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Odnoshivkina JG, Averin AS, Khakimov IR, Trusov NA, Trusova DA, Petrov AM. The mechanism of 25-hydroxycholesterol-mediated suppression of atrial β1-adrenergic responses. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:407-421. [PMID: 38253680 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
25-Hydroxycholesterol (25HC) is a biologically active oxysterol, whose production greatly increases during inflammation by macrophages and dendritic cells. The inflammatory reactions are frequently accompanied by changes in heart regulation, such as blunting of the cardiac β-adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling. Here, the mechanism of 25HC-dependent modulation of responses to β-AR activation was studied in the atria of mice. 25HC at the submicromolar levels decreased the β-AR-mediated positive inotropic effect and enhancement of the Ca2+ transient amplitude, without changing NO production. Positive inotropic responses to β1-AR (but not β2-AR) activation were markedly attenuated by 25HC. The depressant action of 25HC on the β1-AR-mediated responses was prevented by selective β3-AR antagonists as well as inhibitors of Gi protein, Gβγ, G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2/3, or β-arrestin. Simultaneously, blockers of protein kinase D and C as well as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor did not preclude the negative action of 25HC on the inotropic response to β-AR activation. Thus, 25HC can suppress the β1-AR-dependent effects via engaging β3-AR, Gi protein, Gβγ, G protein-coupled receptor kinase, and β-arrestin. This 25HC-dependent mechanism can contribute to the inflammatory-related alterations in the atrial β-adrenergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia G Odnoshivkina
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St, Kazan, RT, Russia, 420012
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, RT, Russia, 420111
| | - Alexey S Averin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center of Biological Research", Pushchino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Ildar R Khakimov
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St, Kazan, RT, Russia, 420012
| | - Nazar A Trusov
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St, Kazan, RT, Russia, 420012
| | - Diliara A Trusova
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St, Kazan, RT, Russia, 420012
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St, Kazan, RT, Russia, 420012.
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, RT, Russia, 420111.
- Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan, Russia, 420008.
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2
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Chen X, Yuan Y, Chen Y, Yu J, Wang J, Chen J, Guo Y, Pu X. Biased Activation Mechanism Induced by GPCR Heterodimerization: Observations from μOR/δOR Dimers. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:5581-5600. [PMID: 36377848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
GPCRs regulate multiple intracellular signaling cascades. Biasedly activating one signaling pathway over the others provides additional clinical utility to optimize GPCR-based therapies. GPCR heterodimers possess different functions from their monomeric states, including their selectivity to different transducers. However, the biased signaling mechanism induced by the heterodimerization remains unclear. Motivated by the issue, we select an important GPCR heterodimer (μOR/δOR heterodimer) as a case and use microsecond Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics simulation coupled with potential of mean force and protein structure network (PSN) to probe mechanisms regarding the heterodimerization-induced constitutive β-arrestin activity and efficacy change of the agonist DAMGO. The results show that only the lowest energy state of the μOR/δOR heterodimer, which adopts a slightly outward shift of TM6 and an ICL2 conformation close to the receptor core, can selectively accommodate β-arrestins. PSN further reveals important roles of H8, ICL1, and ICL2 in regulating the constitutive β-arrestin-biased activity for the apo μOR/δOR heterodimer. In addition, the heterodimerization can allosterically alter the binding mode of DAMGO mainly by means of W7.35. Consequently, DAMGO transmits the structural signal mainly through TM6 and TM7 in the dimer, rather than TM3 similar to the μOR monomer, thus changing the efficacy of DAMGO from a balanced agonist to the β-arrestin-biased one. On the other side, the binding of DAMGO to the heterodimer can stabilize μOR/δOR heterodimers through a stronger interaction of TM1/TM1 and H8/H8, accordingly enhancing the interaction of μOR with δOR and the binding affinity of the dimer to the β-arrestin. The agonist DAMGO does not change main compositions of the regulation network from the dimer interface to the transducer binding pocket of the μOR protomer, but induces an increase in the structural communication of the network, which should contribute to the enhanced β-arrestin coupling. Our observations, for the first time, reveal the molecular mechanism of the biased signaling induced by the heterodimerization for GPCRs, which should be beneficial to more comprehensively understand the GPCR bias signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Management, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Yichi Chen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Jingzhou Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Jianfang Chen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Yanzhi Guo
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Xuemei Pu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
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3
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Pydi SP, Barella LF, Zhu L, Meister J, Rossi M, Wess J. β-Arrestins as Important Regulators of Glucose and Energy Homeostasis. Annu Rev Physiol 2021; 84:17-40. [PMID: 34705480 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-060721-092948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
β-Arrestin-1 and -2 (also known as arrestin-2 and -3, respectively) are ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic proteins that dampen signaling through G protein-coupled receptors. However, β-arrestins can also act as signaling molecules in their own right. To investigate the potential metabolic roles of the two β-arrestins in modulating glucose and energy homeostasis, recent studies analyzed mutant mice that lacked or overexpressed β-arrestin-1 and/or -2 in distinct, metabolically important cell types. Metabolic analysis of these mutant mice clearly demonstrated that both β-arrestins play key roles in regulating the function of most of these cell types, resulting in striking changes in whole-body glucose and/or energy homeostasis. These studies also revealed that β-arrestin-1 and -2, though structurally closely related, clearly differ in their metabolic roles under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. These new findings should guide the development of novel drugs for the treatment of various metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and obesity. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 84 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai P Pydi
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; .,Current affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Luiz F Barella
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Lu Zhu
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Jaroslawna Meister
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Mario Rossi
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
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4
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Song Y, Xu C, Liu J, Li Y, Wang H, Shan D, Wainer IW, Hu X, Zhang Y, Woo AYH, Xiao RP. Heterodimerization With 5-HT 2BR Is Indispensable for β 2AR-Mediated Cardioprotection. Circ Res 2021; 128:262-277. [PMID: 33208036 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR), a prototypical GPCR (G protein-coupled receptor), couples to both Gs and Gi proteins. Stimulation of the β2-AR is beneficial to humans and animals with heart failure presumably because it activates the downstream Gi-PI3K-Akt cell survival pathway. Cardiac β2-AR signaling can be regulated by crosstalk or heterodimerization with other GPCRs, but the physiological and pathophysiological significance of this type of regulation has not been sufficiently demonstrated. OBJECTIVE Here, we aim to investigate the potential cardioprotective effect of β2-adrenergic stimulation with a subtype-selective agonist, (R,R')-4-methoxy-1-naphthylfenoterol (MNF), and to decipher the underlying mechanism with a particular emphasis on the role of heterodimerization of β2-ARs with another GPCR, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors 2B (5-HT2BRs). METHODS AND RESULTS Using pharmacological, genetic and biophysical protein-protein interaction approaches, we studied the cardioprotective effect of the β2-agonist, MNF, and explored the underlying mechanism in both in vivo in mice and cultured rodent cardiomyocytes insulted with doxorubicin, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or ischemia/reperfusion. In doxorubicin (Dox)-treated mice, MNF reduced mortality and body weight loss, while improving cardiac function and cardiomyocyte viability. MNF also alleviated myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. In cultured rodent cardiomyocytes, MNF inhibited DNA damage and cell death caused by Dox, H2O2 or hypoxia/reoxygenation. Mechanistically, we found that MNF or another β2-agonist zinterol markedly promoted heterodimerization of β2-ARs with 5-HT2BRs. Upregulation of the heterodimerized 5-HT2BRs and β2-ARs enhanced β2-AR-stimulated Gi-Akt signaling and cardioprotection while knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of the 5-HT2BR attenuated β2-AR-stimulated Gi signaling and cardioprotection. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the β2-AR-stimulated cardioprotective Gi signaling depends on the heterodimerization of β2-ARs and 5-HT2BRs.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cardiomyopathies/chemically induced
- Cardiomyopathies/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathies/pathology
- Cardiomyopathies/prevention & control
- Cardiotoxicity
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Doxorubicin
- Ethanolamines/pharmacology
- Fenoterol/analogs & derivatives
- Fenoterol/pharmacology
- Fibrosis
- Hydrogen Peroxide
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/metabolism
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/pathology
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Protein Multimerization
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Song
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China (Y.S., D.S., X.H., Y.Z., A.Y.-H.W., R.-P.X.)
| | - Chanjuan Xu
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (C.X., J.L.)
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Cellular Signaling laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (C.X., J.L.)
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.L., H.W.)
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.L., H.W., R.-P.X.)
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China (Y.L., H.W.)
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China (Y.S., D.S., X.H., Y.Z., A.Y.-H.W., R.-P.X.)
| | - Dan Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China (Y.S., D.S., X.H., Y.Z., A.Y.-H.W., R.-P.X.)
| | | | - Xinli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China (Y.S., D.S., X.H., Y.Z., A.Y.-H.W., R.-P.X.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China (Y.S., D.S., X.H., Y.Z., A.Y.-H.W., R.-P.X.)
| | - Anthony Yiu-Ho Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China (Y.S., D.S., X.H., Y.Z., A.Y.-H.W., R.-P.X.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China (A.Y.-H.W.)
| | - Rui-Ping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China (Y.S., D.S., X.H., Y.Z., A.Y.-H.W., R.-P.X.)
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.L., H.W., R.-P.X.)
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, China (R.-P.X.)
- PKU-Nanjing Institute of Translational Medicine, China (R.-P.X.)
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5
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Structural Complexity and Plasticity of Signaling Regulation at the Melanocortin-4 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165728. [PMID: 32785054 PMCID: PMC7460885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), essential for regulation of appetite and metabolism. Pathogenic inactivating MC4R mutations are the most frequent cause of monogenic obesity, a growing medical and socioeconomic problem worldwide. The MC4R mediates either ligand-independent or ligand-dependent signaling. Agonists such as α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) induce anorexigenic effects, in contrast to the endogenous inverse agonist agouti-related peptide (AgRP), which causes orexigenic effects by suppressing high basal signaling activity. Agonist action triggers the binding of different subtypes of G proteins and arrestins, leading to concomitant induction of diverse intracellular signaling cascades. An increasing number of experimental studies have unraveled molecular properties and mechanisms of MC4R signal transduction related to physiological and pathophysiological aspects. In addition, the MC4R crystal structure was recently determined at 2.75 Å resolution in an inactive state bound with a peptide antagonist. Underpinned by structural homology models of MC4R complexes simulating a presumably active-state conformation compared to the structure of the inactive state, we here briefly summarize the current understanding and key players involved in the MC4R switching process between different activity states. Finally, these perspectives highlight the complexity and plasticity in MC4R signaling regulation and identify gaps in our current knowledge.
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6
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Gnad T, Navarro G, Lahesmaa M, Reverte-Salisa L, Copperi F, Cordomi A, Naumann J, Hochhäuser A, Haufs-Brusberg S, Wenzel D, Suhr F, Jespersen NZ, Scheele C, Tsvilovskyy V, Brinkmann C, Rittweger J, Dani C, Kranz M, Deuther-Conrad W, Eltzschig HK, Niemi T, Taittonen M, Brust P, Nuutila P, Pardo L, Fleischmann BK, Blüher M, Franco R, Bloch W, Virtanen KA, Pfeifer A. Adenosine/A2B Receptor Signaling Ameliorates the Effects of Aging and Counteracts Obesity. Cell Metab 2020; 32:56-70.e7. [PMID: 32589947 PMCID: PMC7437516 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The combination of aging populations with the obesity pandemic results in an alarming rise in non-communicable diseases. Here, we show that the enigmatic adenosine A2B receptor (A2B) is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle (SKM) as well as brown adipose tissue (BAT) and might be targeted to counteract age-related muscle atrophy (sarcopenia) as well as obesity. Mice with SKM-specific deletion of A2B exhibited sarcopenia, diminished muscle strength, and reduced energy expenditure (EE), whereas pharmacological A2B activation counteracted these processes. Adipose tissue-specific ablation of A2B exacerbated age-related processes and reduced BAT EE, whereas A2B stimulation ameliorated obesity. In humans, A2B expression correlated with EE in SKM, BAT activity, and abundance of thermogenic adipocytes in white fat. Moreover, A2B agonist treatment increased EE from human adipocytes, myocytes, and muscle explants. Mechanistically, A2B forms heterodimers required for adenosine signaling. Overall, adenosine/A2B signaling links muscle and BAT and has both anti-aging and anti-obesity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Gnad
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Minna Lahesmaa
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laia Reverte-Salisa
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Francesca Copperi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Arnau Cordomi
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jennifer Naumann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Aileen Hochhäuser
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Saskia Haufs-Brusberg
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela Wenzel
- Institute of Physiology I, Life&Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany; Department of Systems Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Frank Suhr
- Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Exercise Physiology Research Group, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Naja Zenius Jespersen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Scheele
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Christian Brinkmann
- Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joern Rittweger
- Department of Muscle and Bone Metabolism, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Dani
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Faculté de Médecine, 06107 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Mathias Kranz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tarja Niemi
- Department of Plastic and General Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Taittonen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratory of Computational Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernd K Fleischmann
- Institute of Physiology I, Life&Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rafael Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kirsi A Virtanen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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7
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Yarur HE, González MP, Verbel‐Vergara D, Andrés ME, Gysling K. Cross‐talk between dopamine D1 and corticotropin releasing factor type 2 receptors leads to occlusion of their ERK1/2 signaling. J Neurochem 2020; 155:264-273. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hector E. Yarur
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Marcela P. González
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Daniel Verbel‐Vergara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - María E. Andrés
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Katia Gysling
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
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8
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Omri S, Tahiri H, Pierre WC, Desjarlais M, Lahaie I, Loiselle SE, Rezende F, Lodygensky G, Hebert TE, Ong H, Chemtob S. Propranolol Attenuates Proangiogenic Activity of Mononuclear Phagocytes: Implication in Choroidal Neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4632-4642. [PMID: 31682714 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Targeting β-adrenergic receptor signaling with propranolol has emerged as a potential candidate to counteract choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Little is known of its effect on macrophages, which play a critical role in CNV. We investigated the effect of propranolol on angiogenic response of mononuclear phagocytes (MPs). Methods The angiogenic effect of propranolol was evaluated in laser-induced CNV model. Mice received intraperitoneal injections of propranolol (6 mg/kg/d) or vehicle. CNV area and inflammatory cells were determined respectively by using lectin staining and an anti-IBA-1 antibody on RPE/choroid flat mounts. Inflammatory gene expression was evaluated by quantitative (q) PCR analysis. Mechanisms of propranolol was studied in MP cell lines J774 and RAW264.7 and in primary peritoneal macrophages. Expression of pro- and antiangiogenic mediators was studied. In addition, effects of propranolol treatment of MPs was assessed on choroidal explant. Results CNV was attenuated by propranolol and concomitantly associated with decreased inflammatory mediators IL-6 and TNFα, albeit with accumulation of (β-adrenoceptor harboring) MPs in the CNV area. Conditioned media from MPs preincubated with propranolol exerted antiangiogenic effects. Treatment of J774 confirmed the attenuation of inflammatory response to propranolol and increased cleaved caspase-3 on choroidal explant. We found that propranolol increased pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) expression in MPs. Trapping of PEDF with an antibody abrogated antiangiogenic effects of propranolol. PEDF was also detected in CNV-associated MPs. Conclusions We hereby show that propranolol confers on MPs antiangiogenic properties by increasing PEDF expression, which complements its effects on vascular tissue resulting in inhibition of choroidal vasoproliferation in inflammatory conditions. The study supports possible use of propranolol as a therapeutic modality for CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Omri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Houda Tahiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wyston Chadwick Pierre
- Department of Pharmacology, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Desjarlais
- Department of Pharmacology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Lahaie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah-Eve Loiselle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Flavio Rezende
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gregory Lodygensky
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Terence E Hebert
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Huy Ong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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9
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Adipocyte β-arrestin-2 is essential for maintaining whole body glucose and energy homeostasis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2936. [PMID: 31270323 PMCID: PMC6610117 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Arrestins are major regulators of G protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling processes. Their potential roles in regulating adipocyte function in vivo remain unexplored. Here we report the novel finding that mice lacking β-arrestin-2 (barr2) selectively in adipocytes show significantly reduced adiposity and striking metabolic improvements when consuming excess calories. We demonstrate that these beneficial metabolic effects are due to enhanced signaling through adipocyte β3-adrenergic receptors (β3-ARs), indicating that barr2 represents a potent negative regulator of adipocyte β3-AR activity in vivo. Interestingly, essentially all beneficial metabolic effects caused by adipocyte barr2 deficiency are absent in adipocyte barr2-PRDM16 double KO mice, indicating that the metabolic improvements caused by the lack of barr2 in adipocytes are mediated by the browning/beiging of white adipose tissue. Our data support the novel concept that 'G protein-biased' β3-AR agonists that do not promote β3-AR/barr2 interactions may prove useful for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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10
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Heyder N, Kleinau G, Szczepek M, Kwiatkowski D, Speck D, Soletto L, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Krude H, Kühnen P, Biebermann H, Scheerer P. Signal Transduction and Pathogenic Modifications at the Melanocortin-4 Receptor: A Structural Perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:515. [PMID: 31417496 PMCID: PMC6685040 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) can be endogenously activated by binding of melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH), which mediates anorexigenic effects. In contrast, the agouti-related peptide (AgRP) acts as an endogenous inverse agonist and suppresses ligand-independent basal signaling activity (orexigenic effects). Binding of ligands to MC4R leads to the activation of different G-protein subtypes or arrestin and concomitant signaling pathways. This receptor is a key protein in the hypothalamic regulation of food intake and energy expenditure and naturally-occurring inactivating MC4R variants are the most frequent cause of monogenic obesity. In general, obesity is a growing problem on a global scale and is of social, medical, and economic relevance. A significant goal is to develop optimized pharmacological tools targeting MC4R without adverse effects. To date, this has not been achieved because of inter alia non-selective ligands across the five functionally different MCR subtypes (MC1-5R). This motivates further investigation of (i) the three-dimensional MC4R structure, (ii) binding mechanisms of various ligands, and (iii) the molecular transfer process of signal transduction, with the aim of understanding how structural features are linked with functional-physiological aspects. Unfortunately, experimentally elucidated structural information is not yet available for the MC receptors, a group of class A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). We, therefore, generated MC4R homology models and complexes with interacting partners to describe approximate structural properties associated with signaling mechanisms. In addition, molecular insights from pathogenic mutations were incorporated to discriminate more precisely their individual malfunction of the signal transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Heyder
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Gunnar Kleinau
| | - Michal Szczepek
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Kwiatkowski
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Speck
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucia Soletto
- Departamento de Fisiología de Peces y Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Ribera de Cabanes, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Departamento de Fisiología de Peces y Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Ribera de Cabanes, Spain
| | - Heiko Krude
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kühnen
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Patrick Scheerer
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11
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Mores KL, Cassell RJ, van Rijn RM. Arrestin recruitment and signaling by G protein-coupled receptor heteromers. Neuropharmacology 2018; 152:15-21. [PMID: 30419245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) have a long history of being considered a prime target for drug development to treat a plethora of diseases and disorders. In fact in 1827, the first approved therapeutic in the United States was morphine, a drug that targets a GPCR, namely the mu opioid receptor. However, with the rise in biologics over the last two decades, the market share of small molecules targeting GPCRs has declined. Still, two phenomena concerning GPCR pharmacology, specifically heteromerization and biased signaling, have bolstered new interests in this particular class of drug targets. Heteromerization, the process by which two distinct GPCRs come together to form a unique signaling complex, has been demonstrated between many different GPCRs and has spurred efforts to discover heteromer selective drugs. Additionally, the discovery of biased signaling, a concept by which a GPCR can transduce intracellular signaling by favoring a specific pathway (e.g. G-protein) over another pathway (e.g. arrestin), has led to the development of signal-biased drugs with potentially fewer side effects. Our goal for this review is to highlight studies that have investigated the interplay of these two phenomena by providing an overview of the current literature describing instances where GPCR heteromers have distinct arrestin recruitment profiles when compared to the individual GPCRs, with a focus on those GPCRs expressed in the central nervous system. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Receptor heteromers and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall L Mores
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, United States
| | - Robert J Cassell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, United States
| | - Richard M van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, United States; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, United States; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
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12
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Dehvari N, da Silva Junior ED, Bengtsson T, Hutchinson DS. Mirabegron: potential off target effects and uses beyond the bladder. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4072-4082. [PMID: 29243229 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The β3 -adrenoceptor was initially an attractive target for several pharmaceutical companies due to its high expression in rodent adipose tissue, where its activation resulted in decreased adiposity and improved metabolic outputs (such as glucose handling) in animal models of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. However, several drugs acting at the β3 -adrenoceptor failed in clinical trials. This was thought to be due to their lack of efficacy at the human receptor. Recently, mirabegron, a β3 -adrenoceptor agonist with human efficacy, was approved in North America, Europe, Japan and Australia for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome. There are indications that mirabegron may act at other receptors/targets, but whether they have any clinical relevance is relatively unknown. Besides overactive bladder syndrome, mirabegron may have other uses such as in the treatment of heart failure or metabolic disease. This review gives an overview of the off-target effects of mirabegron and its potential use in the treatment of other diseases. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nodi Dehvari
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edilson Dantas da Silva Junior
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Tore Bengtsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dana Sabine Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Harikumar KG, Lau S, Sexton PM, Wootten D, Miller LJ. Coexpressed Class B G Protein-Coupled Secretin and GLP-1 Receptors Self- and Cross-Associate: Impact on Pancreatic Islets. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1685-1700. [PMID: 28368447 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Class B guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors form symmetrical homodimeric complexes along the lipid face of transmembrane segment 4 (TM4) and can form heterodimeric complexes, although their structure is unknown. The current study demonstrates that the lipid face of TM4 is also the predominant determinant for formation of heteroreceptor complexes between two class B receptors, secretin receptor (SecR) and glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), which are expressed on pancreatic islet cells. Because these receptors use the same interface for formation of homo- and heteroreceptor complexes, competitive forces may affect expression of different complexes. Assessment of SecR and GLP-1R dimeric complexes via recombinant expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells revealed that homodimeric receptor complexes were more stable than the heterodimeric complexes, and the homodimeric SecR/SecR is more stable than the GLP-1R/GLP-1R complex. Given the greater tendency for homodimeric compared with heterodimeric complex formation, the heteroreceptor complexes lacked the expression that might have been predicted by geometry alone. Nevertheless, cells coexpressing these receptors formed heterodimeric complexes that correlated with reduced intracellular calcium responses to secretin, but no change in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate responses to each natural agonist. This functional effect was confirmed in pancreatic islets isolated from wild-type and GLP-1R knockout mice. In these cells, the increased calcium response mediated by secretin in the absence of GLP-1R was paralleled by an increased glucose-dependent insulin response, indicating that the heterodimeric receptor complexes modulate secretin responses. Furthermore, the heterodimeric receptor complexes also mediated agonist-induced cross-receptor internalization, a process that could have broad functional significance in sites of natural receptor coexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleeckal G Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
| | - Shannen Lau
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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14
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Strength of Neisseria meningitidis binding to endothelial cells requires highly-ordered CD147/β 2-adrenoceptor clusters assembled by alpha-actinin-4. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15764. [PMID: 28569760 PMCID: PMC5461506 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) is an invasive bacterial pathogen that colonizes human vessels, causing thrombotic lesions and meningitis. Establishment of tight interactions with endothelial cells is crucial for meningococci to resist haemodynamic forces. Two endothelial receptors, CD147 and the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR), are sequentially engaged by meningococci to adhere and promote signalling events leading to vascular colonization, but their spatiotemporal coordination is unknown. Here we report that CD147 and β2AR form constitutive hetero-oligomeric complexes. The scaffolding protein α-actinin-4 directly binds to the cytosolic tail of CD147 and governs the assembly of CD147–β2AR complexes in highly ordered clusters at bacterial adhesion sites. This multimolecular assembly process increases the binding strength of meningococci to endothelial cells under shear stress, and creates molecular platforms for the elongation of membrane protrusions surrounding adherent bacteria. Thus, the specific organization of cellular receptors has major impacts on host–pathogen interaction. Neisseria meningitidis bacteria bind to host proteins CD147 and β2-adrenergic receptor on the surface of endothelial cells. Here, Maïssa et al. show that the two proteins interact with each other forming clusters that increase the binding strength of the bacteria to endothelial cells.
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15
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Tarakanov AO, Bechter K, Fuxe K. IL1R2, CCR2, and CXCR4 May Form Heteroreceptor Complexes with NMDAR and D2R: Relevance for Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:24. [PMID: 28261115 PMCID: PMC5309215 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mild neuroinflammation hypothesis of schizophrenia was introduced by Bechter in 2001. It has been hypothesized that a hypofunction of glutamatergic signaling via N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and hyperactivation of dopamine D2 receptors play a role in schizophrenia. The triplet puzzle theory states that sets of triplet amino acid homologies guide two different receptors toward each other and contributes to the formation of a receptor heteromer. It is, therefore, proposed that putative NMDAR-C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2), NMDAR-C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), and NMDAR- interleukin 1 receptor type II (IL1R2) heteromers can be formed in the neuronal networks in mild neuroinflammation due to demonstration of Gly-Leu-Leu (GLL), Val-Ser-Thr (VST), and/or Ser-Val-Ser (SVS) amino acid homologies between these receptor protomers. This molecular process may underlie the ability to produce symptoms of schizophrenia in mild neuroinflammation. In this state, volume transmission (VT) is increased involving increased extracellular vesicle-mediated VT from microglia and astroglia. These vesicles may contain CCR2, CXCR4, and/or IL1R2 as well as their ligands and upon internalization by endocytic pathways into neurons can form heteroreceptor complexes with NMDAR in the plasma membrane with pathological allosteric receptor-receptor interactions involving increased internalization and reduced NMDAR signaling. The triplet puzzle theory also suggests the formation of putative D2R-CCR2, D2R-CXCR4, and D2R-IL1R2 heteromers in mild neuroinflammation in view of their demonstrated sets of Leu-Tyr-Ser (LYS), Leu-Pro-Phe (LPF), and/or Ser-Leu-Ala (SLA) triplet homologies. These D2R heteroreceptor complexes may also contribute to schizophrenia-like symptoms in mild neuroinflammation by enhancing D2R protomer function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy; Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Yaguajay, Cuba
| | - Alexander O Tarakanov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation , Saint Petersburg , Russia
| | - Karl Bechter
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, Ulm University, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg , Günzburg , Germany
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
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16
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Latty SL, Felce JH, Weimann L, Lee SF, Davis SJ, Klenerman D. Referenced Single-Molecule Measurements Differentiate between GPCR Oligomerization States. Biophys J 2016; 109:1798-806. [PMID: 26536257 PMCID: PMC4643199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which Rhodopsin family G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) form invariant oligomers is contentious. Recent single-molecule fluorescence imaging studies mostly argue against the existence of constitutive receptor dimers and instead suggest that GPCRs only dimerize transiently, if at all. However, whether or not even transient dimers exist is not always clear due to difficulties in unambiguously distinguishing genuine interactions from chance colocalizations, particularly with respect to short-lived events. Previous single-molecule studies have depended critically on calculations of chance colocalization rates and/or comparison with unfixed control proteins whose diffusional behavior may or may not differ from that of the test receptor. Here, we describe a single-molecule imaging assay that 1) utilizes comparisons with well-characterized control proteins, i.e., the monomer CD86 and the homodimer CD28, and 2) relies on cell fixation to limit artifacts arising from differences in the distribution and diffusion of test proteins versus these controls. The improved assay reliably reports the stoichiometry of the Glutamate-family GPCR dimer, γ-amino butyric acid receptor b2, whereas two Rhodopsin-family GPCRs, β2-adrenergic receptor and mCannR2, exhibit colocalization levels comparable to those of CD86 monomers, strengthening the case against invariant GPCR oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Latty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James H Felce
- Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Weimann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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17
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Singh SP, Foley JF, Zhang HH, Hurt DE, Richards JL, Smith CS, Liao F, Farber JM. Selectivity in the Use of Gi/o Proteins Is Determined by the DRF Motif in CXCR6 and Is Cell-Type Specific. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:894-910. [PMID: 26316539 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.099960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCR6, the receptor for CXCL16, is expressed on multiple cell types and can be a coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus 1. Except for CXCR6, all human chemokine receptors contain the D(3.49)R(3.50)Y(3.51) sequence, and all but two contain A(3.53) at the cytoplasmic terminus of the third transmembrane helix (H3C), a region within class A G protein-coupled receptors that contacts G proteins. In CXCR6, H3C contains D(3.49)R(3.50)F(3.51)I(3.52)V(3.53) at positions 126-130. We investigated the importance and interdependence of the canonical D126 and the noncanonical F128 and V130 in CXCR6 by mutating D126 to Y, F128 to Y, and V130 to A singly and in combination. For comparison, we mutated the analogous positions D142, Y144, and A146 to Y, F, and V, respectively, in CCR6, a related receptor containing the canonical sequences. Mutants were analyzed in both human embryonic kidney 293T and Jurkat E6-1 cells. Our data show that for CXCR6 and/or CCR6, mutations in H3C can affect both receptor signaling and chemokine binding; noncanonical H3C sequences are functionally linked, with dual changes mitigating the effects of single mutations; mutations in H3C that compromise receptor activity show selective defects in the use of individual Gi/o proteins; and the effects of mutations in H3C on receptor function and selectivity in Gi/o protein use can be cell-type specific. Our findings indicate that the ability of CXCR6 to make promiscuous use of the available Gi/o proteins is exquisitely dependent on sequences within the H3C and suggest that the native sequence allows for preservation of this function across different cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya P Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology (S.P.S., J.F.F., H.H.Z., J.L.R., C.S.S., F.L., J.M.F.) and Bioinformatics and Scientific IT Program, Office of Technology Information Systems, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.E.H.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Institutes of Health Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, Maryland (C.S.S.)
| | - John F Foley
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology (S.P.S., J.F.F., H.H.Z., J.L.R., C.S.S., F.L., J.M.F.) and Bioinformatics and Scientific IT Program, Office of Technology Information Systems, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.E.H.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Institutes of Health Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, Maryland (C.S.S.)
| | - Hongwei H Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology (S.P.S., J.F.F., H.H.Z., J.L.R., C.S.S., F.L., J.M.F.) and Bioinformatics and Scientific IT Program, Office of Technology Information Systems, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.E.H.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Institutes of Health Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, Maryland (C.S.S.)
| | - Darrell E Hurt
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology (S.P.S., J.F.F., H.H.Z., J.L.R., C.S.S., F.L., J.M.F.) and Bioinformatics and Scientific IT Program, Office of Technology Information Systems, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.E.H.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Institutes of Health Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, Maryland (C.S.S.)
| | - Jennifer L Richards
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology (S.P.S., J.F.F., H.H.Z., J.L.R., C.S.S., F.L., J.M.F.) and Bioinformatics and Scientific IT Program, Office of Technology Information Systems, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.E.H.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Institutes of Health Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, Maryland (C.S.S.)
| | - Craig S Smith
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology (S.P.S., J.F.F., H.H.Z., J.L.R., C.S.S., F.L., J.M.F.) and Bioinformatics and Scientific IT Program, Office of Technology Information Systems, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.E.H.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Institutes of Health Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, Maryland (C.S.S.)
| | - Fang Liao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology (S.P.S., J.F.F., H.H.Z., J.L.R., C.S.S., F.L., J.M.F.) and Bioinformatics and Scientific IT Program, Office of Technology Information Systems, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.E.H.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Institutes of Health Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, Maryland (C.S.S.)
| | - Joshua M Farber
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology (S.P.S., J.F.F., H.H.Z., J.L.R., C.S.S., F.L., J.M.F.) and Bioinformatics and Scientific IT Program, Office of Technology Information Systems, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.E.H.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Institutes of Health Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, Maryland (C.S.S.)
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18
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Role of host β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors in a murine model of B16 melanoma: functional involvement of β3-adrenergic receptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:1317-31. [PMID: 26285646 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Complex interactions between tumor cells and their surrounding compartment are strongly influenced by the host in which the tumor grows. In melanoma, for instance, stress-associated norephinephrine (NE), acting at β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs), stimulates melanoma cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. Among β-ARs, β3-ARs play a role acting not only at tumor cells but also at non-neoplastic stromal cells within the melanoma. In the present study, we used a murine model of B16 melanoma to evaluate the role of the host β1- and β2-ARs in melanoma growth and we determined whether the role of β3-ARs can be influenced by the absence of stromal β1- and β2-ARs. As compared to wild-type mice, β1/2-AR knockout mice displayed (i) increased intratumoral levels of both NE and β3-ARs, as evidentiated at both messenger and protein levels; (ii) increased tumor vascularization; (iii) decreased tumor cell proliferation but increased tumor cell apoptosis; and (iv) increased responsiveness to intratumoral injection of the β3-AR blocker L-748,337 in terms of decrease in tumor growth, tumor vascular response, tumor cell proliferation, and increase in tumor cell death. These findings together validate the role of β-AR signaling in melanoma microenvironment suggesting that non-neoplastic stromal cells may be targeted by β-AR-related drugs. The additional fact that β3-ARs play an important role in melanoma growth suggests selective β3-AR antagonists as important proapoptotic agents.
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Fujita W, Gomes I, Devi LA. Revolution in GPCR signalling: opioid receptor heteromers as novel therapeutic targets: IUPHAR review 10. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:4155-76. [PMID: 24916280 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
GPCRs can interact with each other to form homomers or heteromers. Homomers involve interactions with the same receptor type while heteromers involve interactions between two different GPCRs. These receptor-receptor interactions modulate not only the binding but also the signalling and trafficking properties of individual receptors. Opioid receptor heteromerization has been extensively investigated with the objective of identifying novel therapeutic targets that are as potent as morphine but without the side effects associated with chronic morphine use. In this context, studies have described heteromerization between the different types of opioid receptors and between opioid receptors and a wide range of GPCRs including adrenoceptors, cannabinoid, 5-HT, metabotropic glutamate and sensory neuron-specific receptors. Recent advances in the field involving the generation of heteromer-specific reagents (antibodies or ligands) or of membrane-permeable peptides that disrupt the heteromer interaction are helping to elucidate the physiological role of opioid receptor heteromers and the contribution of the partner receptor to the side effects associated with opioid use. For example, studies using membrane-permeable peptides targeting the heteromer interface have implicated μ and δ receptor heteromers in the development of tolerance to morphine, and heteromers of μ and gastrin-releasing peptide receptors in morphine-induced itch. In addition, a number of ligands that selectively target opioid receptor heteromers exhibit potent antinociception with a decrease in the side effects commonly associated with morphine use. In this review, we summarize the latest findings regarding the biological and functional characteristics of opioid receptor heteromers both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Fujita
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Jiang Y, Li YR, Tian H, Ma M, Matsunami H. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 modulates odorant receptor activity via inhibition of β-arrestin-2 recruitment. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6448. [PMID: 25800153 PMCID: PMC4372811 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The olfactory system in rodents serves a critical function in social, reproductive, and survival behaviors. Processing of chemosensory signals in the brain is dynamically regulated in part by an animal's physiological state. We previously reported that type 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M3-Rs) physically interact with odorant receptors (ORs) to promote odor-induced responses in a heterologous expression system. However, it is not known how M3-Rs affect the ability of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) to respond to odors. Here, we show that an M3-R antagonist attenuates odor-induced responses in OSNs from wild-type, but not M3-R-null mice. Using a novel molecular assay, we demonstrate that the activation of M3-Rs inhibits the recruitment of β-arrestin-2 to ORs, resulting in a potentiation of odor-induced response in OSNs. These results suggest a role for acetylcholine in modulating olfactory processing at the initial stages of signal transduction in the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jiang
- 1] Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] University Program of Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Duke, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Yun Rose Li
- 1] Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Huikai Tian
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Minghong Ma
- 1] Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- 1] Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] Department of Neurobiology, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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21
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Johnstone EKM, Pfleger KDG. Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer Approaches to Discover Bias in GPCR Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1335:191-204. [PMID: 26260602 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2914-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) is a well-established technique for investigating G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pharmacology. BRET enables the monitoring of molecular proximity through the use of heterologously expressed proteins of interest and/or fluorophore-labeled ligands. Fusion to a donor luciferase enzyme or an acceptor fluorophore and subsequent detection of resonance energy transfer indicate the close proximity of the molecules of interest. As BRET is readily applied to the study of numerous GPCR signaling and regulatory paths, it is an ideal technique for investigating the pharmacology of biased ligands and receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K M Johnstone
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
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22
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Filippi L, Dal Monte M, Casini G, Daniotti M, Sereni F, Bagnoli P. Infantile hemangiomas, retinopathy of prematurity and cancer: a common pathogenetic role of the β-adrenergic system. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:619-52. [PMID: 25523517 DOI: 10.1002/med.21336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The serendipitous demonstration that the nonselective β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) antagonist propranolol promotes the regression of infantile hemangiomas (IHs) aroused interest around the involvement of the β-adrenergic system in angiogenic processes. The efficacy of propranolol was related to the β2-AR blockade and the consequent inhibition of the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), suggesting the hypothesis that propranolol could also be effective in treating retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a retinal pathology characterized by VEGF-induced neoangiogenesis. Consequent to the encouraging animal studies, a pilot clinical trial showed that oral propranolol protects newborns from ROP progression, even though this treatment is not sufficiently safe. Further, animal studies clarified the role of β3-ARs in the development of ROP and, together with several preclinical studies demonstrating the key role of the β-adrenergic system in tumor progression, vascularization, and metastasis, prompted us to also investigate the participation of β3-ARs in tumor growth. The aim of this review is to gather the recent findings on the role of the β-adrenergic system in IHs, ROP, and cancer, highlighting the fact that these different pathologies, triggered by different pathogenic noxae, share common pathogenic mechanisms characterized by the presence of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, which may be contrasted by targeting the β-adrenergic system. The mechanisms characterizing the pathogenesis of IHs, ROP, and cancer may also be active during the fetal-neonatal development, and a great contribution to the knowledge on the role of β-ARs in diseases characterized by chronic hypoxia may come from research focusing on the fetal and neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Filippi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical Surgical Fetal-Neonatal Department, "A. Meyer" University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
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23
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Demonstration of a direct interaction between β2-adrenergic receptor and insulin receptor by BRET and bioinformatics. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112664. [PMID: 25401701 PMCID: PMC4234468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is under the cooperative regulation of both insulin receptor (IR) and β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR), which represent the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and seven transmembrane receptors (7TMRs), respectively. Studies demonstrating cross-talk between these two receptors and their endogenous coexpression have suggested their possible interactions. To evaluate the effect of IR and prospective heteromerization on β2AR properties, we showed that IR coexpression had no effect on the ligand binding properties of β2AR; however, IR reduced β2AR surface expression and accelerated its internalization. Additionally, both receptors displayed a similar distribution pattern with a high degree of colocalization. To test the possible direct interaction between β2AR and IR, we employed quantitative BRET2 saturation and competition assays. Saturation assay data suggested constitutive β2AR and IR homo- and heteromerization. Calculated acceptor/donor (AD50) values as a measure of the relative affinity for homo- and heteromer formation differed among the heteromers that could not be explained by a simple dimer model. In heterologous competition assays, a transient increase in the BRET2 signal with a subsequent hyperbolical decrease was observed, suggesting higher-order heteromer formation. To complement the BRET2 data, we employed the informational spectrum method (ISM), a virtual spectroscopy method to investigate protein-protein interactions. Computational peptide scanning of β2AR and IR identified intracellular domains encompassing residues at the end of the 7th TM domain and C-terminal tail of β2AR and a cytoplasmic part of the IR β chain as prospective interaction domains. ISM further suggested a high probability of heteromer formation and homodimers as basic units engaged in heteromerization. In summary, our data suggest direct interaction and higher-order β2AR:IR oligomer formation, likely comprising heteromers of homodimers.
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24
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Wnorowski A, Jozwiak K. Homo- and hetero-oligomerization of β2-adrenergic receptor in receptor trafficking, signaling pathways and receptor pharmacology. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2259-65. [PMID: 25049076 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) is the prototypic member of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) involved in the production of physiological responses to adrenaline and noradrenaline. Research done in the past few years vastly demonstrated that β2AR can form homo- and hetero-oligomers. Despite the fact that currently this phenomenon is widely accepted, the spread and relevance of β2AR oligomerization are still a matter of debate. This review considers the progress achieved in the field of β2AR oligomerization with focus on the implications of the receptor-receptor interactions to β2AR trafficking, pharmacology and downstream signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Wnorowski
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Neuroengineering, Department of Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Jozwiak
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Neuroengineering, Department of Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
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25
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Tovo-Rodrigues L, Roux A, Hutz MH, Rohde LA, Woods AS. Functional characterization of G-protein-coupled receptors: a bioinformatics approach. Neuroscience 2014; 277:764-79. [PMID: 24997265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Complex molecular and cellular mechanisms regulate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). It is suggested that proteins intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are to play a role in GPCR's intra and extracellular regions plasticity, due to their potential for post-translational modification and interaction with other proteins. These regions are defined as lacking a stable three-dimensional (3D) structure. They are rich in hydrophilic and charged, amino acids and are capable to assume different conformations which allow them to interact with multiple partners. In this study we analyzed 75 GPCR involved in synaptic transmission using computational tools for sequence-based prediction of IDRs within a protein. We also evaluated putative ligand-binding motifs using receptor sequences. The disorder analysis indicated that neurotransmitter GPCRs have a significant amount of disorder in their N-terminus, third intracellular loop (3IL) and C-terminus. About 31%, 39% and 53% of human GPCR involved in synaptic transmission are disordered in these regions. Thirty-three percent of receptors show at least one predicted PEST motif, this being statistically greater than the estimate for the rest of human GPCRs. About 90% of the receptors had at least one putative site for dimerization in their 3IL or C-terminus. ELM instances sampled in these domains were 14-3-3, SH3, SH2 and PDZ motifs. In conclusion, the increased flexibility observed in GPCRs, added to the enrichment of linear motifs, PEST and heteromerization sites, may be critical for the nervous system's functional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tovo-Rodrigues
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Structural Biology Unit, Integrative Neuroscience Branch, NIDA IRP, NIH, MD, United States
| | - A Roux
- Structural Biology Unit, Integrative Neuroscience Branch, NIDA IRP, NIH, MD, United States
| | - M H Hutz
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - L A Rohde
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Division, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A S Woods
- Structural Biology Unit, Integrative Neuroscience Branch, NIDA IRP, NIH, MD, United States.
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26
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Brugarolas M, Navarro G, Martínez-Pinilla E, Angelats E, Casadó V, Lanciego JL, Franco R. G-protein-coupled receptor heteromers as key players in the molecular architecture of the central nervous system. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:703-9. [PMID: 24809909 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall architecture of the nervous system, especially the CNS, is remarkable. The anatomy of the nervous system is constituted not only by macroscopic and microscopy identifiable regions and neuronal cell types, but also by protein complexes whose identification and localization require sophisticated techniques. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute an example of proteins that are the key factors in the framework needed to sustain brain and nerve structure and function. The versatility underlying nervous system anatomy takes advantage of a recently discovered feature of GPCRs, the possibility to form heteromers that, placed at specific neuronal subsets and at specific locations (pre-, post-, or peri-synaptic), contribute to attain unique neural functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Brugarolas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Centro investigación biomédica en red enfermedades neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Tilley DG, Rockman HA. Role of β-adrenergic receptor signaling and desensitization in heart failure: new concepts and prospects for treatment. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 4:417-32. [PMID: 16716102 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.4.3.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of beta-blockers to antagonize beta-adrenergic receptor signaling in the heart has become a standard method of treatment for heart failure, resulting in positive clinical outcomes alone and in conjunction with other modulators of cardiomyocyte contractility. However, an entire explanation for improved cardiac function in patients using beta-blockers is unknown, and in fact may be quite complicated, considering the numerous intracellular signaling pathways associated with beta-adrenergic receptors. Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors during both normal conditions and during heart failure activate several distinct signaling cascades, which influence cardiomyocyte contraction, hypertrophy and apoptosis. This review explores the signaling cascades induced by beta-adrenergic receptor activation in normal and desensitized states to provide new insight into the effective treatment of cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Tilley
- Department of Medicine Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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28
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Yoshihara T, Yonoki Y, Saito M, Nakahara T, Sakamoto K, Ishii K. Agonist-induced receptor internalization in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably co-expressing β(1)- and β(2)-adrenergic receptors. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 36:114-9. [PMID: 23302644 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
β(1)- and β(2)-Adrenergic receptors (β(1)-AR and β(2)-AR) are co-expressed in numerous tissues, for example, heart and bladder. They play a very important role in the responses of a variety of organs to sympathetic nerve stimulation. Recent studies suggest that many G protein-coupled receptors, such as β(1)-AR, β(2)-AR, μ opioid receptor and δ opioid receptor, can form homo- and heterooligomers. Previous studies demonstrated that the β(1)-AR and β(2)-AR formed dimers in living HEK 293 cells. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether such heterooligomerization affect the agonist-induced receptor internalization in the CHO-K1 cells stably co-expressing β(1)-AR and β(2)-AR. Using co-immunoprecipitation, we confirmed that β(1)-AR and β(2)-AR formed heterooligomers in the CHO-K1 cells. In cells co-expressing β(1)-AR and β(2)-AR, 30% of β(1)-AR was internalized by isoproterenol, whereas only 20% of β(1)-AR was internalized in cells expressing the β(1)-AR alone. Heterooligomerization did not affect the ratio of internalized β(2)-AR. Salmeterol, a specific β(2)-AR agonist, broke β(1)-AR/β(2)-AR heterooligomers, and induced β(2)-AR-specific internalization in cells co-expressing β(1)-AR and β(2)-AR. The present study demonstrated that heterooligomerization between β(1)-AR and β(2)-AR accelerates the isoproterenol-promoted internalization of the β(1)-AR, and that salmeterol induces β(2)-AR-specific internalization in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably co-expressing β(1)-AR and β(2)-AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Yoshihara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceurical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5–9–1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108–8641, Japan
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29
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Beta3-adrenergic receptors modulate vascular endothelial growth factor release in response to hypoxia through the nitric oxide pathway in mouse retinal explants. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 386:269-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Adenosine A1 receptors heterodimerize with β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors creating novel receptor complexes with altered G protein coupling and signaling. Cell Signal 2013; 25:736-42. [PMID: 23291003 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors play crucial roles in mediating cellular responses to external stimuli, and increasing evidence suggests that they function as multiple units comprising homo/heterodimers and hetero-oligomers. Adenosine and β-adrenergic receptors are co-expressed in numerous tissues and mediate important cellular responses to the autocoid adenosine and sympathetic stimulation, respectively. The present study was undertaken to examine whether adenosine A1ARs heterodimerize with β1- and/or β2-adrenergic receptors (β1R and β2R), and whether such interactions lead to functional consequences. Co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization studies with differentially epitope-tagged A1, β1, and β2 receptors transiently co-expressed in HEK-293 cells indicate that A1AR forms constitutive heterodimers with both β1R and β2R. This heterodimerization significantly influenced orthosteric ligand binding affinity of both β1R and β2R without altering ligand binding properties of A1AR. Receptor-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation significantly increased in cells expressing A1AR/β1R and A1AR/β2R heteromers. β-Receptor-mediated cAMP production was not altered in A1AR/β1R expressing cells, but was significantly reduced in the A1AR/β2R cells. The inhibitory effect of the A1AR on cAMP production was abrogated in both A1AR/β1R and A1AR/β2R expressing cells in response to the A1AR agonist CCPA. Co-immunoprecipitation studies conducted with human heart tissue lysates indicate that endogenous A1AR, β1R, and β2R also form heterodimers. Taken together, our data suggest that heterodimerization between A1 and β receptors leads to altered receptor pharmacology, functional coupling, and intracellular signaling pathways. Unique and differential receptor cross-talk between these two important receptor families may offer the opportunity to fine-tune crucial signaling responses and development of more specific therapeutic interventions.
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Arrestins in the cardiovascular system. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 118:297-334. [PMID: 23764059 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394440-5.00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Of the four mammalian arrestins, only the β-arrestins (βarrs; Arrestin2 and -3) are expressed throughout the cardiovascular system, where they regulate, as either desensitizers/internalizers or signal transducers, several G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) critical for cardiovascular homeostasis. The cardiovascular roles of βarrs have been delineated at an accelerated pace via a variety of techniques and tools, such as knockout mice, siRNA knockdown, artificial or naturally occurring polymorphic GPCRs, and availability of new βarr "biased" GPCR ligands. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of cardiovascular arrestin physiology and pharmacology, addressing the individual cardiovascular receptors affected by βarrs in vivo, as well as the individual cell types, tissues, and organs of the cardiovascular system in which βarr effects are exerted; for example, cardiac myocyte or fibroblast, vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland and platelet. In the broader scope of cardiovascular βarr pharmacology, a discussion of the βarr "bias" of certain cardiovascular GPCR ligands is also included.
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32
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Cotecchia S, Stanasila L, Diviani D. Protein-protein interactions at the adrenergic receptors. Curr Drug Targets 2012; 13:15-27. [PMID: 21777184 PMCID: PMC3290771 DOI: 10.2174/138945012798868489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The adrenergic receptors are among the best characterized G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and knowledge on this receptor family has provided several important paradigms about GPCR function and regulation. One of the most recent paradigms initially supported by studies on adrenergic receptors is that both βarrestins and G protein-coupled receptors themselves can act as scaffolds binding a variety of proteins and this can result in growing complexity of the receptor-mediated cellular effects. In this review we will briefly summarize the main features of βarrestin binding to the adrenergic receptor subtypes and we will review more in detail the main proteins found to selectively interact with distinct AR subtype. At the end, we will review the main findings on oligomerization of the AR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Cotecchia
- Départment de Pharmacologie et de Toxicologie, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland.
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33
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Wang CIA, Lewis RJ. Emerging opportunities for allosteric modulation of G-protein coupled receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 85:153-62. [PMID: 22975406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Their ubiquitous nature, wide cellular distribution and versatile molecular recognition and signalling help make G-protein binding receptors (GPCRs) the most important class of membrane proteins in clinical medicine, accounting for ∼40% of all current therapeutics. A large percentage of current drugs target the endogenous ligand binding (orthosteric) site, which are structurally and evolutionarily conserved, particularly among members of the same GPCR subfamily. With the recent advances in GPCR X-ray crystallography, new opportunities for developing novel subtype selective drugs have emerged. Given the increasing recognition that the extracellular surface conformation changes in response to ligand binding, it is likely that all GPCRs possess an allosteric site(s) capable of regulating GPCR signalling. Allosteric sites are less structurally conserved than their corresponding orthosteric site and thus provide new opportunities for the development of more selective drugs. Constitutive oligomerisation (dimerisation) identified in many of the GPCRs investigated, adds another dimension to the structural and functional complexity of GPCRs. In this review, we compare 60 crystal structures of nine GPCR subtypes (rhodopsin, ß₂-AR, ß₁-AR, A(2a)-AR, CXCR4, D₃R, H₁R, M₂R, M₃R) across four subfamilies of Class A GPCRs, and discuss mechanisms involved in receptor activation and potential allosteric binding sites across the highly variable extracellular surface of these GPCRs. This analysis has identified a new extracellular salt bridge (ESB-2) that might be exploited in the design of allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-I Anderson Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
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34
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Drinovec L, Kubale V, Nøhr Larsen J, Vrecl M. Mathematical models for quantitative assessment of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer: application to seven transmembrane receptors oligomerization. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:104. [PMID: 22973259 PMCID: PMC3428587 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that seven transmembrane receptors (7TMRs; also designated G-protein coupled receptors, GPCRs) might form dimers or higher order oligomeric complexes was formulated more than 20 years ago and has been intensively studied since then. In the last decade, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) has been one of the most frequently used biophysical methods for studying 7TMRs oligomerization. This technique enables monitoring physical interactions between protein partners in living cells fused to donor and acceptor moieties. It relies on non-radiative transfer of energy between donor and acceptor, depending on their intermolecular distance (1-10 nm) and relative orientation. Results derived from BRET-based techniques are very persuasive; however, they need appropriate controls and critical interpretation. To overcome concerns about the specificity of BRET-derived results, a set of experiments has been proposed, including negative control with a non-interacting receptor or protein, BRET dilution, saturation, and competition assays. This article presents the theoretical background behind BRET assays, then outlines mathematical models for quantitative interpretation of BRET saturation and competition assay results, gives examples of their utilization and discusses the possibilities of quantitative analysis of data generated with other RET-based techniques.
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35
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Laukova M, Vargovic P, Csaderova L, Chovanova L, Vlcek M, Imrich R, Krizanova O, Kvetnansky R. Acute stress differently modulates β1, β2 and β3 adrenoceptors in T cells, but not in B cells, from the rat spleen. Neuroimmunomodulation 2012; 19:69-78. [PMID: 22248722 DOI: 10.1159/000329002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stress-induced rise in circulating catecholamines (CAs), followed by modulation of β-adrenergic receptors (adrenoceptors, ARs), is one of the pathways involved in the stress-mediated effects of immune functions. The spleen is an organ with a high number of lymphocytes and provides a unique microenvironment in which they reside. Thus, lymphocytes may respond differently to CAs in the spleen than in the circulation. No reports exist concerning the involvement of β-ARs in stress-mediated effects on T and B cells isolated from the spleen. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the effect of single stress exposure on gene expression and cellular localization of β-adrenoceptor subtypes in splenic T and B cells. We tried to correlate changes in adrenoceptors with the expression of apoptotic proteins. METHODS Immobilization (IMMO) was used as a stress model. T and B cells were isolated from rat spleen using magnetically labeled antibodies. The gene expression of individual adrenoceptors and apoptotic proteins was evaluated by real-time PCR. Immunofluorescence was used to evaluate localization and adrenoceptor expression. RESULTS We have found T cells to be more vulnerable to stress compared to B cells, because of increased β₁-, β₂- and β₃-ARs after a single IMMO. Moreover, β₂-ARs translocated from the nucleus to the plasma membrane in T cells after IMMO. The rise in β-ARs most probably led to the rise of Bax mRNA and Bax to Bcl-2 mRNA ratio. This might suggest the induction of an apoptotic process in T cells. CONCLUSION Higher susceptibility of T cells to stress via modulation of β-ARs and apoptotic proteins might shift the immune responsiveness in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Laukova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Center of Excellence CENDO and Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Abstract
In almost 16 years since the word "dimer" was used in a publication to describe the organization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), a large number of studies have since weighed in on this notion. Are native, functional GPCRs monomers, dimers or as some would suggest even higher order structures? Here, we review some of the latest evidence regarding the organization of these receptors in both homo- and hetero-oligomeric formats, with a particular focus on β-adrenergic receptors. This is particularly important for understanding the allosteric nature of receptor/receptor interactions. It is likely that, over the course of evolution, mechanisms have come into play using all of the possible variations in receptor/receptor stoichiometry, depending on the cell and the physiological context in question. Finally, we provide some data that suggests that higher order structures of GPCRs, as with dimers themselves are probably assembled in the ER.
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Functional interactions between the oxytocin receptor and the β2-adrenergic receptor: implications for ERK1/2 activation in human myometrial cells. Cell Signal 2011; 24:333-41. [PMID: 21964067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Gq-coupled oxytocin receptor (OTR) and the Gs-coupled β(2)-adrenergic receptor (β(2)AR) are both expressed in myometrial cells and mediate uterine contraction and relaxation, respectively. The two receptors represent important pharmacological targets as OTR antagonists and β(2)AR agonists are used to control pre-term uterine contractions. Despite their physiologically antagonistic effects, both receptors activate the MAP kinases ERK1/2, which has been implicated in uterine contraction and the onset of labor. To determine the signalling pathways involved in mediating the ERK1/2 response, we assessed the effect of blockers of specific G protein-associated pathways. In human myometrial hTERT-C3 cells, inhibition of Gαi as well as inhibition of the Gαq/PKC pathway led to a reduction of both OTR- and β(2)AR-mediated ERK1/2 activation. The involvement of Gαq/PKC in β(2)AR-mediated ERK1/2 induction was unexpected. To test whether the emergence of this novel signalling mechanism was dependent on OTR expression in the same cell, we conducted experiments in HEK 293 cells that were transfected with the β(2)AR alone or co-transfected with the OTR. Using this approach, we found that β(2)AR-mediated ERK1/2 responses became sensitive to PKC inhibition only in cells co-transfected with the OTR. Inhibitor studies indicated the involvement of an atypical PKC isoform in this process. We confirmed the specific involvement of PKCζ in this pathway by assessing PKCζ translocation to the cell membrane. Consistent with our inhibitor studies, we found that β(2)AR-mediated PKCζ translocation was dependent on co-expression of OTR. The present demonstration of a novel β(2)AR-coupled signalling pathway that is dependent on OTR co-expression is suggestive of a molecular interaction between the two receptors.
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Wrzal PK, Devost D, Pétrin D, Goupil E, Iorio-Morin C, Laporte SA, Zingg HH, Hébert TE. Allosteric interactions between the oxytocin receptor and the β2-adrenergic receptor in the modulation of ERK1/2 activation are mediated by heterodimerization. Cell Signal 2011; 24:342-50. [PMID: 21963428 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The oxytocin receptor (OTR) and the β(2)-adrenergic receptor (β(2)AR) are key regulators of uterine contraction. These two receptors are targets of tocolytic agents used to inhibit pre-term labor. Our recent study on the nature of OTR- and β(2)AR-mediated ERK1/2 activation in human hTERT-C3 myometrial cells suggested the presence of an OTR/β(2)AR hetero-oligomeric complex (see companion article). The goal of this study was to investigate potential allosteric interactions between OTR and β(2)AR and establish the nature of the interactions between these receptors in myometrial cells. We found that OTR-mediated ERK1/2 activation was attenuated significantly when cells were pretreated with the β(2)AR agonist isoproterenol or two antagonists, propranolol or timolol. In contrast, pretreatment of cells with a third β(2)AR antagonist, atenolol resulted in an increase in OTR-mediated ERK1/2 activation. Similarly, β(2)AR-mediated ERK1/2 activation was strongly attenuated by pretreatment with the OTR antagonists, atosiban and OTA. Physical interactions between OTR and β(2)AR were demonstrated using co-immunoprecipitation, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) and protein-fragment complementation (PCA) assays in HEK 293 cells, the latter experiments indicating the interactions between the two receptors were direct. Our analyses suggest physical interactions between OTR and β(2)AR in the context of a new heterodimer pair lie at the heart of the allosteric effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina K Wrzal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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39
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Vaniotis G, Allen BG, Hébert TE. Nuclear GPCRs in cardiomyocytes: an insider's view of β-adrenergic receptor signaling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H1754-64. [PMID: 21890692 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00657.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, we have come to appreciate the complexity of G protein-coupled receptor signaling in general and β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling in particular. Starting originally from three β-AR subtypes expressed in cardiomyocytes with relatively simple, linear signaling cascades, it is now clear that there are large receptor-based networks which provide a rich and diverse set of responses depending on their complement of signaling partners and the physiological state. More recently, it has become clear that subcellular localization of these signaling complexes also enriches the diversity of phenotypic outcomes. Here, we review our understanding of the signaling repertoire controlled by nuclear β-AR subtypes as well our understanding of the novel roles for G proteins themselves in the nucleus, with a special focus, where possible, on their effects in cardiomyocytes. Finally, we discuss the potential pathological implications of alterations in nuclear β-AR signaling.
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40
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Somvanshi RK, Chaudhari N, Qiu X, Kumar U. Heterodimerization of β2 adrenergic receptor and somatostatin receptor 5: Implications in modulation of signaling pathway. J Mol Signal 2011; 6:9. [PMID: 21838893 PMCID: PMC3166894 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-6-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the present study, we describe heterodimerization between human-Somatostatin Receptor 5 (hSSTR5) and β2-Adrenergic Receptor (β2AR) and its impact on the receptor trafficking, coupling to adenylyl cyclase and signaling including mitogen activated protein kinases and calcineurin-NFAT pathways. Methods We used co-immunoprecipitation, photobleaching- fluorescence resonance energy transfer and Fluorescence assisted cell sorting analysis to characterize heterodimerization between SSTR5 and β2AR. Results Our results indicate that hSSTR5/β2AR exist as preformed heterodimers in the basal condition which is enhanced upon co-activation of both receptors. In contrast, the activation of individual receptors leads to the dissociation of heterodimers. Receptor coupling to adenylyl cyclase displayed predominant effect of β2AR, however, somatostatin mediated inhibition of cAMP was enhanced upon blocking β2AR. Our results indicate hSSTR5 mediated significant activation of ERK1/2 and inhibition of phospho-p38. The phospho-NFAT level was enhanced in cotransfected cells indicating the blockade of calcineurin mediated dephosphorylation of NFAT upon receptor heterodimerization. Conclusion These data for the first time unveil a novel insight for the role of hSSTR5/β2AR in the modulation of signaling pathways which has not been addressed earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi K Somvanshi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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41
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McMillin SM, Heusel M, Liu T, Costanzi S, Wess J. Structural basis of M3 muscarinic receptor dimer/oligomer formation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28584-98. [PMID: 21685385 PMCID: PMC3151100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.259788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to form dimers and/or oligomeric arrays in vitro and in vivo. These complexes are thought to play important roles in modulating class A GPCR function. Many studies suggest that residues located on the "outer" (lipid-facing) surface of the transmembrane (TM) receptor core are critically involved in the formation of class A receptor dimers (oligomers). However, no clear consensus has emerged regarding the identity of the TM helices or TM subsegments involved in this process. To shed light on this issue, we have used the M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R), a prototypic class A GPCR, as a model system. Using a comprehensive and unbiased approach, we subjected all outward-facing residues (70 amino acids total) of the TM helical bundle (TM1-7) of the M3R to systematic alanine substitution mutagenesis. We then characterized the resulting mutant receptors in radioligand binding and functional studies and determined their ability to form dimers (oligomers) in bioluminescence resonance energy transfer saturation assays. We found that M3R/M3R interactions are not dependent on the presence of one specific structural motif but involve the outer surfaces of multiple TM subsegments (TM1-5 and -7) located within the central and endofacial portions of the TM receptor core. Moreover, we demonstrated that the outward-facing surfaces of most TM helices play critical roles in proper receptor folding and/or function. Guided by the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer data, molecular modeling studies suggested the existence of multiple dimeric/oligomeric M3R arrangements, which may exist in a dynamic equilibrium. Given the high structural homology found among all class A GPCRs, our results should be of considerable general relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tong Liu
- From the Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
| | - Stefano Costanzi
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jürgen Wess
- From the Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
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42
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Porrello ER, Pfleger KDG, Seeber RM, Qian H, Oro C, Abogadie F, Delbridge LMD, Thomas WG. Heteromerization of angiotensin receptors changes trafficking and arrestin recruitment profiles. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1767-76. [PMID: 21740964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular hormone angiotensin II (AngII) exerts its actions via two G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes, AT(1) and AT(2), which often display antagonistic functions. Methodological constraints have so far precluded detailed analyses of the ligand-dependency, cellular localization, and functional relevance of AngII receptor interactions in live cells. In this study, we utilize a protein-fragment complementation assay (PCA) and GPCR-Heteromer Identification Technology (GPCR-HIT) to provide the first detailed investigation of the ligand-dependency and cellular localization of AngII receptor interactions in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Fluorescent-tagged receptor constructs for PCA and GPCR-HIT displayed normal affinity and selectivity for AngII (AT(1): IC(50)=1.0-1.6nM; AT(2): IC(50)=2.0-3.0nM). Well-characterized angiotensin receptor interactions were used as positive and negative controls to demonstrate the sensitivity and specificity of these fluorescence-based assays. We report that AT(1)-AT(2) receptor heteromers form constitutively, are localized to the plasma membrane and perinuclear compartments, and do not internalize following AngII stimulation despite arrestin being recruited specifically to the heteromer. Our findings using novel fluorescence-based technologies reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism of angiotensin receptor cross-talk involving cross-inhibition of AT(1) receptor internalization through heteromerization with the AT(2) receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo R Porrello
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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43
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Djannatian MS, Galinski S, Fischer TM, Rossner MJ. Studying G protein-coupled receptor activation using split-tobacco etch virus assays. Anal Biochem 2011; 412:141-52. [PMID: 21295005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest receptor family in mammals and represent important drug targets. Signaling through GPCRs mediates physiological effects that are strongly dependent on the cellular context. Therefore, the availability of assays monitoring GPCR activation applicable in different cell types could help to better understand GPCR functions and to realize the potential of known substances as well as novel ones. Here we introduce a split-TEV (tobacco etch virus) assay to monitor GPCR activation through the stimulation-dependent recruitment of β-arrestin 2. Inactive N- and C-terminal fragments of the TEV protease are coupled to a GPCR and β-arrestin 2, respectively. Ligand-dependent interaction of the two fusion proteins leads to functional complementation of the TEV protease, followed by the cleavage of an artificial transcription factor and successive reporter gene activation. The presented split-TEV assay system is highly sensitive and was successfully applied in heterologous cell lines as well as in primary cultured neuronal and glial cells. We show that assay performance strongly depends on the endogenous properties of different cell types. The sensitivity and flexibility make split-TEV assays a valuable tool to analyze GPCR activation in different cell types in a rapid and cost-effective way.
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44
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Smith NJ, Milligan G. Allostery at G protein-coupled receptor homo- and heteromers: uncharted pharmacological landscapes. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 62:701-25. [PMID: 21079041 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were thought to exist and function exclusively as monomeric units. However, evidence both from native cells and heterologous expression systems has demonstrated that GPCRs can both traffic and signal within higher-order complexes. As for other protein-protein interactions, conformational changes in one polypeptide, including those resulting from binding of pharmacological ligands, have the capacity to alter the conformation and therefore the response of the interacting protein(s), a process known as allosterism. For GPCRs, allosterism across homo- or heteromers, whether dimers or higher-order oligomers, represents an additional topographical landscape that must now be considered pharmacologically. Such effects may offer the opportunity for novel therapeutic approaches. Allosterism at GPCR heteromers is particularly exciting in that it offers additional scope to provide receptor subtype selectivity and tissue specificity as well as fine-tuning of receptor signal strength. Herein, we introduce the concept of allosterism at both GPCR homomers and heteromers and discuss the various questions that must be addressed before significant advances can be made in drug discovery at these GPCR complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Smith
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory,University Avenue, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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45
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Albizu L, Moreno JL, González-Maeso J, Sealfon SC. Heteromerization of G protein-coupled receptors: relevance to neurological disorders and neurotherapeutics. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2011; 9:636-50. [PMID: 20632964 DOI: 10.2174/187152710793361586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Because G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are numerous, widely expressed and involved in major physiological responses, they represent a relevant therapeutic target for drug discovery, particularly regarding pharmacological treatments of neurological disorders. Among the biological phenomena regulating receptor function, GPCR heteromerization is an important emerging area of interest and investigation. There is increasing evidence showing that heteromerization contributes to the pharmacological heterogeneity of GPCRs by modulating receptor ontogeny, activation and recycling. Although in many cases the physiological relevance of receptor heteromerization has not been fully established, the unique pharmacological and functional properties of heteromers are likely to lead to new strategies in clinical medicine. This review describes the main GPCR heteromers and their implications for major neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and addiction. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying drug interactions related to the targeting of receptor heteromers could provide more specific and efficient therapeutic agents for the treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Albizu
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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46
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Fuxe K, Marcellino D, Borroto-Escuela DO, Frankowska M, Ferraro L, Guidolin D, Ciruela F, Agnati LF. The changing world of G protein-coupled receptors: from monomers to dimers and receptor mosaics with allosteric receptor-receptor interactions. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2011; 30:272-83. [PMID: 20684666 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2010.506191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Based on indications of direct physical interactions between neuropeptide and monoamine receptors in the early 1980s, the term receptor-receptor interactions was introduced and later on the term receptor heteromerization in the early 1990s. Allosteric mechanisms allow an integrative activity to emerge either intramolecularly in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) monomers or intermolecularly via receptor-receptor interactions in GPCR homodimers, heterodimers, and receptor mosaics. Stable heteromers of Class A receptors may be formed that involve strong high energy arginine-phosphate electrostatic interactions. These receptor-receptor interactions markedly increase the repertoire of GPCR recognition, signaling and trafficking in which the minimal signaling unit in the GPCR homomers appears to be one receptor and one G protein. GPCR homomers and GPCR assemblies are not isolated but also directly interact with other proteins to form horizontal molecular networks at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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47
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Shenoy SK. β-arrestin-biased signaling by the β-adrenergic receptors. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2011; 67:51-78. [PMID: 21771485 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384921-2.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudha K Shenoy
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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48
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Limberg BJ, Andersson KE, Aura Kullmann F, Burmer G, de Groat WC, Rosenbaum JS. β-Adrenergic receptor subtype expression in myocyte and non-myocyte cells in human female bladder. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 342:295-306. [PMID: 20953633 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
β(3)-Adrenergic receptor agonists are currently under clinical development for the treatment of overactive bladder, a condition that is prevalent in postmenopausal women. These agents purportedly relax bladder smooth muscle through a direct action at the myocyte β(3)-receptor. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of the individual beta-adrenergic receptors in full thickness sections from ageing human female bladder. We obtained a series of rabbit polyclonal antibodies generated against each of the three β-adrenergic receptors, and validated their receptor specificity in CHOK1 cells expressing each of the individual receptors. Immunostaining for β(1), β(2), and β(3) were each more prominent in the urothelium than in the detrusor, with all receptors expressed in the same cell types, indicating co-expression of all three receptors throughout the urothelium in addition to the detrusor. Staining of all receptors was also observed in suburothelial myofibroblast-like cells, intramural ganglion cells, and in Schwann cells of intramural nerves. The β(3)-receptor in the human urothelium appears to be functional, as two different selective β(3)-receptor agonists, TAK677 and BRL37344, stimulate cAMP formation in URO tsa cells. Densitometry analysis indicates a persistent expression of all receptors throughout the bladder with increasing age, with the exception of the β(2)-receptor in the urothelium of the trigone, which appears to decrease slightly in older women. These data indicate that β(3)-receptor expression is maintained with age, but may function in concert with other β-receptors. Activation of the myocyte receptor may be influenced by action on non-myocyte structures including the intramural ganglion cells and myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Limberg
- Women's Health New Business Development, Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals now Warner Chilcott Pharmaceuticals Inc., Mason, OH, USA.
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49
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Hudson BD, Hébert TE, Kelly MEM. Physical and functional interaction between CB1 cannabinoid receptors and beta2-adrenoceptors. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:627-42. [PMID: 20590567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The CB(1) cannabinoid receptor and the beta(2)-adrenoceptor are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) co-expressed in many tissues. The present study examined physical and functional interactions between these receptors in a heterologous expression system and in primary human ocular cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Physical interactions between CB(1) receptors and beta(2)-adrenoceptors were assessed using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). Functional interactions between these receptors were evaluated by examining receptor trafficking, as well as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) signalling. KEY RESULTS Physical interactions between CB(1) receptors and beta(2)-adrenoceptors were demonstrated using BRET. In human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293H cells, co-expression of beta(2)-adrenoceptors tempered the constitutive activity and increased cell surface expression of CB(1) receptors. Co-expression altered the signalling properties of CB(1 )receptors, resulting in increased Galpha(i)-dependent ERK phosphorylation, but decreased non-Galpha(i)-mediated CREB phosphorylation. The CB(1) receptor inverse agonist AM251 (N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide) attenuated beta(2)-adrenoceptor-pERK signalling in cells expressing both receptors, while the CB(1) receptor neutral antagonist O-2050 ((6aR,10aR)-3-(1-methanesulfonylamino-4-hexyn-6-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran) did not. The actions of AM251 and O-2050 were further examined in primary human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells, which are ocular cells endogenously co-expressing CB(1) receptors and beta(2)-adrenoceptors. In HTM cells, as in HEK 293H cells, AM251 but not O-2050, altered the beta(2)-adrenoceptor-pERK response. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS A complex interaction was demonstrated between CB(1) receptors and beta(2)-adrenoceptors in HEK 293H cells. As similar functional interactions were also observed in HTM cells, such interactions may affect the pharmacology of these receptors in tissues where they are endogenously co-expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Hudson
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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50
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Lukasiewicz S, Polit A, Kędracka-Krok S, Wędzony K, Maćkowiak M, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Hetero-dimerization of serotonin 5-HT(2A) and dopamine D(2) receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1803:1347-58. [PMID: 20831885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, detailed information is presented on the hetero-dimerization of the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor and the dopamine D(2) receptor. Biophysical approaches (fluorescence spectroscopy as well as fluorescence lifetime microscopy) were used to determine the degree of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between cyan and yellow fluorescent protein labeled receptor variants co-expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293). Recorded data demonstrate the existence of energy transfer between the wild-type forms of 5-HT(2A)R and D(2)R, pointing toward the formation of hetero-5-HT(2A)R/D(2)R dimers and homo-5-HT(2A)R/5-HT(2A)R dimers. Moreover, the present study investigates the role of specific motifs (one containing adjacent arginine residues (217RRRRKR222) in the third intracellular loop (ic3) of D(2)R, and the other consisting of acidic glutamate residues (454EE455) in the C-tail of (5-HT(2A)R) in the formation of noncovalent complexes between these receptors. Our results suggest that these regions of 5-HT(2A)R and D(2)R may be involved in the interaction between these two proteins. On the other hand, the above-mentioned motifs do not play an important role in the homo-dimerization of these receptors. Furthermore, we estimated the influence of specific receptor ligands on the dimerization processes. Agonists (DOI and quinpirole) and antagonists (ketanserin and butaclamol) cause different effects on FRET efficiency depending on whether homo- or hetero-complexes are present. These data may have therapeutic implications, since (using the immunofluorescence double labeling protocols) the co-localization of these two receptors was demonstrated in the medial prefrontal cortex and pars reticulate of the substantia nigra of the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Lukasiewicz
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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