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Lettau E, Zill D, Späth M, Lorent C, Singh P, Lauterbach L. Catalytic and spectroscopic properties of the halotolerant soluble methane monooxygenase reductase from Methylomonas methanica MC09. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100592. [PMID: 34905639 PMCID: PMC9305295 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The soluble methane monooxygenase receives electrons from NADH via its reductase MmoC for oxidation of methane, which is itself an attractive C1 building block for a future bioeconomy. Herein, we present biochemical and spectroscopic insights into the reductase from the marine methanotroph Methylomonas methanica MC09. The presence of a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and [2Fe2S] cluster as its prosthetic group were revealed by reconstitution experiments, iron determination and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. As a true halotolerant enzyme, MmoC still showed 50 % of its specific activity at 2 M NaCl. We show that MmoC produces only trace amounts of superoxide, but mainly hydrogen peroxide during uncoupled turnover reactions. The characterization of a highly active reductase is an important step for future biotechnological applications of a halotolerant sMMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Lettau
- Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Institute of Applied Microbiology, GERMANY
| | - Domenic Zill
- Rheinisch Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Fakultat fur Mathematik Informatik und Naturwissenschaften, Institute of Applied Microbiology, GERMANY
| | - Marta Späth
- Technische Universität Berlin: Technische Universitat Berlin, Institute of Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Christian Lorent
- Technische Universität Berlin: Technische Universitat Berlin, Institute of Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Praveen Singh
- Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Institute of Applied Microbiology, GERMANY
| | - Lars Lauterbach
- Technische Universitat Berlin, Chemistry, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Max-Volmer-Laboratorium, Sekr. PC 14, 10623, Berlin, Germany, GERMANY
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2
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Lee C, Ha SC, Rao Z, Hwang Y, Kim DS, Kim SY, Yoo H, Yoon C, Na JG, Park JH, Lee SJ. Elucidation of the electron transfer environment in the MMOR FAD-binding domain from Methylosinus sporium 5. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16493-16498. [PMID: 34734616 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
By facilitating electron transfer to the hydroxylase diiron center, MMOR-a reductase-serves as an essential component of the catalytic cycle of soluble methane monooxygenase. Here, the X-ray structure analysis of the FAD-binding domain of MMOR identified crucial residues and its influence on the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaemin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54796, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Chul Ha
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhili Rao
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yunha Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54796, Republic of Korea.
| | - Da Som Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - So Young Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heeseon Yoo
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54796, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chungwoon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54796, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Geol Na
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Hee Park
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea. .,Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental & Bioresources Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54796, Republic of Korea.
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Jeong HS, Hong S, Yoo HS, Kim J, Kim Y, Yoon C, Lee SJ, Kim SH. EPR-derived structures of flavin radical and iron-sulfur clusters from Methylosinus sporium 5 reductase. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01334j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structures of two cofactors, the FAD radical and [2Fe–2S]+ of reduced MMOR from Methylosinus sporium strain 5 were investigated by advanced EPR spectroscopy. The findings provide long overdue detailed structural information of MMOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sol Jeong
- Western Seoul Center
- Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)
- Seoul 03759
- Rep. of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science
| | - Sugyeong Hong
- Western Seoul Center
- Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)
- Seoul 03759
- Rep. of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science
| | - Hee Seon Yoo
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics
- Jeonbuk National University
- Jeonju 54896
- Rep. of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Sunchon National University
- Suncheon 57922
- Rep. of Korea
| | - Yujeong Kim
- Western Seoul Center
- Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)
- Seoul 03759
- Rep. of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science
| | - Chungwoon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics
- Jeonbuk National University
- Jeonju 54896
- Rep. of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics
- Jeonbuk National University
- Jeonju 54896
- Rep. of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Kim
- Western Seoul Center
- Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)
- Seoul 03759
- Rep. of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science
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4
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Kim H, An S, Park YR, Jang H, Yoo H, Park SH, Lee SJ, Cho US. MMOD-induced structural changes of hydroxylase in soluble methane monooxygenase. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax0059. [PMID: 31616787 PMCID: PMC6774732 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soluble methane monooxygenase in methanotrophs converts methane to methanol under ambient conditions. The maximum catalytic activity of hydroxylase (MMOH) is achieved through the interplay of its regulatory protein (MMOB) and reductase. An additional auxiliary protein, MMOD, functions as an inhibitor of MMOH; however, its inhibitory mechanism remains unknown. Here, we report the crystal structure of the MMOH-MMOD complex from Methylosinus sporium strain 5 (2.6 Å). Its structure illustrates that MMOD associates with the canyon region of MMOH where MMOB binds. Although MMOD and MMOB recognize the same binding site, each binding component triggers different conformational changes toward MMOH, which then respectively lead to the inhibition and activation of MMOH. Particularly, MMOD binding perturbs the di-iron geometry by inducing two major MMOH conformational changes, i.e., MMOH β subunit disorganization and subsequent His147 dissociation with Fe1 coordination. Furthermore, 1,6-hexanediol, a mimic of the products of sMMO, reveals the substrate access route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanseong Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sojin An
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yeo Reum Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hara Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeseon Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Park
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Uhn-Soo Cho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Sazinsky MH, Lippard SJ. Methane Monooxygenase: Functionalizing Methane at Iron and Copper. Met Ions Life Sci 2015; 15:205-56. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12415-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Gao L, Hu Y, Liu J, Du G, Zhou J, Chen J. Stepwise metabolic engineering of Gluconobacter oxydans WSH-003 for the direct production of 2-keto-l-gulonic acid from d-sorbitol. Metab Eng 2014; 24:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhang R, Zhang B, Xu Y, Li Y, Li M, Liang H, Xiao R. Efficicent (R)-phenylethanol production with enantioselectivity-alerted (S)-carbonyl reductase II and NADPH regeneration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83586. [PMID: 24358299 PMCID: PMC3866161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The NADPH-dependent (S)-carbonyl reductaseII from Candida parapsilosis catalyzes acetophenone to chiral phenylethanol in a very low yield of 3.2%. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to design two mutants Ala220Asp and Glu228Ser, inside or adjacent to the substrate-binding pocket. Both mutations caused a significant enantioselectivity shift toward (R)-phenylethanol in the reduction of acetophenone. The variant E228S produced (R)-phenylethanol with an optical purity above 99%, in 80.2% yield. The E228S mutation resulted in a 4.6-fold decrease in the K M value, but nearly 5-fold and 21-fold increases in the k cat and k cat/K M values with respect to the wild type. For NADPH regeneration, Bacillus sp. YX-1 glucose dehydrogenase was introduced into the (R)-phenylethanol pathway. A coexpression system containing E228S and glucose dehydrogenase was constructed. The system was optimized by altering the coding gene order on the plasmid and using the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the aligned spacing sequence as a linker between them. The presence of glucose dehydrogenase increased the NADPH concentration slightly and decreased NADP(+) pool 2- to 4-fold; the NADPH/NADP(+) ratio was improved 2- to 5-fold. The recombinant Escherichia coli/pET-MS-SD-AS-G, with E228S located upstream and glucose dehydrogenase downstream, showed excellent performance, giving (R)-phenylethanol of an optical purity of 99.5 % in 92.2% yield in 12 h in the absence of an external cofactor. When 0.06 mM NADP(+) was added at the beginning of the reaction, the reaction duration was reduced to 1 h. Optimization of the coexpression system stimulated an over 30-fold increase in the yield of (R)-phenylethanol, and simultaneously reduced the reaction time 48-fold compared with the wild-type enzyme. This report describes possible mechanisms for alteration of the enantiopreferences of carbonyl reductases by site mutation, and cofactor rebalancing pathways for efficient chiral alcohols production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Botao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Yaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory for Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
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Bernasconi L, Baerends EJ. A Frontier Orbital Study with ab Initio Molecular Dynamics of the Effects of Solvation on Chemical Reactivity: Solvent-Induced Orbital Control in FeO-Activated Hydroxylation Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:8857-67. [DOI: 10.1021/ja311144d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bernasconi
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX,
United Kingdom
| | - Evert Jan Baerends
- Theoretical
Chemistry Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081
HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- WCU program at Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang
790-784, South Korea
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty
of Science, King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Photosynthetic electron partitioning between [FeFe]-hydrogenase and ferredoxin:NADP+-oxidoreductase (FNR) enzymes in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:9396-401. [PMID: 21606330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103659108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic water splitting, coupled to hydrogenase-catalyzed hydrogen production, is considered a promising clean, renewable source of energy. It is widely accepted that the oxygen sensitivity of hydrogen production, combined with competition between hydrogenases and NADPH-dependent carbon dioxide fixation are the main limitations for its commercialization. Here we provide evidence that, under the anaerobic conditions that support hydrogen production, there is a significant loss of photosynthetic electrons toward NADPH production in vitro. To elucidate the basis for competition, we bioengineered a ferredoxin-hydrogenase fusion and characterized hydrogen production kinetics in the presence of Fd, ferredoxin:NADP(+)-oxidoreductase (FNR), and NADP(+). Replacing the hydrogenase with a ferredoxin-hydrogenase fusion switched the bias of electron transfer from FNR to hydrogenase and resulted in an increased rate of hydrogen photoproduction. These results suggest a new direction for improvement of biohydrogen production and a means to further resolve the mechanisms that control partitioning of photosynthetic electron transport.
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Bernasconi L, Belanzoni P, Baerends EJ. An abiotic analogue of the diiron(iv)oxo “diamond core” of soluble methane monooxygenase generated by direct activation of O2 in aqueous Fe(ii)/EDTA solutions: thermodynamics and electronic structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:15272-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21244c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Oppenheimer M, Pierce BS, Crawford JA, Ray K, Helm RF, Sobrado P. Recombinant expression, purification, and characterization of ThmD, the oxidoreductase component of tetrahydrofuran monooxygenase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 496:123-31. [PMID: 20159007 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrofuran monooxygenase (Thm) catalyzes the NADH-and oxygen-dependent hydroxylation of tetrahydrofuran to 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran. Thm is composed of a hydroxylase enzyme, a regulatory subunit, and an oxidoreductase named ThmD. ThmD was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion to maltose-binding protein (MBP) and isolated to homogeneity after removal of the MBP. Purified ThmD contains covalently bound FAD, [2Fe-2S] center, and was shown to use ferricyanide, cytochrome c, 2,6-dichloroindophenol, and to a lesser extent, oxygen as surrogate electron acceptors. ThmD displays 160-fold preference for NADH over NADPH and functions as a monomer. The flavin-binding domain of ThmD (ThmD-FD) was purified and characterized. ThmD-FD displayed similar activity as the full-length ThmD and showed a unique flavin spectrum with a major peak at 463nm and a small peak at 396 nm. Computational modeling and mutagenesis analyses suggest a novel three-dimensional fold or covalent flavin attachment in ThmD.
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Lu P, Feng MG. Bifunctional enhancement of a β-glucanase-xylanase fusion enzyme by optimization of peptide linkers. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:579-87. [PMID: 18415095 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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Bailey LJ, Elsen NL, Pierce BS, Fox BG. Soluble expression and purification of the oxidoreductase component of toluene 4-monooxygenase. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 57:9-16. [PMID: 17964805 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toluene 4-monooxygenase (T4MO) is a member of the bacterial multicomponent monooxygenases, an enzyme family that utilizes a soluble diiron hydroxylase to oxidize a variety of hydrocarbons as the initial step in their metabolism. The hydroxylases obtain reducing equivalents from NAD(P)H via an electron transfer chain that is initiated by an oxidoreductase containing an N-terminal ferredoxin domain and C-terminal flavin- and NAD-binding domains. T4moF, the NADH oxidoreductase of T4MO, was expressed as a soluble protein in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) from the pUC-derived expression vector pRS205. This vector contains a lac promoter instead of a T7 promoter. A three step purification from the soluble cell lysate yielded approximately 1 mg of T4moF per gram of wet cell paste with greater than 90% purity. The purified protein contained 1 mol of FAD and 2 mol of Fe per mol of T4moF; quantitative EPR spectroscopy showed approximately 1 mol of the S=1/2 signal from the reduced [2Fe-2S] cluster per mol of T4moF. Steady state kinetic analysis of p-cresol formation activity treating T4moF as the variable substrate while all other proteins and substrates were held constant gave apparent K(M-) and apparent k(cat)-values of 0.15 microM and 3.0 s(-1), respectively. This expression system and purification allows for the recovery of the soluble oxidoreductase in yields that facilitate further biochemical and structural characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Bailey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
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Haque MM, Panda K, Tejero J, Aulak KS, Fadlalla MA, Mustovich AT, Stuehr DJ. A connecting hinge represses the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:9254-9. [PMID: 17517617 PMCID: PMC1890481 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700332104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) has the weakest activity, being one-tenth and one-sixth as active as the inducible NOS (iNOS) and the neuronal NOS (nNOS), respectively. The basis for this weak activity is unclear. We hypothesized that a hinge element that connects the FMN module in the reductase domain but is shorter and of unique composition in eNOS may be involved. To test this hypothesis, we generated an eNOS chimera that contained the nNOS hinge and two mutants that either eliminated (P728IeNOS) or incorporated (I958PnNOS) a proline residue unique to the eNOS hinge. Incorporating the nNOS hinge into eNOS increased NO synthesis activity 4-fold, to an activity two-thirds that of nNOS. It also decreased uncoupled NADPH oxidation, increased the apparent K(m)O(2) for NO synthesis, and caused a faster heme reduction. Eliminating the hinge proline had similar, but lesser, effects. Our findings reveal that the hinge is an important regulator and show that differences in its composition restrict the activity of eNOS relative to other NOS enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahfuzul Haque
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Koustubh Panda
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Jesús Tejero
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Kulwant S. Aulak
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Mohammed Adam Fadlalla
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Anthony T. Mustovich
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Dennis J. Stuehr
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Novozymes, Inc., 1445 Drew Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, Phone: (530) 757-8138. Fax: (530) 757-4718., E-mail:
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