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Chen L, Ma J, Xu W, Shen F, Yang Z, Sonne C, Dietz R, Li L, Jie X, Li L, Yan G, Zhang X. Comparative transcriptome and methylome of polar bears, giant and red pandas reveal diet-driven adaptive evolution. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13731. [PMID: 38894980 PMCID: PMC11183199 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation plays an important role in the evolution of species adaptations, yet little information is available on the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the adaptive evolution of bamboo-eating in both giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red pandas (Ailurus fulgens). To investigate the potential contribution of epigenetic to the adaptive evolution of bamboo-eating in giant and red pandas, we performed hepatic comparative transcriptome and methylome analyses between bamboo-eating pandas and carnivorous polar bears (Ursus maritimus). We found that genes involved in carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid, and protein metabolism showed significant differences in methylation and expression levels between the two panda species and polar bears. Clustering analysis of gene expression revealed that giant pandas did not form a sister group with the more closely related polar bears, suggesting that the expression pattern of genes in livers of giant pandas and red pandas have evolved convergently driven by their similar diets. Compared to polar bears, some key genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and biological oxidation and cholesterol synthesis showed hypomethylation and higher expression in giant and red pandas, while genes involved in fat digestion and absorption, fatty acid metabolism, lysine degradation, resistance to lipid peroxidation and detoxification showed hypermethylation and low expression. Our study elucidates the special nutrient utilization mechanism of giant pandas and red pandas and provides some insights into the molecular mechanism of their adaptive evolution of bamboo feeding. This has important implications for the breeding and conservation of giant pandas and red pandas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resources and eco‐Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jinnan Ma
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resources and eco‐Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- College of Continuing EducationYunnan Normal UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Wencai Xu
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resources and eco‐Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Fujun Shen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda BreedingChengduChina
| | | | - Christian Sonne
- Arctic Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of EcoscienceAarhus UniversityRoskildeDenmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Arctic Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of EcoscienceAarhus UniversityRoskildeDenmark
| | - Linzhu Li
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resources and eco‐Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaodie Jie
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resources and eco‐Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resources and eco‐Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Guoqiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resources and eco‐Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of bio‐Resources and eco‐Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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2
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Nagaoka M, Sakai Y, Nakajima M, Fukami T. Role of carboxylesterase and arylacetamide deacetylase in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116128. [PMID: 38492781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC), which are expressed primarily in the liver and/or gastrointestinal tract, hydrolyze drugs containing ester and amide bonds in their chemical structure. These enzymes often catalyze the conversion of prodrugs, including the COVID-19 drugs remdesivir and molnupiravir, to their pharmacologically active forms. Information on the substrate specificity and inhibitory properties of these enzymes, which would be useful for drug development and toxicity avoidance, has accumulated. Recently,in vitroandin vivostudies have shown that these enzymes are involved not only in drug hydrolysis but also in lipid metabolism. CES1 and CES2 are capable of hydrolyzing triacylglycerol, and the deletion of their orthologous genes in mice has been associated with impaired lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis. Adeno-associated virus-mediated human CES overexpression decreases hepatic triacylglycerol levels and increases fatty acid oxidation in mice. It has also been shown that overexpression of CES enzymes or AADAC in cultured cells suppresses the intracellular accumulation of triacylglycerol. Recent reports indicate that AADAC can be up- or downregulated in tumors of various organs, and its varied expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Thus, CES and AADAC not only determine drug efficacy and toxicity but are also involved in pathophysiology. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of CES and AADAC in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Nagaoka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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3
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Li G, Li X, Mahmud I, Ysaguirre J, Fekry B, Wang S, Wei B, Eckel-Mahan KL, Lorenzi PL, Lehner R, Sun K. Interfering with lipid metabolism through targeting CES1 sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma for chemotherapy. JCI Insight 2023; 8:163624. [PMID: 36472914 PMCID: PMC9977307 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common lethal form of liver cancer. Apart from surgical removal and transplantation, other treatments have not yet been well established for patients with HCC. In this study, we found that carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) is expressed at various levels in HCC. We further revealed that blockage of CES1 by pharmacological and genetical approaches leads to altered lipid profiles that are directly linked to impaired mitochondrial function. Mechanistically, lipidomic analyses indicated that lipid signaling molecules, including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which activate PPARα/γ, were dramatically reduced upon CES1 inhibition. As a result, the expression of SCD, a PPARα/γ target gene involved in tumor progression and chemoresistance, was significantly downregulated. Clinical analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between the protein levels of CES1 and SCD in HCC. Interference with lipid signaling by targeting the CES1-PPARα/γ-SCD axis sensitized HCC cells to cisplatin treatment. As a result, the growth of HCC xenograft tumors in NU/J mice was potently slowed by coadministration of cisplatin and CES1 inhibition. Our results, thus, suggest that CES1 is a promising therapeutic target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Iqbal Mahmud
- Metabolomic Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jazmin Ysaguirre
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Baharan Fekry
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shuyue Wang
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bo Wei
- Metabolomic Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kristin L. Eckel-Mahan
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center-UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philip L. Lorenzi
- Metabolomic Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard Lehner
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kai Sun
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center-UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
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4
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Li G, Li X, Yang L, Wang S, Dai Y, Fekry B, Veillon L, Tan L, Berdeaux R, Eckel-Mahan K, Lorenzi PL, Zhao Z, Lehner R, Sun K. Adipose tissue-specific ablation of Ces1d causes metabolic dysregulation in mice. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202101209. [PMID: 35459739 PMCID: PMC9034061 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxylesterase 1d (Ces1d) is a crucial enzyme with a wide range of activities in multiple tissues. It has been reported to localize predominantly in ER. Here, we found that Ces1d levels are significantly increased in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Intriguingly, a high level of Ces1d translocates onto lipid droplets where it digests the lipids to produce a unique set of fatty acids. We further revealed that adipose tissue-specific Ces1d knock-out (FKO) mice gained more body weight with increased fat mass during a high fat-diet challenge. The FKO mice exhibited impaired glucose and lipid metabolism and developed exacerbated liver steatosis. Mechanistically, deficiency of Ces1d induced abnormally large lipid droplet deposition in the adipocytes, causing ectopic accumulation of triglycerides in other peripheral tissues. Furthermore, loss of Ces1d diminished the circulating free fatty acids serving as signaling molecules to trigger the epigenetic regulations of energy metabolism via lipid-sensing transcriptional factors, such as HNF4α. The metabolic disorders induced an unhealthy microenvironment in the metabolically active tissues, ultimately leading to systemic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shuyue Wang
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yulin Dai
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Baharan Fekry
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lucas Veillon
- Metabolomic Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lin Tan
- Metabolomic Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca Berdeaux
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center-UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristin Eckel-Mahan
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center-UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Metabolomic Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard Lehner
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Kai Sun
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center-UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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5
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Mukherjee S, Park JP, Yun JW. Carboxylesterase3 (Ces3) Interacts with Bone Morphogenetic Protein 11 and Promotes Differentiation of Osteoblasts via Smad1/5/9 Pathway. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-021-0133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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6
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Bean C, Audano M, Varanita T, Favaretto F, Medaglia M, Gerdol M, Pernas L, Stasi F, Giacomello M, Herkenne S, Muniandy M, Heinonen S, Cazaly E, Ollikainen M, Milan G, Pallavicini A, Pietiläinen KH, Vettor R, Mitro N, Scorrano L. The mitochondrial protein Opa1 promotes adipocyte browning that is dependent on urea cycle metabolites. Nat Metab 2021; 3:1633-1647. [PMID: 34873337 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
White to brown/beige adipocytes conversion is a possible therapeutic strategy to tackle the current obesity epidemics. While mitochondria are key for energy dissipation in brown fat, it is unknown if they can drive adipocyte browning. Here, we show that the mitochondrial cristae biogenesis protein optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) facilitates cell-autonomous adipocyte browning. In two cohorts of patients with obesity, including weight discordant monozygotic twin pairs, adipose tissue OPA1 levels are reduced. In the mouse, Opa1 overexpression favours white adipose tissue expandability as well as browning, ultimately improving glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses identify the Jumanji family chromatin remodelling protein Kdm3a and urea cycle metabolites, including fumarate, as effectors of Opa1-dependent browning. Mechanistically, the higher cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in Opa1 pre-adipocytes activate cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB), which transcribes urea cycle enzymes. Flux analyses in pre-adipocytes indicate that Opa1-dependent fumarate accumulation depends on the urea cycle. Conversely, adipocyte-specific Opa1 deletion curtails urea cycle and beige differentiation of pre-adipocytes, and is rescued by fumarate supplementation. Thus, the urea cycle links the mitochondrial dynamics protein Opa1 to white adipocyte browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Bean
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Tatiana Varanita
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Marta Medaglia
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lena Pernas
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Stasi
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Stèphanie Herkenne
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Maheswary Muniandy
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sini Heinonen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma Cazaly
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miina Ollikainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Obesity Centre, Abdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
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7
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Grabner GF, Xie H, Schweiger M, Zechner R. Lipolysis: cellular mechanisms for lipid mobilization from fat stores. Nat Metab 2021; 3:1445-1465. [PMID: 34799702 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The perception that intracellular lipolysis is a straightforward process that releases fatty acids from fat stores in adipose tissue to generate energy has experienced major revisions over the last two decades. The discovery of new lipolytic enzymes and coregulators, the demonstration that lipophagy and lysosomal lipolysis contribute to the degradation of cellular lipid stores and the characterization of numerous factors and signalling pathways that regulate lipid hydrolysis on transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels have revolutionized our understanding of lipolysis. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that facilitate intracellular fatty-acid mobilization, drawing on canonical and noncanonical enzymatic pathways. We summarize how intracellular lipolysis affects lipid-mediated signalling, metabolic regulation and energy homeostasis in multiple organs. Finally, we examine how these processes affect pathogenesis and how lipolysis may be targeted to potentially prevent or treat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hao Xie
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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8
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Lian J, van der Veen JN, Watts R, Jacobs RL, Lehner R. Carboxylesterase 1d (Ces1d) does not contribute to cholesteryl ester hydrolysis in the liver. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100093. [PMID: 34153284 PMCID: PMC8287225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the central organ regulating cholesterol synthesis, storage, transport, and elimination. Mouse carboxylesterase 1d (Ces1d) and its human ortholog CES1 have been described to possess lipase activity and play roles in hepatic triacylglycerol metabolism and VLDL assembly. It has been proposed that Ces1d/CES1 might also catalyze cholesteryl ester (CE) hydrolysis in the liver and thus be responsible for the hydrolysis of HDL-derived CE; this could contribute to the final step in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, wherein cholesterol is secreted from the liver into bile and feces, either directly or after conversion to water-soluble bile salts. However, the proposed function of Ces1d/CES1 as a CE hydrolase is controversial. In this study, we interrogated the role hepatic Ces1d plays in cholesterol homeostasis using liver-specific Ces1d-deficient mice. We rationalized that if Ces1d is a major hepatic CE hydrolase, its absence would (1) reduce in vivo RCT flux and (2) provoke liver CE accumulation after a high-cholesterol diet challenge. We found that liver-specific Ces1d-deficient mice did not show any difference in the flux of in vivo HDL-to-feces RCT nor did it cause additional liver CE accumulation after high-fat, high-cholesterol Western-type diet feeding. These findings challenge the importance of Ces1d as a major hepatic CE hydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Lian
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Jelske N van der Veen
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Russell Watts
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - René L Jacobs
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Lehner
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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9
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Brejchova K, Radner FPW, Balas L, Paluchova V, Cajka T, Chodounska H, Kudova E, Schratter M, Schreiber R, Durand T, Zechner R, Kuda O. Distinct roles of adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase in the catabolism of triacylglycerol estolides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020999118. [PMID: 33372146 PMCID: PMC7812821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020999118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched esters of palmitic acid and hydroxy stearic acid are antiinflammatory and antidiabetic lipokines that belong to a family of fatty acid (FA) esters of hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) called FAHFAs. FAHFAs themselves belong to oligomeric FA esters, known as estolides. Glycerol-bound FAHFAs in triacylglycerols (TAGs), named TAG estolides, serve as metabolite reservoir of FAHFAs mobilized by lipases upon demand. Here, we characterized the involvement of two major metabolic lipases, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), in TAG estolide and FAHFA degradation. We synthesized a library of 20 TAG estolide isomers with FAHFAs varying in branching position, chain length, saturation grade, and position on the glycerol backbone and developed an in silico mass spectra library of all predicted catabolic intermediates. We found that ATGL alone or coactivated by comparative gene identification-58 efficiently liberated FAHFAs from TAG estolides with a preference for more compact substrates where the estolide branching point is located near the glycerol ester bond. ATGL was further involved in transesterification and remodeling reactions leading to the formation of TAG estolides with alternative acyl compositions. HSL represented a much more potent estolide bond hydrolase for both TAG estolides and free FAHFAs. FAHFA and TAG estolide accumulation in white adipose tissue of mice lacking HSL argued for a functional role of HSL in estolide catabolism in vivo. Our data show that ATGL and HSL participate in the metabolism of estolides and TAG estolides in distinct manners and are likely to affect the lipokine function of FAHFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Brejchova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | | | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Veronika Paluchova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Chodounska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kudova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic;
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10
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Mukherjee S, Choi M, Yun JW. Novel regulatory roles of carboxylesterase 3 in lipid metabolism and browning in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1089-1098. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of carboxylesterase 3 (Ces3) in the lipolysis of adipocytes has been overlooked, as 2 major lipolytic enzymes, hormone-sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase, play more powerful roles in lipolysis. In this study, we explored the effects of Ces3 in lipid metabolism by activating and inhibiting, as well as silencing, Ces3-encoding gene in 3T3-L1 cell model. Our results demonstrated that activation of Ces3 increased adipogenesis, and attenuated lipogenesis, whereas it promoted lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. In addition, activated Ces3 led to enhanced expression of core fat browning marker genes and proteins, suggesting that Ces3 may play a pivotal role in fat browning and thermogenesis. In contrast, deficiency of Ces3 nullified the browning effect in white adipocytes, along with decreased adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Interestingly, the expression pattern of adipose triglyceride lipase was in line with Ces3, whereas hormone-sensitive lipase was independently regulated irrespective of Ces3 expression levels, suggesting that Ces3 may play an important and compensatory role in the breakdown of triglycerides in white adipocytes. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that activation of Ces3 contributes in the browning of white adipocytes, and maintains a balance in lipid metabolism, which could be a potential strategy in fighting against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
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11
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Tang X, Li J, Zhao WG, Sun H, Guo Z, Jing L, She Z, Yuan T, Liu SN, Liu Q, Fu Y, Sun W. Comprehensive map and functional annotation of the mouse white adipose tissue proteome. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7352. [PMID: 31380149 PMCID: PMC6661141 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) plays a significant role in energy metabolism and the obesity epidemic. In this study, we sought to (1) profile the mouse WAT proteome with advanced 2DLC/MS/MS approach, (2) provide insight into WAT function based on protein functional annotation, and (3) predict potentially secreted proteins. A label-free 2DLC/MS/MS proteomic approach was used to identify the WAT proteome from female mouse WAT. A total of 6,039 proteins in WAT were identified, among which 5,160 were quantified (spanning a magnitude of 106) using an intensity-based absolute quantification algorithm, and 3,117 proteins were reported by proteomics technology for the first time in WAT. To comprehensively analyze the function of WAT, the proteins were divided into three quantiles based on abundance and we found that proteins of different abundance performed different functions. High-abundance proteins (the top 90%, 1,219 proteins) were involved in energy metabolism; middle-abundance proteins (90–99%, 2,273 proteins) were involved in the regulation of protein synthesis; and low-abundance proteins (99–100%, 1,668 proteins) were associated with lipid metabolism and WAT beiging. Furthermore, 800 proteins were predicted by SignalP4.0 to have signal peptides, 265 proteins had never been reported, and five have been reported as adipokines. The above results provide a large dataset of the normal mouse WAT proteome, which might be useful for WAT function research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Tang
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Gang Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haidan Sun
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengguang Guo
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Jing
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhufang She
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai-Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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12
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Haemmerle G, Lass A. Genetically modified mouse models to study hepatic neutral lipid mobilization. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:879-894. [PMID: 29883718 PMCID: PMC6887554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of triacylglycerol is the common denominator of a wide range of clinical pathologies of liver diseases, termed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Such excessive triacylglycerol deposition in the liver is also referred to as hepatic steatosis. Although liver steatosis often resolves over time, it eventually progresses to steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, with associated complications, including liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma and ultimately death of affected individuals. From the disease etiology it is obvious that a tight regulation between lipid uptake, triacylglycerol synthesis, hydrolysis, secretion and fatty acid oxidation is required to prevent triacylglycerol deposition in the liver. In addition to triacylglycerol, also a tight control of other neutral lipid ester classes, i.e. cholesteryl esters and retinyl esters, is crucial for the maintenance of a healthy liver. Excessive cholesteryl ester accumulation is a hallmark of cholesteryl ester storage disease or Wolman disease, which is associated with premature death. The loss of hepatic vitamin A stores (retinyl ester stores of hepatic stellate cells) is incidental to the onset of liver fibrosis. Importantly, this more advanced stage of liver disease usually does not resolve but progresses to life threatening stages, i.e. liver cirrhosis and cancer. Therefore, understanding the enzymes and pathways that mobilize hepatic neutral lipid esters is crucial for the development of strategies and therapies to ameliorate pathophysiological conditions associated with derangements of hepatic neutral lipid ester stores, including liver steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis. This review highlights the physiological roles of enzymes governing the mobilization of neutral lipid esters at different sites in liver cells, including cytosolic lipid droplets, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Molecular Basis of Disease: Animal models in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guenter Haemmerle
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria.
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13
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Zhang X, Zhang CC, Yang H, Soni KG, Wang SP, Mitchell GA, Wu JW. An Epistatic Interaction between Pnpla2 and Lipe Reveals New Pathways of Adipose Tissue Lipolysis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050395. [PMID: 31035700 PMCID: PMC6563012 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) lipolysis contributes to energy balance during fasting. Lipolysis can proceed by the sequential hydrolysis of triglycerides (TGs) by adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), then of diacylglycerols (DGs) by hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). We showed that the combined genetic deficiency of ATGL and HSL in mouse adipose tissue produces a striking different phenotype from that of isolated ATGL deficiency, inconsistent with the linear model of lipolysis. We hypothesized that the mechanism might be functional redundancy between ATGL and HSL. To test this, the TG hydrolase activity of HSL was measured in WAT. HSL showed TG hydrolase activity. Then, to test ATGL for activity towards DGs, radiolabeled DGs were incubated with HSL-deficient lipid droplet fractions. The content of TG increased, suggesting DG-to-TG synthesis rather than DG hydrolysis. TG synthesis was abolished by a specific ATGL inhibitor, suggesting that ATGL functions as a transacylase when HSL is deficient, transferring an acyl group from one DG to another, forming a TG plus a monoglyceride (MG) that could be hydrolyzed by monoglyceride lipase. These results reveal a previously unknown physiological redundancy between ATGL and HSL, a mechanism for the epistatic interaction between Pnpla2 and Lipe. It provides an alternative lipolytic pathway, potentially important in patients with deficient lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Cong Cong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Hao Yang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | - Krishnakant G Soni
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Shu Pei Wang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | - Grant A Mitchell
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | - Jiang Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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14
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Wang F, Ren X, Chen Z, Li X, Zhu H, Li S, Ou X, Zhang C, Zhang F, Zhu B. The N‐terminal His‐tag affects the triglyceride lipase activity of hormone‐sensitive lipase in testis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:13706-13716. [PMID: 30937958 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- College of Life Sciences Capital Normal University Beijing China
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital Guangzhou China
| | - Xiao‐Fang Ren
- College of Life Sciences Capital Normal University Beijing China
| | - Zheng Chen
- College of Life Sciences Capital Normal University Beijing China
| | - Xiao‐Long Li
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital Guangzhou China
| | - Hai‐Jing Zhu
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital Guangzhou China
| | - Sen Li
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital Guangzhou China
| | - Xiang‐Hong Ou
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital Guangzhou China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences Capital Normal University Beijing China
| | - Fei‐Xiong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences Capital Normal University Beijing China
| | - Bao‐Chang Zhu
- College of Life Sciences Capital Normal University Beijing China
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15
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Stoddard EG, Volk RF, Carson JP, Ljungberg CM, Murphree TA, Smith JN, Sadler NC, Shukla AK, Ansong C, Wright AT. Multifunctional Activity-Based Protein Profiling of the Developing Lung. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2623-2634. [PMID: 29972024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lung diseases and disorders are a leading cause of death among infants. Many of these diseases and disorders are caused by premature birth and underdeveloped lungs. In addition to developmentally related disorders, the lungs are exposed to a variety of environmental contaminants and xenobiotics upon birth that can cause breathing issues and are progenitors of cancer. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the developing lung, we applied an activity-based chemoproteomics approach for the functional characterization of the xenometabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes, active ATP and nucleotide binding enzymes, and serine hydrolases using a suite of activity-based probes (ABPs). We detected P450 activity primarily in the postnatal lung; using our ATP-ABP, we characterized a wide range of ATPases and other active nucleotide- and nucleic acid-binding enzymes involved in multiple facets of cellular metabolism throughout development. ATP-ABP targets include kinases, phosphatases, NAD- and FAD-dependent enzymes, RNA/DNA helicases, and others. The serine hydrolase-targeting probe detected changes in the activities of several proteases during the course of lung development, yielding insights into protein turnover at different stages of development. Select activity-based probe targets were then correlated with RNA in situ hybridization analyses of lung tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan G Stoddard
- Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Regan F Volk
- Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - James P Carson
- Texas Advanced Computing Center , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78758 , United States
| | - Cecilia M Ljungberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine , Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Center at Texas Children's Hospital , Houston , Texas 77030 , United States
| | - Taylor A Murphree
- Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Jordan N Smith
- Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Natalie C Sadler
- Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Anil K Shukla
- Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Charles Ansong
- Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Aaron T Wright
- Biological Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States.,The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99163 , United States
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16
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Ayoub HM, McDonald MR, Sullivan JA, Tsao R, Meckling KA. Proteomic Profiles of Adipose and Liver Tissues from an Animal Model of Metabolic Syndrome Fed Purple Vegetables. Nutrients 2018; 10:E456. [PMID: 29642414 PMCID: PMC5946241 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder that predisposes an individual to Cardiovascular Diseases and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Proteomics and bioinformatics have proven to be an effective tool to study complex diseases and mechanisms of action of nutrients. We previously showed that substitution of the majority of carbohydrate in a high fat diet by purple potatoes (PP) or purple carrots (PC) improved insulin sensitivity and hypertension in an animal model of MetS (obese Zucker rats) compared to a control sucrose-rich diet. In the current study, we used TMT 10plex mass tag combined with LC-MS/MS technique to study proteomic modulation in the liver (n = 3 samples/diet) and adipose tissue (n = 3 samples/diet) of high fat diet-fed rats with or without substituting sucrose for purple vegetables, followed by functional enrichment analysis, in an attempt to elucidate potential molecular mechanisms responsible for the phenotypic changes seen with purple vegetable feeding. Protein folding, lipid metabolism and cholesterol efflux were identified as the main modulated biological themes in adipose tissue, whereas lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and oxidative stress were the main modulated themes in liver. We propose that enhanced protein folding, increased cholesterol efflux and higher free fatty acid (FFA) re-esterification are mechanisms by which PP and PC positively modulate MetS pathologies in adipose tissue, whereas, decreased de novo lipogenesis, oxidative stress and FFA uptake, are responsible for the beneficial effects in liver. In conclusion, we provide molecular evidence for the reported metabolic health benefits of purple carrots and potatoes and validate that these vegetables are good choices to replace other simple carbohydrate sources for better metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala M Ayoub
- Department of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Mary Ruth McDonald
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - James Alan Sullivan
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Rong Tsao
- Guelph Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Kelly A Meckling
- Department of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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17
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Puris E, Gynther M, Huttunen J, Petsalo A, Huttunen KM. L-type amino acid transporter 1 utilizing prodrugs: How to achieve effective brain delivery and low systemic exposure of drugs. J Control Release 2017; 261:93-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Mardian EB, Bradley RM, Aristizabal Henao JJ, Marvyn PM, Moes KA, Bombardier E, Tupling AR, Stark KD, Duncan RE. Agpat4/Lpaatδ deficiency highlights the molecular heterogeneity of epididymal and perirenal white adipose depots. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:2037-2050. [PMID: 28814640 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m079152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acylglycerophosphate acyltransferase 4 (AGPAT4)/lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase delta catalyzes the formation of phosphatidic acid (PA), a precursor of triacyl-glycerol (TAG). We investigated the effect of Agpat4 gene ablation on white adipose tissue (WAT) after finding consistent expression across depots. Epididymal WAT mass was 40% larger in male Agpat4-/- mice than wild-type littermates, but unchanged in perirenal, retroperitoneal, and inguinal WAT and subscapular brown adipose tissue. Metabolic changes were identified in epididymal WAT that were not evident in perirenal WAT, which was analyzed for comparison. The total epididymal TAG content doubled, increasing adipocyte cell size without changing markers of differentiation. Enzymes involved in de novo lipogenesis and complex lipid synthesis downstream of phosphatidic acid production were also unchanged. However, total epididymal TAG hydrolase activity was reduced, and there were significant decreases in total ATGL and reduced phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase at the S563 and S660 PKA-activation sites. Analysis of Agpats 1, 2, 3, and 5, as well as Gpats 1, 2, 3, and 4, demonstrated compensatory upregulation in perirenal WAT that did not occur in epididymal WAT. Our findings therefore indicate depot-specific differences in the redundancy of Agpat4 and highlight the molecular and metabolic heterogeneity of individual visceral depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Mardian
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ryan M Bradley
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Juan J Aristizabal Henao
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Phillip M Marvyn
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Katherine A Moes
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Eric Bombardier
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - A Russell Tupling
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Robin E Duncan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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19
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Okazaki H, Takeda S, Ishii H, Takemoto Y, Fujita S, Suyama M, Matsumoto K, Shindo M, Aramaki H. A Novel Bongkrekic Acid Analog-Mediated Modulation of the Size of Lipid Droplets: Evidence for the Appearance of Smaller Adipocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:1192-1198. [PMID: 28769000 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activators, and are used in the treatment of diabetes. Although the usefulness of TZDs has been demonstrated, some of their side effects are becoming an obstacle to their clinical applicability; edema is known to be evoked by the "structural characteristics" of TZD, but not by the PPARγ activation. Thus, novel therapeutic modalities (i.e., non-TZD-type PPARγ activators) having different structures to those of TZDs are desired. We previously identified bongkrekic acid (BKA) as a PPARγ activator using the human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line as a model system. In the present study, we newly synthesized BKA analogs and examined the usefulness of BKA and its analogs as PPARγ activators in differentiated adipocyte cells. Among the chemicals investigated, one of the BKA analogs (BKA-#2) strongly stimulated PPARγ and the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells similar to pioglitazone, a positive control. Furthermore, BKA-#2 reduced the size of lipid droplets in the mature adipocyte cells. The possible modulation mechanism by BKA-#2 is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuso Takeda
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU)
| | - Hiroyuki Ishii
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy
| | - Yukimi Takemoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Masaki Suyama
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Mitsuru Shindo
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
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20
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Lian J, Nelson R, Lehner R. Carboxylesterases in lipid metabolism: from mouse to human. Protein Cell 2017; 9:178-195. [PMID: 28677105 PMCID: PMC5818367 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian carboxylesterases hydrolyze a wide range of xenobiotic and endogenous compounds, including lipid esters. Physiological functions of carboxylesterases in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis in vivo have been demonstrated by genetic manipulations and chemical inhibition in mice, and in vitro through (over)expression, knockdown of expression, and chemical inhibition in a variety of cells. Recent research advances have revealed the relevance of carboxylesterases to metabolic diseases such as obesity and fatty liver disease, suggesting these enzymes might be potential targets for treatment of metabolic disorders. In order to translate pre-clinical studies in cellular and mouse models to humans, differences and similarities of carboxylesterases between mice and human need to be elucidated. This review presents and discusses the research progress in structure and function of mouse and human carboxylesterases, and the role of these enzymes in lipid metabolism and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Lian
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Randal Nelson
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Lehner
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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21
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Takanashi M, Taira Y, Okazaki S, Takase S, Kimura T, Li CC, Xu PF, Noda A, Sakata I, Kumagai H, Ikeda Y, Iizuka Y, Yahagi N, Shimano H, Osuga JI, Ishibashi S, Kadowaki T, Okazaki H. Role of Hormone-sensitive Lipase in Leptin-Promoted Fat Loss and Glucose Lowering. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 24:1105-1116. [PMID: 28413180 PMCID: PMC5684476 DOI: 10.5551/jat.39552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Myriad biological effects of leptin may lead to broad therapeutic applications for various metabolic diseases, including diabetes and its complications; however, in contrast to its anorexic effect, the molecular mechanisms underlying adipopenic and glucose-lowering effects of leptin have not been fully understood. Here we aim to clarify the role of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in leptin's action. Methods: Wild-type (WT) and HSL-deficient (HSLKO) mice were made hyperleptinemic by two commonly-used methods: adenovirus-mediated overexpression of leptin and continuous subcutaneous infusion of leptin by osmotic pumps. The amount of food intake, body weights, organ weights, and parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism were measured. Results: Hyperleptinemia equally suppressed the food intake in WT and HSLKO mice. On the other hand, leptin-mediated fat loss and glucose-lowering were significantly blunted in the absence of HSL when leptin was overexpressed by recombinant adenovirus carrying leptin. By osmotic pumps, the fat-losing and glucose-lowering effects of leptin were milder due to lower levels of hyperleptinemia; although the difference between WT and HSLKO mice did not reach statistical significance, HSLKO mice had a tendency to retain more fat than WT mice in the face of hyperleptinemia. Conclusions: We clarify for the first time the role of HSL in leptin's effect using a genetic model: leptin-promoted fat loss and glucose-lowering are at least in part mediated via HSL-mediated lipolysis. Further studies to define the pathophysiological role of adipocyte lipases in leptin action may lead to a new therapeutic approach to circumvent leptin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Takanashi
- Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yoshino Taira
- Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Sachiko Okazaki
- Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Satoru Takase
- Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Cheng Cheng Li
- Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Peng Fei Xu
- Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Akari Noda
- Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University
| | - Hidetoshi Kumagai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yuichi Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yoko Iizuka
- Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Naoya Yahagi
- Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hitoshi Shimano
- Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Jun-Ichi Osuga
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroaki Okazaki
- Departments of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
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Kim MH, Kim EJ, Choi YY, Hong J, Yang WM. Lycium chinense Improves Post-Menopausal Obesity via Regulation of PPAR-γ and Estrogen Receptor-α/β Expressions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:269-282. [PMID: 28231739 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The fruit of Lycium chinense Miller (Solanaceae) is used as a functional food and a medicinal herb for treating many specific health concerns. Weight gain induced by estrogen deficiency is a problem for post-menopausal women around the globe. The present study investigates the effects of aqueous extract of L. chinense (LC) on post-menopausal obesity. Female C57BL/6 mice were ovariectomized and fed on high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to induce post-menopausal obesity. LC extract (1[Formula: see text]mg/kg and 10[Formula: see text]mg/kg) was orally administrated for 6 weeks with continuous HFD feeding. Ovarian adipose tissues and uterus were weighed. Serum triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and fasting glucose levels were analyzed. The expressions of adipocyte-specific factors and estrogen receptors (ERs) were investigated. Additionally, lipid accumulation was confirmed in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Increased body weight due to post-menopausal obesity was ameliorated about 14.7% and 17.76% by treatment of 1[Formula: see text]mg/kg and 10[Formula: see text]mg/kg LC, respectively. LC treatment reduced both of serum lipid and fasting blood glucose levels. Adipocyte hypertrophy and fatty liver were ameliorated in LC-treated groups. In LC-treated adipocyte cells, lipid accumulation was significantly inhibited. The expression of perilipin in adipose tissues was decreased by LC. In addition, expression of PPAR-[Formula: see text] protein was down-regulated in adipose tissues and differentiated adipocytes, while GLUT4 expression was increased in adipose tissues by LC treatment. Moreover, LC treatment up-regulated the expressions of ER-[Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] accompanied with increased uterine weight. These results showed the ameliorative effects of LC on overweight after menopause. Post-menopausal obesity may be improved by LC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hye Kim
- * Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- † College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - You Yeon Choi
- * Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongki Hong
- ‡ College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Mo Yang
- * Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Republic of Korea
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23
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Chiang HC, Wang CH, Yeh SC, Lin YH, Kuo YT, Liao CW, Tsai FY, Lin WY, Chuang WH, Tsou TC. Comparative microarray analyses of mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate impacts on fat cell bioenergetics and adipokine network. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 33:511-526. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Negative Impact of Testosterone Deficiency and 5α-Reductase Inhibitors Therapy on Metabolic and Sexual Function in Men. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1043:473-526. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Proteomic analysis of murine testes lipid droplets. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12070. [PMID: 26159641 PMCID: PMC4498221 DOI: 10.1038/srep12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular Leydig cells contain abundant cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) as a cholesteryl-ester store for releasing cholesterols as the precursor substrate for testosterone biosynthesis. Here, we identified the protein composition of testicular LDs purified from adult mice by using mass spectrometry and immunodetection. Among 337 proteins identified, 144 were previously detected in LD proteomes; 44 were confirmed by microscopy. Testicular LDs contained multiple Rab GTPases, chaperones, and proteins involved in glucuronidation, ubiquination and transport, many known to modulate LD formation and LD-related cellular functions. In particular, testicular LDs contained many members of both the perilipin family and classical lipase/esterase superfamily assembled predominately in adipocyte LDs. Thus, testicular LDs might be regulated similar to adipocyte LDs. Remarkably, testicular LDs contained a large number of classical enzymes for biosynthesis and metabolism of cholesterol and hormonal steroids, so steroidogenic reactions might occur on testicular LDs or the steroidogenic enzymes and products could be transferred through testicular LDs. These characteristics differ from the LDs in most other types of cells, so testicular LDs could be an active organelle functionally involved in steroidogenesis.
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26
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Goeritzer M, Vujic N, Schlager S, Chandak PG, Korbelius M, Gottschalk B, Leopold C, Obrowsky S, Rainer S, Doddapattar P, Aflaki E, Wegscheider M, Sachdev V, Graier WF, Kolb D, Radovic B, Kratky D. Active autophagy but not lipophagy in macrophages with defective lipolysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1304-1316. [PMID: 26143381 PMCID: PMC4562370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During autophagy, autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes to degrade damaged organelles and misfolded proteins. Breakdown products are released into the cytosol and contribute to energy and metabolic building block supply, especially during starvation. Lipophagy has been defined as the autophagy-mediated degradation of lipid droplets (LDs) by lysosomal acid lipase. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is the major enzyme catalyzing the initial step of lipolysis by hydrolyzing triglycerides (TGs) in cytosolic LDs. Consequently, most organs and cells, including macrophages, lacking ATGL accumulate TGs, resulting in reduced intracellular free fatty acid concentrations. Macrophages deficient in hormone-sensitive lipase (H0) lack TG accumulation albeit reduced in vitro TG hydrolase activity. We hypothesized that autophagy is activated in lipase-deficient macrophages to counteract their energy deficit. We therefore generated mice lacking both ATGL and HSL (A0H0). Macrophages from A0H0 mice showed 73% reduced neutral TG hydrolase activity, resulting in TG-rich LD accumulation. Increased expression of cathepsin B, accumulation of LC3-II, reduced expression of p62 and increased DQ-BSA dequenching suggest intact autophagy and functional lysosomes in A0H0 macrophages. Markedly decreased acid TG hydrolase activity and lipid flux independent of bafilomycin A1 treatment, however, argue against effective lysosomal degradation of LDs in A0H0 macrophages. We conclude that autophagy of proteins and cell organelles but not of LDs is active as a compensatory mechanism to circumvent and balance the reduced availability of energy substrates in A0H0 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Goeritzer
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nemanja Vujic
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefanie Schlager
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Prakash G Chandak
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Korbelius
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Benjamin Gottschalk
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Leopold
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sascha Obrowsky
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Rainer
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Prakash Doddapattar
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elma Aflaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Wegscheider
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Vinay Sachdev
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang F Graier
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Center for Medical Research/Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Branislav Radovic
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Yang RM, Liu F, He ZD, Ji M, Chu XX, Kang ZY, Cai DY, Gao NN. Anti-obesity effect of total phenylpropanoid glycosides from Ligustrum robustum Blume in fatty diet-fed mice via up-regulating leptin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 169:459-465. [PMID: 25576894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Chinese folk medicine, the leaves of Ligustrum robustum Blume (LR) were commonly used in the treatment of obesity and hyperlipidemia. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-obesity effect and mechanisms of total phenylpropanoid glycosides from Ligustrum robustum Blume (LRTPG) in fatty diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were divided randomly into 6 groups, i.e., control, model, positive (Orlistat 0.12g/kg), and LRTPG at three dosages (0.3, 0.6 or 1.2g/kg), respectively. Control mice were fed with standard diet; the others were fed with fatty diet. After 4 weeks׳ modeling, therapy mice were intragastrically administrated with positive drug or LRTPG for 5 weeks, respectively. Pharmacodynamic effects including body weight, fat weight, Lee׳s index, serum lipid levels, morphological changes and adipocyte area ratio were evaluated. The mechanisms were explored as the factors related to lipids metabolism in gene expressions by real-time PCR, and assured as the protein level of differential gene by Western blotting. RESULTS The anti-obesity effects of LRTPG in all treated mice were shown as decreased body weight, fat mass, Lee׳s index, total cholesterol (TC) level, and adipocyte area. The mechanisms were demonstrated as elevated mRNA and protein levels of adipose leptin, and consequently decreasing mRNA of adipose acyl coenzyme A: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) with increasing mRNA of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), which led to inhibition of triglyceride (TG) synthesis and promotion of cholesterol catabolism. CONCLUSIONS The anti-obesity effect of LRTPG in fatty diet-fed mice was related to the up-regulation of leptin, which may provide scientific evidence supporting the traditional usage of LR on obesity in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-mei Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen-dan He
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Min Ji
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin-xin Chu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhuo-ying Kang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Da-yong Cai
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Nan-nan Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Tanaka N, Takahashi S, Fang ZZ, Matsubara T, Krausz KW, Qu A, Gonzalez FJ. Role of white adipose lipolysis in the development of NASH induced by methionine- and choline-deficient diet. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1841:1596-607. [PMID: 25178843 PMCID: PMC4188754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCD) is a model for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in rodents. However, the mechanism of NASH development by dietary methionine/choline deficiency remains undetermined. To elucidate the early metabolic changes associated with MCD-NASH, serum metabolomic analysis was performed using mice treated with MCD and control diet for 3 days and 1 week, revealing significant increases in oleic and linoleic acids after MCD treatment. These increases were correlated with reduced body weight and white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, increased phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase, and up-regulation of genes encoding carboxylesterase 3 and β2-adrenergic receptor in WAT, indicating accelerated lipolysis in adipocytes. The changes in serum fatty acids and WAT by MCD treatment were reversed by methionine supplementation, and similar alterations were detected in mice fed a methionine-deficient diet (MD), thus demonstrating that dietary methionine deficiency enhances lipolysis in WAT. MD treatment decreased glucose and increased fibroblast growth factor 21 in serum, thus exhibiting a similar metabolic phenotype as the fasting response. Comparison between MCD and choline-deficient diet (CD) treatments suggested that the addition of MD-induced metabolic alterations, such as WAT lipolysis, to CD-induced hepatic steatosis promotes liver injury. Collectively, these results demonstrate an important role for dietary methionine deficiency and WAT lipolysis in the development of MCD-NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhong-Ze Fang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tsutomu Matsubara
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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29
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Yuliana ND, Korthout H, Wijaya CH, Kim HK, Verpoorte R. Plant-derived food ingredients for stimulation of energy expenditure. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:373-88. [PMID: 24188308 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.586739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of obesity is related to the regulation of energy intake, energy expenditure, and energy storage in the body. Increasing energy expenditure by inducing lipolysis followed by fat oxidation is one of the alternatives which could help to reverse this increasingly widespread condition. Currently, there is no approved drug targeting on stimulation of energy expenditure available. The use of herbal medicines has become a preferred alternative, supported by the classical consensus on the innocuity of herbal medicine vs synthetic drugs, something that often lacks a scientific basis (ban on Ephedra, for example). The inclusion of functional food in the daily diet has also been promoted although its efficacy requires further investigation. This review summarizes the results of recent work focused on the investigation of edible plant materials targeted at various important pathways related to stimulation of energy expenditure. The aim is to evaluate a number of plants that may be of interest for further studies because of their potential to provide novel lead compounds or functional foods which may be used to combat obesity, but require further studies to evaluate their antiobesity activity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Dewi Yuliana
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, Section of Metabolomics , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC , Leiden , The Netherlands
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30
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Abstract
In adipocytes the hydrolysis of TAG to produce fatty acids and glycerol under fasting conditions or times of elevated energy demands is tightly regulated by neuroendocrine signals, resulting in the activation of lipolytic enzymes. Among the classic regulators of lipolysis, adrenergic stimulation and the insulin-mediated control of lipid mobilisation are the best known. Initially, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) was thought to be the rate-limiting enzyme of the first lipolytic step, while we now know that adipocyte TAG lipase is the key enzyme for lipolysis initiation. Pivotal, previously unsuspected components have also been identified at the protective interface of the lipid droplet surface and in the signalling pathways that control lipolysis. Perilipin, comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) and other proteins of the lipid droplet surface are currently known to be key regulators of the lipolytic machinery, protecting or exposing the TAG core of the droplet to lipases. The neuroendocrine control of lipolysis is prototypically exerted by catecholaminergic stimulation and insulin-induced suppression, both of which affect cyclic AMP levels and hence the protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of HSL and perilipin. Interestingly, in recent decades adipose tissue has been shown to secrete a large number of adipokines, which exert direct effects on lipolysis, while adipocytes reportedly express a wide range of receptors for signals involved in lipid mobilisation. Recently recognised mediators of lipolysis include some adipokines, structural membrane proteins, atrial natriuretic peptides, AMP-activated protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Lipolysis needs to be reanalysed from the broader perspective of its specific physiological or pathological context since basal or stimulated lipolytic rates occur under diverse conditions and by different mechanisms.
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31
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Wang QA, Scherer PE, Gupta RK. Improved methodologies for the study of adipose biology: insights gained and opportunities ahead. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:605-24. [PMID: 24532650 PMCID: PMC3966696 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r046441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte differentiation and function have become areas of intense focus in the field of energy metabolism; however, understanding the role of specific genes in the establishment and maintenance of fat cell function can be challenging and complex. In this review, we offer practical guidelines for the study of adipocyte development and function. We discuss improved cellular and genetic systems for the study of adipose biology and highlight recent insights gained from these new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong A. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75287
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75287
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75287
| | - Rana K. Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75287
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32
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Dominguez E, Galmozzi A, Chang JW, Hsu KL, Pawlak J, Li W, Godio C, Thomas J, Partida D, Niessen S, O'Brien PE, Russell AP, Watt MJ, Nomura DK, Cravatt BF, Saez E. Integrated phenotypic and activity-based profiling links Ces3 to obesity and diabetes. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:113-21. [PMID: 24362705 PMCID: PMC3953460 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic screening is making a comeback in drug discovery as the maturation of chemical proteomics methods has facilitated target identification for bioactive small molecules. A limitation of these approaches is that time-consuming genetic methods or other means are often required to determine the biologically relevant target (or targets) from among multiple protein-compound interactions that are typically detected. Here, we have combined phenotypic screening of a directed small-molecule library with competitive activity-based protein profiling to map and functionally characterize the targets of screening hits. Using this approach, we identify carboxylesterase 3 (Ces3, also known as Ces1d) as a primary molecular target of bioactive compounds that promote lipid storage in adipocytes. We further show that Ces3 activity is markedly elevated during adipocyte differentiation. Treatment of two mouse models of obesity-diabetes with a Ces3 inhibitor ameliorates multiple features of metabolic syndrome, illustrating the power of the described strategy to accelerate the identification and pharmacologic validation of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Dominguez
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Andrea Galmozzi
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jae Won Chang
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Cristina Godio
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jason Thomas
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - David Partida
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sherry Niessen
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Paul E. O'Brien
- Centre for Obesity Research and Education Monash University The Alfred Hospital Commercial Road, Prahran, Australia 3181
| | - Aaron P. Russell
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, Australia 3125
| | - Matthew J. Watt
- Biology of Lipid Metabolism Laboratory Department of Physiology, Monash University Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3800
| | - Daniel K. Nomura
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, CA 92037
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Kiskinis E, Chatzeli L, Curry E, Kaforou M, Frontini A, Cinti S, Montana G, Parker MG, Christian M. RIP140 represses the "brown-in-white" adipocyte program including a futile cycle of triacylglycerol breakdown and synthesis. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:344-56. [PMID: 24479876 PMCID: PMC4207910 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) is a corepressor of nuclear receptors that is highly expressed in adipose tissues. We investigated the role of RIP140 in conditionally immortal preadipocyte cell lines prepared from white or brown fat depots. In white adipocytes, a large set of brown fat-associated genes was up-regulated in the absence of RIP140. In contrast, a relatively minor role can be ascribed to RIP140 in the control of basal gene expression in differentiated brown adipocytes because significant changes were observed only in Ptgds and Fabp3. The minor role of RIP140 in brown adipocytes correlates with the similar histology and uncoupling protein 1 and CIDEA staining in knockout compared with wild-type brown adipose tissue (BAT). In contrast, RIP140 knockout sc white adipose tissue (WAT) shows increased numbers of multilocular adipocytes with elevated staining for uncoupling protein 1 and CIDEA. Furthermore in a white adipocyte cell line, the markers of BRITE adipocytes, Tbx1, CD137, Tmem26, Cited1, and Epsti1 were repressed in the presence of RIP140 as was Prdm16. Microarray analysis of wild-type and RIP140-knockout white fat revealed elevated expression of genes associated with cold-induced expression or high expression in BAT. A set of genes associated with a futile cycle of triacylglycerol breakdown and resynthesis and functional assays revealed that glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity as well as [3H]glycerol incorporation were elevated in the absence of RIP140. Thus, RIP140 blocks the BRITE program in WAT, preventing the expression of brown fat genes and inhibiting a triacylglycerol futile cycle, with important implications for energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Kiskinis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology (E.K.), Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology (L.C., E.C., M.G.P.), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics (M.K., G.M.), Statistics Section, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (A.F., S.C.), University of Ancona, (Politecnica delle Marche), 60126 Ancona, Italy; Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health (M.C.), Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Chang J, Oikawa S, Iwahashi H, Kitagawa E, Takeuchi I, Yuda M, Aoki C, Yamada Y, Ichihara G, Kato M, Ichihara S. Expression of proteins associated with adipocyte lipolysis was significantly changed in the adipose tissues of the obese spontaneously hypertensive/NDmcr-cp rat. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:8. [PMID: 24468282 PMCID: PMC3937142 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of the metabolic syndrome is complex, and is determined by the interplay of both genetic and environmental factors. The present study was designed to identify genes and proteins in the adipose tissues with altered expression in the spontaneously hypertensive/NIH -corpulent rat, SHR/NDmcr-cp (CP) and to find possible molecular targets associated with the pathogenesis or progression of obesity related to the metabolic syndrome. METHODS We extracted RNAs and proteins from the epididymal adipose tissues in CP, SHR/Lean (Lean), and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats and performed microarray analysis and two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) linked to a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS). RESULTS The results showed different mRNA and protein expression levels in the adipose tissue: oligo DNA microarray identified 33 genes that were significantly (P < 0.01) up-regulated and 17 genes significantly down-regulated in CP compared with WKY and Lean rats at both 6 and 25 weeks of age. The affected genes-proteins were associated with lipolytic enzymes stimulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling. Further analysis using the 2D-DIGE connected with MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis, the expression of monoglyceride lipase (MGLL) was significantly up-regulated and that of carboxylesterase 3 (CES3) was significantly down-regulated in 6- and 25-week-old CP compared with age-matched control (WKY and Lean rats). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the possible involvement of proteins associated with adipocyte lipolysis in obesity related to the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chang
- Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Oikawa
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iwahashi
- Health Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
- Present address: Graduate School of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Emiko Kitagawa
- Health Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
- Present address: Applied Science, Roche Diagnostics, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Department of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masao Yuda
- Department of Medical Zoology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Chieko Aoki
- Department of Human Functional Genomics, Life Science Research Center, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiji Yamada
- Department of Human Functional Genomics, Life Science Research Center, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Gaku Ichihara
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masashi Kato
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sahoko Ichihara
- Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Human Functional Genomics, Life Science Research Center, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
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RNA-seq analysis of bovine intramuscular, subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissues. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:1631-7. [PMID: 24398553 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-3010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The deposition of intramuscular fat is an important factor affecting the beef quality, such as flavour and palatability. In this study, for further identifying the differential molecular mechanisms regulating the deposition of fat between intramuscular and external adipose tissues, particularly subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissues, it was designed to obtain transcript sequence data and compare the transcriptomes among intramuscular, subcutaneous, and perirenal adipose tissues by RNA-Seq. A total of 66,206,912, 55,114,070 and 67,320,426 fragments were sequenced for the intramuscular (IAT), subcutaneous (SAT), and perirenal adipose tissue (PAT) respectively. Among them, total 953, 1,534, 2,026 genes showing differential expression between IAT and SAT, IAT and PAT, SAT and PAT, were identified respectively (FDR < 0.05). When these data had been mixed and analyzed together, 110 genes were differentially expressed among these three adipose tissues. Using GO enrichment analysis, multiple biological pathways were found to be significantly enriched for differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.01), including cellular process, biological regulation, and metabolic process. In addition, total 4,625, 4,775 and 4,147 alternative splicing events occurred in IAT, SAT, and PAT, had also been detected respectively. Thus, our results logically provide the evidence for further understanding the bovine fat deposition, especially intramuscular fat, at a fine scale.
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Yang M, Li S, Liu H, Yang G, Li L. Response to a long-term high-fat diet in the signature of genes involved in lipid metabolism in ApoE(-/-) mice. Am J Med Sci 2013; 346:211-5. [PMID: 23138120 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e3182688026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD)-induced lipid metabolism disorders are a critical feature of diet-induced insulin resistance (IR); however, the mechanisms underlying the tissue-specific effects of HFDs on the signature of genes involved in lipid metabolism have not been fully investigated. Glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity were monitored in chow-fed and HFD-fed ApoE mice using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique. The signatures of genes involved in lipid metabolism were measured in the liver and adipose tissues by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Long-term HFD (for 16 weeks) resulted in marked abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism and induced IR in ApoE mice. Long-term HFD also markedly upregulated the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of insulin-induced gene-2, sterol regulatory element-binding protein cleavage-activating protein and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 in the liver and/or adipose tissues, in parallel with an elevated insulin-induced gene-2 protein in the liver. However, HFD markedly downregulated the mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and low-density lipoprotein receptor in the liver. Interestingly, long-term HFD markedly decreased adipose triglyceride lipase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ mRNA, and adipose triglyceride lipase protein contents in the liver and/or adipose tissues. These findings provide a framework to understand the mechanisms by which long-term HFD regulates the gene signatures involved in lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of diet-induced IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengliu Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics in the Ministry of Education and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Wu T, Zhang Z, Yuan Z, Lo LJ, Chen J, Wang Y, Peng J. Distinctive genes determine different intramuscular fat and muscle fiber ratios of the longissimus dorsi muscles in Jinhua and landrace pigs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53181. [PMID: 23301040 PMCID: PMC3536781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat quality is determined by properties such as carcass color, tenderness and drip loss. These properties are closely associated with meat composition, which includes the types of muscle fiber and content of intramuscular fat (IMF). Muscle fibers are the main contributors to meat mass, while IMF not only contributes to the sensory properties but also to the plethora of physical, chemical and technological properties of meat. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that determine meat composition in different pig breeds. In this report we show that Jinhua pigs, a Chinese breed, contains much higher levels of IMF than do Landrace pigs, a Danish breed. We analyzed global gene expression profiles in the longissimus dorsi muscles in Jinhua and Landrace breeds at the ages of 30, 90 and 150 days. Cross-comparison analysis revealed that genes that regulate fatty acid biosynthesis (e.g., fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase) are expressed at higher levels in Jinhua pigs whereas those that regulate myogenesis (e.g., myogenic factor 6 and forkhead box O1) are expressed at higher levels in Landrace pigs. Among those genes which are highly expressed in Jinhua pigs at 90 days (d90), we identified a novel gene porcine FLJ36031 (pFLJ), which functions as a positive regulator of fat deposition in cultured intramuscular adipocytes. In summary, our data showed that the up-regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis regulatory genes such as pFLJ and myogenesis inhibitory genes such as myostatin in the longissimus dorsi muscles of Jinhua pigs could explain why this local breed produces meat with high levels of IMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Zhangqin Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Jan Lo
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinrong Peng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Solca C, Tint GS, Patel SB. Dietary xenosterols lead to infertility and loss of abdominal adipose tissue in sterolin-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2012. [PMID: 23180829 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m031476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of the human disease sitosterolemia (MIM 210250) has shed light not only on the pathways by which dietary sterols may traffic but also on how the mammalian body rids itself of cholesterol and defends against xenosterols. Two genes, ABCG5 and ABCG8, located at the sitosterolemia locus, each encodes a membrane-bound ABC half-transporter and constitutes a functional unit whose activity has now been shown to account for biliary and intestinal sterol excretion. Knockout mice deficient in Abcg5 or Abcg8 recapitulate many of the phenotypic features of sitosterolemia. During the course of our studies to characterize these knockout mice, we noted that these mice, raised on normal rodent chow, exhibited infertility as well as loss of abdominal fat. We show that, although sitosterolemia does not lead to any structural defects or to any overt endocrine defects, fertility could be restored if xenosterols are specifically blocked from entry and that the loss of fat is also reversed by a variety of maneuvers that limit xenosterol accumulation. These studies show that xenosterols may have a significant biological impact on normal mammalian physiology and that the Abcg5 or Abcg8 knockout mouse model may prove useful in investigating the role of xenosterols on mammalian physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curzio Solca
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Medical Health Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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39
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Morak M, Schmidinger H, Riesenhuber G, Rechberger GN, Kollroser M, Haemmerle G, Zechner R, Kronenberg F, Hermetter A. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) deficiencies affect expression of lipolytic activities in mouse adipose tissues. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1777-89. [PMID: 22984285 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.015743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) are key enzymes involved in intracellular degradation of triacylglycerols. It was the aim of this study to elucidate how the deficiency in one of these proteins affects the residual lipolytic proteome in adipose tissue. For this purpose, we compared the lipase patterns of brown and white adipose tissue from ATGL (-/-) and HSL (-/-) mice using differential activity-based gel electrophoresis. This method is based on activity-recognition probes possessing the same substrate analogous structure but carrying different fluorophores for specific detection of the enzyme patterns of two different tissues in one electrophoresis gel. We found that ATGL-deficiency in brown adipose tissue had a profound effect on the expression levels of other lipolytic and esterolytic enzymes in this tissue, whereas HSL-deficiency hardly showed any effect in brown adipose tissue. Neither ATGL- nor HSL-deficiency greatly influenced the lipase patterns in white adipose tissue. Enzyme activities of mouse tissues on acylglycerol substrates were analyzed as well, showing that ATGL-and HSL-deficiencies can be compensated for at least in part by other enzymes. The proteins that responded to ATGL-deficiency in brown adipose tissue were overexpressed and their activities on acylglycerols were analyzed. Among these enzymes, Es1, Es10, and Es31-like represent lipase candidates as they catalyze the hydrolysis of long-chain acylglycerols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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40
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Schittmayer M, Birner-Gruenberger R. Lipolytic proteomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:570-582. [PMID: 22392637 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Activity-based proteomics (ABP) employs small molecular probes to specifically label sets of enzymes based on their shared catalytic mechanism. Given that the vast majority of lipases belong to the family of serine hydrolases and share a nucleophilic active-site serine as part of a catalytic triad, activity-based probes are ideal tools to study lipases and lipolysis. Moreover, the ability of ABP to highlight or isolate specific subproteomes results in a massive decrease of sample complexity. Thereby, in-depth analysis of enzymes of interest with mass spectrometry becomes feasible. In this review, we cover probe design, technological developments, and applications of ABP of lipases, as well as give an overview of relevant identified proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schittmayer
- Research Group Functional Proteomics, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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41
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Elevated Adipose Triglyceride Lipase in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus With Hypertension. Am J Med Sci 2011; 342:452-5. [DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e318218482f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Pidoux G, Witczak O, Jarnæss E, Myrvold L, Urlaub H, Stokka AJ, Küntziger T, Taskén K. Optic atrophy 1 is an A-kinase anchoring protein on lipid droplets that mediates adrenergic control of lipolysis. EMBO J 2011; 30:4371-86. [PMID: 21983901 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenergic stimulation of adipocytes yields a cAMP signal that activates protein kinase A (PKA). PKA phosphorylates perilipin, a protein localized on the surface of lipid droplets that serves as a gatekeeper to regulate access of lipases converting stored triglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Here, we report a new function for optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), a protein known to regulate mitochondrial dynamics, as a dual-specificity A-kinase anchoring protein associated with lipid droplets. By a variety of protein interaction assays, immunoprecipitation and immunolocalization experiments, we show that OPA1 organizes a supramolecular complex containing both PKA and perilipin. Furthermore, by a combination of siRNA-mediated knockdown, reconstitution experiments using full-length OPA1 with or without the ability to bind PKA or truncated OPA1 fused to a lipid droplet targeting domain and cellular delivery of PKA anchoring disruptor peptides, we demonstrate that OPA1 targeting of PKA to lipid droplets is necessary for hormonal control of perilipin phosphorylation and lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Pidoux
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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43
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Girousse A, Langin D. Adipocyte lipases and lipid droplet-associated proteins: insight from transgenic mouse models. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 36:581-94. [PMID: 21673652 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue lipolysis is the catabolic process whereby stored triacylglycerol (TAG) is broken down by lipases into fatty acids and glycerol. Here, we review recent insights from transgenic mouse models. Genetic manipulations affecting lipases are considered first, followed by transgenic models of lipase co-factors and lastly non-lipase lipid droplet (LD)-associated proteins. The central role of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), long considered to be the sole rate-limiting enzyme of TAG hydrolysis, has been revised since the discovery of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). It is now accepted that ATGL initiates TAG breakdown producing diacylglycerol, which is subsequently hydrolyzed by HSL. Furthermore, lipase activities are modulated by co-factors whose deletion causes severe metabolic disturbances. Another major advance has come from the description of the involvement of non-lipase proteins in the regulation of lipolysis. The role of perilipins has been extensively investigated. Other newly discovered LD-associated proteins have also been shown to regulate lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Girousse
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Obésités, INSERM U1048-I2MC, Equipe 4, Toulouse, France
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44
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Quiroga AD, Lehner R. Role of endoplasmic reticulum neutral lipid hydrolases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:218-25. [PMID: 21531146 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets are universal intracellular organelles composed of a triglyceride, cholesteryl ester and retinyl ester core, surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids and free (unesterified) cholesterol and lipid droplet-associated proteins. Core lipids are hydrolyzed by lipases to provide fatty acids, cholesterol and retinol for various cellular functions. In addition to cytosolic adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase, recent studies show the existence of other neutral lipid hydrolases that reside in the endoplasmic reticulum. In this review we highlight the role of these novel lipases including several members of the carboxylesterase family and enzymes termed arylacetamide deacetylase and KIAA1363/neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase1/arylacetamide deacetylase-like 1. Some of these enzymes might be attractive targets for the treatment of dyslipidemias, viral infection and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel D Quiroga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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45
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Schreiber R, Taschler U, Preiss-Landl K, Wongsiriroj N, Zimmermann R, Lass A. Retinyl ester hydrolases and their roles in vitamin A homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:113-23. [PMID: 21586336 PMCID: PMC3242165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, dietary vitamin A intake is essential for the maintenance of adequate retinoid (vitamin A and metabolites) supply of tissues and organs. Retinoids are taken up from animal or plant sources and subsequently stored in form of hydrophobic, biologically inactive retinyl esters (REs). Accessibility of these REs in the intestine, the circulation, and their mobilization from intracellular lipid droplets depends on the hydrolytic action of RE hydrolases (REHs). In particular, the mobilization of hepatic RE stores requires REHs to maintain steady plasma retinol levels thereby assuring constant vitamin A supply in times of food deprivation or inadequate vitamin A intake. In this review, we focus on the roles of extracellular and intracellular REHs in vitamin A metabolism. Furthermore, we will discuss the tissue-specific function of REHs and highlight major gaps in the understanding of RE catabolism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.
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Differential expression of liver proteins between obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats in response to a high-fat diet. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:612-26. [PMID: 21535901 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rodents respond to a chronic high-fat diet (HFD) in two ways: some readily become obese (obesity prone, OP) and others do not (obesity resistant, OR). Although several hypotheses have been proposed, the mechanisms underlying the inter-individual susceptibility to diet-induced obesity remain to be fully defined. In the present study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight MS was carried out for identification of differentially expressed liver proteins in OP and OR rats fed a HFD, in an attempt to discover marker proteins involved in susceptibility and/or resistance to obesity in rat liver. The 2-DE analysis demonstrated that forty spots from 380 visualised spots were differentially regulated between the groups. Among these forty spots, twelve were differentially expressed proteins between OP and OR rats, reaching statistical significance. Of these, five proteins have already been linked to obesity; however, seven proteins involved in obesity susceptibility or resistance were identified for the first time in the present study. In order to validate the proteomic results and gain insight into the metabolic changes between the OP and OR groups, we further confirmed the expression pattern of some proteins of interest by Western blot analysis. Combined results of proteomic analysis with Western blot analysis revealed that reduced lipogenesis and increased fat oxidation were achieved in the livers of OR rats. In conclusion, the present proteomic study is an important advance over the previous steps required for identification of OP and OR rats, and should prove valuable in the search for the pathogenesis of obesity in humans.
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47
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Knop E, Knop N, Millar T, Obata H, Sullivan DA. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the meibomian gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:1938-78. [PMID: 21450915 PMCID: PMC3072159 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6997c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erich Knop
- Ocular Surface Center Berlin, Department for Cell and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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48
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Lampidonis AD, Rogdakis E, Voutsinas GE, Stravopodis DJ. The resurgence of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase (HSL) in mammalian lipolysis. Gene 2011; 477:1-11. [PMID: 21241784 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability to store energy in the form of energy-dense triacylglycerol and to mobilize these stores rapidly during periods of low carbohydrate availability or throughout the strong metabolic demand is a highly conserved process, absolutely essential for survival. In the industrialized world the regulation of this pathway is viewed as an important therapeutic target for disease prevention. Adipose tissue lipolysis is a catabolic process leading to the breakdown of triacylglycerols stored in fat cells, and release of fatty acids and glycerol. Mobilization of adipose tissue fat is mediated by the MGL, HSL and ATGL, similarly functioning enzymes. ATGL initiates lipolysis followed by the actions of HSL on diacylglycerol, and MGL on monoacylglycerol. HSL is regulated by reversible phosphorylation on five critical residues. Phosphorylation alone, however, is not enough to activate HSL. Probably, conformational alterations and a translocation from the cytoplasm to lipid droplets are also involved. In accordance, Perilipin functions as a master regulator of lipolysis, protecting or exposing the triacylglycerol core of a lipid droplet to lipases. The prototype processes of hormonal lipolytic control are the β-adrenergic stimulation and suppression by insulin, both of which affect cytoplasmic cyclic AMP levels. Lipolysis in adipocytes is an important process in the management of body energy reserves. Its deregulation may contribute to the symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus and other pathological situations. We, herein, discuss the metabolic regulation and function of lipases mediating mammalian lipolysis with a focus on HSL, quoting newly identified members of the lipolytic proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis D Lampidonis
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 157 84 Athens, Greece
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Nagashima S, Yagyu H, Takahashi N, Kurashina T, Takahashi M, Tsuchita T, Tazoe F, Wang XL, Bayasgalan T, Sato N, Okada K, Nagasaka S, Gotoh T, Kojima M, Hyodo M, Horie H, Hosoya Y, Okada M, Yasuda Y, Fujiwara H, Ohwada M, Iwamoto S, Suzuki M, Nagai H, Ishibashi S. Depot-Specific Expression of Lipolytic Genes in Human Adipose Tissues. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18:190-9. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.6478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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50
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Faulconnier Y, Chilliard Y, Torbati MBM, Leroux C. The transcriptomic profiles of adipose tissues are modified by feed deprivation in lactating goats. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2010; 6:139-49. [PMID: 21256818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A major function of ruminant adipose tissue is to store lipids for use in productive functions. Body fat mobilization is required during periods of negative energy balance such as lactation or undernutrition. Until now, gene expression profiling of ruminant adipose tissue in response to nutritional restriction has not been performed. To gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms in adipose tissue in response to dietary factors, microarray analysis was used to compare the effects of two extreme nutritional conditions (control diet vs. 48-h feed deprivation) in the omental and perirenal adipose tissues of lactating goats (Capra hircus). We observed the altered expression of 456 and 199 genes in omental and perirenal adipose tissues, respectively. Similar biological processes were altered by feed deprivation in these two sites, although twice as many genes were differentially expressed in the omental than in the perirenal adipose tissue. Taken together, the transcriptional changes involved in lipid metabolism (decreased lipid synthesis and triglyceride storage capacity as well as increased fatty acid oxidation) were consistent with reduced energy deposition in goat adipose tissues in response to a 48-h fast. An inflammatory state of the adipose tissue was observed following the 48-h fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Faulconnier
- Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Theix, Saint Genès-Champanelle, France
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