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Li Y, Ren M, Wang X, Cui X, Zhao H, Zhao C, Zhou J, Guo Y, Hu Y, Yan C, Berk B, Wang J. Glutaredoxin 1 mediates the protective effect of steady laminar flow on endothelial cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via inhibiting Bim. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15539. [PMID: 29138498 PMCID: PMC5686153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell apoptosis induced by oxidative stress is an early event in the development of atherosclerosis. Several antioxidant enzymes which can cope with oxidative stress are up-regulated by the anti-atherogenic laminar blood flow often seen in straight or unbranched regions of blood vessels. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for flow-induced beneficial effects is incompletely understood. Here we report the role of glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1), an antioxidant enzyme, in flow-mediated protective effect in endothelial cells. Specifically, we found that Grx1 is markedly up-regulated by the steady laminar flow. Increasing Grx1 reduces the pro-apoptotic protein Bim expression through regulating Akt-FoxO1 signaling and also attenuates H2O2-induced Bim activation via inhibiting JNK phosphorylation, subsequently preventing the apoptosis of endothelial cells. Grx1 knockdown abolishes the inhibitory effect of steady laminar flow on Bim. The inhibitory effect of Grx1 on Bim is dependent on Grx1's thioltransferase activity. These findings indicate that Grx1 induction plays a key role in mediating the protective effect of laminar blood flow and suggest that Grx1 may be a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Meng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University school of medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xingxing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Chuanrong Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Yi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Chen Yan
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Bradford Berk
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
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2
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du ZQ. BAX, a novel cell pro-apoptotic protein, involved in hemocytes early antiviral immune response in fresh water crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:384-392. [PMID: 27291352 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in various biological processes and acts as a host defending mechanism by which infected cells are eliminated to restrict the virus propagation scale. Bax is a crucial pro-apoptotic protein, which mediates the release of cytochrome c from mitochondrion to cytosol in mammalian. However, its role in invertebrate is still obscure. Here, a novel pro-apoptotic protein gene was identified from hemocytes of red swamp crayfish. There was a Bcl-2 domain in the C-terminus of Pc-Bax, which possessed 497 amino acids residues. And an important transmembrane region existed in the C-terminus of Pc-Bax, which implied that Pc-Bax located in mitochondrial membrane. Besides, Pc-Bax was expressed at a relative high level in hemocytes, and a relative low expression levels in hepatopancreas, gills, and intestine. In hemocytes, Pc-Bax transcript was rapidly up-regulated from 12 h to 36 h after WSSV infection. And there was the same trend for Pc-Bax protein expression level in hemocytes after WSSV infection. Results of qRT-PCR testing for VP28 gene showed WSSV replication was obviously enhanced after Pc-Bax knockdown. Meantime, hemocytes apoptosis was suppressed in Pc-Bax knockdown crayfish after WSSV injection, compared with the dsGFP injection group and normal group. Taken together, these results revealed that crayfish hemocytes apoptosis scale was enhanced to suppress WSSV replication by up-regulating Bax protein expression level after WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang du
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 014010, China.
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3
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Clavier A, Rincheval-Arnold A, Mignotte B, Guénal I. [The comeback of mitochondria in Drosophila apoptosis]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:478-84. [PMID: 27225920 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163205014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the mitochondrion in mammalian cell apoptosis has been established since the mid-1990s. However, the importance of this organelle in non-mammalian apoptosis has long been regarded as minor, notably because of the absence of a crucial role for cytochrome c in caspase activation. Recent results indicate that the control of caspase activation and apoptosis in Drosophila cell death occurs at the mitochondrial level. Numerous proteins that appear key for Drosophila apoptosis regulation constitutively or transiently bind to mitochondria. They participate in the cell death process at different levels such as degradation of an IAP caspase inhibitor, production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species or stimulation of the mitochondrial fission machinery. The aim of this review is to take stock of these events that might have their counterpart in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Clavier
- Laboratoire de génétique et biologie cellulaire, université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, université Paris-Saclay, 2, avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France - Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire et physiologique, École pratique des hautes études, PSL research university, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Aurore Rincheval-Arnold
- Laboratoire de génétique et biologie cellulaire, université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, université Paris-Saclay, 2, avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Bernard Mignotte
- Laboratoire de génétique et biologie cellulaire, université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, université Paris-Saclay, 2, avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France - Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire et physiologique, École pratique des hautes études, PSL research university, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Isabelle Guénal
- Laboratoire de génétique et biologie cellulaire, université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, université Paris-Saclay, 2, avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
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4
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Clavier A, Rincheval-Arnold A, Colin J, Mignotte B, Guénal I. Apoptosis in Drosophila: which role for mitochondria? Apoptosis 2015; 21:239-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Huang L, Han J, Ben-Hail D, He L, Li B, Chen Z, Wang Y, Yang Y, Liu L, Zhu Y, Shoshan-Barmatz V, Liu H, Chen Q. A New Fungal Diterpene Induces VDAC1-dependent Apoptosis in Bax/Bak-deficient Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23563-78. [PMID: 26253170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.648774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The pro-apoptotic Bax and Bak proteins are considered central to apoptosis, yet apoptosis occurs in their absence. Here, we asked whether the mitochondrial protein VDAC1 mediates apoptosis independently of Bax/Bak. Upon screening a fungal secondary metabolite library for compounds inducing apoptosis in Bax/Bak-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we identified cyathin-R, a new cyathane diterpenoid compound able to activate apoptosis in the absence of Bax/Bak via promotion of the VDAC1 oligomerization that mediates cytochrome c release. Diphenylamine-2-carboxilic acid, an inhibitor of VDAC1 conductance and oligomerization, inhibited cyathin-R-induced VDAC1 oligomerization and apoptosis. Similarly, Bcl-2 overexpression conferred resistance to cyathin-R-induced apoptosis and VDAC1 oligomerization. Silencing of VDAC1 expression prevented cyathin-R-induced apoptosis. Finally, cyathin-R effectively attenuated tumor growth and induced apoptosis in Bax/Bak-deficient cells implanted into a xenograft mouse model. Hence, this study identified a new compound promoting VDAC1-dependent apoptosis as a potential therapeutic option for cancerous cells lacking or presenting inactivated Bax/Bak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junjie Han
- the State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Danya Ben-Hail
- the Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, and
| | - Luwei He
- the State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baowei Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ziheng Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yueying Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanlei Yang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yushan Zhu
- the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
| | - Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- the Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, and
| | - Hongwei Liu
- the State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,
| | - Quan Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,
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6
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Piantino CB, Reis ST, Viana NI, Silva IA, Morais DR, Antunes AA, Dip N, Srougi M, Leite KR. Prima-1 induces apoptosis in bladder cancer cell lines by activating p53. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:297-303. [PMID: 23644847 PMCID: PMC3611750 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(03)oa03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bladder cancer represents 3% of all carcinomas in the Brazilian population and ranks second in incidence among urological tumors, after prostate cancer. The loss of p53 function is the main genetic alteration related to the development of high-grade muscle-invasive disease. Prima-1 is a small molecule that restores tumor suppressor function to mutant p53 and induces cancer cell death in various cancer types. Our aim was to investigate the ability of Prima-1 to induce apoptosis after DNA damage in bladder cancer cell lines. METHOD The therapeutic effect of Prima-1 was studied in two bladder cancer cell lines: T24, which is characterized by a p53 mutation, and RT4, which is the wild-type for the p53 gene. Morphological features of apoptosis induced by p53, including mitochondrial membrane potential changes and the expression of thirteen genes involved in apoptosis, were assessed by microscopic observation and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Prima-1 was able to reactivate p53 function in the T24 (p53 mt) bladder cancer cell line and promote apoptosis via the induction of Bax and Puma expression, activation of the caspase cascade and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane in a BAK-independent manner. CONCLUSION Prima-1 is able to restore the transcriptional activity of p53. Experimental studies in vivo may be conducted to test this molecule as a new therapeutic agent for urothelial carcinomas of the bladder, which characteristically harbor p53 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila B Piantino
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Urology Department - LIM55, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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7
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that serves as a major mechanism for the precise regulation of cell numbers, and as a defense mechanism to remove unwanted and potentially dangerous cells. Studies in nematode, Drosophila and mammals have shown that, although regulation of the cell death machinery is somehow different from one species to another, it is controlled by homologous proteins and involves mitochondria. In mammals, activation of caspases (cysteine proteases that are the main executioners of apoptosis) is under the tight control of the Bcl-2 family proteins, named in reference to the first discovered mammalian cell death regulator. These proteins mainly act by regulating the release of caspases activators from mitochondria. Although for a long time the absence of mitochondrial changes was considered as a hallmark of apoptosis, mitochondria appear today as the central executioner of apoptosis. In this chapter, we present the current view on the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis with a particular attention to new aspects of the regulation of the Bcl-2 proteins family control of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization: the mechanisms implicated in their mitochondrial targeting and activation during apoptosis, the function(s) of the oncosuppressive protein p53 at the mitochondria and the role of the processes of mitochondrial fusion and fission.
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8
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Ni B, Ma Q, Li B, Zhao L, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Chen Q. Phenylarsine Oxide Induces Apoptosis in Bax- and Bak-Deficient Cells through Upregulation of Bim. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:140-51. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Wu JN, Nguyen N, Aghazarian M, Tan Y, Sevrioukov EA, Mabuchi M, Tang W, Monserrate JP, White K, Brachmann CB. grim promotes programmed cell death of Drosophila microchaete glial cells. Mech Dev 2010; 127:407-17. [PMID: 20558283 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) antagonists Reaper (Rpr), Grim and Hid are central regulators of developmental apoptosis in Drosophila. Ectopic expression of each is sufficient to trigger apoptosis, and hid and rpr have been shown to be important for programmed cell death (PCD). To investigate the role for grim in PCD, a grim null mutant was generated. grim was not a key proapoptotic gene for embryonic PCD, confirming that grim cooperates with rpr and hid in embryogenesis. In contrast, PCD of glial cells in the microchaete lineage required grim, identifying a death process dependent upon endogenous grim. Grim associates with mitochondria and has been shown to activate a mitochondrial death pathway distinct from IAP antagonization; therefore, the Drosophila bcl-2 genes buffy and debcl were investigated for genetic interaction with grim. Loss of buffy led to microchaete glial cell survival and suppressed death in the eye induced by ectopic Grim. This is the first example of a developmental PCD process influenced by buffy, and places buffy in a proapoptotic role. PCD of microchaete glial cells represents an exceptional opportunity to study the mitochondrial proapoptotic process induced by Grim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie N Wu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA
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10
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Abstract
Mitochondria play key roles in activating apoptosis in mammalian cells. Bcl-2 family members regulate the release of proteins from the space between the mitochondrial inner and outer membrane that, once in the cytosol, activate caspase proteases that dismantle cells and signal efficient phagocytosis of cell corpses. Here we review the extensive literature on proteins released from the intermembrane space and consider genetic evidence for and against their roles in apoptosis activation. We also compare and contrast apoptosis pathways in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and mammals that indicate major mysteries remaining to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxin Wang
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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11
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Lin N, Zhang C, Pang J, Zhou L. By design or by chance: cell death during Drosophila embryogenesis. Apoptosis 2009; 14:935-42. [PMID: 19466551 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell death plays an essential role during Drosophila embryogenesis. However, it remains an enigma as to what mechanisms determine (or select) the specific cells to be eliminated at a particular developmental stage. Is it mostly dependent on the lineage of the cell, signifying genetic predetermination, or is it due to the failure of a cell to compete for growth factors, which is more or less by chance? Recent developments in studying the molecular mechanism of cell death during Drosophila embryogenesis has provided much insight into our understanding of the relative importance of, and the interaction between, these two mechanisms in shaping the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianwei Lin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0232, USA
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12
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Bryant B, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Santos CP, Clem RJ, Zhou L. A lepidopteran orthologue of reaper reveals functional conservation and evolution of IAP antagonists. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 18:341-351. [PMID: 19523066 PMCID: PMC2926934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies in Drosophila melanogaster have revealed that inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins and IAP antagonists such as reaper play a pivotal role in controlling cell death in insects. Interestingly, although the sequences and structures of IAPs are highly conserved, the sequence of IAP antagonists diverged very rapidly during evolution, making their identification difficult. Using a customized bioinformatics approach, we identified an IAP antagonist, IAP-binding motif 1 (Ibm1), from the genome of the silkworm Bombyx mori. This is the first reaper/grim orthologue identified in a nondipteran insect. Previous analysis indicated that both Reaper and Grim induce cell death through their N-terminal IBM as well as the Grim_helix3 (GH3) domain. Functional studies indicated that Ibm1 binds to an IAP protein from B. mori, BmIAP1, and induces apoptosis in insect cells via the IAP-binding motif, a seven amino acid sequence that is highly conserved in all IAP antagonists. Interestingly, Ibm1 also contains a region that is a statistically significant match to the GH3 domain. Mutational analysis indicated that the GH3-like motif in Ibm1 has an important supportive role in IAP-antagonist function and can trigger cell death under certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Bryant
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology & UF Shands Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida. Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology & UF Shands Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida. Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Carl P. Santos
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology & UF Shands Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida. Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Rollie J. Clem
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology & UF Shands Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida. Gainesville, FL 32610
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Abstract
Nanocrystalline semi-conductor materials, called quantum dots (QDs), exhibit unique optical and spectroscopic properties, which include, broad absorption, narrow and tunable emission, resistance to photobleaching, strong luminescence, and long luminescent lifetimes. These remarkable properties of QDs have resulted in their use as an alternative to both small-molecule and protein fluorophores in innumerable biological applications. The overlap of QDs with the rich chemistry and biology that is characteristic of the peptide arena is an emerging research area. Peptides engineered with appropriate cysteines or histidines have served as ligands for producing water soluble QDs as well as for tagging protein ligands and biosensors to QD surfaces. Incorporation of cell-penetrating peptides on QD surfaces has allowed for the translocation of functionalized QDs into cells for intracellular imaging applications. QDs containing fluorescently labeled peptide substrates have shown utility in the development of novel protease assays. Moreover, QDs-labeled peptides that serve as ligands for cellular receptors provide an alternative to antibody mediated imaging at the whole-cell and single molecule level to study receptor distribution and trafficking. This review highlights the overlap between QD and peptide chemistry and speculates on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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14
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Abstract
Cell death plays many roles during development, in the adult, and in the genesis of many pathological states. Much of this death is apoptotic in nature and requires the activity of members of the caspase family of proteases. It is now possible uniquely in Drosophila to carry out genetic screens for genes that determine the fate-life or death-of any population of cells during development and adulthood. This, in conjunction with the ability to obtain biochemical quantities of material, has made Drosophila a useful organism for exploring the mechanisms by which apoptosis is carried out and regulated. This review summarizes our knowledge of caspase-dependent cell death in Drosophila and compares that knowledge with what is known in worms and mammals. We also discuss the significance of recent work showing that a number of key cell death activators also play nonapoptotic roles. We highlight opportunities and outstanding questions along the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Hay
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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15
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Lei X, Chen Y, Du G, Yu W, Wang X, Qu H, Xia B, He H, Mao J, Zong W, Liao X, Mehrpour M, Hao X, Chen Q. Gossypol induces Bax/Bak-independent activation of apoptosis and cytochrome c release via a conformational change in Bcl-2. FASEB J 2006; 20:2147-9. [PMID: 16935937 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5665fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cells without Bak and Bax are largely resistant to apoptosis, despite the presence of other key components of the apoptotic machinery. We screened 7,800 natural compounds and found several that could specifically induce caspase activation and the release of cytochrome c (cyto c) in the bak(-/-)/bax(-/-) cells. One of these was gossypol, a polyphenolic compound naturally found in cottonseed that has been used in antifertility trials. We found that gossypol, but not other Bcl-2-interacting molecules, induced cyto c release and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi m) independently of mPTP and Bak/Bax activation. Furthermore, we found that gossypol induced an allosteric change in Bcl-2 in both bak(-/-)/bax(-/-) cells and Bcl-2 overexpressing cells. This change in Bcl-2 conformation led to the release of cyto c in the presence of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL in reconstituted proteoliposomes. We also observed that gossypol substantially reduced the growth of tumor xenografts from Bcl-2 overexpressing cells in nude mice. We conclude that gossypol converts the antiapoptotic molecule Bcl-2 into a proapoptotic molecule that can mediate the release of cyto c and induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Lei
- The Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bei Si Huan Xi Road 25, Haidian District, Beijing 100080, PR China
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16
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Kiessling S, Green DR. Cell survival and proliferation in Drosophila S2 cells following apoptotic stress in the absence of the APAF-1 homolog, ARK, or downstream caspases. Apoptosis 2006; 11:497-507. [PMID: 16532275 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-5341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila, the APAF-1 homolog ARK is required for the activation of the initiator caspase DRONC, which in turn cleaves the effector caspases DRICE and DCP-1. While the function of ARK is important in stress-induced apoptosis in Drosophila S2 cells, as its removal completely suppresses cell death, the decision to undergo apoptosis appears to be regulated at the level of caspase activation, which is controlled by the IAP proteins, particularly DIAP1. Here, we further dissect the apoptotic pathways induced in Drosophila S2 cells in response to stressors and in response to knock-down of DIAP1. We found that the induction of apoptosis was dependent in each case on expression of ARK and DRONC and surviving cells continued to proliferate. We noted a difference in the effects of silencing the executioner caspases DCP-1 and DRICE; knock-down of either or both of these had dramatic effects to sustain cell survival following depletion of DIAP1, but had only minor effects following cellular stress. Our results suggest that the executioner caspases are essential for death following DIAP1 knock-down, indicating that the initiator caspase DRONC may lack executioner functions. The apparent absence of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) in Drosophila apoptosis may permit the cell to thrive when caspase activation is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kiessling
- Division of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California, USA
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhou
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Shands Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Corresponding author: L Zhou, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Shands Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. Tel: +1-352-392-6079; Fax: +1-352-392-5802; E-mail:
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Kornbluth S, White K. Apoptosis in Drosophila: neither fish nor fowl (nor man, nor worm). J Cell Sci 2005; 118:1779-87. [PMID: 15860727 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in a wide variety of organisms have produced a general model for the induction of apoptosis in which multiple signaling pathways lead ultimately to activation of the caspase family of proteases. Once activated, these enzymes cleave key cellular substrates to promote the orderly dismantling of dying cells. A broad similarity exists in the cell death pathways operating in different organisms and there is a clear evolutionary conservation of apoptotic regulators such as caspases, Bcl-2 family members, inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, IAP antagonists and caspase activators. Despite this, studies in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila and vertebrates have revealed some apparent differences both in the way apoptosis is regulated and in the way individual molecules contribute to the propagation of the death signal. For example, whereas cytochrome c released from mitochondria clearly promotes caspase activation in vertebrates, there is no documented role for cytochrome c in C. elegans apoptosis and its role in Drosophila is highly controversial. In addition, the apoptotic potency of IAP antagonists appears to be greater in Drosophila than in vertebrates, indicating that IAPs may be of different relative importance in different organisms. Thus, although Drosophila, worms and humans share a host of apoptotic regulators, the way in which they function may not be identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Kornbluth
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Rozenzhak SM, Kadakia MP, Caserta TM, Westbrook TR, Stone MO, Naik RR. Cellular internalization and targeting of semiconductor quantum dots. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:2217-9. [PMID: 15856101 DOI: 10.1039/b418454h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-mediated internalization and organelle targeting of quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Rozenzhak
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
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Tait SWG, Werner AB, de Vries E, Borst J. Mechanism of action of Drosophila Reaper in mammalian cells: Reaper globally inhibits protein synthesis and induces apoptosis independent of mitochondrial permeability. Cell Death Differ 2005; 11:800-11. [PMID: 15044965 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Reaper can bind inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) and thereby rescue caspases from proteasomal degradation. In insect cells, this is sufficient to induce apoptosis. Reaper can also induce apoptosis in mammalian cells, in which caspases need to be activated, usually via the mitochondrial pathway. Nevertheless, we find that Reaper efficiently induces apoptosis in mammalian cells in the absence of mitochondrial permeabilisation and cytochrome c release. Moreover, this capacity was only marginally affected by deletion of Reaper's amino-terminal IAP-binding motif. Independent of this motif, Reaper could globally suppress protein synthesis. Deletion of 20 amino acids from the carboxy-terminus of Reaper fully abrogated its potential to inhibit protein synthesis and to induce apoptosis in the absence of IAP-binding. Our findings indicate that the newly identified capacity of Reaper to suppress protein translation can operate in mammalian cells and may be key to its pro-apoptotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W G Tait
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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