1
|
Poon CLC, Brumby AM, Richardson HE. Src Cooperates with Oncogenic Ras in Tumourigenesis via the JNK and PI3K Pathways in Drosophila epithelial Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061585. [PMID: 29861494 PMCID: PMC6032059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras oncogene (Rat Sarcoma oncogene, a small GTPase) is a key driver of human cancer, however alone it is insufficient to produce malignancy, due to the induction of cell cycle arrest or senescence. In a Drosophila melanogaster genetic screen for genes that cooperate with oncogenic Ras (bearing the RasV12 mutation, or RasACT), we identified the Drosophila Src (Sarcoma virus oncogene) family non-receptor tyrosine protein kinase genes, Src42A and Src64B, as promoting increased hyperplasia in a whole epithelial tissue context in the Drosophila eye. Moreover, overexpression of Src cooperated with RasACT in epithelial cell clones to drive neoplastic tumourigenesis. We found that Src overexpression alone activated the Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) signalling pathway to promote actin cytoskeletal and cell polarity defects and drive apoptosis, whereas, in cooperation with RasACT, JNK led to a loss of differentiation and an invasive phenotype. Src + RasACT cooperative tumourigenesis was dependent on JNK as well as Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) signalling, suggesting that targeting these pathways might provide novel therapeutic opportunities in cancers dependent on Src and Ras signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carole L C Poon
- Cell Cycle and Development lab, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Anthony M Brumby
- Cell Cycle and Development lab, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Helena E Richardson
- Cell Cycle and Development lab, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sánchez-Bailón MP, Calcabrini A, Mayoral-Varo V, Molinari A, Wagner KU, Losada JP, Ciordia S, Albar JP, Martín-Pérez J. Cyr61 as mediator of Src signaling in triple negative breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13520-38. [PMID: 25980494 PMCID: PMC4537031 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SFKs are involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Here we analyzed c-Src contribution to initial steps of metastasis by tetracycline-dependent expression of a specific shRNA-c-Src, which suppressed c-Src mRNA and protein levels in metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells. c-Src suppression did not alter cell proliferation or survival, but it significantly reduced anchorage-independent growth. Concomitantly with diminished tyrosine-phosphorylation/activation of Fak, caveolin-1, paxillin and p130CAS, c-Src depletion also inhibited cellular migration, invasion and transendothelial migration. Quantitative proteomic analyses of the secretome showed that Cyr61 levels, which were detected in the exosomal fraction, were diminished upon shRNA-c-Src expression. In contrast, Cyr61 expression was unaltered inside cells. Cyr61 partially colocalized with cis-Golgi gp74 marker and with exosomal marker CD63, but c-Src depletion did not alter their cellular distribution. In SUM159PT cells, transient c-Src suppression also reduced secreted exosomal Cyr61 levels. Furthermore, conditional expression of a c-Src dominant negative mutant (SrcDN, c-Src-K295M/Y527F) in MDA-MB-231 and in SUM159PT diminished secreted Cyr61 as well. Cyr61 transient suppression in MDA-MB-231 inhibited invasion and transendothelial migration. Finally, in both MDA-MB-231 and SUM159PT, a neutralizing Cyr61 antibody restrained migration. Collectively, these results suggest that c-Src regulates secreted proteins, including the exosomal Cyr61, which are involved in modulating the metastatic potential of triple negative breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Pilar Sánchez-Bailón
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas A. Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Annarica Calcabrini
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas A. Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain.,Dipartimento Tecnologie e Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy
| | - Víctor Mayoral-Varo
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas A. Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Agnese Molinari
- Dipartimento Tecnologie e Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy
| | - Kay-Uwe Wagner
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
| | - Jesús Pérez Losada
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CSIC/USAL), Campus Unamuno, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Servicio de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Albar
- Servicio de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Jorge Martín-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas A. Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ghanem T, Bracken J, Kasem A, Jiang WG, Mokbel K. mRNA expression of DOK1-6 in human breast cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:156-163. [PMID: 24829863 PMCID: PMC4014788 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i2.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the expression of downstream of tyrosine kinase (DOK)1-6 genes in normal and breast cancer tissue and correlated this with several clinico-pathological and prognostic factors.
METHODS: DOK1-6 mRNA extraction and reverse transcription were performed on fresh frozen breast cancer tissue samples (n = 112) and normal background breast tissue (n = 31). Tissues were collected between 1991 and 1996 at two centres and all patients underwent mastectomy and ipsilateral axillary node dissection. All tissues were randomly numbered and the details were only made known after all analyses were completed. Transcript levels of expression were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction and analyzed against TNM stage, tumour grade and clinical outcome over a 10-year follow-up period.
RESULTS: DOK-2 and DOK-6 expression decreased with increasing TNM stage. DOK-6 expression decreased with increasing Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) [NPI-1 vs NPI-3 (mean copy number 15.4 vs 0.22, 95%CI: 2.7-27.6, P = 0.018) and NPI-2 vs NPI-3 (mean copy number 7.6 vs 0.22, 95%CI: 0.1-14.6, P = 0.048)]. After a median follow up period of 10 years, higher levels of DOK-2 expression were found among patients who remained disease-free compared to those who developed local or distant recurrence (mean copy number 3.94 vs 0.0000096, 95%CI: 1.0-6.85, P = 0.0091), and distant recurrence (mean copy number 3.94 vs 0.0025, 95%CI: 1.0-6.84, P = 0.0092). Patients who remained disease-free had higher levels of DOK-6 expression compared to those who died from breast cancer.
CONCLUSION: Decreasing expression levels of DOK-2 and DOK-6 with increased breast tumour progression supports the notion that DOK-2 and DOK-6 behave as tumour suppressors in human breast cancer.
Collapse
|
4
|
Shahar S, Hillman P, Lubart R, Ickowicz D, Breitbart H. Activation of sperm EGFR by light irradiation is mediated by reactive oxygen species. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1077-83. [PMID: 24724551 DOI: 10.1111/php.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To acquire fertilization competence, spermatozoa must undergo several biochemical and motility changes in the female reproductive tract, collectively called capacitation. Actin polymerization and the development of hyperactivated motility (HAM) are part of the capacitation process. In a recent study, we showed that irradiation of human sperm with visible light stimulates HAM through a mechanism involving reactive-oxygen-species (ROS), Ca(2+) influx, protein kinases A (PKA), and sarcoma protein kinase (Src). Here, we showed that this effect of light on HAM is mediated by ROS-dependent activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Interestingly, ROS-mediated HAM even when the EGFR was activated by EGF, the physiological ligand of EGFR. Light irradiation stimulated ROS-dependent actin polymerization, and this effect was abrogated by PBP10, a peptide which activates the actin-severing protein, gelsolin, and causes actin-depolymerization in human sperm. Light-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Src-dependent gelsolin, resulting in enhanced HAM. Thus, light irradiation stimulates HAM through a mechanism involving Src-mediated actin polymerization. Light-stimulated HAM and in vitro-fertilization (IVF) rate in mouse sperm, and these effects were mediated by ROS and EGFR. In conclusion, we show here that irradiation of sperm with visible light, enhances their fertilization capacity via a mechanism requiring ROS, EGFR and HAM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Shahar
- The Mina & Everard Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nunes-Xavier CE, Martín-Pérez J, Elson A, Pulido R. Protein tyrosine phosphatases as novel targets in breast cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:211-26. [PMID: 23756181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is linked to hyperactivation of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), and recent studies have unveiled that selective tyrosine dephosphorylation by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) of specific substrates, including PTKs, may activate or inactivate oncogenic pathways in human breast cancer cell growth-related processes. Here, we review the current knowledge on the involvement of PTPs in breast cancer, as major regulators of breast cancer therapy-targeted PTKs, such as HER1/EGFR, HER2/Neu, and Src. The functional interplay between PTKs and PTK-activating or -inactivating PTPs, and its implications in novel breast cancer therapies based on targeting of specific PTPs, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Nunes-Xavier
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital de Cruces, Plaza Cruces s/n, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Olsson M, Zhivotovsky B. Caspases and cancer. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:1441-9. [PMID: 21455218 PMCID: PMC3178435 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Evasion of apoptosis is considered to be one of the hallmarks of human cancers. This cell death modality is executed by caspases and several upstream regulatory factors, which direct their proteolytic activity, have been defined as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes. Often these regulatory factors, in addition to being potent apoptosis inducers, function in cell survival or repair signaling pathways in response to cellular stress. Thus, loss of function in a distinct regulatory mechanism does not necessarily mean that tumor formation is due to apoptosis malfunction resulting from insufficient caspase activation. Although each caspase has been assigned a distinct role in apoptosis, some redundancy with respect to their regulatory functions and substrate recognition is evident. Jointly, these proteases could be considered to possess solid tumor suppressor function, but what is the evidence that deregulation of specific caspases per se induces inappropriate cell survival, leading to enhanced tumorigenic potential? This question will be addressed in this review, which covers basic molecular mechanisms derived from in vitro analyses and emphasizes new insights that have emerged from in vivo and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Olsson
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Zhivotovsky
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bjorge JD, Pang AS, Funnell M, Chen KY, Diaz R, Magliocco AM, Fujita DJ. Simultaneous siRNA targeting of Src and downstream signaling molecules inhibit tumor formation and metastasis of a human model breast cancer cell line. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19309. [PMID: 21541295 PMCID: PMC3082570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Src and signaling molecules downstream of Src, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and cMyc, have been implicated in the development, maintenance and/or progression of several types of human cancers, including breast cancer. Here we report the ability of siRNA-mediated Src knock-down alone, and simultaneous knock-down of Src and Stat3 and/or cMyc to inhibit the neoplastic phenotype of a highly metastatic human model breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-435S, a widely used model for breast cancer research. Methodology/Results Src and its downstream signaling partners were specifically targeted and knocked-down using siRNA. Changes in the growth properties of the cultured cancer cells/tumors were documented using assays that included anchorage-dependent and -independent (in soft agar) cell growth, apoptosis, and both primary and metastatic tumor growth in the mouse tumor model. siRNA-mediated Src knock-down alone, and simultaneous knock-down of Src and Stat3 and/or cMyc inhibited the neoplastic phenotype of a highly metastatic human model breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-435S. This knock-down resulted in reduced growth in monolayer and soft agar cultures, and a reduced ability to form primary tumors in NOD/SCID mice. In addition, direct intra-tumoral injection of siRNAs targeting these signaling molecules resulted in a substantial inhibition of tumor metastases as well as of primary tumor growth. Simultaneous knock-down of Src and Stat3, and/or Myc exhibited the greatest effects resulting in substantial inhibition of primary tumor growth and metastasis. Conclusions/Significance These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of simultaneous targeting of Src and the downstream signaling partners Stat3 and/or cMyc to inhibit the growth and oncogenic properties of a human cancer cell line. This knowledge may be very useful in the development of future therapeutic approaches involving targeting of specific genes products involved in tumor growth and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Bjorge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andy S. Pang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melanie Funnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ke Yun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roman Diaz
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anthony M. Magliocco
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Donald J. Fujita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Thomas S, Overdevest JB, Nitz MD, Williams PD, Owens CR, Sanchez-Carbayo M, Frierson HF, Schwartz MA, Theodorescu D. Src and caveolin-1 reciprocally regulate metastasis via a common downstream signaling pathway in bladder cancer. Cancer Res 2010; 71:832-41. [PMID: 21148751 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In bladder cancer, increased caveolin-1 (Cav-1) expression and decreased Src expression and kinase activity correlate with tumor aggressiveness. Here, we investigate the clinical and functional significance, if any, of this reciprocal expression in bladder cancer metastasis. We evaluated the ability of tumor Cav-1 and Src RNA and protein expression to predict outcome following cystectomy in 257 patients enrolled in two independent clinical studies. In both, high Cav-1 and low Src levels were associated with metastasis development. We overexpressed or depleted Cav-1 and Src protein levels in UMUC-3 and RT4 human bladder cancer cells and evaluated the effect of this on actin stress fibers, migration using Transwells, and lung metastasis following tail vein inoculation. Cav-1 depletion or expression of active Src in metastatic UMUC-3 cells decreases actin stress fibers, cell migration, and metastasis, while Cav-1 overexpression or Src depletion increased the migration of nonmetastatic RT4 cells. Biochemical studies indicated that Cav-1 mediates these effects via its phosphorylated form (pY14), whereas Src effects are mediated through phosphorylation of p190RhoGAP and these pathways converge to reduce activity of RhoA, RhoC, and Rho effector ROCK1. Treatment with a ROCK inhibitor reduced UMUC-3 lung metastasis in vivo, phenocopying the effect of Cav-1 depletion or expression of active Src. Src suppresses whereas Cav-1 promotes metastasis of bladder cancer through a pharmacologically tractable common downstream signaling pathway. Clinical evaluation of personalized therapy to suppress metastasis development based on Cav-1 and Src profiles seems warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shibu Thomas
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Src family tyrosine kinases-driven colon cancer cell invasion is induced by Csk membrane delocalization. Oncogene 2009; 29:1303-15. [PMID: 20010872 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinases of the Src family (SFK) are frequently deregulated in human colorectal cancer (CRC), and they have been implicated in tumour growth and metastasis. How SFK are activated in this cancer has not been clearly established. Here, we show that the SFK-dependent invasion is induced by inactivation of the negative regulator C-terminal Src kinase, Csk. While the level of Csk was inconsistent with SFK activity in colon cancer cells, its membrane translocation, needed for efficient regulation of membrane-localized SFK activity, was impaired. Accordingly, Csk downregulation did not affect SFK oncogenic activity in these cells, whereas expression of a membrane-localized form of this kinase affected their invasive activity. Downregulation of the transmembrane and rafts-localized Csk-binding protein/phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomain (PAG), was instrumental for the cytoplasmic accumulation of Csk. Re-expression of PAG in cells from late-stage CRC inhibited SFK invasive activity in a Csk-dependent manner. Conversely, inactivation of its residual expression in early-stage CRC cells promoted SFK invasive activity. Finally, this mechanism was specific to CRC as Csk coupling to SFK was readily detected in breast cancer cells. Therefore, Csk mis-localization defines a novel mechanism for SFK oncogenic activation in CRC cells.
Collapse
|
10
|
Src phosphorylation of RhoGDI2 regulates its metastasis suppressor function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:5807-12. [PMID: 19321744 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810094106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RhoGDI2 is a suppressor of metastasis in human bladder cancer. Although diminished RhoGDI2 expression in tumors is associated with decreased patient survival, normal expression in some metastatic tumors led us to wonder whether other mechanisms regulate RhoGDI2 function. Protein interaction analysis identified Src as a novel RhoGDI2 interaction partner. Gene expression profiling and immunohistochemistry of human tumors revealed that Src levels diminish as a function of bladder cancer stage. In addition, diminished Src levels and RhoGDI2 levels appear mutually exclusive in individual tumors, indicating that both genes are likely involved in the same signaling pathway leading to metastasis suppression. Studies confirmed that activated Src kinase binds and phosphorylates RhoGDI2 in vitro and vivo. Mutagenesis revealed that Tyr-153 and, to a lesser degree, Tyr-24 were the primary Src phosphorylation sites. Phosphorylation decreased the amount of Rac1 in RhoGDI2 complexes and increased RhoGDI2 association with cell membranes. Stable expression of phosphomimetic Tyr-153 RhoGDI2 in metastatic human bladder cancer cell lines had no effect on primary tumor growth but suppressed metastasis more potently than WT RhoGDI2. These data suggest that phosphorylation by Src enhances RhoGDI2 metastasis suppression and that loss of Src relieves metastasis suppression in tumor cells that maintain RhoGDI2 expression. Our findings also suggest caution in using Src inhibitors in the hope of delaying progression in patients with bladder cancer.
Collapse
|
11
|
Feres KJ, Ischenko I, Hayman MJ. The RON receptor tyrosine kinase promotes MSP-independent cell spreading and survival in breast epithelial cells. Oncogene 2008; 28:279-88. [PMID: 18836480 PMCID: PMC2628450 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The recepteur d’origne nantais (RON) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) in the scatter factor family, which includes the c-Met receptor. RON exhibits increased expression in a significant number of human breast cancer tissues as well as in many established breast cancer cell lines. Recent studies have indicated that in addition to ligand-dependent signaling events, RON also promotes signals in the absence of its only known ligand, the macrophage stimulating protein, when expressed in epithelial cells. In the current study, we found that when expressed in MCF-10A breast epithelial cells, RON exhibits both MSP-dependent and MSP-independent signaling, which lead to distinct biological outcomes. In the absence of MSP, RON signaling promotes cell survival, increased cell spreading and enhanced migration in response to other growth factors. However, both RON-mediated proliferation and migration require the addition of MSP in MCF-10A cells. Both MSP-dependent and MSP-independent signaling by RON is mediated in part by Src-family kinases. These data suggest that RON has two alternative modes of signaling that can contribute to oncogenic behavior in normal breast epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Feres
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nozawa H, Howell G, Suzuki S, Zhang Q, Qi Y, Klein-Seetharaman J, Wells A, Grandis JR, Thomas SM. Combined inhibition of PLC{gamma}-1 and c-Src abrogates epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma invasion. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4336-44. [PMID: 18594017 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mortality from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is usually associated with locoregional invasion of the tumor into vital organs, including the airway. Understanding the signaling mechanisms that abrogate HNSCC invasion may reveal novel therapeutic targets for intervention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of combined inhibition of c-Src and PLCgamma-1 in the abrogation of HNSCC invasion. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN PLCgamma-1 and c-Src inhibition was achieved by a combination of small molecule inhibitors and dominant negative approaches. The effect of inhibition of PLCgamma-1 and c-Src on invasion of HNSCC cells was assessed in an in vitro Matrigel-coated transwell invasion assay. In addition, the immunoprecipitation reactions and in silico database mining was used to examine the interactions between PLCgamma-1 and c-Src. RESULTS Here, we show that inhibition of PLCgamma-1 or c-Src with the PLC inhibitor U73122 or the Src family inhibitor AZD0530 or using dominant-negative constructs attenuated epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated HNSCC invasion. Furthermore, EGF stimulation increased the association between PLCgamma-1 and c-Src in HNSCC cells. Combined inhibition of PLCgamma-1 and c-Src resulted in further attenuation of HNSCC cell invasion in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These cumulative results suggest that PLCgamma-1 and c-Src activation contribute to HNSCC invasion downstream of EGF receptor and that targeting these pathways may be a novel strategy to prevent tumor invasion in HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nozawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Skhirtladze C, Distler O, Dees C, Akhmetshina A, Busch N, Venalis P, Zwerina J, Spriewald B, Pileckyte M, Schett G, Distler JHW. Src kinases in systemic sclerosis: Central roles in fibroblast activation and in skin fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:1475-84. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
14
|
Di Stefano P, Damiano L, Cabodi S, Aramu S, Tordella L, Praduroux A, Piva R, Cavallo F, Forni G, Silengo L, Tarone G, Turco E, Defilippi P. p140Cap protein suppresses tumour cell properties, regulating Csk and Src kinase activity. EMBO J 2007; 26:2843-55. [PMID: 17525734 PMCID: PMC1894765 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified p140Cap as a novel adaptor protein, expressed in epithelial-rich tissues and phosphorylated upon cell matrix adhesion and growth factor treatment. Here, we characterise p140Cap as a novel Src-binding protein, which regulates Src activation via C-terminal Src kinase (Csk). p140Cap silencing increases cell spreading, migration rate and Src kinase activity. Accordingly, increased expression of p140Cap activates Csk, leading to inhibition of Src and downstream signalling as well as of cell motility and invasion. Moreover, cell proliferation and "in vivo" breast cancer cell growth are strongly impaired by high levels of p140Cap, providing the first evidence that p140Cap is a novel negative regulator of tumour growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Stefano
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Damiano
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Cabodi
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Aramu
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Tordella
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alice Praduroux
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Piva
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido Forni
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Silengo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido Tarone
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Emilia Turco
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Defilippi
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Turin 10126, Italy. Tel.: +39 011 670 6422; Fax: +39 011 670 6432; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chao C, Goluszko E, Lee YT, Kolokoltsov AA, Davey RA, Uchida T, Townsend CM, Hellmich MR. Constitutively active CCK2 receptor splice variant increases Src-dependent HIF-1 alpha expression and tumor growth. Oncogene 2006; 26:1013-9. [PMID: 16909104 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers ectopically express multiple splice variants of the cholecystokinin-2 (CCK(2))/gastrin receptor; however, their relative contributions to the cancer phenotype are unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of CCK(2) receptor (CCK(2)R) and CCK(2i4sv)R expression on cell growth both in vitro and in vivo using a human epithelial cell model, HEK239. In vitro, receptor variant expression did not affect cell proliferation either in the absence or presence of agonist. However, in vivo, the expression of CCK(2i4sv)R, but not CCK(2)R, increases HEK293 tumor growth in a constitutive, Src-dependent manner. Enhanced tumorigenicity of CCK(2i4sv)R is associated with an Src-dependent increase in the transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, its downstream target, vascular endothelial growth factor and tumor micro-vessel density, suggesting that CCK(2i4sv)R may contribute to the growth and spread of GI cancers through agonist-independent mechanisms that enhance tumor angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Chao
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jiang LQ, Feng X, Zhou W, Knyazev PG, Ullrich A, Chen Z. Csk-binding protein (Cbp) negatively regulates epidermal growth factor-induced cell transformation by controlling Src activation. Oncogene 2006; 25:5495-506. [PMID: 16636672 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Src tyrosine kinase cooperate in regulating EGFR-mediated cell signaling and promoting cell transformation and tumorigenesis in pathological conditions. Activation of Src is tightly regulated by the C-terminal Src kinase (Csk). The Csk-binding protein (Cbp) is a ubiquitously expressed transmembrane protein. Its functions include suppression of T-cell receptor activation through recruiting Csk and inhibiting Src family kinase (SFK). However, a potential role of Cbp in EGF-induced cell activities has not been investigated. Here, we report that EGF-stimulation-induced Cbp tyrosine phosphorylation followed by Cbp-Csk association, in a SFK-dependent manner. Expression of wild-type (wt) Cbp remarkably suppressed EGF-induced activation of Src, ERK1/2, and Akt-1 enzymes, and NIH3T3 cell transformation, as well as colony formation of a breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-468) in soft agar. In contrast, expression of CbpY317F or knockdown endogenous Cbp in NIH3T3 cells by RNA interference significantly enhanced EGF-induced activation of these enzymes and cell transformation. In addition, overexpression of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)-induced Cbp tyrosine phosphorylation. These results demonstrate that Cbp functions as a negative regulator of cell transformation and tumor cell growth through downregulation of Src activation, suggesting that Cbp might be broadly involved in RTKs-activated signaling pathways and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Q Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lu M, Zhang L, Maul RS, Sartippour MR, Norris A, Whitelegge J, Rao JY, Brooks MN. The novel gene EG-1 stimulates cellular proliferation. Cancer Res 2005; 65:6159-66. [PMID: 16024617 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We recently discovered a novel gene and named it endothelial-derived gene 1 (EG-1). Previously, we have shown that the expression of EG-1 is significantly elevated in the epithelial cells of breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer. Here, we report that EG-1 can stimulate cellular proliferation. Transfection experiments which overexpressed the full-length EG-1 gene in human embryonic kidney HEK-293 cells or human breast cancer cell lines resulted in significantly increased in vitro proliferation, in comparison with transfection with empty vectors. On the other hand, small interfering RNA cotransfection resulted in inhibition of proliferation. S.c. xenograft assays were carried out in a severe combined immunodeficient mouse model. We found that injection of high EG-1 expressing HEK-293 clones resulted in significantly larger tumors, in comparison with clones carrying the empty vectors. To further clarify the function of this gene, we investigated its interaction with Src and members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. Immunoprecipitation with anti-Src antibody, followed by immunoblotting with anti-EG-1 antibody, showed an association between these two molecules. Overexpression of EG-1 was correlated with activation of the following kinases: extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, c-jun-NH2-kinase, and p38. These observations collectively support the hypothesis that the novel gene EG-1 is a positive stimulator of cellular proliferation, and may possibly be involved in signaling pathways involving Src and MAPK activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chao C, Ives KL, Goluszko E, Kolokoltsov AA, Davey RA, Townsend CM, Hellmich MR. Src Regulates Constitutive Internalization and Rapid Resensitization of a Cholecystokinin 2 Receptor Splice Variant. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:33368-73. [PMID: 16079138 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506337200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The third intracellular loop domain of G protein-coupled receptors regulates their desensitization, internalization, and resensitization. Colorectal and pancreatic cancers, but not the nonmalignant tissue, express a splice variant of the cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R) called CCK(2i4sv)R that, because of intron 4 retention, contains an additional 69 amino acids within its third intracellular loop domain. This structural alteration is associated with agonist-independent activation of Src kinase (Olszewska-Pazdrak, B., Townsend, C. M., Jr., and Hellmich, M. R. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 40400-40404). The purpose of the study was to determine the roles of intron 4 retention and Src kinase on CCK(2i4sv)R desensitization, internalization, and resensitization. Gastrin1-17 (G17) binds to both CCK2R and CCK(2i4sv)R and induces intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) increases. Agonist-induced increases in [Ca2+]i were used to assess receptor activity. Src kinase activity was inhibited by transducing cells with a retrovirus containing a dominant-negative mutant Src (A430V). The subcellular location of enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged receptors was monitored using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Both receptor variants desensitized at the same rate; however, CCK(2i4sv)R resensitized five times faster than CCK2R. Without agonist, 80% of CCK(2i4sv)R is located in an intracellular compartment. In contrast, 80% of CCK2R was located on the plasma membrane. Treatment with inverse agonist (YM022) or expression of dominant-negative Src blocked the constitutive internalization of CCK(2i4sv)R, resulting in its accumulation on the plasma membrane. Expression of dominant-negative Src slowed the rate of CCK(2i4sv)R resensitization. Inhibition of Src did not affect G17-induced internalization of either receptor variant. Constitutive internalization of CCK(2i4sv)R increases its rate of resensitization by creating an intracellular pool of receptors that can rapidly recycle back to the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Chao
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|