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Garelja ML, Bower RL, Brimble MA, Chand S, Harris PW, Jamaluddin MA, Petersen J, Siow A, Walker CS, Hay DL. Pharmacological characterisation of mouse calcitonin and calcitonin receptor-like receptors reveals differences compared with human receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:416-434. [PMID: 34289083 PMCID: PMC8776895 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The calcitonin (CT) receptor family is complex, comprising two receptors (the CT receptor [CTR] and the CTR-like receptor [CLR]), three accessory proteins (RAMPs) and multiple endogenous peptides. This family contains several important drug targets, including CGRP, which is targeted by migraine therapeutics. The pharmacology of this receptor family is poorly characterised in species other than rats and humans. To facilitate understanding of translational and preclinical data, we need to know the receptor pharmacology of this family in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Plasmids encoding mouse CLR/CTR and RAMPs were transiently transfected into Cos-7 cells. cAMP production was measured in response to agonists in the absence or presence of antagonists. KEY RESULTS We report the first synthesis and characterisation of mouse adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 and βCGRP and of mouse CTR without or with mouse RAMPs. Receptors containing m-CTR had subtly different pharmacology than human receptors; they were promiscuous in their pharmacology, both with and without RAMPs. Several peptides, including mouse αCGRP and mouse adrenomedullin 2, were potent agonists of the m-CTR:m-RAMP3 complex. Pharmacological profiles of receptors comprising m-CLR:m-RAMPs were generally similar to those of their human counterparts, albeit with reduced specificity. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Mouse receptor pharmacology differed from that in humans, with mouse receptors displaying reduced discrimination between ligands. This creates challenges for interpreting which receptor may underlie an effect in preclinical models and thus translation of findings from mice to humans. It also highlights the need for new ligands to differentiate between these complexes. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Migraine and Headache Therapy (BJP 75th Anniversary).. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.3/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Garelja
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Rebekah L Bower
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Shanan Chand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Paul W.R. Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | | | - Jakeb Petersen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Siow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S. Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Debbie L. Hay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand,Author to whom correspondence should be addressed,
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Ke YD, Chan G, Stefanoska K, Au C, Bi M, Müller J, Przybyla M, Feiten A, Prikas E, Halliday GM, Piguet O, Kiernan MC, Kassiou M, Hodges JR, Loy CT, Mattick JS, Ittner A, Kril JJ, Sutherland GT, Ittner LM. CNS cell type-specific gene profiling of P301S tau transgenic mice identifies genes dysregulated by progressive tau accumulation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14149-14162. [PMID: 31366728 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein tau undergoes aberrant modification resulting in insoluble brain deposits in various neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal dementia (FTD), progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. Tau aggregates can form in different cell types of the central nervous system (CNS) but are most prevalent in neurons. We have previously recapitulated aspects of human FTD in mouse models by overexpressing mutant human tau in CNS neurons, including a P301S tau variant in TAU58/2 mice, characterized by early-onset and progressive behavioral deficits and FTD-like neuropathology. The molecular mechanisms underlying the functional deficits of TAU58/2 mice remain mostly elusive. Here, we employed functional genomics (i.e. RNAseq) to determine differentially expressed genes in young and aged TAU58/2 mice to identify alterations in cellular processes that may contribute to neuropathy. We identified genes in cortical brain samples differentially regulated between young and old TAU58/2 mice relative to nontransgenic littermates and by comparative analysis with a dataset of CNS cell type-specific genes expressed in nontransgenic mice. Most differentially-regulated genes had known or putative roles in neurons and included presynaptic and excitatory genes. Specifically, we observed changes in presynaptic factors, glutamatergic signaling, and protein scaffolding. Moreover, in the aged mice, expression levels of several genes whose expression was annotated to occur in other brain cell types were altered. Immunoblotting and immunostaining of brain samples from the TAU58/2 mice confirmed altered expression and localization of identified and network-linked proteins. Our results have revealed genes dysregulated by progressive tau accumulation in an FTD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazi D Ke
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Gabriella Chan
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Kristie Stefanoska
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Carol Au
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Mian Bi
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Julius Müller
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Przybyla
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Astrid Feiten
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Prikas
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2005, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2005, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2005, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2005, Australia
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2005, Australia.,Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2005, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2005, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2005, Australia
| | - Clement T Loy
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - John S Mattick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Arne Ittner
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Jillian J Kril
- Charles Perkins Centre and Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2005, Australia
| | - Greg T Sutherland
- Charles Perkins Centre and Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2005, Australia
| | - Lars M Ittner
- Dementia Research Centre and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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Singh Y, Gupta G, Shrivastava B, Dahiya R, Tiwari J, Ashwathanarayana M, Sharma RK, Agrawal M, Mishra A, Dua K. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP): A novel target for Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:457-461. [PMID: 28417590 PMCID: PMC6492742 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is leading cause of death among older characterized by neurofibrillary tangles, oxidative stress, progressive neuronal deficits, and increased levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Cholinergic treatment could be the best suitable physiological therapy for AD. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a thirty-seven-amino acid regulatory neuropeptide resulting from different merging of the CGRP gene, which also includes adrenomedullin, amylin, calcitonin, intermedin, and calcitonin receptor-stimulating peptide. It is a proof for a CGRP receptor within nucleus accumbens of brain that is different from either the CGRP1 or CGRP2 receptor in which it demonstrates similar high-affinity binding for salmon calcitonin, CGRP, and amylin, a possession which is not shared by any extra CGRP receptors. Binding of CGRP to its receptor increases activated cAMP-dependent pkA and PI3 kinase, resulting in N-terminal fragments that are shown to exert complex inhibitory as well facilitator actions on nAChRs. Fragments such as CGRP1-4, CGRP1-5, and CGRP1-6 rapidly as well as reversibly improve agonist sensitivity of nAChRs without straight stimulating those receptors and produce the Ca2+ -induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)-activated angiotensin-type (AT4) receptor is also beneficial in AD. It has been suggested that exogenous administration of CGRP inhibits infiltration of macrophages and expression of various inflammatory mediators such as NFkB, IL-1b, TNF-α, iNOS, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and cell adhesion molecules like intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 which attenuates consequence of inflammation in AD. Donepezil, a ChEI, inhibits acetylcholinesterase and produces angiogenesis and neurogenesis, in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of WT mice after donepezil administration. However, none of the results discovered in CGRP-knockout mice and WT mice exposed to practical denervation. Therefore, selective agonists of CGRP receptors may become the potential candidates for treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Singh
- School of PharmacyJaipur National UniversityJagatpuraJaipurIndia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of PharmacyJaipur National UniversityJagatpuraJaipurIndia
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNSWAustralia
| | | | - Rajiv Dahiya
- Laboratory of Peptide Research and DevelopmentSchool of Pharmacy, The University of the West IndiesSt. Augustine, Trinidad & TobagoWest Indies
| | - Juhi Tiwari
- School of PharmacyJaipur National UniversityJagatpuraJaipurIndia
| | | | | | - Mohit Agrawal
- School of pharmacySuresh Gyan Vihar UniversityJaipurIndia
| | - Anurag Mishra
- School of pharmacySuresh Gyan Vihar UniversityJaipurIndia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of PharmacyGraduate School of HealthUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNSWAustralia
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesShoolini UniversitySolanHimachal PradeshIndia
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Sokias R, Werry EL, Chua SW, Reekie TA, Munoz L, Wong ECN, Ittner LM, Kassiou M. Determination and reduction of translocator protein (TSPO) ligand rs6971 discrimination. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 8:202-210. [PMID: 30108706 PMCID: PMC6071920 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00523c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a target for development of diagnostic imaging agents for glioblastoma and neuroinflammation.
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a target for development of diagnostic imaging agents for glioblastoma and neuroinflammation. Clinical translation of TSPO imaging agents has been hindered by the presence of a polymorphism, rs6971, which causes a non-conservative substitution of alanine for threonine at amino acid residue 147 (TSPO A147T). Disclosed brain-permeant second-generation TSPO ligands bind TSPO A147T with reduced affinity compared to the wild type protein (TSPO WT). Efforts to develop a TSPO ligand that binds TSPO WT and TSPO A147T with similarly high affinity have been hampered by a lack of knowledge about how ligand structure differentially influences interaction with the two forms of TSPO. To gain insight, we have established human embryonic kidney cell lines stably over-expressing human TSPO WT and TSPO A147T, and tested how modifications of a novel N-alkylated carbazole scaffold influence affinity to both TSPO isoforms. Most of the new analogues developed in this study showed high affinity to TSPO WT and a 5–6-fold lower affinity to TSPO A147T. Addition of electron-withdrawing substituents yielded analogues with highest affinity for TSPO A147T without decreasing affinity for TSPO WT. This knowledge can be used to inform further development of non-discriminating TSPO ligands for use as diagnostic markers for glioblastoma and neuroinflammation irrespective of rs6971.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Sokias
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia .
| | - Eryn L Werry
- Faculty of Health Sciences , The University of Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia.,School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) , Bosch Institute , The University of Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Sook W Chua
- Dementia Research Unit , School of Medical Sciences , University of New South Wales , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Tristan A Reekie
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia .
| | - Lenka Munoz
- School of Medical Sciences (Pathology) and Charles Perkins Centre , The University of Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Erick C N Wong
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) , Bosch Institute , The University of Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Lars M Ittner
- Dementia Research Unit , School of Medical Sciences , University of New South Wales , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia .
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Sekiguchi T, Kuwasako K, Ogasawara M, Takahashi H, Matsubara S, Osugi T, Muramatsu I, Sasayama Y, Suzuki N, Satake H. Evidence for Conservation of the Calcitonin Superfamily and Activity-regulating Mechanisms in the Basal Chordate Branchiostoma floridae: INSIGHTS INTO THE MOLECULAR AND FUNCTIONAL EVOLUTION IN CHORDATES. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2345-56. [PMID: 26644465 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.664003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcitonin (CT)/CT gene-related peptide (CGRP) family is conserved in vertebrates. The activities of this peptide family are regulated by a combination of two receptors, namely the calcitonin receptor (CTR) and the CTR-like receptor (CLR), and three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). Furthermore, RAMPs act as escort proteins by translocating CLR to the cell membrane. Recently, CT/CGRP family peptides have been identified or inferred in several invertebrates. However, the molecular characteristics and relevant functions of the CTR/CLR and RAMPs in invertebrates remain unclear. In this study, we identified three CT/CGRP family peptides (Bf-CTFPs), one CTR/CLR-like receptor (Bf-CTFP-R), and three RAMP-like proteins (Bf-RAMP-LPs) in the basal chordate amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae). The Bf-CTFPs were shown to possess an N-terminal circular region typical of the CT/CGRP family and a C-terminal Pro-NH2. The Bf-CTFP genes were expressed in the central nervous system and in endocrine cells of the midgut, indicating that Bf-CTFPs serve as brain and/or gut peptides. Cell surface expression of the Bf-CTFP-R was enhanced by co-expression with each Bf-RAMP-LP. Furthermore, Bf-CTFPs activated Bf-CTFP-R·Bf-RAMP-LP complexes, resulting in cAMP accumulation. These results confirmed that Bf-RAMP-LPs, like vertebrate RAMPs, are prerequisites for the function and translocation of the Bf-CTFP-R. The relative potencies of the three peptides at each receptor were similar. Bf-CTFP2 was a potent ligand at all receptors in cAMP assays. Bf-RAMP-LP effects on ligand potency order were distinct to vertebrate CGRP/adrenomedullin/amylin receptors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular and functional characterization of an authentic invertebrate CT/CGRP family receptor and RAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Sekiguchi
- From the Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan,
| | - Kenji Kuwasako
- the Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Michio Ogasawara
- the Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- the Laboratory of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shin Matsubara
- the Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1, Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan, and
| | - Tomohiro Osugi
- the Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1, Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan, and
| | - Ikunobu Muramatsu
- the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sasayama
- From the Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- From the Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- the Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1, Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan, and
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6
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Kuwasako K, Hay DL, Nagata S, Hikosaka T, Kitamura K, Kato J. The third extracellular loop of the human calcitonin receptor-like receptor is crucial for the activation of adrenomedullin signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:137-50. [PMID: 22142144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The extracellular loops (ECLs) in Family A GPCRs are important for ligand binding and receptor activation, but little is known about the function of Family B GPCR ECLs, especially ECL3. Calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), a Family B GPCR, functions as a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and an adrenomedullin (AM) receptor in association with three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). Here, we examined the function of the ECL3 of human CLR within the CGRP and AM receptors. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A CLR ECL3 chimera, in which the ECL3 of CLR was substituted with that of VPAC2 (a Family B GPCR that is unable to interact with RAMPs), and CLR ECL3 point mutants were constructed and transiently transfected into HEK-293 cells along with each RAMP. Cell-surface expression of each receptor complex was then measured by flow cytometry; [(125) I]-CGRP and [(125) I]-AM binding and intracellular cAMP accumulation were also measured. KEY RESULTS Co-expression of the CLR ECL3 chimera with RAMP2 or RAMP3 led to significant reductions in the induction of cAMP signalling by AM, but CGRP signalling was barely affected, despite normal cell-surface expression of the receptors and normal [(125) I]-AM binding. The chimera had significantly decreased AM, but not CGRP, responses in the presence of RAMP1. Not all CLR ECL3 mutants supported these findings. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The human CLR ECL3 is crucial for AM-induced cAMP responses via three CLR/RAMP heterodimers, and activation of these heterodimers probably relies on AM-induced conformational changes. This study provides a clue to the molecular basis of the activation of RAMP-based Family B GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwasako
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
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8
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Kuwasako K, Kitamura K, Nagata S, Hikosaka T, Takei Y, Kato J. Shared and separate functions of the RAMP-based adrenomedullin receptors. Peptides 2011; 32:1540-50. [PMID: 21645567 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a novel hypotensive peptide that exerts a variety of strongly protective effects against multiorgan damage. AM-specific receptors were first identified as heterodimers composed of calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CLR), a G protein coupled receptor, and one of two receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP2 or RAMP3), which are accessory proteins containing a single transmembrane domain. RAMPs are required for the surface delivery of CLR and the determination of its phenotype. CLR/RAMP2 (AM₁ receptor) is more highly AM-specific than CLR/RAMP3 (AM₂ receptor). Although there have been no reports showing differences in intracellular signaling via the two AM receptors, in vitro studies have shed light on their distinct trafficking and functionality. In addition, the tissue distributions of RAMP2 and RAMP3 differ, and their gene expression is differentially altered under pathophysiological conditions, which is suggestive of the separate roles played by AM₁ and AM₂ receptors in vivo. Both AM and the AM₁ receptor, but not the AM₂ receptor, are crucial for the development of the fetal cardiovascular system and are able to effectively protect against various vascular diseases. However, AM₂ receptors reportedly play an important role in maintaining a normal body weight in old age and may be involved in immune function. In this review article, we focus on the shared and separate functions of the AM receptor subtypes and also discuss the potential for related drug discovery. In addition, we mention their possible function as receptors for AM2 (or intermedin), an AM-related peptide whose biological functions are similar to those of AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwasako
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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Wootten DL, Simms J, Hay DL, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. Receptor activity modifying proteins and their potential as drug targets. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 91:53-79. [PMID: 20691959 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)91003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) are a family of membrane proteins that interact with some G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to regulate their function. RAMPs can alter GPCR pharmacology and can regulate their signaling as well as trafficking to and from the cell surface. GPCRs have been successfully exploited as drug targets for many years. RAMPs therefore provide a new avenue for drug development, offering opportunities for regulating the function of therapeutically relevant RAMP-interacting GPCRs. RAMPs could be directly targeted themselves or advantage could be taken of the unique RAMP/GPCR interfaces for generating more selective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Kuwasako K, Kitamura K, Nagata S, Kato J. Flow cytometric analysis of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor domains responsible for cell-surface translocation of receptor activity-modifying proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 384:249-54. [PMID: 19394311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs1, -2, and -3) associate with a wide variety of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR). In this study, we used flow cytometry to measure RAMP translocation to the cell surface as a marker of RAMP-receptor interaction. Because VPAC2 does not interact with RAMPs, although, like CRLR, it is a Family B peptide hormone receptor, we constructed a set of chimeric CRLR/VPAC2 receptors to evaluate the trafficking interactions between CRLR domains and each RAMP. We found that CRLR regions extending from transmembrane domain 1 (TM1) through TM5 are necessary and sufficient for the transport of RAMPs to the plasma membrane. In addition, the extracellular N-terminal domain of CRLR, its 3rd intracellular loop and/or TM6 were also important for the cell-surface translocation of RAMP2, but not RAMP1 or RAMP3. Other regions within CRLR were not involved in trafficking interactions with RAMPs. These findings provide new insight into the trafficking interactions between accessory proteins such as RAMPs and their receptor partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwasako
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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11
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Ham BK, Brandom JL, Xoconostle-Cázares B, Ringgold V, Lough TJ, Lucas WJ. A polypyrimidine tract binding protein, pumpkin RBP50, forms the basis of a phloem-mobile ribonucleoprotein complex. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:197-215. [PMID: 19122103 PMCID: PMC2648091 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are integral components of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes and play a central role in RNA processing. In plants, some RBPs function in a non-cell-autonomous manner. The angiosperm phloem translocation stream contains a unique population of RBPs, but little is known regarding the nature of the proteins and mRNA species that constitute phloem-mobile RNP complexes. Here, we identified and characterized a 50-kD pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima cv Big Max) phloem RNA binding protein (RBP50) that is evolutionarily related to animal polypyrimidine tract binding proteins. In situ hybridization studies indicated a high level of RBP50 transcripts in companion cells, while immunolocalization experiments detected RBP50 in both companion cells and sieve elements. A comparison of the levels of RBP50 present in vascular bundles and phloem sap indicated that this protein is highly enriched in the phloem sap. Heterografting experiments confirmed that RBP50 is translocated from source to sink tissues. Collectively, these findings established that RBP50 functions as a non-cell-autonomous RBP. Protein overlay, coimmunoprecipitation, and cross-linking experiments identified the phloem proteins and mRNA species that constitute RBP50-based RNP complexes. Gel mobility-shift assays demonstrated that specificity, with respect to the bound mRNA, is established by the polypyrimidine tract binding motifs within such transcripts. We present a model for RBP50-based RNP complexes within the pumpkin phloem translocation stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Kook Ham
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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12
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Héroux M, Breton B, Hogue M, Bouvier M. Assembly and Signaling of CRLR and RAMP1 Complexes Assessed by BRET†. Biochemistry 2007; 46:7022-33. [PMID: 17503773 DOI: 10.1021/bi0622470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical and functional evidence suggest that the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) interacts with receptor activity-modifying protein-1 (RAMP1) to generate a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor. Using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), we investigated the oligomeric assembly of the CRLR-RAMP1 signaling complex in living cells. As for their wild-type counterparts, fusion proteins linking CRLR and RAMP1 to the energy donor Renilla luciferase (Rluc) and energy acceptor green fluorescent protein (GFP) reach the cell surface only upon coexpression of CRLR and RAMP1. Radioligand binding and cAMP production assays also confirmed that the fusion proteins retained normal functional properties. BRET titration experiments revealed that CRLR and RAMP1 associate selectively to form heterodimers. This association was preserved for a mutated RAMP1 that cannot reach the cell surface, even in the presence of CRLR, indicating that the deficient targeting resulted from the altered conformation of the complex rather than a lack of heterodimerization. BRET analysis also showed that, in addition to associate with one another, both CRLR and RAMP1 can form homodimers. The homodimerization of the coreceptor was further confirmed by the ability of RAMP1 to prevent cell surface targeting of a truncated RAMP1 that normally exhibits receptor-independent plasma membrane delivery. Although the role of such dimerization remains unknown, BRET experiments clearly demonstrated that CRLR can engage signaling partners, such as G proteins and beta-arrestin, following CGRP stimulation, only in the presence of RAMP1. In addition to shed new light on the CRLR-RAMP1 signaling complex, the BRET assays developed herein offer new biosensors for probing CGRP receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Héroux
- Département de Biochimie, Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie and Groupe de Recherche Universitaire sur le Médicament, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
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13
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Kunz TH, Mueller-Steiner S, Schwerdtfeger K, Kleinert P, Troxler H, Kelm JM, Ittner LM, Fischer JA, Born W. Interaction of receptor-activity-modifying protein1 with tubulin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:1145-50. [PMID: 17493758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 1 is an accessory protein of the G protein-coupled calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR). The CLR/RAMP1 heterodimer defines a receptor for the potent vasodilatory calcitonin gene-related peptide. A wider tissue distribution of RAMP1, as compared to that of the CLR, is consistent with additional biological functions. Here, glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down, coimmunoprecipitation and yeast two-hybrid experiments identified beta-tubulin as a novel RAMP1-interacting protein. GST pull-down experiments indicated interactions between the N- and C-terminal domains of RAMP1 and beta-tubulin. Yeast two-hybrid experiments confirmed the interaction between the N-terminal region of RAMP1 and beta-tubulin. Interestingly, alpha-tubulin was co-extracted with beta-tubulin in pull-down experiments and immunoprecipitation of RAMP1 coprecipitated alpha- and beta-tubulin. Confocal microscopy indicated colocalization of RAMP1 and tubulin predominantly in axon-like processes of neuronal differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. In conclusion, the findings point to biological roles of RAMP1 beyond its established interaction with G protein-coupled receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/physiology
- Axons/metabolism
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Cloning, Molecular
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/chemistry
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Precipitin Tests
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proteins/metabolism
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 1
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Proteins
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Simian virus 40/physiology
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Tubulin/chemistry
- Tubulin/metabolism
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Kunz
- Research Laboratory for Calcium Metabolism, Orthopedic University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Villa I, Mrak E, Rubinacci A, Ravasi F, Guidobono F. CGRP inhibits osteoprotegerin production in human osteoblast-like cells via cAMP/PKA-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C529-37. [PMID: 16611736 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00354.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK) system was evaluated as a potential target of CGRP anabolic activity on bone. Primary cultures of human osteoblast-like cells (hOB) express calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity modifying protein 1, and, because CGRP stimulates cAMP (one of the modulators of OPG production in osteoblasts), it was investigated whether it affects OPG secretion and expression in hOB. CGRP treatment of hOB (10(-11) M-10(-7) M) dose-dependently inhibited OPG secretion with an EC(50) of 1.08 x 10(-10) M, and also decreased its expression. This action was blocked by the antagonist CGRP(8-37). Forskolin, a stimulator of cAMP production, and dibutyryl cAMP also reduced the production of OPG. CGRP (10(-8) M) enhanced protein kinase A (PKA) activity in hOB, and hOB exposure to the PKA inhibitor, H89 (2 x 10(-6) M), abolished the inhibitory effect of CGRP on OPG secretion. Conditioned media from CGRP-treated hOB increased the number of multinucleated tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells and the secretion of cathepsin K in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared with the conditioned media of untreated hOB. These results show that the cAMP/PKA pathway is involved in the CGRP inhibition of OPG mRNA and protein secretion in hOB and that this effect favors osteoclastogenesis. CGRP could thus modulate the balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity, participating in the fine tuning of all of the bone remodeling phases necessary for the subsequent anabolic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Villa
- Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy
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15
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Ittner LM, Koller D, Muff R, Fischer JA, Born W. The N-terminal extracellular domain 23-60 of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor in chimeras with the parathyroid hormone receptor mediates association with receptor activity-modifying protein 1. Biochemistry 2005; 44:5749-54. [PMID: 15823033 DOI: 10.1021/bi048111o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) requires the associated receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP)1 to reveal a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor. Here, the subdomain of the CLR that associates with RAMP1 has been identified in chimeras between the CLR and the parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor 1 (PTHR). The PTHR alone does not interact with RAMP1. RAMP1 requires the CLR for its transport to the cell surface. Thus, receptor-dependent RAMP1 delivery to the plasma membrane and coimmunoprecipitation from the cell surface were used as measures for receptor/RAMP1 interaction. Several chimeric CLR-PTHR included the N-terminal amino acids 23-60 of the CLR transported RAMP1 to the surface of COS-7 cells much like the intact CLR. Moreover, RAMP1 coimmunoprecipitated with these receptors from the cell surface. A CLR deletion mutant, consisting of the N-terminal extracellular domain, the first transmembrane domain, and the C-terminal intracellular region, revealed the same results. Cyclic AMP was stimulated by CGRP in CLR/RAMP1 expressing cells (58 +/- 19-fold, EC(50) = 0.12 +/- 0.03 nM) and by PTH-related protein in cells expressing the PTHR (50 +/- 10-fold, EC(50) = 0.25 +/- 0.03 nM) or a PTHR with the N-terminal amino acids 23-60 of the CLR (23 +/- 5-fold, EC(50) > 1000 nM). Other chimeric CLR-PTHR were inactive. In conclusion, structural elements in the extreme N-terminus of the CLR between amino acids 23-60 are required and sufficient for CLR/RAMP1 cotransport to the plasma membrane and heterodimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars M Ittner
- Research Laboratory for Calcium Metabolism, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Zurich, Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Wurdak H, Ittner LM, Lang KS, Leveen P, Suter U, Fischer JA, Karlsson S, Born W, Sommer L. Inactivation of TGFbeta signaling in neural crest stem cells leads to multiple defects reminiscent of DiGeorge syndrome. Genes Dev 2005; 19:530-5. [PMID: 15741317 PMCID: PMC551573 DOI: 10.1101/gad.317405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Specific inactivation of TGFbeta signaling in neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) results in cardiovascular defects and thymic, parathyroid, and craniofacial anomalies. All these malformations characterize DiGeorge syndrome, the most common microdeletion syndrome in humans. Consistent with a role of TGFbeta in promoting non-neural lineages in NCSCs, mutant neural crest cells migrate into the pharyngeal apparatus but are unable to acquire non-neural cell fates. Moreover, in neural crest cells, TGFbeta signaling is both sufficient and required for phosphorylation of CrkL, a signal adaptor protein implicated in the development of DiGeorge syndrome. Thus, TGFbeta signal modulation in neural crest differentiation might play a crucial role in the etiology of DiGeorge syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Wurdak
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Hönggerberg, Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland
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17
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Thota C, Yallampalli C. Progesterone upregulates calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin receptor components and cyclic adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate generation in Eker rat uterine smooth muscle cell line. Biol Reprod 2004; 72:416-22. [PMID: 15469997 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.033779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and adrenomedullin (AM), two potent smooth-muscle relaxants, have been shown to cause uterine relaxation. Both CGRP- and AM-binding sites in the uterus increase during pregnancy and decrease at labor and postpartum. These changes in binding sites appear to be related to the changes in calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR), receptor activity-modified protein 1 (RAMP1), RAMP2, and RAMP3 mRNA levels. It is not clear, however, whether the changes in the receptor components occur in the myometrial cells and whether the steroid hormones can directly alter these receptor components in the muscle cells. In addition, the mechanism of CGRP and AM signaling in the rat myometrium is not well understood. Therefore, we examined the mRNA expression of CGRP- and AM-receptor components, G protein Galphas, CGRP, and AM stimulation of cAMP and cGMP, and the effects of progesterone on these parameters in the Eker rat uterine myometrial smooth-muscle cell line (ELT3). ELT3 cells expressed CGRP- and AM-receptor components CRLR, RAMP1, RAMP2, and RAMP3. Expression of CRLR and RAMP1 mRNA increased with progesterone treatment and decreased with estradiol-17beta treatment. However, RAMP2 and RAMP3 mRNA expressions were unaltered by both progesterone and estradiol. Progesterone increased (P<0.05) Galphas expression and augmented CGRP- and AM-induced increases in cAMP levels. In uterine smooth-muscle cells, the antagonist to Galphas protein NF449 decreased basal as well as CGRP- and AM-stimulated cAMP levels. None of the cell treatments affected cyclic GMP production. Our results suggest that the progesterone-stimulated increases in CGRP and AM receptors, Galphas protein levels, and cAMP generation in the myometrial cells may be responsible for increased uterine relaxation sensitivity to CGRP and AM during pregnancy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzenesulfonates/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/biosynthesis
- Cell Line
- Cyclic AMP/biosynthesis
- Cyclic GMP/biosynthesis
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Female
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Progesterone/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 1
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 2
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 3
- Receptor Activity-Modifying Proteins
- Receptors, Adrenomedullin
- Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Peptide/biosynthesis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Uterus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekhar Thota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1062, USA
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