Siastatin B exhibited to have higher competitive inhibitory activity toward NEU2 than DANA at pH 4.0. We also revealed the stabilizing effect of siastatin B toward NEU2 activity at acidic pH. Docking model was constructed on the basis of the crystal structure of NEU2/DANA complex (PDB code: 1VCU). Molecular docking predicted that electrostatic neutralization of E111 and E218 residues of the active pocket should not prevent siastatin B from binding at pH 4.0. The imino group (1NH) of siastatin B can also interact with D46, neutralized at pH 4.0. Siastatin B was suggested to have higher affinity to the active pocket of NEU2 than DANA, although it has no C7-9 fragment corresponding to that of DANA. We demonstrated here the pH-dependent affinity of siastatin B toward NEU2 to exhibit potent inhibitory and stabilizing activities. Molecular interaction between siastatin B and NEU2 will be utilized to develop specific inhibitors and stabilizers (chemical chaperones) not only for NEU2 but also the other human sialidases, including NEU1, NEU3 and NEU4, based on homology modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Motiur Rahman
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (molprof), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-42 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuji
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Jun Tsukimoto
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Seiji Hitaoka
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsusada Yoshida
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Chuman
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kohji Itoh
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute for Medicinal Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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23
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Huang FT, Han YB, Feng Y, Yang GY. A facile method for controlling the reaction equilibrium of sphingolipid ceramide N-deacylase for lyso-glycosphingolipid production. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1836-42. [PMID: 26130766 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d061176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyso-glycosphingolipids (lyso-GSLs), the N-deacylated forms of glycosphingolipids (GSLs), are important synthetic intermediates for the preparation of GSL analogs. Although lyso-GSLs can be produced by hydrolyzing natural GSLs using sphingolipid ceramide N-deacylase (SCDase), the yield for this reaction is usually low because SCDase also catalyzes the reverse reaction, ultimately establishing an equilibrium between hydrolysis and synthesis. In the present study, we developed an efficient method for controlling the reaction equilibrium by introducing divalent metal cation and detergent in the enzymatic reaction system. In the presence of both Ca(2+) and taurodeoxycholate hydrate, the generated fatty acids were precipitated by the formation of insoluble stearate salts and pushing the reaction equilibrium toward hydrolysis. The yield of GM1 hydrolysis can be achieved as high as 96%, with an improvement up to 45% compared with the nonoptimized condition. In preparative scale, 75 mg of lyso-GM1 was obtained from 100 mg of GM1 with a 90% yield, which is the highest reported yield to date. The method can also be used for the efficient hydrolysis of a variety of GSLs and sphingomyelin. Thus, this method should serve as a facile, easily scalable, and general tool for lyso-GSL production to facilitate further GSL research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yun-Bin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing (SCICB), East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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24
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Abstract
Complexity and heterogeneity of oligosaccharides present a considerable challenge to the biopharmaceutical industry to manufacture biotherapeutics with reproducible and consistent glycoform profiles. Mammalian cells, especially Chinese hamster ovary cells, are the most widely used platform for the production of biotherapeutics. The glycans produced are predominantly of the complex type, with some differences between human and nonhuman mammalian glycosylation existing. This review briefly summarizes metabolic glyco-engineering strategies used in mammalian cells in order to alter the glycosylation patterns attached to proteins applied for diverse biotechnology applications.
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25
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Smutova V, Albohy A, Pan X, Korchagina E, Miyagi T, Bovin N, Cairo CW, Pshezhetsky AV. Structural basis for substrate specificity of mammalian neuraminidases. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106320. [PMID: 25222608 PMCID: PMC4164519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The removal of sialic acid (Sia) residues from glycoconjugates in vertebrates is mediated by a family of neuraminidases (sialidases) consisting of Neu1, Neu2, Neu3 and Neu4 enzymes. The enzymes play distinct physiological roles, but their ability to discriminate between the types of linkages connecting Sia and adjacent residues and between the identity and arrangement of the underlying sugars has never been systematically studied. Here we analyzed the specificity of neuraminidases by studying the kinetics of hydrolysis of BODIPY-labeled substrates containing common mammalian sialylated oligosaccharides: 3′Sia-LacNAc, 3′SiaLac, SiaLex, SiaLea, SiaLec, 6′SiaLac, and 6′SiaLacNAc. We found significant differences in substrate specificity of the enzymes towards the substrates containing α2,6-linked Sia, which were readily cleaved by Neu3 and Neu1 but not by Neu4 and Neu2. The presence of a branching 2-Fuc inhibited Neu2 and Neu4, but had almost no effect on Neu1 or Neu3. The nature of the sugar residue at the reducing end, either glucose (Glc) or N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) had only a minor effect on all neuraminidases, whereas core structure (1,3 or 1,4 bond between D-galactose (Gal) and GlcNAc) was found to be important for Neu4 strongly preferring β3 (core 1) to β4 (core 2) isomer. Neu3 and Neu4 were in general more active than Neu1 and Neu2, likely due to their preference for hydrophobic substrates. Neu2 and Neu3 were examined by molecular dynamics to identify favorable substrate orientations in the binding sites and interpret the differences in their specificities. Finally, using knockout mouse models, we confirmed that the substrate specificities observed in vitro were recapitulated in enzymes found in mouse brain tissues. Our data for the first time provide evidence for the characteristic substrate preferences of neuraminidases and their ability to discriminate between distinct sialoside targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Smutova
- Division of Medical Genetics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Amgad Albohy
- Alberta Glycomics Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xuefang Pan
- Division of Medical Genetics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Elena Korchagina
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Taeko Miyagi
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nicolai Bovin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexey V. Pshezhetsky
- Division of Medical Genetics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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26
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Monti E, Benaglia G, Mozzi A, Fusi P, Longhi G, Gangemi F, Castiglioni E, Woody RW, Fornili SL, Abbate S. Looking at human cytosolic sialidase NEU2 structural features with an interdisciplinary approach. Biochemistry 2014; 53:5343-55. [PMID: 25033330 DOI: 10.1021/bi500249r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) spectra at variable temperatures have been recorded for human cytosolic sialidase NEU2 in buffered water solutions and in the presence of divalent cations. The results show the prevalence of β-strands together with a considerable amount of α-helical structure, while in the solid state, from both previous X-ray diffraction analysis and our CD data on film samples, the content of β-strands is higher. In solution, a significant change in CD spectra occurs with an increase in temperature, related to a decrease in α-helix content and a slight increase in β-strand content. In the same range of temperatures, the enzymatic activity decreases. Although the overall structure of the protein appears to be particularly stable, molecular dynamics simulations performed at various temperatures evidence local conformational changes possibly relevant for explaining the relative lability of enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Monti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMTM), University of Brescia , Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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27
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Giussani P, Tringali C, Riboni L, Viani P, Venerando B. Sphingolipids: key regulators of apoptosis and pivotal players in cancer drug resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4356-92. [PMID: 24625663 PMCID: PMC3975402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance elicited by cancer cells still constitutes a huge problem that frequently impairs the efficacy of both conventional and novel molecular therapies. Chemotherapy usually acts to induce apoptosis in cancer cells; therefore, the investigation of apoptosis control and of the mechanisms used by cancer cells to evade apoptosis could be translated in an improvement of therapies. Among many tools acquired by cancer cells to this end, the de-regulated synthesis and metabolism of sphingolipids have been well documented. Sphingolipids are known to play many structural and signalling roles in cells, as they are involved in the control of growth, survival, adhesion, and motility. In particular, in order to increase survival, cancer cells: (a) counteract the accumulation of ceramide that is endowed with pro-apoptotic potential and is induced by many drugs; (b) increase the synthesis of sphingosine-1-phosphate and glucosylceramide that are pro-survivals signals; (c) modify the synthesis and the metabolism of complex glycosphingolipids, particularly increasing the levels of modified species of gangliosides such as 9-O acetylated GD3 (αNeu5Ac(2-8)αNeu5Ac(2-3)βGal(1-4)βGlc(1-1)Cer) or N-glycolyl GM3 (αNeu5Ac (2-3)βGal(1-4)βGlc(1-1)Cer) and de-N-acetyl GM3 (NeuNH(2)βGal(1-4)βGlc(1-1)Cer) endowed with anti-apoptotic roles and of globoside Gb3 related to a higher expression of the multidrug resistance gene MDR1. In light of this evidence, the employment of chemical or genetic approaches specifically targeting sphingolipid dysregulations appears a promising tool for the improvement of current chemotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Giussani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate (Milan 20090), Italy.
| | - Cristina Tringali
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate (Milan 20090), Italy.
| | - Laura Riboni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate (Milan 20090), Italy.
| | - Paola Viani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate (Milan 20090), Italy.
| | - Bruno Venerando
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate (Milan 20090), Italy.
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28
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Pshezhetsky AV, Ashmarina LI. Desialylation of surface receptors as a new dimension in cell signaling. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 78:736-45. [PMID: 24010837 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913070067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Terminal sialic acid residues are found in abundance in glycan chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surface of all live cells forming an outer layer of the cell originally known as glycocalyx. Their presence affects the molecular properties and structure of glycoconjugates, modifying their function and interactions with other molecules. Consequently, the sialylation state of glycoproteins and glycolipids has been recognized as a critical factor modulating molecular recognitions inside the cell, between the cells, between the cells and the extracellular matrix, and between the cells and certain exogenous pathogens. Until recently sialyltransferases that catalyze transfer of sialic acid residues to the glycan chains in the process of their biosynthesis were thought to be mainly responsible for the creation and maintenance of a temporal and spatial diversity of sialylated moieties. However, the growing evidence suggests that in mammalian cells, at least equally important roles belong to sialidases/neuraminidases, which are located on the cell surface and in intracellular compartments, and may either initiate the catabolism of sialoglycoconjugates or just cleave their sialic acid residues, and thereby contribute to temporal changes in their structure and functions. The current review summarizes emerging data demonstrating that mammalian neuraminidase 1, well known for its lysosomal catabolic function, is also targeted to the cell surface and assumes the previously unrecognized role as a structural and functional modulator of cellular receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Pshezhetsky
- Department of Medical Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Qc, H3T1C5, Canada.
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29
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Abstract
A review of known small molecule inhibitors and substrates of the human neuraminidase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton Alberta
- Canada
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30
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Zhang Y, Albohy A, Zou Y, Smutova V, Pshezhetsky AV, Cairo CW. Identification of selective inhibitors for human neuraminidase isoenzymes using C4,C7-modified 2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA) analogues. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2948-58. [PMID: 23530623 DOI: 10.1021/jm301892f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, human neuraminidases (human sialidases, hNEUs) have been found to be involved in numerous pathways in biology. The development of selective and potent inhibitors of these enzymes will provide critical tools for glycobiology, help to avoid undesired side effects of antivirals, and may reveal new small-molecule therapeutic targets for human cancers. However, because of the high active site homology of the hNEU isoenzymes, little progress in the design and synthesis of selective inhibitors has been realized. Guided by our previous studies of human NEU3 inhibitors, we designed a series of C4,C7-modified analogues of 2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA) and tested them against the full panel of hNEU isoenzymes (NEU1, NEU2, NEU3, NEU4). We identified inhibitors with up to 38-fold selectivity for NEU3 and 12-fold selectivity for NEU2 over all other isoenzymes. We also identified compounds that targeted NEU2 and NEU3 with similar potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Alberta Glycomics Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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31
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Rahman MM, Kitao S, Tsuji D, Suzuki K, Sakamoto JI, Matsuoka K, Matsuzawa F, Aikawa SI, Itoh K. Inhibitory effects and specificity of synthetic sialyldendrimers toward recombinant human cytosolic sialidase 2 (NEU2). Glycobiology 2013; 23:495-504. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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32
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Stoppani E, Rossi S, Marchesini S, Preti A, Fanzani A. Defective myogenic differentiation of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells is characterized by sialidase Neu2 loss of expression. Cell Biol Int 2013; 33:1020-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Fanzani A, Zanola A, Faggi F, Papini N, Venerando B, Tettamanti G, Sampaolesi M, Monti E. Implications for the mammalian sialidases in the physiopathology of skeletal muscle. Skelet Muscle 2012; 2:23. [PMID: 23114189 PMCID: PMC3534598 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-2-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of mammalian sialidases is composed of four distinct versatile enzymes that remove negatively charged terminal sialic acid residues from gangliosides and glycoproteins in different subcellular areas and organelles, including lysosomes, cytosol, plasma membrane and mitochondria. In this review we summarize the growing body of data describing the important role of sialidases in skeletal muscle, a complex apparatus involved in numerous key functions and whose functional integrity can be affected by various conditions, such as aging, chronic diseases, cancer and neuromuscular disorders. In addition to supporting the proper catabolism of glycoconjugates, sialidases can affect different signaling pathways by desialylation of many receptors and modulation of ganglioside content in cell membranes, thus actively participating in myoblast proliferation, differentiation and hypertrophy, insulin responsiveness and skeletal muscle architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fanzani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies and Interuniversitary Institute of Myology (IIM), University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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34
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Koseki K, Wada T, Hosono M, Hata K, Yamaguchi K, Nitta K, Miyagi T. Human cytosolic sialidase NEU2-low general tissue expression but involvement in PC-3 prostate cancer cell survival. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 428:142-9. [PMID: 23068092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human cytosolic sialidase (NEU2) has been identified and characterized using a NEU2 cDNA constructed from a genomic library of human skeletal muscle. However, the tissue distribution of NEU2 mRNA and the physiological functions of the enzyme remain unclear. In the present study, unlike other human sialidases, NEU2 expression as assessed by quantitative real-time PCR was found to be extremely low or undetectable in many human tissues and cells, with notable exceptions like the placenta and testis. The gene forms obtained by PCR with cDNAs synthesized from poly (A)(+) RNA of human brain and colon were verified to encode cytosolic sialidase with appropriate activity, regardless of the brain gene feature of SNPs. Among a series of human cancer cell lines examined, only prostate cancer PC-3 cells exhibited relatively high expression and NEU2-silencing with an siRNA resulted in decreased cell survival and motility. To gain insights into the significance of the high levels, transcription factors in the promoter region of the NEU2 gene were surveyed for involvement. PC-3 cells were characterized by high expression of Runx2 and Sp3, and their silencing reduced NEU2, suggesting regulatory roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Koseki
- Division of Biochemistry, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori 981-1293, Japan
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35
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Hayre JK, Xu G, Borgianni L, Taylor GL, Andrew PW, Docquier JD, Oggioni MR. Optimization of a direct spectrophotometric method to investigate the kinetics and inhibition of sialidases. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 13:19. [PMID: 23031230 PMCID: PMC3483245 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-13-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Streptococcus pneumoniae expresses three distinct sialidases, NanA, NanB, and NanC, that are believed to be key virulence factors and thus, potential important drug targets. We previously reported that the three enzymes release different products from sialosides, but could share a common catalytic mechanism before the final step of product formation. However, the kinetic investigations of the three sialidases have not been systematically done thus far, due to the lack of an easy and steady measurement of sialidase reaction rate. RESULTS In this work, we present further kinetic characterization of pneumococcal sialidases by using a direct spectrophotometric method with the chromogenic substrate p-nitrophenyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid (p-NP-Neu5Ac). Using our assay, the measured kinetic parameters of the three purified pneumococcal sialidase, NanA, NanB and NanC, were obtained and were in perfect agreement with the previously published data. The major advantage of this alternative method resides in the direct measurement of the released product, allowing to readily determine of initial reaction rates and record complete hydrolysis time courses. CONCLUSION We developed an accurate, fast and sensitive spectrophotometric method to investigate the kinetics of sialidase-catalyzed reactions. This fast, sensitive, inexpensive and accurate method could benefit the study of the kinetics and inhibition of sialidases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasvinder Kaur Hayre
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Siena, I-53100, Siena, Italy
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36
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Parker RB, McCombs JE, Kohler JJ. Sialidase specificity determined by chemoselective modification of complex sialylated glycans. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1509-14. [PMID: 22704707 DOI: 10.1021/cb300241v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sialidases hydrolytically remove sialic acids from sialylated glycoproteins and glycolipids. Sialidases are widely distributed in nature and sialidase-mediated desialylation is implicated in normal and pathological processes. However, mechanisms by which sialidases exert their biological effects remain obscure, in part because sialidase substrate preferences are poorly defined. Here we report the design and implementation of a sialidase substrate specificity assay based on chemoselective labeling of sialosides. We show that this assay identifies components of glycosylated substrates that contribute to sialidase specificity. We demonstrate that specificity of sialidases can depend on structure of the underlying glycan, a characteristic difficult to discern using typical sialidase assays. Moreover, we discovered that Streptococcus pneumoniae sialidase NanC strongly prefers sialosides containing the Neu5Ac form of sialic acid versus those that contain Neu5Gc. We propose using this approach to evaluate sialidase preferences for diverse potential substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy B. Parker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
75390-9185, United States
| | - Janet E. McCombs
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
75390-9185, United States
| | - Jennifer J. Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
75390-9185, United States
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37
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Del Favero E, Raudino A, Pannuzzo M, Brocca P, Motta S, Cantú L. Transient Step-Like Kinetics of Enzyme Reaction on Fragmented-Condensed Substrates. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:9570-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp303643u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Del Favero
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry
and Biotechnologies, University of Milan, L.I.T.A., Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Antonio Raudino
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania,
Italy
| | - Martina Pannuzzo
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania,
Italy
| | - Paola Brocca
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry
and Biotechnologies, University of Milan, L.I.T.A., Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Simona Motta
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry
and Biotechnologies, University of Milan, L.I.T.A., Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Laura Cantú
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry
and Biotechnologies, University of Milan, L.I.T.A., Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
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38
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Tringali C, Cirillo F, Lamorte G, Papini N, Anastasia L, Lupo B, Silvestri I, Tettamanti G, Venerando B. NEU4L sialidase overexpression promotes β-catenin signaling in neuroblastoma cells, enhancing stem-like malignant cell growth. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1768-78. [PMID: 22287118 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a frequently lethal tumor that occurs in childhood and originates from embryonic neural crest cells. The malignant and aggressive phenotype of NB is strictly related to the deregulation of pivotal pathways governing the proliferation/differentiation status of neural crest precursor cells, such as MYCN, Delta/Notch and Wnt/β-catenin (CTNNB1) signaling. In this article, we demonstrate that sialidase NEU4 long (NEU4L) influences the differentiation/proliferation behavior of NB SK-N-BE cells by determining hyperactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. NEU4L overexpression in SK-N-BE cells induced significant increases in active, nonphosphorylated β-catenin content, β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity and β-catenin gene target expression including MYCN, MYC, CCND2 (cyclin D2) and CDC25A. In turn, these molecular features strongly modified the behavior of NEU4L SK-N-BE overexpressing cells, promoting the following: (1) an enhanced proliferation rate, mainly due to a faster transition from G1 to S phase in the cell cycle; (2) a more undifferentiated cell phenotype, which was similar to stem-like NB cells and possibly mediated by an increase of the expression of the pluripotency genes, MYC, NANOG, OCT-4, CD133 and NES (nestin); (3) the failure of NB cell differentiation after serum withdrawal. The molecular link between NEU4L and Wnt/β-catenin signaling appeared to rely most likely on the capability of the enzyme to modify the sialylation level of cell glycoproteins. These findings could provide a new candidate for therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tringali
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Milan, Segrate, Milan, Italy
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39
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Mozzi A, Mazzacuva P, Zampella G, Forcella ME, Fusi PA, Monti E. Molecular insight into substrate recognition by human cytosolic sialidase NEU2. Proteins 2012; 80:1123-32. [PMID: 22228546 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sialidases or neuramidases are glycoside hydrolases removing terminal sialic acid residues from sialo-glycoproteins and sialo-glycolipids. Viral neuraminidases (NAs) have been extensively characterized and represent an excellent target for antiviral therapy through the synthesis of a series of competitive inhibitors that block the release of newly formed viral particles from infected cells. The human cytosolic sialidase NEU2 is the only mammalian enzyme structurally characterized and represents a valuable model to study the specificity of novel NA inhibitory drugs. Moreover, the availability of NEU2 3D structure represents a pivotal step toward the characterization of the molecular basis of natural substrates recognition by the enzyme. In this perspective, we have carried out a study of molecular docking of NEU2 active site using natural substrates of increasing complexity. Moreover, selective mutations of the residues putatively involved into substrate(s) interaction/recognition have been performed, and the resulting mutant enzymes have been preliminary tested for their catalytic activity and substrate specificity. We found that Q270 is involved in the binding of the disaccharide α(2,3) sialyl-galactose, whereas K45 and Q112 bind the distal glucose of the trisaccharide α(2,3) sialyl-lactose, corresponding to the oligosaccharide moiety of GM3 ganglioside. In addition, E218, beside D46, is proved to be a key catalytic residue, being, together with Y334, the second member of the nucleophile pair required for the catalysis. Overall, our results point out the existence of a dynamic network of interactions that are possibly involved in the recognition of the glycans bearing sialic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mozzi
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
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40
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Sandbhor MS, Soya N, Albohy A, Zheng RB, Cartmell J, Bundle DR, Klassen JS, Cairo CW. Substrate recognition of the membrane-associated sialidase NEU3 requires a hydrophobic aglycone. Biochemistry 2011; 50:6753-62. [PMID: 21675735 DOI: 10.1021/bi200449j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The human neuraminidases (NEU) consist of a family of four isoforms (NEU1-NEU4). Members of this enzyme family are proposed to have important roles in health and disease through regulation of the composition of cellular sialosides. The NEU3 isoform is a membrane-associated enzyme that cleaves glycolipid substrates. However, few reports have examined the substrate specificity of the enzyme for non-natural substrates. We report here a series of 11 synthetic trisaccharides that feature modifications of the aglycone or the Neu5Ac residue of an octyl β-sialyllactoside. The time course of substrate cleavage by NEU3 was monitored using an electrospray ionization mass spectrometry assay to obtain relative rates (k(rel)). We observed that NEU3 substrate activity was directly dependent upon the hydrophobicity of the aglycone but had no apparent requirement for features of the ceramide headgroup. We also observed that trisaccharides with incorporated azide groups in the Neu5Ac residue at either C9 or the N5-Ac position were substrates, and in the case of the N5-azidoacetyl derivative, the activity was superior to that of GM3. However, the incorporation of larger aryl groups was tolerated only at C9, but not at N5-Ac. We propose a two-site model for enzyme recognition, requiring interaction at both the Neu5Ac residue and the hydrophobic aglycone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra S Sandbhor
- Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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41
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Where catabolism meets signalling: neuraminidase 1 as a modulator of cell receptors. Glycoconj J 2011; 28:441-52. [PMID: 21928149 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-011-9350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Terminal sialic acid residues are found in abundance in glycan chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surface of all live cells forming an outer layer of the cell originally known as glycocalyx. Their presence affects the molecular properties and structure of glycoconjugates, modifying their function and interactions with other molecules. Consequently, the sialylation state of glycoproteins and glycolipids has been recognized as a critical factor modulating molecular recognitions inside the cell, between the cells, between the cells and the extracellular matrix, and between the cells and certain exogenous pathogens. Sialyltransferases that attach sialic acid residues to the glycan chains in the process of their initial synthesis were thought to be mainly responsible for the creation and maintenance of a temporal and spatial diversity of sialylated moieties. However, the growing evidence also suggests that in mammalian cells, at least equally important roles belong to sialidases/neuraminidases, which are located on the cell surface and in intracellular compartments, and may either initiate the catabolism of sialoglycoconjugates or just cleave their sialic acid residues, and thereby contribute to temporal changes in their structure and functions. The current review summarizes emerging data demonstrating that neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), well known for its lysosomal catabolic function, can be also targeted to the cell surface and assume the previously unrecognized role as a structural and functional modulator of cellular receptors.
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42
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Hitaoka S, Matoba H, Harada M, Yoshida T, Tsuji D, Hirokawa T, Itoh K, Chuman H. Correlation Analyses on Binding Affinity of Sialic Acid Analogues and Anti-Influenza Drugs with Human Neuraminidase Using ab Initio MO Calculations on Their Complex Structures – LERE-QSAR Analysis (IV). J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:2706-16. [DOI: 10.1021/ci2002395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Hitaoka
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matoba
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Masataka Harada
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsusada Yoshida
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuji
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-42 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kohji Itoh
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Chuman
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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43
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Li Y, Cao H, Yu H, Chen Y, Lau K, Qu J, Thon V, Sugiarto G, Chen X. Identifying selective inhibitors against the human cytosolic sialidase NEU2 by substrate specificity studies. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1060-72. [PMID: 21206954 DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00244e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of human sialidases has been shown to associate with various pathological conditions. Despite the effort in the sialidase inhibitor design, less attention has been paid to designing specific inhibitors against human sialidases and characterizing the substrate specificity of different sialidases regarding diverse terminal sialic acid forms and sialyl linkages. This is mainly due to the lack of sialoside probes and efficient screening methods, as well as limited access to human sialidases. A low cellular expression level of the human sialidase NEU2 hampers its functional and inhibitory studies. Here we report the successful cloning and expression of the human sialidase NEU2 in E. coli. About 11 mg of soluble active NEU2 was routinely obtained from 1 L of E. coli cell culture. Substrate specificity studies of the recombinant human NEU2 using twenty p-nitrophenol (pNP)-tagged α2-3- or α2-6-linked sialyl galactosides containing different terminal sialic acid forms including common N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), non-human N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulosonic acid (Kdn), or their C5-derivatives in a microtiter plate-based high-throughput colorimetric assay identified a unique structural feature specifically recognized by the human NEU2 but not two bacterial sialidases. The results obtained from substrate specificity studies were used to guide the design of a sialidase inhibitor that was selective against human NEU2. The selectivity of the inhibitor was revealed by the comparison of sialidase crystal structures and inhibitor docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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44
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Stamatos NM, Carubelli I, van de Vlekkert D, Bonten EJ, Papini N, Feng C, Venerando B, d'Azzo A, Cross AS, Wang LX, Gomatos PJ. LPS-induced cytokine production in human dendritic cells is regulated by sialidase activity. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:1227-39. [PMID: 20826611 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1209776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of sialic acid from glycoconjugates on the surface of monocytes enhances their response to bacterial LPS. We tested the hypothesis that endogenous sialidase activity creates a permissive state for LPS-induced cytokine production in human monocyte-derived DCs. Of the four genetically distinct sialidases (Neu1-4), Neu1, Neu3, and Neu4 are expressed in human monocytes, but only Neu1 and Neu3 are up-regulated as cells differentiate into DCs. Neu1 and Neu3 are present on the surface of monocytes and DCs and are also present intracellularly. DCs contain a greater amount of sialic acid than monocytes, but the amount of sialic acid/mg total protein declines during differentiation to DCs. This relative hyposialylation of cells does not occur in mature DCs grown in the presence of zanamivir, a pharmacologic inhibitor of Neu3 but not Neu1, or DANA, an inhibitor of Neu1 and Neu3. Inhibition of sialidase activity during differentiation to DCs causes no detectable change in cell viability or expression of DC surface markers. Differentiation of monocytes into DCs in the presence of zanamivir results in reduced LPS- induced expression of IL-6, IL-12p40, and TNF-α by mature DCs, demonstrating a role for Neu3 in cytokine production. A role for Neu3 is supported by inhibition of cytokine production by DANA in DCs from Neu1⁻/⁻ and WT mice. We conclude that sialidase-mediated change in sialic acid content of specific cell surface glycoconjugates in DCs regulates LPS-induced cytokine production, thereby contributing to development of adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Stamatos
- University of Maryland Medical Center, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Cloning and characterization of a sialidase from the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus. Glycoconj J 2010; 27:533-48. [PMID: 20652740 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-010-9299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A gene encoding a putative sialidase was identified in the genome of the opportunistic fungal pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus. Computational analysis showed that this protein has Asp box and FRIP domains, it was predicted to have an extracellular localization, and a mass of 42 kDa, all of which are characteristics of sialidases. Structural modeling predicted a canonical 6-bladed beta-propeller structure with the model's highly conserved catalytic residues aligning well with those of an experimentally determined sialidase structure. The gene encoding the putative Af sialidase was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Enzymatic characterization found that the enzyme was able to cleave the synthetic sialic acid substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (MUN), and had a pH optimum of 3.5. Further kinetic characterization using 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminylgalactopyranoside revealed that Af sialidase preferred alpha2-3-linked sialic acids over the alpha2-6 isomers. No trans-sialidase activity was detected. qPCR studies showed that exposure to MEM plus human serum induced expression. Purified Af sialidase released sialic acid from diverse substrates such as mucin, fetuin, epithelial cell glycans and colominic acid, though A. fumigatus was unable to use either sialic acid or colominic acid as a sole source of carbon. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the fungal sialidases were more closely related to those of bacteria than to sialidases from other eukaryotes.
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46
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Parker RB, Kohler JJ. Regulation of intracellular signaling by extracellular glycan remodeling. ACS Chem Biol 2010; 5:35-46. [PMID: 19968325 DOI: 10.1021/cb9002514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells is coated with carbohydrates. By virtue of their extracellular position and recognizable chemical features, cell surface glycans mediate many receptor-ligand interactions. Recently, mammalian extracellular hydrolytic enzymes have been shown to modify the structure of cell surface glycans and consequently alter their binding properties. These cell surface glycan remodeling events can cause rapid changes in critical signal transduction phenomena. This Review highlights recent studies on the roles of eukaryotic extracellular sialidases, sulfatases, and a deacetylase in regulation of intracellular signaling. We also describe possible therapies that target extracellular glycan remodeling processes and discuss the potential for new discoveries in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy B. Parker
- Division of Translational Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9185
| | - Jennifer J. Kohler
- Division of Translational Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9185
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Monti E, Bonten; E, D'Azzo A, Bresciani R, Venerando B, Borsani G, Schauer R, Tettamanti G. Sialidases in Vertebrates. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2010; 64:403-79. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(10)64007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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48
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Koda T, Kijimoto-Ochiai S, Uemura S, Inokuchi JI. Specific expression of Neu2 type B in mouse thymus and the existence of a membrane-bound form in COS cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 387:729-35. [PMID: 19632200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neu2 mRNA from the mouse thymus, as we have reported [K. Kotani, A. Kuroiwa, T. Saito, Y. Matsuda, T. Koda, S. Kijimoto-Ochiai, Cloning, chromosomal mapping, and characteristic 5'-UTR sequence of murine cytosolic sialidase, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 286 (2001) 250-258], has a novel sequence at the 5' terminus that shows the ability to encode 6 extra amino acids in the N-terminus than that of the muscle. In this paper, we analyzed the cDNA and EST database and found the five types of alternative splicing of Neu2 mRNA: A, B, C, D and N. We studied the expression of these types in the immune tissues and found that the thymus expressed only type B. We constructed 2 types of plasmid that encode long (B) or short (C) form of Neu2 protein, and transfected them into COS7 cells to study them under the same conditions. We found that 30-40% of the both forms of Neu2 activity was located in the crude membrane-fraction, and hydrolyzed ganglioside effectively, while both soluble fraction showed particular behavior with substrate specificity. Microscopic study by active staining with X-NANA showed that they located not only in the cytoplasm but also in areas surrounding the nucleus and in the peripheral ruffled spot.
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Abstract
Some thirty years ago, work on mammalian tissues suggested the presence of two cytosolic hexosaminidases in mammalian cells; one of these has been more recently characterized in a recombinant form and has an important role in cellular function due to its ability to cleave beta-N-acetylglucosamine residues from a variety of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. However, the molecular nature of the second cytosolic hexosaminidase, named hexosaminidase D, has remained obscure. In the present study, we molecularly characterize for the first time the human and murine recombinant forms of enzymes, encoded by HEXDC genes, which appear to correspond to hexosaminidase D in terms of substrate specificity, pH dependency and temperature stability. Furthermore, a Myc-tagged form of this novel hexosaminidase displays a nucleocytoplasmic localization. Transcripts of the corresponding gene are expressed in a number of murine tissues. On the basis of its sequence, this enzyme represents, along with the lysosomal hexosaminidase subunits encoded by the HEXA and HEXB genes, the third class 20 glycosidase to be identified from mammalian sources.
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Funakoshi Y, Suzuki T. Glycobiology in the cytosol: the bitter side of a sweet world. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1790:81-94. [PMID: 18952151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 08/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Progress in glycobiology has undergone explosive growth over the past decade with more of the researchers now realizing the importance of glycan chains in various inter- and intracellular processes. However, there is still an area of glycobiology awaiting exploration. This is especially the case for the field of "glycobiology in the cytosol" which remains rather poorly understood. Yet evidence is accumulating to demonstrate that the glycoconjugates and their recognition molecules (i.e. lectins) are often present in this subcellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Funakoshi
- Glycometabolome Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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