1
|
Yolmo P, Rahimi S, Chenard S, Conseil G, Jenkins D, Sachdeva K, Emon I, Hamilton J, Xu M, Rangachari M, Michaud E, Mansure JJ, Kassouf W, Berman DM, Siemens DR, Koti M. Atypical B Cells Promote Cancer Progression and Poor Response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:1320-1339. [PMID: 38916567 PMCID: PMC11443217 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Poor response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy remains a major barrier in the management of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Multiple factors are associated with poor outcomes, including biological aging and female sex. More recently, it has emerged that a B-cell-infiltrated pretreatment immune microenvironment of NMIBC tumors can influence the response to intravesically administered BCG. The mechanisms underlying the roles of B cells in NMIBC are poorly understood. Here, we show that B-cell-dominant tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), a hallmark feature of the chronic mucosal immune response, are abundant and located close to the epithelial compartment in pretreatment tumors from BCG non-responders. Digital spatial proteomic profiling of whole tumor sections from male and female patients with NMIBC who underwent treatment with intravesical BCG, revealed higher expression of immune exhaustion-associated proteins within the tumor-adjacent TLSs in both responders and non-responders. Chronic local inflammation, induced by the N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine carcinogen, led to TLS formation with recruitment and differentiation of the immunosuppressive atypical B-cell (ABC) subset within the bladder microenvironment, predominantly in aging female mice compared to their male counterparts. Depletion of ABCs simultaneous to BCG treatment delayed cancer progression in female mice. Our findings provide evidence indicating a role for ABCs in BCG response and will inform future development of therapies targeting the B-cell-exhaustion axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Yolmo
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
- Sinclair Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Sadaf Rahimi
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
- Sinclair Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Stephen Chenard
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
- Sinclair Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Gwenaëlle Conseil
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
- Sinclair Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Danielle Jenkins
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Kartik Sachdeva
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
- Sinclair Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Isaac Emon
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
- Sinclair Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Jake Hamilton
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Minqi Xu
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Manu Rangachari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Eva Michaud
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jose J Mansure
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Wassim Kassouf
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - David M Berman
- Sinclair Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - David R Siemens
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
- Sinclair Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
- Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Madhuri Koti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
- Sinclair Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
- Department of Urology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vijayakumar KK, Manoharan D, Subbarayan R, Shrestha R, Harshavardhan S. Construction of pVAX-1-based linear covalently closed vector with improved transgene expression. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:934. [PMID: 39180671 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study presents a Mammalian Linear Expression System (MLES), a linear covalently closed (LCC) vector based on pVAX-1. The purpose of this system was to improve gene expression in mammalian cells and to test the efficacy of MLES in transient transfection and transgene expression using in vitro and in vivo models. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate potential inflammatory responses in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS MLES was developed by modifying pVAX-1, and the construct was confirmed by gel electrophoresis. Lipofectamine®2000 was used to assess the transfection efficiency and expression of MLES in various cell lines. In vivo studies were conducted in mice injected with MLES/EGFP, and the resulting transfection efficiency, gene expression, and inflammatory responses were analyzed. RESULTS MLES exhibited higher transfection efficiency and expression levels compared to pVAX-1 when tested on HEK-293, CHO-K1, and NIH-3T3 cells. When tested in vivo, MLES/EGFP showed elevated expression in the heart, kidney, liver, and spleen compared with pVAX-1/EGFP. Minimal changes are observed in the lungs. Additionally, MLES induced a reduced inflammatory response in mice compared with pVAX-1/EGFP. CONCLUSIONS MLES offer improved transfection efficiency and reduced inflammation, representing a significant advancement in gene therapy and recombinant protein production. Further research on MLES-mediated gene expression and immune modulation will enhance gene therapy strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kumar Vijayakumar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkalai Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India
| | - Devaprakash Manoharan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkalai Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India
| | - Rajasekaran Subbarayan
- Centre for Advanced Biotherapeutic and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Research, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, India
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, India
| | - Rupendra Shrestha
- Research and Collaboration, Anka Analytica, Melbourne, Australia
- External Consultant, Independent Researcher, Pittsfield, MA, USA
| | - Shakila Harshavardhan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkalai Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vu GT, Awad V, Norberto MF, Bowman TV, Trompouki E. Nucleic acid-induced inflammation on hematopoietic stem cells. Exp Hematol 2024; 131:104148. [PMID: 38151171 PMCID: PMC11061806 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2023.104148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis, the process of generating blood cells, starts during development with the primitive, pro-definitive, and definitive hematopoietic waves. The first two waves will generate erythrocytes and myeloid cells, although the definitive wave will give rise to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that are multipotent and can produce most of the blood cells in an adult. Although HSCs are highly proliferative during development, during adulthood they remain quiescent in the bone marrow. Inflammatory signaling in the form of interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, and others is well-established to influence both developmental and adult hematopoiesis. Here we discuss the role of specific inflammatory pathways that are induced by sensing nucleic acids. We discuss the role of RNA-sensing members of the Toll-like, Rig-I-like, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like, and AIM2-like protein kinase receptors and the DNA-sensing receptors, DEAD-Box helicase 41 (DDX41) and cGAS. The main downstream pathways of these receptors are discussed, as well as their influence on developmental and adult hematopoiesis, including hematopoietic pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giang To Vu
- IRCAN Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, INSERM Unité 1081, CNRS UMR 7284, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Valerie Awad
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Gottesman Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Bronx, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY
| | - Maria Feliz Norberto
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Gottesman Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Bronx, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY
| | - Teresa V Bowman
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Gottesman Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Bronx, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY; Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY.
| | - Eirini Trompouki
- IRCAN Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, INSERM Unité 1081, CNRS UMR 7284, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bernardotto S, Frasson I, Faravelli S, Morelli A, Schiavon E, Moscatiello GY, Violatto MB, Pinnola A, Canciani A, Mattarei A, Rossi G, Brini M, Pasetto L, Bonetto V, Bigini P, Forneris F, Richter SN, Morpurgo M. Efficient SARS-CoV-2 infection antagonization by rhACE2 ectodomain multimerized onto the Avidin-Nucleic-Acid-NanoASsembly. Biomaterials 2023; 303:122394. [PMID: 38007919 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanodecoy systems based on analogues of viral cellular receptors assembled onto fluid lipid-based membranes of nano/extravescicles are potential new tools to complement classic therapeutic or preventive antiviral approaches. The need for lipid-based membranes for transmembrane receptor anchorage may pose technical challenges along industrial translation, calling for alternative geometries for receptor multimerization. Here we developed a semisynthetic self-assembling SARS-CoV-2 nanodecoy by multimerizing the biotin labelled virus cell receptor -ACE2- ectodomain onto a poly-avidin nanoparticle (NP) based on the Avidin-Nucleic-Acid-NanoASsembly-ANANAS. The ability of the assembly to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in human lung cells and the affinity of the ACE2:viral receptor-binding domain (RBD) interaction were measured at different ACE2:NP ratios. At ACE2:NP = 30, 90 % SARS-CoV-2 infection inhibition at ACE2 nanomolar concentration was registered on both Wuhan and Omicron variants, with ten-fold higher potency than the monomeric protein. Lower and higher ACE2 densities were less efficient suggesting that functional recognition between multi-ligand NPs and multi-receptor virus surfaces requires optimal geometrical relationships. In vivo studies in mice showed that the biodistribution and safety profiles of the nanodecoy are potentially suitable for preventing viral infection upon nasal instillation. Viral receptor multimerization using ANANAS is a convenient process which, in principle, could be rapidly adapted to counteract also other viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bernardotto
- Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences Dept (DSF), University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 5. 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Frasson
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli, 63, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Faravelli
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Dept. Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Morelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy; Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Schiavon
- Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences Dept (DSF), University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 5. 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Yuri Moscatiello
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Martina Bruna Violatto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberta Pinnola
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Dept. Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anselmo Canciani
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Dept. Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Mattarei
- Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences Dept (DSF), University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 5. 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Rossi
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marisa Brini
- Department of Biology (DIBIO), Viale G. Colombo, 3, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Pasetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Bonetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Bigini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Forneris
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Dept. Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara N Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli, 63, 35121, Padova, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padua University Hospital, 35121, Padua, Italy.
| | - Margherita Morpurgo
- Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences Dept (DSF), University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 5. 35131, Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mikami A, Mori S, Osawa T, Obika S. Post-Synthetic Nucleobase Modification of Oligodeoxynucleotides by Sonogashira Coupling and Influence of Alkynyl Modifications on the Duplex-Forming Ability. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301928. [PMID: 37635089 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it was reported that the alkynyl modification of nucleobases mitigates the toxicity of antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) while maintaining the efficacy. However, the general effect of alkynyl modifications on the duplex-forming ability of oligonucleotides (ONs) is unclear. In this study, post-synthetic nucleobase modification by Sonogashira coupling in aqueous medium was carried out to efficiently evaluate the physiological properties of various ONs with alkynyl-modified nucleobases. Although several undesired reactions, including nucleobase cyclization, were observed, various types of alkynyl-modified ONs were successfully obtained via Sonogashira coupling of ONs containing iodinated nucleobases. Evaluation of the stability of the duplex formed by the synthesized alkynyl-modified ONs showed that the alkynyl modification of pyrimidine was less tolerated than that of purine, although both the modifications occurred in the major groove of the duplex. These results can be attributed to the bond angle of the alkyne on the pyrimidine and the close proximity of the alkynyl substituents to the phosphodiester backbone. The synthetic method developed in this study may contribute to the screening of the optimal chemical modification of ASO because various alkynyl-modified ONs that are effective in reducing the toxicity of ASO can be easily synthesized by this method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mikami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shohei Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Osawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Obika
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Zhou SK, Wang Y, Lu ZD, Zhang Y, Xu CF, Wang J. Engineering tumor-specific gene nanomedicine to recruit and activate T cells for enhanced immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1993. [PMID: 37031188 PMCID: PMC10082825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37656-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy that eliminates T-cell inhibition signals is successful, but poor benefits are often observed. Increasing T-cell infiltration and quantity of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in tumor can improve efficacy but remains challenging. Here, we devise tumor-specific gene nanomedicines to mobilize tumor cells to secrete CXCL9 (T-cell chemokine) and anti-PD-L1 scFv (αPD-L1, PD-L1 blocking agent) for enhanced immunotherapy. The tyrosinase promoter-driven NPTyr-C9AP can specifically co-express CXCL9 and αPD-L1 in melanoma cells, thereby forming a CXCL9 gradient for T-cell recruitment and high intratumoral αPD-L1 concentration for enhancing T-cell activation. As a result, NPTyr-C9AP shows strong antimelanoma effects. Moreover, specific co-expression of CXCL9 and αPD-L1 in various tumor cells is achieved by replacing the tyrosinase promoter of NPTyr-C9AP with a survivin promoter, which increases T-cell infiltration and activation and therapeutic efficacy in multiple tumors in female mice. This study provides a strategy to maximize the immunotherapeutic outcome regardless of the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Kun Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Dong Lu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Cong-Fei Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, P.R. China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China.
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, P.R. China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aditi, McKinnon PJ. Genome integrity and inflammation in the nervous system. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 119:103406. [PMID: 36148701 PMCID: PMC9844216 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Preservation of genomic integrity is crucial for nervous system development and function. DNA repair deficiency results in several human diseases that are characterized by both neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Recent research has highlighted a role for compromised genomic integrity as a key factor driving neuropathology and triggering innate immune signaling to cause inflammation. Here we review the mechanisms by which DNA damage engages innate immune signaling and how this may promote neurological disease. We also consider the contributions of different neural cell types towards DNA damage-driven neuroinflammation. A deeper knowledge of genome maintenance mechanisms that prevent aberrant immune activation in neural cells will guide future therapies to ameliorate neurological disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Pediatric Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Dept. Cell & Mol. Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Pediatric Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Dept. Cell & Mol. Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Habano W, Miura T, Terashima J, Ozawa S. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a DNA methylation reader in the stress response pathway. Toxicology 2022; 470:153154. [PMID: 35301058 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates various cellular responses upon exposure to exogenous and endogenous stress factors. In these responses, AhR plays a dual role as a stress sensor for detecting various AhR ligands and as a transcription factor that upregulates the expression of downstream effector genes, such as those encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes. As a transcription factor, it selectively binds to the unmethylated form of a specific sequence called the xenobiotic responsive element (XRE). We suggest that AhR is a novel DNA methylation reader, unlike classical methylation readers, such as methyl-CpG-binding protein 2, which binds to methylated sequences. Under physiological conditions of continuous exposure to endogenous AhR ligands, such as kynurenine, methylation states of the individual target XREs must be strictly regulated to select and coordinate the expression of downstream genes responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body. In contrast, long-term exposure to AhR ligands frequently leads to changes in the methylation patterns around the XRE sequence. These data indicate that AhR may contribute to the adaptive cellular response to various stresses by modulating DNA methylation. Thus, the DNA methylation profile of AhR target genes should be dynamically controlled through a balance between robustness and flexibility under both physiological and stress conditions. AhR is a pivotal player in the regulation of stress response as it shows versatility by functioning as a stress sensor, methylation reader, and putative methylation modulator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Habano
- Division of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa 028-3694, Iwate, Japan.
| | - Toshitaka Miura
- Division of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa 028-3694, Iwate, Japan
| | - Jun Terashima
- Division of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa 028-3694, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shogo Ozawa
- Division of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Genetics, Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa 028-3694, Iwate, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Park SS, Jeong H, Andreazza AC. Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA in brain health and disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:87-102. [PMID: 34096821 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.1938214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) are detectable fragments of mtDNA released from the cell as a result of mitochondrial dysfunction or apoptosis. The brain is one of the most energy demanding organs in the human body, and many neuropsychiatric and non-psychiatric neurological diseases have mitochondrial dysfunction associated with disease pathophysiology. Thus, we aimed to assess ccf-mtDNA as a potential biomarker for brain diseases. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of studies that examined peripheral and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ccf-mtDNA relevant to neuropsychiatric conditions, which we define as disorders of affect, behaviour and mood, and non-psychiatric neurological diseases, which consist of neurological diseases not related to psychiatry including neurodegenerative diseases. RESULTS The results of the sensitivity analysis investigating the levels of peripheral ccf-mtDNA in neuropsychiatric studies showed no significant difference between cases and controls (Z = 1.57; p = 0.12), whereas the results of the sensitivity analysis investigating the levels of CSF ccf-mtDNA in non-psychiatric neurological diseases showed a decreasing trend in cases compared with controls (Z = 2.32; p = 0.02). Interestingly, the results indicate an overall mitochondrial stress associated mainly with non-psychiatric neurological diseases. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports the involvement of mitochondrial stress, here defined as ccf-mtDNA, in brain diseases and encourage further investigation of ccf-mtDNA among patients with brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sohyun Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hyunjin Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ana C Andreazza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
He Z, Ye S, Xing Y, Jiu Y, Zhong J. UNC93B1 curbs cytosolic DNA signaling by promoting STING degradation. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1672-1685. [PMID: 33837956 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
UNC93B1 is a trafficking chaperone of endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and plays an essential role in the TLR-mediated innate signaling. However, whether it is also involved in other innate immune sensing or cellular pathways remains largely unexplored. Here we investigated the role of UNC93B1 in cytosolic DNA-triggered cGAS-STING signaling in mouse and human cell lines. We showed that while UNC93B1 deficiency blunts the signal transduction by TLR3, it augments innate immune responses to cytosolic DNA stimulation and DNA virus infection. Mechanistic study reveals a distinct action of UNC93B1 upon STING, but not other parts along the cGAS-STING-TBK1 axis, through regulating the protein level of STING at both resting and cytosolic DNA-stimulated conditions. UNC93B1 can directly interact and traffic along with STING, and the disruption of this interaction causes accumulation of STING that subsequently leads to augmented signaling responses upon its activation. These findings reveal a new function of UNC93B1 in negatively regulating STING-mediated signaling responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenliang He
- Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sichao Ye
- Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Xing
- Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaming Jiu
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu F, Chen S, Luu LDW, Lee SA, Tay ACY, Wu R, Riordan SM, Lan R, Liu L, Zhang L. Analysis of complete Campylobacter concisus genomes identifies genomospecies features, secretion systems and novel plasmids and their association with severe ulcerative colitis. Microb Genom 2020; 6:mgen000457. [PMID: 33111662 PMCID: PMC7725323 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter concisus is an emerging enteric pathogen that is associated with several gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Currently, only three complete C. concisus genomes are available and more complete C. concisus genomes are needed in order to better understand the genomic features and pathogenicity of this emerging pathogen. DNA extracted from 22 C. concisus strains were subjected to Oxford Nanopore genome sequencing. Complete genome assembly was performed using Nanopore genome data in combination with previously reported short-read Illumina data. Genome features of complete C. concisus genomes were analysed using bioinformatic tools. The enteric disease associations of C. concisus plasmids were examined using 239 C. concisus strains and confirmed using PCRs. Proteomic analysis was used to examine T6SS secreted proteins. We successfully obtained 13 complete C. concisus genomes in this study. Analysis of 16 complete C. concisus genomes (3 from public databases) identified multiple novel plasmids. pSma1 plasmid was found to be associated with severe UC. Sec-SRP, Tat and T6SS were found to be the main secretion systems in C. concisus and proteomic data showed a functional T6SS despite the lack of ClpV. T4SS was found in 25% of complete C. concisus genomes. This study also found that GS2 strains had larger genomes and higher GC content than GS1 strains and more often had plasmids. In conclusion, this study provides fundamental genomic data for understanding C. concisus plasmids, genomospecies features, evolution, secretion systems and pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Siying Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laurence Don Wai Luu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Seul A. Lee
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alfred Chin Yen Tay
- Helicobacter Research Laboratory, Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ruochen Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Riordan
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Karapetyan L, Luke JJ, Davar D. Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonists in Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10039-10060. [PMID: 33116588 PMCID: PMC7553670 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s247050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a pattern recognition receptor that is predominantly located intracellularly in immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and other antigen-presenting cells (APC). The primary ligands for TLR9 receptors are unmethylated cytidine phosphate guanosine (CpG) oligodinucleotides (ODN). TLR9 agonists induce inflammatory processes that result in the enhanced uptake and killing of microorganisms and cancer cells as well as the generation of adaptive immune responses. Preclinical studies of TLR9 agonists suggested efficacy both as monotherapy and in combination with several agents, which led to clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer. In these studies, intravenous, intratumoral, and subcutaneous routes of administration have been tested; with anti-tumor responses in both treated and untreated metastatic sites. TLR9 agonist monotherapy is safe, although efficacy is minimal in advanced cancer patients; conversely, combinations appear to be more promising. Several ongoing phase I and II clinical trials are evaluating TLR9 agonists in combination with a variety of agents including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy agents. In this review article, we describe the distribution, structure and signaling of TLR9; discuss the results of preclinical studies of TLR9 agonists; and review ongoing clinical trials of TLR9 agonists singly and in combination in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Karapetyan
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jason J Luke
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Diwakar Davar
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Roesel CL, Rosengaus RB, Smith W, Vollmer SV. Transcriptomics reveals specific molecular mechanisms underlying transgenerational immunity in Manduca sexta. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11251-11261. [PMID: 33144962 PMCID: PMC7593158 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional view of innate immunity in insects is that every exposure to a pathogen triggers an identical and appropriate immune response and that prior exposures to pathogens do not confer any protective (i.e., adaptive) effect against subsequent exposure to the same pathogen. This view has been challenged by experiments demonstrating that encounters with sublethal doses of a pathogen can prime the insect's immune system and, thus, have protective effects against future lethal doses. Immune priming has been reported across several insect species, including the red flour beetle, the honeycomb moth, the bumblebee, and the European honeybee, among others. Immune priming can also be transgenerational where the parent's pathogenic history influences the immune response of its offspring. Phenotypic evidence of transgenerational immune priming (TGIP) exists in the tobacco moth Manduca sexta where first-instar progeny of mothers injected with the bacterium Serratia marcescens exhibited a significant increase of in vivo bacterial clearance. To identify the gene expression changes underlying TGIP in M. sexta, we performed transcriptome-wide, transgenerational differential gene expression analysis on mothers and their offspring after mothers were exposed to S. marcescens. We are the first to perform transcriptome-wide analysis of the gene expression changes associated with TGIP in this ecologically relevant model organism. We show that maternal exposure to both heat-killed and live S. marcescens has strong and significant transgenerational impacts on gene expression patterns in their offspring, including upregulation of peptidoglycan recognition protein, toll-like receptor 9, and the antimicrobial peptide cecropin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wendy Smith
- Marine Science CenterNortheastern UniversityNahantMAUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tu ATT, Hoshi K, Ikebukuro K, Hanagata N, Yamazaki T. Monomeric G-Quadruplex-Based CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as Potent Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonists. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3644-3657. [PMID: 32857497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) motifs trigger the immune response by stimulating endosomal Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9. Natural linear ODNs are susceptible to nuclease degradation, thereby limiting their clinical applications. Here, we designed monomeric G-quadruplex-based CpG ODNs (G4 CpG ODNs) containing CpG motifs in the central loop region of the G4 structure. The monomeric G4 CpG ODNs were more stable in serum than the linear ODNs. The monomeric G4 CpG ODNs containing two or three CpG motifs induced the production of immunostimulatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and interferon (IFN)-β in mouse macrophage-like RAW264 cells. We also showed that the number of CpG motifs and the number of nucleotides between the CpG motif and G-tracts define the efficacy of the G4 CpG ODNs in activating TLR9. Incubating human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with G4 CpG ODNs promoted IL-6 and IFN-γ production, confirming their stimulatory effects on human immune cells. Mice given intraperitoneal injections of G4 CpG ODNs produced higher plasma IL-6 compared with injections of linear ODNs. These findings provide further understanding of the parameters governing the immunostimulatory activity of G4 CpG ODNs, thereby providing insights into the rational design of highly potent G4 CpG ODNs for vaccine adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thi Tram Tu
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan.,Nanomedicine Group, Research Center for Functional Materials (RCFM), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Hoshi
- Nanomedicine Group, Research Center for Functional Materials (RCFM), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hanagata
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan.,Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan.,Nanomedicine Group, Research Center for Functional Materials (RCFM), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Putzke S, Feldhues E, Heep I, Ilg T, Lamprecht A. Cationic lipid/pDNA complex formation as potential generic method to generate specific IRF pathway stimulators. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 155:112-121. [PMID: 32798666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cationic liposome - CpG DNA complexes (lipoplexes) are known as stimulators of innate immunity via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-triggered activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. More recent reports suggest that DNA lipoplexes also engage DNA sensors in the cytosol leading to the stimulation of the interferon response factor (IRF) pathway. In this study a range of lipoplexes were formulated by using an invariable helper lipid, three different cationic lipids (DOTAP, DOTMA and DDA) and three different CpG-containing plasmids of different sizes. These lipoplexes exhibited similar hydrodynamic diameters, zeta-potentials and plasmid loading rates, despite the different lipid blends and CpG-containing plasmids. Binding and uptake of liposomal lipids by J774.A1 macrophages and JAWSII dendritic cells increased significantly (up to 4-fold) upon lipoplex formation. Cellular plasmid DNA uptake via lipoplexes compared to naked DNA was increased up to 18-fold. Analysis of signal transduction pathway activation in J774-DUAL™ reporter cells by liposomes or naked CpG plasmid DNA compared to their derived lipoplexes showed only minor activation of the NF-κB pathway, while the IRF pathway displayed massive activation factors of up to 46-fold. DOTAP- and DOTMA lipoplexes also led to massive interferon-alpha and -beta secretion of J774A.1 macrophages and JAWSII dendritic cells, which is a hallmark of IRF pathway activation. Cellular distribution studies on DOTAP lipoplexes suggest delivery of plasmid DNA via vesicular compartments into the cytosol. Taken together, the CpG plasmid DNA lipoplexes generated in this study appear to selectively stimulate DNA receptors activating the IRF pathway, while bypassing TLR9 and NF-κB activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Putzke
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany; Bayer Animal Health GmbH, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | | | - Iris Heep
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Thomas Ilg
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Roy Chattopadhyay N, Chatterjee K, Tiwari N, Chakrabarti S, Sahu SK, Deb Roy S, Ghosh A, Reddy RR, Das P, Mal S, Karnar BB, Das AK, Tsering S, Riba K, Puii Z, Zomawia E, Singh YI, Suryawanshi AR, Kumar A, Ganguly D, Goswami C, Choudhuri T. TLR9 Polymorphisms Might Contribute to the Ethnicity Bias for EBV-Infected Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. iScience 2020; 23:100937. [PMID: 32179470 PMCID: PMC7068130 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare malignancy in most parts of the world, but is endemic in some ethnic groups. The association of NPC with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is firmly established; however, the mechanism is still unclear. TLR9 is well known for its essential role in viral pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. Here, we report a set of TLR9 polymorphisms in the TIR-2 domain of the TLR9 protein collected from the EBV-infected NPC samples from northeast Indian populations sharing the aforesaid ethnicity. The occurrence of mutations is significantly high in these samples as we found a p value of <0.0001 at a significance level of 0.05. These might play an important role for the lack of function of TLR9 and thus for the higher occurrence of EBV-mediated NPC in such ethnic groups. EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is endemic in Mongoloids TLR9 is essential for virus recognition and immunity against cancers Polymorphisms are common in TLR9 protein in EBV-infected Mongoloids with NPC NPC susceptibility prediction by TLR9 mutation screening in people for prevention
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Koustav Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva Bharati, Santiniketan, Bolpur 731235, India
| | - Nikhil Tiwari
- School of Biological Science, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Padnpur, Odisha 752050, India
| | | | - Sushil Kumar Sahu
- Depatrment of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sankar Deb Roy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eden Medical Center, Dimapur, Nagaland 797112, India
| | - Arijit Ghosh
- School of Biological Science, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Padnpur, Odisha 752050, India
| | - R Rajendra Reddy
- Clinical Proteomics, Institute of Life Sciences, 751023 Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Piyanki Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva Bharati, Santiniketan, Bolpur 731235, India
| | - Sudipa Mal
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva Bharati, Santiniketan, Bolpur 731235, India
| | - Basab Bijay Karnar
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva Bharati, Santiniketan, Bolpur 731235, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Das
- Dr B. Borooah Cancer Institute, ENT Department, Guwahati, Assam 781016, India
| | - Sam Tsering
- Tertiary Cancer Center, TomoRiba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh 791110, India
| | - Komri Riba
- Tertiary Cancer Center, TomoRiba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh 791110, India
| | - Zoreng Puii
- State Referral Hospital, Falkawn, Mizoram 796005, India
| | - Eric Zomawia
- State Referral Hospital, Falkawn, Mizoram 796005, India
| | - Y Indibar Singh
- Department of Radiotherapy, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur 795004, India
| | | | - Abhishek Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, 560100 Bangalore, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Dipyaman Ganguly
- Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 700032 Kolkata, India
| | - Chandan Goswami
- School of Biological Science, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Padnpur, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Tathagata Choudhuri
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva Bharati, Santiniketan, Bolpur 731235, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Many options now exist for constructing oral vaccines which, in experimental systems, have shown themselves to be able to generate highly effective immunity against infectious diseases. Their suitability for implementation in clinical practice, however, for prevention of outbreaks, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), is not always guaranteed, because of factors such as cost, logistics and cultural and environmental conditions. This brief overview provides a summary of the various approaches which can be adopted, and evaluates them from a pharmaceutical point, taking into account potential regulatory issues, expense, manufacturing complexity, etc., all of which can determine whether a vaccine approach will be successful in the late stages of development. Attention is also drawn to problems arising from inadequate diet, which impacts upon success in stimulating effective immunity, and identifies the use of lipid-based carriers as a way to counteract the problem of nutritional deficiencies in vaccination campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. R. C. New
- Middlesex UniversityHendon, LondonUK
- Vaxcine (UK) Limited, London Bioscience Innovation CentreLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dondapati SK, Pietruschka G, Thoring L, Wüstenhagen DA, Kubick S. Cell-free synthesis of human toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9): Optimization of synthesis conditions and functional analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215897. [PMID: 31022289 PMCID: PMC6483205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor family belongs to the group of pathogen recognition receptors which is responsible for the discrimination of self and non-self pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP's). Toll-like receptors play an important role in the innate immunity and defects in protein expression or polymorphism is linked to various diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). The elucidation of the underlying mechanism is crucial for future treatment and therapeutics of toll-like receptor linked diseases. Herein, we report the cell-free synthesis of human Toll-like receptor 9 (hTLR9) using CHO lysate and the continuous exchange cell-free (CECF) synthesis platform. The functionality of this protein was demonstrated by an ELISA binding assay using the ectodomain of TLR9 (TLR9-ECD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srujan Kumar Dondapati
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Georg Pietruschka
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lena Thoring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Doreen A. Wüstenhagen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The Associations between Toll-Like Receptor 9 Gene Polymorphisms and Cervical Cancer Susceptibility. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:9127146. [PMID: 30147445 PMCID: PMC6083594 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9127146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis systematically reviews the association between Toll-like receptor 9 polymorphisms and the risk of cervical cancer. Case-control studies focused on the association were collected from the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang databases from inception to July 2017. We screened the studies and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies and extracted data. A meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 and Stata 12.0 software. Pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were employed to evaluate the strength of the associations between Toll-like receptor 9 polymorphisms and cervical cancer risk. A total of 9 studies comprising 3331 cervical cancer patients and 4109 healthy controls met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 8 studies contained information about G2848A (rs352140) and 4 studies contained information about −1486T/C (rs187084). Our results revealed that the associations between rs187084 and cervical cancer risk in the dominant model (p = 0.002) and heterozygous model (p = 0.002) were significant, with 1.30- and 1.32-fold increases in susceptibility, respectively, compared to that in the wild-type model. However, rs352140 was not related to cervical cancer regardless of whether the subgroup analysis was conducted (p > 0.05). In conclusion, there is a significant correlation between rs187084 and cervical cancer risk with the minor C allele increasing the risk of occurrence of cervical cancer. However, rs352140 is not associated with the occurrence of cervical cancer.
Collapse
|
20
|
Mitochondrial DNA is Released in Urine of SIRS Patients With Acute Kidney Injury and Correlates With Severity of Renal Dysfunction. Shock 2018; 49:301-310. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
21
|
Initial Considerations Before Designing a Promoter Construct. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28801895 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7223-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Before designing a synthetic promoter, it can be helpful to think about its final application. Is the study purely an in vitro exercise in monitoring short-term promoter activity from an episomal vector, or does the promoter eventually need to be permanently active and be integrated into the genome or perhaps even to function in vivo? The final application will have a bearing on promoter design and vector of choice from the start of the study. In this chapter I highlight some of the vector attributes to consider and features that should be thought about.
Collapse
|
22
|
Ilg T. Investigations on the molecular mode of action of the novel immunostimulator ZelNate: Activation of the cGAS-STING pathway in mammalian cells. Mol Immunol 2017; 90:182-189. [PMID: 28802127 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is usually prevented or treated with vaccines and/or antibiotics. The use of antibiotics is, however, of concern due to the potential promotion of microbial resistance and the occurrence of residues. Recently an alternative aid in the treatment of BRD, the cationic lipid/bacterial plasmid DNA liposome-based immunomodulator ZelNate, has entered the veterinary market. In the present study, we provide data on the molecular mode of action of ZelNate. Despite the presence of numerous non-methylated CpG motifs in its plasmid DNA, ZelNate proved to be inactive on human and mouse toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in cell culture, in both recombinant and natural cellular receptor settings. However, in the human monocyte cell line THP1 and in the mouse melanoma cell line B16, ZelNate activates strongly the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, which is known to lead predominantly to interferon response factor 3 (IRF3) activation. Further analysis in THP1 cells suggests that the ZelNate plasmid DNA activates STING via interaction with cyclic guanylate adenylate synthase (cGAS), but not via interferon induced gene 16 (IFI16). Our in vitro observations suggest that ZelNate may act predominantly via the cGAS/STING/IRF3 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ilg
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mohamed H, Chernajovsky Y, Gould D. Assembly PCR synthesis of optimally designed, compact, multi-responsive promoters suited to gene therapy application. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29388. [PMID: 27387837 PMCID: PMC4937410 DOI: 10.1038/srep29388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy has the potential to provide innovative treatments for genetic and non-genetic diseases, with the ability to auto-regulate expression levels of therapeutic molecules so that they are produced locally and in direct response to disease activity. Generating disease responsive gene therapy vectors requires knowledge of the activation profile of transcription factors (TFs) during active disease, in order to assemble binding sites for these TFs into synthetic promoters, which can be appropriately activated by the disease process. In this study, we optimised a PCR random assembly approach to generate promoters with optimal spacing between TF binding sites (TFBSs) and their distance from the TATA box. In promoters with optimal spacing, it was possible to demonstrate activation by individual transcription pathways and either additive or synergistic promoter activation when transfected cells were treated with combined stimuli. The kinetics and sensitivity of promoter activation was further explored in transduced cells and when lentivirus was directly delivered to mouse paws a synthetic promoter demonstrated excellent activation by real-time imaging in response to local inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Mohamed
- Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Bone &Joint Research Unit, United Kingdom
| | - Y Chernajovsky
- Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Bone &Joint Research Unit, United Kingdom
| | - D Gould
- Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Bone &Joint Research Unit, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gene Polymorphisms of Toll-Like Receptor 9 -1486T/C and 2848G/A in Cervical Cancer Risk. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2016; 25:1173-8. [PMID: 26270118 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work aims to explore whether Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) -1486T/C and 2848G/A polymorphisms are associated with cervical cancer risk. METHODS A comprehensive electronic search of studies published from January 1999 to October 2014 was conducted in Medline (Ovid), Embase, PubMed, Wanfang, Weipu, and CNKI. The algorithm included "TLR," "Toll-like receptor," "polymorphism," "variant," "mutation," and "cervical cancer." Seven articles, including 9 studies, were pooled using Revman 5.2 (Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark). Odds ratio (OR) was used to explore the involvement of minor allele C (C vs T and CC + CT vs TT) of TLR9 (-1486T/C, rs187084) and minor allele A (A vs G and AA + AG vs GG) of TLR9 (2848G/A, rs352140) in cervical cancer risk. RESULTS Toll-like receptor 9 (-1486T/C, rs187084) polymorphisms were associated with an elevated risk of cervical cancer (C vs T: OR, 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.29; CC + CT vs TT: OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.11-1.53). We found no significant association between TLR9 (2848G/A, rs352140) polymorphisms and cervical cancer risk (A vs G: OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.87-1.54; AA + AG vs GG: OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.75-2.17). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis indicates that TLR9 (-1486T/C, rs187084)-but not TLR9 (2848G/A, rs352140)-may be a risk factor for cervical cancer.
Collapse
|
25
|
Xing N, Qiao T, Zhuang X, Yuan S, Zhang Q, Xu G. CpG oligodeoxyribonucleotide 7909 enhances radiosensitivity via downregulating Oct-4 expression in radioresistant lung cancer cells. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:1443-9. [PMID: 26109868 PMCID: PMC4472028 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s84467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a powerful cure for local advanced non-small cell lung cancer. However, radioresistance and tumor relapse still occur in a high proportion of patients. Octamer-4 (Oct-4), a transcription factor of the POU family, plays a key role in maintaining chemoradioresistant properties and regulating cancer progression. In this study, we demonstrated that Oct-4 expression was significantly increased in radioresistant H460 (H460R) cell line. CpG oligodeoxyribonucleotide (CpG-ODN) 7909 sensitized H460R cells when combined with irradiation treatment. The clonogenic capacity was significantly decreased, and the values of D0 and Dq were lower than those of irradiation alone group. The sensitive enhancement ratio (SER) of D0 was 1.224. This combined treatment led to a dramatic reduction in Oct-4 expression in a dose-dependent manner and also showed increased percentage of cells in the radiosensitive G2/M phase relative to either treatment alone. These results identified that Oct-4 was involved in radioresistance. CpG-ODN 7909 could enhance radiosensitivity partly through downregulating Oct-4 expression in radioresistant lung cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Xing
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiankui Qiao
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xibing Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Sujuan Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxiong Xu
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Crow MS, Javitt A, Cristea IM. A proteomics perspective on viral DNA sensors in host defense and viral immune evasion mechanisms. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:1995-2012. [PMID: 25728651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The sensing of viral DNA is an essential step of cellular immune response to infections with DNA viruses. These human pathogens are spread worldwide, triggering a wide range of virus-induced diseases, and are associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality. Despite similarities between DNA molecules, mammalian cells have the remarkable ability to distinguish viral DNA from their own DNA. This detection is carried out by specialized antiviral proteins, called DNA sensors. These sensors bind to foreign DNA to activate downstream immune signaling pathways and alert neighboring cells by eliciting the expression of antiviral cytokines. The sensing of viral DNA was shown to occur both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus of infected cells, disproving the notion that sensing occurred by simple spatial separation of viral and host DNA. A number of omic approaches, in particular, mass-spectrometry-based proteomic methods, have significantly contributed to the constantly evolving field of viral DNA sensing. Here, we review the impact of omic methods on the identification of viral DNA sensors, as well as on the characterization of mechanisms involved in host defense or viral immune evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marni S Crow
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Aaron Javitt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gahan PB. The Biology of CNAPS. ADVANCES IN PREDICTIVE, PREVENTIVE AND PERSONALISED MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9168-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
28
|
Rigby RE, Webb LM, Mackenzie KJ, Li Y, Leitch A, Reijns MAM, Lundie RJ, Revuelta A, Davidson DJ, Diebold S, Modis Y, MacDonald AS, Jackson AP. RNA:DNA hybrids are a novel molecular pattern sensed by TLR9. EMBO J 2014; 33:542-58. [PMID: 24514026 PMCID: PMC3989650 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201386117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sensing of nucleic acids by receptors of the innate immune system is a key component of antimicrobial immunity. RNA:DNA hybrids, as essential intracellular replication intermediates generated during infection, could therefore represent a class of previously uncharacterised pathogen-associated molecular patterns sensed by pattern recognition receptors. Here we establish that RNA:DNA hybrids containing viral-derived sequences efficiently induce pro-inflammatory cytokine and antiviral type I interferon production in dendritic cells. We demonstrate that MyD88-dependent signalling is essential for this cytokine response and identify TLR9 as a specific sensor of RNA:DNA hybrids. Hybrids therefore represent a novel molecular pattern sensed by the innate immune system and so could play an important role in host response to viruses and the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Rigby
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, MRC WIMM, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - Lauren M Webb
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Karen J Mackenzie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrea Leitch
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Martin A M Reijns
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Rachel J Lundie
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Ailsa Revuelta
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Donald J Davidson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Sandra Diebold
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Yorgo Modis
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
- *Corresponding author. Tel: +44 161 275 1504; E-mail:
| | - Andrew P Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- **Corresponding author. Tel: +44 131 332 2471; Fax: +44 131 467 8456;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Manuja A, Manuja BK, Kaushik J, Singha H, Singh RK. Immunotherapeutic potential of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in veterinary species. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013; 35:535-44. [PMID: 23981003 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2013.828743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity plays a critical role in host defense against infectious diseases by discriminating between self and infectious non-self. The recognition of infectious non-self involves germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The PAMPs are the components of pathogenic microbes which include not only the cell wall constituents but also the unmethylated 2'-deoxy-ribo-cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) motifs. These CpG motifs present within bacterial and viral DNA are recognized by toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), and signaling by this receptor triggers a proinflammatory cytokine response which, in turn, influences both innate and adaptive immune responses. The activation of TLR9 with synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) induces powerful Th1-like immune responses. It has been shown to provide protection against infectious diseases, allergy and cancer in laboratory animal models and some domestic animal species. With better understanding of the basic biology and immune mechanisms, it would be possible to exploit the potential of CpG motifs for animal welfare. The research developments in the area of CpG and TLR9 and the potential applications in animal health have been reviewed in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anju Manuja
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar , Haryana , India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lai ZZ, Ni-Zhang, Pan XL, Song L. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) gene polymorphisms associated with increased susceptibility of human papillomavirus-16 infection in patients with cervical cancer. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:1027-36. [PMID: 23816930 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513483398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the association between toll-like receptor 9 ( TLR9) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among Chinese Han women with cervical cancer. Methods TLR9 –1486 and 2848 SNPs were investigated in patients with cervical cancer and controls using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism. HPV16 E6 and E7 infections were assessed using PCR. Results Of 120 patients with cervical cancer and 100 controls, there was a significant association between TLR9 2848 SNP and cervical cancer risk, but there was no such association with TLR9 –1486 SNP. Frequency of the TLR9 2848 GA genotype was significantly higher in patients with cervical cancer than in controls. There was no statistically significant between-group difference in presence of HPV16 infection. Presence of HPV infection with TLR9 2848 (rs352140) GA/AA genotype increased the risk of cervical cancer 13.8-fold compared with the GG genotype. Conclusions The TLR9 2848 G/A polymorphism in Chinese Han women was associated with increased risk of cervical cancer in the presence of HPV16 infection. Further studies are necessary to uncover the functional aspect of this TLR9 2848 polymorphism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Zhen Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Ni-Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Leifer CA, Rose WA, Botelho F. Traditional biochemical assays for studying toll-like receptor 9. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2013; 34:1-15. [PMID: 23323977 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2012.666222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanistic basis of receptor activation and regulation can offer therapeutic targets for disease treatment. Evidence is emerging for a role of the normally foreign responsive Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the development of autoimmunity through response to self-patterns. Regulatory mechanisms governing this class of receptors are poorly understood, and failures within this system likely contribute to development of autoimmunity. In this article, we review biochemical assays used to study one of the self-pattern responsive TLRs, TLR9, and suggest that these studies are critical for development of new targets for autoimmune therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Leifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) mediated recognition of viral and bacterial DNA activates the innate immune system. Recently proteolytic cleavage of TLR9 in the endosomal/lysosomal compartment by proteases such as cathepsins and asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) has been identified as a key step for TLR9 activation by CpG-DNA. However, mutants of TLR9 that do not affect proteolytic cleavage lost their functionality suggesting a more complex scenario of TLR9 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bauer
- Institut für Immunologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
New insights into mechanisms of therapeutic effects of antimalarial agents in SLE. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2012; 8:522-33. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2012.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
35
|
Durfort T, Tkach M, Meschaninova MI, Rivas MA, Elizalde PV, Venyaminova AG, Schillaci R, François JC. Small interfering RNA targeted to IGF-IR delays tumor growth and induces proinflammatory cytokines in a mouse breast cancer model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29213. [PMID: 22235273 PMCID: PMC3250415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and its type I receptor (IGF-IR) play significant roles in tumorigenesis and in immune response. Here, we wanted to know whether an RNA interference approach targeted to IGF-IR could be used for specific antitumor immunostimulation in a breast cancer model. For that, we evaluated short interfering RNA (siRNAs) for inhibition of in vivo tumor growth and immunological stimulation in immunocompetent mice. We designed 2′-O-methyl-modified siRNAs to inhibit expression of IGF-IR in two murine breast cancer cell lines (EMT6, C4HD). Cell transfection of IGF-IR siRNAs decreased proliferation, diminished phosphorylation of downstream signaling pathway proteins, AKT and ERK, and caused a G0/G1 cell cycle block. The IGF-IR silencing also induced secretion of two proinflammatory cytokines, TNF- α and IFN-γ. When we transfected C4HD cells with siRNAs targeting IGF-IR, mammary tumor growth was strongly delayed in syngenic mice. Histology of developing tumors in mice grafted with IGF-IR siRNA treated C4HD cells revealed a low mitotic index, and infiltration of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils, suggesting activation of an antitumor immune response. When we used C4HD cells treated with siRNA as an immunogen, we observed an increase in delayed-type hypersensitivity and the presence of cytotoxic splenocytes against wild-type C4HD cells, indicative of evolving immune response. Our findings show that silencing IGF-IR using synthetic siRNA bearing 2′-O-methyl nucleotides may offer a new clinical approach for treatment of mammary tumors expressing IGF-IR. Interestingly, our work also suggests that crosstalk between IGF-I axis and antitumor immune response can mobilize proinflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiphanie Durfort
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U565, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche, Scientifique, UMR 7196; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Mercedes Tkach
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariya I. Meschaninova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine - Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB-RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Martín A. Rivas
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia V. Elizalde
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alya G. Venyaminova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine - Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB-RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Roxana Schillaci
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jean-Christophe François
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U565, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche, Scientifique, UMR 7196; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ursu R, Carpentier AF. Immunotherapeutic approach with oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) in malignant glioma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 746:95-108. [PMID: 22639162 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3146-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG-ODNs) are strong activators of both innate and specific immunity, driving the immune response towards the Th1 phenotype. In cancer patients, CpG-ODNs can be used to activate the innate immunity and trigger a tumor-specific immune response. Several clinical trials are on-going worldwide in various cancers. In this chapter, we will focus on the potential applications of CpG-ODNs in glioma. So far, CpG-ODN has mainly been used by intratumoral injections. Indeed, human gliomas display a locally invasive pattern of growth and rarely metastasize, making local treatment clinically relevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Ursu
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li Y, Berke IC, Modis Y. DNA binding to proteolytically activated TLR9 is sequence-independent and enhanced by DNA curvature. EMBO J 2011; 31:919-31. [PMID: 22258621 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes microbial DNA in endolysosomal compartments. The ectodomain of TLR9 must be proteolytically cleaved by endosomal proteases to produce the active receptor capable of inducing an innate immune signal. We show that the cleaved TLR9 ectodomain is a monomer in solution and that DNA ligands with phosphodiester backbones induce TLR9 dimerization in a sequence-independent manner. Ligands with phosphorothioate (PS) backbones induce the formation of large TLR9-DNA aggregates, possibly due to the propensity of PS ligands to self-associate. DNA curvature-inducing proteins including high-mobility group box 1 and histones H2A and H2B significantly enhance TLR9 binding, suggesting that TLR9 preferentially recognizes curved DNA backbones. Our work sheds light on the molecular mechanism of TLR9 activation by endogenous protein-nucleic acid complexes, which are associated with autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Huang X, Yang Y. Targeting the TLR9-MyD88 pathway in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:787-96. [PMID: 20560798 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.501333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors critical in the innate immune defense against invading pathogens. Recent advances also reveal a crucial role for TLRs in shaping adaptive immune responses, conferring a potential therapeutic value to their modulation in the treatment of diseases. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The aim of this review is to discuss TLR9, the TLR9-MyD88 signaling pathway and its role in regulation of adaptive immune responses, as well as potential therapeutic implications by targeting this pathway. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review shows that the TLR9-MyD88 signaling pathway plays a critical role in promoting adaptive immune responses and that modulation of this pathway may have enormous therapeutic potential in enhancing vaccine potency, controlling autoimmunity, as well as improving the outcome of viral-vector-mediated gene therapy. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Although TLR9 agonists have been used as adjuvants for enhancing vaccine potency, further exploitation of the TLR9-MyD88 pathway and its dynamic interaction with the immune system in vivo is needed to provide more effective therapeutic inventions in the design of vaccines for infectious diseases, allergies and cancer, in the control of autoimmunity, as well as in the improvement of viral-vector-mediated gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Huang
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Classification, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications of inhibitory oligonucleotides for Toll-like receptors (TLR) 7 and 9. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:986596. [PMID: 20490286 PMCID: PMC2873634 DOI: 10.1155/2010/986596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our immune defense depends on two specialized armed forces. The innate force acts as an alarm mechanism that senses changes in the microenvironment through the recognition of common microbial patterns by Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD proteins. It rapidly generates an inflammatory response aimed at neutralizing the intruder at the mucosal checkpoint. The innate arm also communicates this message with more specialized adaptive forces represented by pathogen-specific B cells and T cells. Interestingly, B cells also express some innate sensors, like TLR7 and TLR9, and may respond to bacterial hypomethylated CpG motifs and single-stranded RNA viruses. Intracellular nucleic acid sensing TLRs play an important role in the pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). In this review, we describe recent achievements in the development of oligonucleotide—(ODN)-based inhibitors of TLR9 and/or TLR7 signaling. We categorize these novel therapeutics into Classes G, R, and B based on their cellular and molecular targets. Several short ODNs have already shown promise as pathway-specific therapeutics for animal lupus. We envision their future use in human SLE, microbial DNA-dependent sepsis, and in other autoinflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
41
|
de Jong SD, Basha G, Wilson KD, Kazem M, Cullis P, Jefferies W, Tam Y. The Immunostimulatory Activity of Unmethylated and Methylated CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Is Dependent on Their Ability To Colocalize with TLR9 in Late Endosomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6092-102. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
42
|
Chen L, Xu M, Wang ZY, Chen BW, Du WX, Su C, Shen XB, Zhao AH, Dong N, Wang YJ, Wang GZ. The development and preliminary evaluation of a new Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine comprising Ag85b, HspX and CFP-10:ESAT-6 fusion protein with CpG DNA and aluminum hydroxide adjuvants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 59:42-52. [PMID: 20298499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ag85b and HspX of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) (H37Rv) were expressed and purified in this study. These two proteins were combined with another fusion protein CFP-10:ESAT-6 (C/E) (Ag), then mixed with the adjuvants CpG DNA and aluminum hydroxide and used to vaccinate mice and guinea pigs challenged with Mtb (H37Rv). The number of spleen lymphocytes secreting Ag85b, HspX and C/E-specific interferon-gamma were significantly higher in the Ag+Al+CpG group than in the Ag and CpG groups. The combination of Ag, Al and CpG induced the highest concentrations of anti-Ag85b, anti-HspX and anti-C/E immunoglobulin G in mouse serum. Mouse peritoneal macrophages from the Ag+Al+CpG group secreted significantly higher levels of interleukin-12 compared with macrophages from the other groups. The total mean liver, lung and spleen lesion scores and bacterial loads in the spleen in guinea pigs vaccinated with Ag+Al+CpG were lower than those of the other groups, but no significant difference was found. These results show that the mixture of Ag85b, HspX and C/E with a combination of CpG and aluminum adjuvants can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, whereas it plays only a small role in the control of disease progression in guinea pigs challenged with Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gahan PB, Stroun M. The Biology of Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma and Serum (CNAPS). NUCLEIC ACIDS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12617-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
44
|
Hughes TS, Langer SJ, Virtanen SI, Chavez RA, Watkins LR, Milligan ED, Leinwand LA. Immunogenicity of intrathecal plasmid gene delivery: cytokine release and effects on transgene expression. J Gene Med 2009; 11:782-90. [PMID: 19533588 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One method for the delivery of therapeutic proteins to the spinal cord is to inject nonviral gene vectors including plasmid DNA into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that surrounds the spinal cord (intrathecal space). This approach has produced therapeutic benefits in animal models of disease and several months of protein expression; however, there is little information available on the immune response to these treatments in the intrathecal space, the relevance of plasmid CpG sequences to any plasmid-induced immune response, or the effect of this immune response on transgene expression. METHODS In the present study, coding or noncoding plasmids were delivered to the intrathecal space of the lumbar spinal region in rats. Lumbosacral CSF was then collected at various time points afterwards for monitoring of cytokines and transgene expression. RESULTS This work demonstrates, for the first time, increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 in response to intrathecal plasmid vector injection and provides evidence indicating that this response is largely absent in a CpG-depleted vector. Transgene expression in the CSF is not significantly affected by this immune response. Expression after intrathecal plasmid injection is variable across rats but correlates with the amount of tissue associated plasmid and is increased by disrupting normal CSF flow. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained in the present study indicate that plasmid immunogenicity may affect intrathecal plasmid gene therapy safety but not transgene expression in the CSF. Furthermore, the development of methods to prevent loss of plasmid via CSF flow out of the central nervous system through the injection hole and/or natural outflow routes may increase intrathecal plasmid gene delivery efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis S Hughes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of CO, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nonviral vector-mediated RNA interference: its gene silencing characteristics and important factors to achieve RNAi-based gene therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:760-6. [PMID: 19386274 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent and specific gene silencing event in which small interfering RNA (siRNA) degrades target mRNA. Therefore, RNAi is of potential use as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of a variety of diseases in which aberrant expression of mRNA causes a problem. RNAi can be achieved by delivering siRNA or vectors that transcribe siRNA or short-hairpin RNA (shRNA). The aim of this review is to examine the potential of nonviral vector-mediated RNAi technology in treating diseases. The characteristics of plasmid DNA expressing shRNA were compared with those of siRNA, focusing on the duration of gene silencing, delivery to target cells and target specificity. Recent progresses in prolonging the RNAi effect, improving the delivery to target cells and increasing the specificity of RNAi in vivo are also reviewed.
Collapse
|
46
|
Chikh G, de Jong SD, Sekirov L, Raney SG, Kazem M, Wilson KD, Cullis PR, Dutz JP, Tam YK. Synthetic methylated CpG ODNs are potent in vivo adjuvants when delivered in liposomal nanoparticles. Int Immunol 2009; 21:757-67. [PMID: 19502586 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is well documented that the immunological activity of cytosine-guanine (CpG) motifs is abrogated by 5' methylation of the cytosine residue, encapsulation within stabilized lipid nanoparticles endows these methylated cytosine-guanine- (mCpG-) containing oligonucleotides (ODNs) with potent immunostimulatory activity in murine animal models. Surprisingly, not only do liposomal nanoparticulate (LN) mCpG ODN possess immunostimulatory activity, their potency is found to be equivalent and often greater than the equivalent unmethylated form, as judged by a number of ex vivo innate and adaptive immune parameters and anti-tumor efficacy in murine models. Preliminary data indicate that both methylated and unmethylated CpG ODN act through a common receptor signaling pathway, specifically via toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, based on observations of up-regulated TLR9 expression, induction of nitric oxide and dependence on endosomal maturation. This is confirmed in TLR9 knockout animals which show no immunostimulatory activity following treatment with LN-mCpG ODN. These data, therefore, indicate that the mCpG DNA is fully competent to interact with TLR9 to initiate potent immune responses. Furthermore, this work implicates an as yet unidentified mechanism upstream of TLR9 which regulates the relative activities of free methylated versus unmethylated CpG ODN that is effectively bypassed by particulate delivery of CpG ODN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghania Chikh
- Tekmira Pharmaceuticals Corporation, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Vollmer J, Krieg AM. Immunotherapeutic applications of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide TLR9 agonists. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:195-204. [PMID: 19211030 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists have demonstrated substantial potential as vaccine adjuvants, and as mono- or combination therapies for the treatment of cancer and infectious and allergic diseases. Commonly referred to as CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), TLR9 agonists directly induce the activation and maturation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and enhance differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells. Preclinical and early clinical data support the use of TLR9 agonists as vaccine adjuvants, where they can enhance both the humoral and cellular responses to diverse antigens. In mouse tumor models TLR9 agonists have shown activity not only as monotherapy, but also in combination with multiple other therapies including vaccines, antibodies, cellular therapies, other immunotherapies, antiangiogenic agents, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, and some chemotherapies. Phase I and II clinical trials have indicated that these agents have antitumor activity as single agents and enhance the development of antitumor T-cell responses when used as therapeutic vaccine adjuvants. CpG ODN have shown benefit in multiple rodent and primate models of asthma and other allergic diseases, with encouraging results in some early human clinical trials. Although their potential clinical contributions are enormous, the safety and efficacy of these TLR9 agonists in humans remain to be determined.
Collapse
|
48
|
Ishii KJ, Coban C, Akira S. Manifold mechanisms of Toll-like receptor-ligand recognition. J Clin Immunol 2009; 25:511-21. [PMID: 16380815 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-005-7829-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors recognize a diverse range of molecules derived from pathogens as well as host cells. As the number and diversity of TLR ligands and host factors increase, more questions are being raised. Here, we review recent advances toward understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying TLR-mediated direct or indirect recognition of their diverse range of ligands, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The elucidation of such mechanisms may represent a key for developing novel immunotherapeutics for infectious diseases, allergies, or cancer and to intervene in immunological disorders such as autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken J Ishii
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
McGreal EP. Structural basis of pattern recognition by innate immune molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 653:139-61. [PMID: 19799117 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0901-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the innate immune system as a first line defence against pathogenic challenge has long been recognised. Over the last decade the identity of many of the key molecules mediating innate host defence have been clarified and a model of self/ nonself discrimination by families of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) has emerged. Although a large amount of information is now available concerning the action of these innate immune molecules at the level of the cell and organism, little is known about the molecular interface between pathogens and innate immune recognition molecules. In this chapter the molecular basis for innate immune discrimination of a wide variety of pathogen derived molecules is discussed in the context of the emerging literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eamon P McGreal
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kim D, Rhee JW, Kwon S, Sohn WJ, Lee Y, Kim DW, Kim DS, Kwon HJ. Immunostimulation and anti-DNA antibody production by backbone modified CpG-DNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 379:362-7. [PMID: 19103173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotides containing immunostimulatory CpG motifs (CpG-DNA) have gained attention as potentially useful therapeutics. However, the phosphorothioate-modified CpG-DNAs (PS-ODN) can induce backbone-related side effects. Here, we compared the immunostimulatory activity of natural phosphodiester CpG-DNA (PO-ODN) from Mycobacterium bovis and PS-ODN in mice. Both PO-ODN and PS-ODN induced production of IL-12. PS-ODN increased spleen weights, spleen cell numbers, and the migration of macrophages into the peritoneal cavity in the mice in a CG sequence-dependent manner. PS-ODN induced anti-PS-ODN antibody production in the mice, and the PS-ODN-specific IgM was cross-reactive with other PS-ODNs in a CG sequence-independent manner. In contrast, PO-ODN did not affect on spleen weights, cell numbers, or IgM production. These results may provide an explanation for the side effects in immunotherapeutic application of PS-ODN. They also suggest that PO-ODN may be more optimal than PS-ODN to enhance innate immune responses without severe side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongbum Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-do 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|