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Qin S, Kitty I, Hao Y, Zhao F, Kim W. Maintaining Genome Integrity: Protein Kinases and Phosphatases Orchestrate the Balancing Act of DNA Double-Strand Breaks Repair in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10212. [PMID: 37373360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most lethal DNA damages which lead to severe genome instability. Phosphorylation is one of the most important protein post-translation modifications involved in DSBs repair regulation. Kinases and phosphatases play coordinating roles in DSB repair by phosphorylating and dephosphorylating various proteins. Recent research has shed light on the importance of maintaining a balance between kinase and phosphatase activities in DSB repair. The interplay between kinases and phosphatases plays an important role in regulating DNA-repair processes, and alterations in their activity can lead to genomic instability and disease. Therefore, study on the function of kinases and phosphatases in DSBs repair is essential for understanding their roles in cancer development and therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of kinases and phosphatases in DSBs repair regulation and highlight the advancements in the development of cancer therapies targeting kinases or phosphatases in DSBs repair pathways. In conclusion, understanding the balance of kinase and phosphatase activities in DSBs repair provides opportunities for the development of novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Qin
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ichiwa Kitty
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yalan Hao
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wootae Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
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Liu G, Li L, Shang D, Zhou C, Zhang C. BRSK1 confers cisplatin resistance in cervical cancer cells via regulation of mitochondrial respiration. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s00432-023-04821-z. [PMID: 37140697 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although cisplatin-containing chemotherapy has been utilized as a front-line treatment for cervical cancer, intrinsic and acquired resistance of cisplatin remains a major hurdle for the durable and curative therapeutic response. We thus aim to identify novel regulator of cisplatin resistance in cervical cancer cells. METHODS Real-time PCR and western blotting analysis were employed to determine the expression of BRSK1 in normal and cisplatin-resistant cells. Sulforhodamine B assay was conducted to assess the sensitivity of cervical cancer cells to cisplatin. Seahorse Cell Mito Stress Test assay was utilized to evaluate the mitochondrial respiration in cervical cancer cells. RESULTS BRSK1 expression was upregulated in cisplatin-treated cervical cancer patient tumors and cell lines compared with untreated tumors and cell lines. Depletion of BRSK1 significantly enhanced the sensitivity of both normal and cisplatin-resistant cervical cancer cells to cisplatin treatment. Moreover, BRSK1-mediated regulation of cisplatin sensitivity is conducted by a subpopulation of BRSK1 residing in the mitochondria of cervical cancer cells and is dependent on its kinase enzymatic activity. Mechanistically, BRSK1 confers cisplatin resistance via the regulation of mitochondrial respiration. Importantly, treatment with mitochondrial inhibitor in cervical cancer cells phenocopied the BRSK1 depletion-mediated mitochondria dysfunction and cisplatin sensitization. Of note, we observed that high BRSK1 expression is correlated with poor prognosis in cisplatin-treated cervical cancer patients. CONCLUSION Our study defines BRSK1 as a novel regulator of cisplatin sensitivity, identifying that targeting BRSK1-regulated mitochondrial respiration could be a useful approach for enhancing the efficacy of cisplatin-based chemotherapy in cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, 256603, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, 256603, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Shang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, 256603, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, 256603, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuanhou Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, 256603, People's Republic of China.
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Baumgartner C, Yadav AK, Chefetz I. AMPK-like proteins and their function in female reproduction and gynecologic cancer. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 134:245-270. [PMID: 36858738 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Serine-threonine kinase (STK11), also known as liver kinase B1 (LKB1), is a regulator of cellular homeostasis through regulating the cellular ATP-to-ADP ratio. LKB1 is classified as a tumor suppressor and functions as the key activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and a family of serine-threonine kinases called AMPK-like proteins. These proteins include novel (nua) kinase family 1 (NUAK1 and 2), salt inducible kinase (SIK1), QIK (known as SIK2), QSK (known as SIK3 kinase), and maternal embryonic leuzine zipper kinase (MELK) on tightly controlled and specific residual sites. LKB1 also regulates brain selective kinases 1 and 2 (BRSK1 and 2), additional members of AMPK-like protein family, which functions are probably less studied. AMPK-like proteins play a role in variety of reproductive physiology functions such as follicular maturation, menopause, embryogenesis, oocyte maturation, and preimplantation development. In addition, dysfunctional activity of AMPK-like proteins contributes to apoptosis blockade in cancer cells and induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition required for metastasis. Dysregulation of these proteins occurs in ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers. AMPK-like proteins are still undergoing further classification and may represent novel targets for targeted gynecologic cancer therapies. In this chapter, we describe the AMPK-like family of proteins and their roles in reproductive physiology and gynecologic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anil Kumar Yadav
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, United States
| | - Ilana Chefetz
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, United States; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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van der Kooi ALLF, van Dijk M, Broer L, van den Berg MH, Laven JSE, van Leeuwen FE, Lambalk CB, Overbeek A, Loonen JJ, van der Pal HJ, Tissing WJ, Versluys B, Bresters D, Beerendonk CCM, Ronckers CR, van der Heiden-van der Loo M, Kaspers GL, de Vries ACH, Robison LL, Hudson MM, Chemaitilly W, Byrne J, Berger C, Clemens E, Dirksen U, Falck Winther J, Fosså SD, Grabow D, Haupt R, Kaiser M, Kepak T, Kruseova J, Modan-Moses D, Pluijm SMF, Spix C, Zolk O, Kaatsch P, Krijthe JH, Kremer LC, Yasui Y, Brooke RJ, Uitterlinden AG, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, van Dulmen-den Broeder E. Possible modification of BRSK1 on the risk of alkylating chemotherapy-related reduced ovarian function. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:1120-1133. [PMID: 33582778 PMCID: PMC7970730 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do genetic variations in the DNA damage response pathway modify the adverse effect of alkylating agents on ovarian function in female childhood cancer survivors (CCS)? SUMMARY ANSWER Female CCS carrying a common BR serine/threonine kinase 1 (BRSK1) gene variant appear to be at 2.5-fold increased odds of reduced ovarian function after treatment with high doses of alkylating chemotherapy. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Female CCS show large inter-individual variability in the impact of DNA-damaging alkylating chemotherapy, given as treatment of childhood cancer, on adult ovarian function. Genetic variants in DNA repair genes affecting ovarian function might explain this variability. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION CCS for the discovery cohort were identified from the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG) LATER VEVO-study, a multi-centre retrospective cohort study evaluating fertility, ovarian reserve and risk of premature menopause among adult female 5-year survivors of childhood cancer. Female 5-year CCS, diagnosed with cancer and treated with chemotherapy before the age of 25 years, and aged 18 years or older at time of study were enrolled in the current study. Results from the discovery Dutch DCOG-LATER VEVO cohort (n = 285) were validated in the pan-European PanCareLIFE (n = 465) and the USA-based St. Jude Lifetime Cohort (n = 391). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS To evaluate ovarian function, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels were assessed in both the discovery cohort and the replication cohorts. Using additive genetic models in linear and logistic regression, five genetic variants involved in DNA damage response were analysed in relation to cyclophosphamide equivalent dose (CED) score and their impact on ovarian function. Results were then examined using fixed-effect meta-analysis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Meta-analysis across the three independent cohorts showed a significant interaction effect (P = 3.0 × 10-4) between rs11668344 of BRSK1 (allele frequency = 0.34) among CCS treated with high-dose alkylating agents (CED score ≥8000 mg/m2), resulting in a 2.5-fold increased odds of a reduced ovarian function (lowest AMH tertile) for CCS carrying one G allele compared to CCS without this allele (odds ratio genotype AA: 2.01 vs AG: 5.00). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION While low AMH levels can also identify poor responders in assisted reproductive technology, it needs to be emphasized that AMH remains a surrogate marker of ovarian function. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Further research, validating our findings and identifying additional risk-contributing genetic variants, may enable individualized counselling regarding treatment-related risks and necessity of fertility preservation procedures in girls with cancer. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by the PanCareLIFE project that has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 602030. In addition, the DCOG-LATER VEVO study was funded by the Dutch Cancer Society (Grant no. VU 2006-3622) and by the Children Cancer Free Foundation (Project no. 20) and the St Jude Lifetime cohort study by NCI U01 CA195547. The authors declare no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lotte L F van der Kooi
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes van Dijk
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Paediatric Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen H van den Berg
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Paediatric Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joop S E Laven
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Flora E van Leeuwen
- Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis B Lambalk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Overbeek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline J Loonen
- Department of Haematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim J Tissing
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Versluys
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dorine Bresters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital/Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina C M Beerendonk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile R Ronckers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
| | | | - Gertjan L Kaspers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Paediatric Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrica C H de Vries
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric oncology, Erasmus MC—Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leslie L Robison
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Melissa M Hudson
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wassim Chemaitilly
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Claire Berger
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, University Hospital, St-Etienne, France
- Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers, CRESS, INSERM, UMR 1153, Paris Descartes University, Villejuif, France
| | - Eva Clemens
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Uta Dirksen
- University Hospital Essen, Pediatrics III, West German Cancer Centre, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, DKTK, Site Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jeanette Falck Winther
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sophie D Fosså
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Desiree Grabow
- German Childhood Cancer Registry, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Riccardo Haupt
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- DOPO Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Melanie Kaiser
- German Childhood Cancer Registry, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tomas Kepak
- University Hospital Brno, International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Dalit Modan-Moses
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Saskia M F Pluijm
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Spix
- German Childhood Cancer Registry, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Zolk
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Kaatsch
- German Childhood Cancer Registry, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jesse H Krijthe
- Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leontien C Kremer
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Russell J Brooke
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marry M van den Heuvel-Eibrink
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric oncology, Erasmus MC—Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eline van Dulmen-den Broeder
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Paediatric Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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AMPKα-like proteins as LKB1 downstream targets in cell physiology and cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:651-662. [PMID: 33661342 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the key events in cancer development is the ability of tumor cells to overcome nutrient deprivation and hypoxia. Among proteins performing metabolic adaptation to the various cellular nutrient conditions, liver kinase B 1 (LKB1) and its main downstream target adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) are important sensors of energy requirements within the cell. Although LKB1 was originally described as a tumor suppressor, given its role in metabolism, it potentially acts as a double-edged sword. AMPKα, a master regulator of cell energy demands, is activated when ATP level drops under a certain threshold, responding accordingly through its downstream targets. Twelve downstream kinase targets of LKB1 have been described as AMPKα-like proteins. This group is comprised of novel (nua) kinase family (NUAK) kinases (NUAK1 and 2) linked to cell cycle progression and ultraviolet (UV)-damage; microtubule affinity regulating kinases (MARKs) (MARK1, MARK2, MARK3, and MARK4) that are involved in cell polarity; salt inducible kinases (SIK) (SIK1, SIK2, also known as Qin-induced kinase or QIK and SIK3) that are implicated in cell metabolism and adipose tissue development and mitotic regulation; maternal embryonic leuzine zipper kinase (MELK) that regulate oocyte maturation; and finally brain selective kinases (BRSKs) (BRSK1 and 2), which have been mainly characterized in the brain due to their role in neuronal polarization. Thus, many efforts have been made in order to harness LKB1 kinase and its downstream targets as a possible therapeutic hub in tumor development and propagation. In this review, we describe LKB1 and its downstream target AMPK summarize major functions of various AMPK-like proteins, while focusing on biological functions of BRSK1 and 2 in different models.
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Nakanishi K, Niida H, Tabata H, Ito T, Hori Y, Hattori M, Johmura Y, Yamada C, Ueda T, Takeuchi K, Yamada K, Nagata KI, Wakamatsu N, Kishi M, Pan YA, Ugawa S, Shimada S, Sanes JR, Higashi Y, Nakanishi M. Isozyme-Specific Role of SAD-A in Neuronal Migration During Development of Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3738-3751. [PMID: 30307479 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SAD kinases regulate presynaptic vesicle clustering and neuronal polarization. A previous report demonstrated that Sada-/- and Sadb-/- double-mutant mice showed perinatal lethality with a severe defect in axon/dendrite differentiation, but their single mutants did not. These results indicated that they were functionally redundant. Surprisingly, we show that on a C57BL/6N background, SAD-A is essential for cortical development whereas SAD-B is dispensable. Sada-/- mice died within a few days after birth. Their cortical lamination pattern was disorganized and radial migration of cortical neurons was perturbed. Birth date analyses with BrdU and in utero electroporation using pCAG-EGFP vector showed a delayed migration of cortical neurons to the pial surface in Sada-/- mice. Time-lapse imaging of these mice confirmed slow migration velocity in the cortical plate. While the neurites of hippocampal neurons in Sada-/- mice could ultimately differentiate in culture to form axons and dendrites, the average length of their axons was shorter than that of the wild type. Thus, analysis on a different genetic background than that used initially revealed a nonredundant role for SAD-A in neuronal migration and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nakanishi
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Niida
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tabata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ito
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Hori
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Madoka Hattori
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Johmura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chisato Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Biology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Yamada
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Wakamatsu
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Masashi Kishi
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Research Institute, Nozaki Tokushukai Hospital, Daito, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Albert Pan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Developmental and Translational Neurobiology Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Shinya Ugawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shoichi Shimada
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yujiro Higashi
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Liu K, Zheng M, Lu R, Du J, Zhao Q, Li Z, Li Y, Zhang S. The role of CDC25C in cell cycle regulation and clinical cancer therapy: a systematic review. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:213. [PMID: 32518522 PMCID: PMC7268735 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most prominent features of tumor cells is uncontrolled cell proliferation caused by an abnormal cell cycle, and the abnormal expression of cell cycle-related proteins gives tumor cells their invasive, metastatic, drug-resistance, and anti-apoptotic abilities. Recently, an increasing number of cell cycle-associated proteins have become the candidate biomarkers for early diagnosis of malignant tumors and potential targets for cancer therapies. As an important cell cycle regulatory protein, Cell Division Cycle 25C (CDC25C) participates in regulating G2/M progression and in mediating DNA damage repair. CDC25C is a cyclin of the specific phosphatase family that activates the cyclin B1/CDK1 complex in cells for entering mitosis and regulates G2/M progression and plays an important role in checkpoint protein regulation in case of DNA damage, which can ensure accurate DNA information transmission to the daughter cells. The regulation of CDC25C in the cell cycle is affected by multiple signaling pathways, such as cyclin B1/CDK1, PLK1/Aurora A, ATR/CHK1, ATM/CHK2, CHK2/ERK, Wee1/Myt1, p53/Pin1, and ASK1/JNK-/38. Recently, it has evident that changes in the expression of CDC25C are closely related to tumorigenesis and tumor development and can be used as a potential target for cancer treatment. This review summarizes the role of CDC25C phosphatase in regulating cell cycle. Based on the role of CDC25 family proteins in the development of tumors, it will become a hot target for a new generation of cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121 People's Republic of China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121 People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Lu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxing Du
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121 People's Republic of China
| | - Zugui Li
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Departments of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121 People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121 People's Republic of China
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8
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Warren NJH, Eastman A. Comparison of the different mechanisms of cytotoxicity induced by checkpoint kinase I inhibitors when used as single agents or in combination with DNA damage. Oncogene 2020; 39:1389-1401. [PMID: 31659257 PMCID: PMC7023985 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the DNA damage response is an emerging strategy to treat cancer. Understanding how DNA damage response inhibitors cause cytotoxicity in cancer cells is crucial to their further clinical development. This review focuses on three different mechanisms of cell killing by checkpoint kinase I inhibitors (CHK1i). DNA damage induced by chemotherapy drugs, such as topoisomerase I inhibitors, results in S and G2 phase arrest. Addition of CHK1i promotes cell cycle progression before repair is completed resulting in mitotic catastrophe. Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors such as gemcitabine also arrest cells in S phase by preventing dNTP synthesis. Addition of CHK1i re-activates the DNA helicase to unwind DNA, but in the absence of dNTPs, this leads to excessive single-strand DNA that exceeds the protective capacity of the single-strand-binding protein RPA. Unprotected DNA is subjected to nuclease cleavage, resulting in replication catastrophe. CHK1i alone also kills a subset of cell lines through MRE11 and MUS81-mediated DNA cleavage in S phase cells. The choice of mechanism depends on the activation state of CDK2. Low level activation of CDK2 mediates helicase activation, cell cycle progression, and both replication and mitotic catastrophe. In contrast, high CDK2 activity is required for sensitivity to CHK1i as monotherapy. This high CDK2 activity threshold usually occurs late in the cell cycle to prepare for mitosis, but in CHK1i-sensitive cells, high activity can be attained in early S phase, resulting in DNA cleavage and cell death. This sensitivity to CHK1i has previously been associated with endogenous replication stress, but the dependence on high CDK2 activity, as well as MRE11, contradicts this hypothesis. The major unresolved question is why some cell lines fail to restrain their high CDK2 activity and hence succumb to CHK1i in S phase. Resolving this question will facilitate stratification of patients for treatment with CHK1i as monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J H Warren
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Alan Eastman
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
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9
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Opalko HE, Nasa I, Kettenbach AN, Moseley JB. A mechanism for how Cdr1/Nim1 kinase promotes mitotic entry by inhibiting Wee1. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:3015-3023. [PMID: 31644361 PMCID: PMC6880885 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-08-0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To enter into mitosis, cells must shut off the cell cycle inhibitor Wee1. SAD family protein kinases regulate Wee1 signaling in yeast and humans. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, two SAD kinases (Cdr1/Nim1 and Cdr2) act as upstream inhibitors of Wee1. Previous studies found that S. pombe Cdr1/Nim1 directly phosphorylates and inhibits Wee1 in vitro, but different results were obtained for budding yeast and human SAD kinases. Without a full understanding of Cdr1 action on Wee1, it has been difficult to assess the in vivo relevance and conservation of this mechanism. Here, we show that both Cdr1 and Cdr2 promote Wee1 phosphorylation in cells, but only Cdr1 inhibits Wee1 kinase activity. Inhibition occurs when Cdr1 phosphorylates a cluster of serine residues linking α-helices G and H of the Wee1 kinase domain. This region is highly divergent among different Wee1 proteins, consistent with distinct regulatory mechanisms. A wee(4A) mutant that impairs phosphorylation by Cdr1 delays mitotic entry and causes elongated cells. By disrupting and retargeting Cdr1 localization, we show that Cdr1 inhibition of Wee1 occurs in cells at cortical nodes formed by Cdr2. On the basis of our results, we propose a two-step model for inhibition of Wee1 by Cdr1 and Cdr2 at nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Opalko
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Isha Nasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - James B Moseley
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
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10
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Zhu JY, Cuellar RA, Berndt N, Lee HE, Olesen SH, Martin MP, Jensen JT, Georg GI, Schönbrunn E. Structural Basis of Wee Kinases Functionality and Inactivation by Diverse Small Molecule Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7863-7875. [PMID: 28792760 PMCID: PMC6200136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Wee family of kinases negatively regulate the cell cycle via phosphorylation of CDK1 and are considered potential drug targets. Herein, we investigated the structure-function relationship of human Wee1, Wee2, and Myt1 (PKMYT1). Purified recombinant full-length proteins and kinase domain constructs differed substantially in phosphorylation states and catalytic competency, suggesting complex mechanisms of activation. A series of crystal structures reveal unique features that distinguish Wee1 and Wee2 from Myt1 and establish the structural basis of differential inhibition by the widely used Wee1 inhibitor MK-1775. Kinome profiling and cellular studies demonstrate that, in addition to Wee1 and Wee2, MK-1775 is an equally potent inhibitor of the polo-like kinase PLK1. Several previously unrecognized inhibitors of Wee kinases were discovered and characterized. Combined, the data provide a comprehensive view on the catalytic and structural properties of Wee kinases and a framework for the rational design of novel inhibitors thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yi Zhu
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Cuellar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Norbert Berndt
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Hee Eun Lee
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Sanne H. Olesen
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Mathew P. Martin
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Jensen
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Science, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States
| | - Gunda I. Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Ernst Schönbrunn
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
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11
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Gaponova AV, Deneka AY, Beck TN, Liu H, Andrianov G, Nikonova AS, Nicolas E, Einarson MB, Golemis EA, Serebriiskii IG. Identification of evolutionarily conserved DNA damage response genes that alter sensitivity to cisplatin. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19156-19171. [PMID: 27863405 PMCID: PMC5386675 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian, head and neck, and other cancers are commonly treated with cisplatin and other DNA damaging cytotoxic agents. Altered DNA damage response (DDR) contributes to resistance of these tumors to chemotherapies, some targeted therapies, and radiation. DDR involves multiple protein complexes and signaling pathways, some of which are evolutionarily ancient and involve protein orthologs conserved from yeast to humans. To identify new regulators of cisplatin-resistance in human tumors, we integrated high throughput and curated datasets describing yeast genes that regulate sensitivity to cisplatin and/or ionizing radiation. Next, we clustered highly validated genes based on chemogenomic profiling, and then mapped orthologs of these genes in expanded genomic networks for multiple metazoans, including humans. This approach identified an enriched candidate set of genes involved in the regulation of resistance to radiation and/or cisplatin in humans. Direct functional assessment of selected candidate genes using RNA interference confirmed their activity in influencing cisplatin resistance, degree of γH2AX focus formation and ATR phosphorylation, in ovarian and head and neck cancer cell lines, suggesting impaired DDR signaling as the driving mechanism. This work enlarges the set of genes that may contribute to chemotherapy resistance and provides a new contextual resource for interpreting next generation sequencing (NGS) genomic profiling of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Gaponova
- Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Y Deneka
- Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Tim N Beck
- Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Program in Molecular and Cell Biology and Genetics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Hanqing Liu
- Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiangsu University, School of Pharmacy, Jingkou District Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Gregory Andrianov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Anna S Nikonova
- Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Nicolas
- Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Margret B Einarson
- Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Ilya G Serebriiskii
- Molecular Therapeutics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
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12
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Ribosome-Bound mRNA in Cortical Neurites In Vivo. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8688-8705. [PMID: 28821669 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3044-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Localized translation in neurites helps regulate synaptic strength and development. Dysregulation of local translation is associated with many neurological disorders. However, due to technical limitations, study of this phenomenon has largely been limited to brain regions with laminar organization of dendrites such as the hippocampus or cerebellum. It has not been examined in the cortex, a region of importance for most neurological disorders, where dendrites of each neuronal population are densely intermingled with cell bodies of others. Therefore, we have developed a novel method, SynapTRAP, which combines synaptoneurosomal fractionation with translating ribosome affinity purification to identify ribosome-bound mRNA in processes of genetically defined cell types. We demonstrate SynapTRAP's efficacy and report local translation in the cortex of mice, where we identify a subset of mRNAs that are translated in dendrites by neuronal ribosomes. These mRNAs have disproportionately longer lengths, enrichment for FMRP binding and G-quartets, and their genes are under greater evolutionary constraint in humans. In addition, we show that alternative splicing likely regulates this phenomenon. Overall, SynapTRAP allows for rapid isolation of cell-type-specific localized translation and is applicable to classes of previously inaccessible neuronal and non-neuronal cells in vivoSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Instructions for making proteins are found in the genome, housed within the nucleus of each cell. These are then copied as RNA and exported to manufacture new proteins. However, in the brain, memory is thought to be encoded by strengthening individual connections (synapses) between neurons far from the nucleus. Thus, to efficiently make new proteins specifically where they are needed, neurons can transport RNAs to sites near synapses to locally produce proteins. Importantly, several mutations that cause autism disrupt this process. It has been assumed this process occurs in all brain regions, but has never been measured in the cortex. We applied a newly developed method measure to study, for the first time, local translation in cortical neurons.
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13
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Ponzio G, Rezzonico R, Bourget I, Allan R, Nottet N, Popa A, Magnone V, Rios G, Mari B, Barbry P. A new long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is induced in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and down-regulates several anticancer and cell differentiation genes in mouse. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12483-12495. [PMID: 28596382 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.776260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte-derived cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common metastatic skin cancer. Although some of the early events involved in this pathology have been identified, the subsequent steps leading to tumor development are poorly defined. We demonstrate here that the development of mouse tumors induced by the concomitant application of a carcinogen and a tumor promoter (7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), respectively) is associated with the up-regulation of a previously uncharacterized long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), termed AK144841. We found that AK144841 expression was absent from normal skin and was specifically stimulated in tumors and highly tumorigenic cells. We also found that AK144841 exists in two variants, one consisting of a large 2-kb transcript composed of four exons and one consisting of a 1.8-kb transcript lacking the second exon. Gain- and loss-of-function studies indicated that AK144841 mainly inhibited gene expression, specifically down-regulating the expression of genes of the late cornified envelope-1 (Lce1) family involved in epidermal terminal differentiation and of anticancer genes such as Cgref1, Brsk1, Basp1, Dusp5, Btg2, Anpep, Dhrs9, Stfa2, Tpm1, SerpinB2, Cpa4, Crct1, Cryab, Il24, Csf2, and Rgs16 Interestingly, the lack of the second exon significantly decreased AK144841's inhibitory effect on gene expression. We also noted that high AK144841 expression correlated with a low expression of the aforementioned genes and with the tumorigenic potential of cell lines. These findings suggest that AK144841 could contribute to the dedifferentiation program of tumor-forming keratinocytes and to molecular cascades leading to tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Ponzio
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and.
| | - Roger Rezzonico
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Isabelle Bourget
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Richard Allan
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Nicolas Nottet
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Alexandra Popa
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Virginie Magnone
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Géraldine Rios
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Bernard Mari
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and
| | - Pascal Barbry
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France and
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14
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Seoighe C, Scally A. Inference of Candidate Germline Mutator Loci in Humans from Genome-Wide Haplotype Data. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006549. [PMID: 28095480 PMCID: PMC5283766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of germline mutation varies widely between species but little is known about the extent of variation in the germline mutation rate between individuals of the same species. Here we demonstrate that an allele that increases the rate of germline mutation can result in a distinctive signature in the genomic region linked to the affected locus, characterized by a number of haplotypes with a locally high proportion of derived alleles, against a background of haplotypes carrying a typical proportion of derived alleles. We searched for this signature in human haplotype data from phase 3 of the 1000 Genomes Project and report a number of candidate mutator loci, several of which are located close to or within genes involved in DNA repair or the DNA damage response. To investigate whether mutator alleles remained active at any of these loci, we used de novo mutation counts from human parent-offspring trios in the 1000 Genomes and Genome of the Netherlands cohorts, looking for an elevated number of de novo mutations in the offspring of parents carrying a candidate mutator haplotype at each of these loci. We found some support for two of the candidate loci, including one locus just upstream of the BRSK2 gene, which is expressed in the testis and has been reported to be involved in the response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal Seoighe
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Aylwyn Scally
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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Choi EJ, Yoo NJ, Kim MS, An CH, Lee SH. Putative Tumor Suppressor Genes EGR1 and BRSK1 Are Mutated in Gastric and Colorectal Cancers. Oncology 2016; 91:289-294. [PMID: 27677186 DOI: 10.1159/000450616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The transcription factor-encoding EGR1 and the kinase-encoding BRSK1 are considered putative tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). However, EGR1 and BRSK1 mutations that could inactivate their functions are not reported in colorectal (CRC) and gastric (GC) cancers. METHODS There are mononucleotide repeats in EGR1 and BRSK1, which could be mutated in cancers with defects in mismatch repair, resulting in microsatellite instability (MSI). We analyzed 124 CRCs and 79 GCs for mutations and their intratumoral heterogeneities (ITHs). RESULTS Twenty-one out of 79 CRCs (26.6%) and 5 out of 34 GCs (14.7%) carrying high MSI (MSI-H) exhibited frameshift mutations. However, we found no such mutations in cancers with microsatellite stability. In addition, we studied ITH for these mutations in 16 cases of CRCs and observed that EGR1 and BRSK1 mutations exhibited ITH in 3 (18.8%) and 2 (12.5%) cases, respectively. CONCLUSION Our data in this study reveal that the TSG genes EGR1 and BRSK1 carry mutational ITH as well as frameshift mutations in MSI-H CRC and GC, which together may be features of GC and CRC with MSI-H. These results suggest that frameshift mutations of EGR1 and BRSK1 might play a role in tumorigenesis through TSG inactivation in CRC and GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Ma H, Wu JX, Wang J, Wang ZX, Wu JW. Structure and inhibition analysis of the mouse SAD-B C-terminal fragment. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1939-46. [PMID: 27251228 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1191331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The SAD (synapses of amphids defective) kinases, including SAD-A and SAD-B, play important roles in the regulation of neuronal development, cell cycle, and energy metabolism. Our recent study of mouse SAD-A identified a unique autoinhibitory sequence (AIS), which binds at the junction of the kinase domain (KD) and the ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain and exerts autoregulation in cooperation with UBA. Here, we report the crystal structure of the mouse SAD-B C-terminal fragment including the AIS and the kinase-associated domain 1 (KA1) at 2.8 Å resolution. The KA1 domain is structurally conserved, while the isolated AIS sequence is highly flexible and solvent-accessible. Our biochemical studies indicated that the SAD-B AIS exerts the same autoinhibitory role as that in SAD-A. We believe that the flexible isolated AIS sequence is readily available for interaction with KD-UBA and thus inhibits SAD-B activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Jing-Xiang Wu
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Jue Wang
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Zhi-Xin Wang
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Jia-Wei Wu
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
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17
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Structural insight into the mechanism of synergistic autoinhibition of SAD kinases. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8953. [PMID: 26626945 PMCID: PMC4686854 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The SAD/BRSK kinases participate in various important life processes, including neural development, cell cycle and energy metabolism. Like other members of the AMPK family, SAD contains an N-terminal kinase domain followed by the characteristic UBA and KA1 domains. Here we identify a unique autoinhibitory sequence (AIS) in SAD kinases, which exerts autoregulation in cooperation with UBA. Structural studies of mouse SAD-A revealed that UBA binds to the kinase domain in a distinct mode and, more importantly, AIS nestles specifically into the KD-UBA junction. The cooperative action of AIS and UBA results in an ‘αC-out' inactive kinase, which is conserved across species and essential for presynaptic vesicle clustering in C. elegans. In addition, the AIS, along with the KA1 domain, is indispensable for phospholipid binding. Taken together, these data suggest a model for synergistic autoinhibition and membrane activation of SAD kinases. The SAD kinases contain a UBA domain that binds to the kinase domain and has a role in autoinhibition and allosteric activation of the AMPK homoenzyme. Here, the authors identify an autoinhibitory sequence in SAD and show that the UBA domain synergistically functions as an autoinhibitory domain.
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18
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Wang H, Liu XB, Chen JH, Wang QQ, Chen JP, Xu JF, Sheng CY, Ni QC. Decreased expression and prognostic role of cytoplasmic BRSK1 in human breast carcinoma: correlation with Jab1 stability and PI3K/Akt pathway. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:191-201. [PMID: 25036402 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 (Jab1) was overexpressed in breast cancer, which was involved in degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1). The objective of this study was to examine the effect of brain specific kinase 1 (BRSK1) expression on Jab1 over-expression and related signaling pathway in breast cancer. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis was performed in 95 human breast carcinoma samples and the data were correlated with clinicopathologic features. Furthermore, Western blot analysis was performed for BRSK1 and Jab1 in breast carcinoma samples and cell lines to evaluate their protein levels and molecular interaction. RESULTS We found that the cytoplasmic BRSK1 expression was inversely associated with Jab1 expression (P<0.01) and correlated significantly with histologic grade (P=0.006), however nuclear BRSK1 expression couldn't obtain similar results. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that survival curves of low versus high expressers of cytoplasmic BRSK1 and Jab1 showed a highly significant separation in breast cancer (P<0.01). While in vitro, following release of breast cancer cell lines from serum starvation, the expression of Jab1, phosphor-Akt (p-Akt) was up-regulated, whereas BRSK1 and p27(Kip1) were decreased. Treatment of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 could diminish Jab1 expression but increase BRSK1 expression. In addition, we employed siRNA technique to knock down Jab1 and/or BRSK1 expression and observed their effects on MDA-MB-231 cell growth. CONCLUSIONS BRSK1 is a novel tumor suppressor in breast cancer which inversely correlated with Jab1 expression, may involve in the restoring Jab1-induced suppression of p27(Kip1) and may regulate cell cycle through the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiao-Bing Liu
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jia-Hui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qing-Qing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jin-Peng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun-Fei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chen-Yi Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qi-Chao Ni
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, PR China.
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19
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Eklund G, Lang S, Glindre J, Ehlén Å, Alvarado-Kristensson M. The nuclear localization of γ-tubulin is regulated by SadB-mediated phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21360-73. [PMID: 24942739 PMCID: PMC4118101 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.562389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Tubulin is an important cell division regulator that arranges microtubule assembly and mitotic spindle formation. Cytosolic γ-tubulin nucleates α- and β-tubulin in a growing microtubule by forming the ring-shaped protein complex γTuRC. Nuclear γ-tubulin also regulates S-phase progression by moderating the activities of E2 promoter-binding factors. The mechanism that regulates localization of γ-tubulin is currently unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the human Ser/Thr kinase SadB short localizes to chromatin and centrosomes. We found that SadB-mediated phosphorylation of γ-tubulin on Ser(385) formed chromatin-associated γ-tubulin complexes that moderate gene expression. In this way, the C-terminal region of γ-tubulin regulates S-phase progression. In addition, chromatin levels of γ-tubulin were decreased by the reduction of SadB levels or expression of a non-phosphorylatable Ala(385)-γ-tubulin but were enhanced by expression of SadB, wild-type γ-tubulin, or a phosphomimetic Asp(385)-γ-tubulin mutant. Our results demonstrate that SadB kinases regulate the cellular localization of γ-tubulin and thereby control S-phase progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Eklund
- From the Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Stefan Lang
- From the Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johan Glindre
- From the Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Åsa Ehlén
- From the Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maria Alvarado-Kristensson
- From the Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
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Abstract
Ovarian reserve and its utilization, over a reproductive life span, are determined by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. The establishment of the primordial follicle pool and the rate of primordial follicle activation have been under intense study to determine genetic factors that affect reproductive lifespan. Much has been learned from transgenic animal models about the developmental origins of the primordial follicle pool and mechanisms that lead to primordial follicle activation, folliculogenesis, and the maturation of a single oocyte with each menstrual cycle. Recent genome-wide association studies on the age of human menopause have identified approximately 20 loci, and shown the importance of factors involved in double-strand break repair and immunology. Studies to date from animal models and humans show that many genes determine ovarian aging, and that there is no single dominant allele yet responsible for depletion of the ovarian reserve. Personalized genomic approaches will need to take into account the high degree of genetic heterogeneity, family pedigree, and functional data of the genes critical at various stages of ovarian development to predict women's reproductive life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Wood
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
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21
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Voss M, Campbell K, Saranzewa N, Campbell DG, Hastie CJ, Peggie MW, Martin-Granados C, Prescott AR, Cohen PTW. Protein phosphatase 4 is phosphorylated and inactivated by Cdk in response to spindle toxins and interacts with γ-tubulin. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:2876-87. [PMID: 23966160 PMCID: PMC3899200 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pharmaceuticals used to treat cancer target the cell cycle or mitotic spindle dynamics, such as the anti-tumor drug, paclitaxel, which stabilizes microtubules. Here we show that, in cells arrested in mitosis with the spindle toxins, nocodazole, or paclitaxel, the endogenous protein phosphatase 4 (Ppp4) complex Ppp4c-R2-R3A is phosphorylated on its regulatory (R) subunits, and its activity is inhibited. The phosphorylations are blocked by roscovitine, indicating that they may be mediated by Cdk1-cyclin B. Endogenous Ppp4c is enriched at the centrosomes in the absence and presence of paclitaxel, nocodazole, or roscovitine, and the activity of endogenous Ppp4c-R2-R3A is inhibited from G1/S to the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Endogenous γ-tubulin and its associated protein, γ-tubulin complex protein 2, both of which are essential for nucleation of microtubules at centrosomes, interact with the Ppp4 complex. Recombinant γ-tubulin can be phosphorylated by Cdk1-cyclin B or Brsk1 and dephosphorylated by Ppp4c-R2-R3A in vitro. The data indicate that Ppp4c-R2-R3A regulates microtubule organization at centrosomes during cell division in response to stress signals such as spindle toxins, paclitaxel, and nocodazole, and that inhibition of the Ppp4 complex may be advantageous for treatment of some cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Voss
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit; College of Life Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee, Scotland, UK
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22
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SAD kinases sculpt axonal arbors of sensory neurons through long- and short-term responses to neurotrophin signals. Neuron 2013; 79:39-53. [PMID: 23790753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Extrinsic cues activate intrinsic signaling mechanisms to pattern neuronal shape and connectivity. We showed previously that three cytoplasmic Ser/Thr kinases, LKB1, SAD-A, and SAD-B, control early axon-dendrite polarization in forebrain neurons. Here, we assess their role in other neuronal types. We found that all three kinases are dispensable for axon formation outside of the cortex but that SAD kinases are required for formation of central axonal arbors by subsets of sensory neurons. The requirement for SAD kinases is most prominent in NT-3 dependent neurons. SAD kinases transduce NT-3 signals in two ways through distinct pathways. First, sustained NT-3/TrkC signaling increases SAD protein levels. Second, short-duration NT-3/TrkC signals transiently activate SADs by inducing dephosphorylation of C-terminal domains, thereby allowing activating phosphorylation of the kinase domain. We propose that SAD kinases integrate long- and short-duration signals from extrinsic cues to sculpt axon arbors within the CNS.
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23
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Deng L, Moseley JB. Compartmentalized nodes control mitotic entry signaling in fission yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1872-81. [PMID: 23615447 PMCID: PMC3681693 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-02-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle progression is coupled to cell growth, but the mechanisms that generate growth-dependent cell cycle progression remain unclear. Fission yeast cells enter into mitosis at a defined size due to the conserved cell cycle kinases Cdr1 and Cdr2, which localize to a set of cortical nodes in the cell middle. Cdr2 is regulated by the cell polarity kinase Pom1, suggesting that interactions between cell polarity proteins and the Cdr1-Cdr2 module might underlie the coordination of cell growth and division. To identify the molecular connections between Cdr1/2 and cell polarity, we performed a comprehensive pairwise yeast two-hybrid screen. From the resulting interaction network, we found that the protein Skb1 interacted with both Cdr1 and the Cdr1 inhibitory target Wee1. Skb1 inhibited mitotic entry through negative regulation of Cdr1 and localized to both the cytoplasm and a novel set of cortical nodes. Skb1 nodes were distinct structures from Cdr1/2 nodes, and artificial targeting of Skb1 to Cdr1/2 nodes delayed entry into mitosis. We propose that the formation of distinct node structures in the cell cortex controls signaling pathways to link cell growth and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - James B. Moseley
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
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24
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APC/C(Cdh1) targets brain-specific kinase 2 (BRSK2) for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45932. [PMID: 23029325 PMCID: PMC3448725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of brain-specific kinase 2 (BRSK2), an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related kinase, and its homologs suggest that they are multifunctional regulators of cell-cycle progression. BRSK2, which contains a ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain, is polyubiquitinated in cells. However, the regulatory mechanisms and exact biological function of BRSK2 remain unclear. Herein, we show that BRSK2 co-localizes with the centrosomes during mitosis. We also demonstrate that BRSK2 protein levels fluctuate during the cell cycle, peaking during mitosis and declining in G1 phase. Furthermore, Cdh1, rather than Cdc20, promotes the degradation of BRSK2 in vivo. Consistent with this finding, knock-down of endogenous Cdh1 blocks BRSK2 degradation during the G1 phase. The conserved KEN box of BRSK2 is required for anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome-Cdh1 (APC/CCdh1)-dependent degradation. Additionally, overexpression of either BRSK2(WT) or BRSK2(ΔKEN) increases the percentage of cells in G2/M. Thus, our results provide the first evidence that BRSK2 regulates cell-cycle progression controlled by APC/CCdh1 through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
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25
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Liu YY, Chen HY, Zhang ML, Tian D, Li S, Lee JY. Loss of fragile histidine triad and amplification of 1p36.22 and 11p15.5 in primary gastric adenocarcinomas. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:4522-32. [PMID: 22969225 PMCID: PMC3435777 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i33.4522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the genomic copy number alterations that may harbor key driver genes in gastric tumorigenesis.
METHODS: Using high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), we investigated the genomic alterations of 20 advanced primary gastric adenocarcinomas (seventeen tubular and three mucinous) of Chinese patients from the Jilin province. Ten matching adjacent normal regions from the same patients were also studied.
RESULTS: The most frequent imbalances detected in these cancer samples were gains of 3q26.31-q27.2, 5p, 8q, 11p, 18p, 19q and 20q and losses of 3p, 4p, 18q and 21q. The use of high-resolution array CGH increased the resolution and sensitivity of the observed genomic changes and identified focal genetic imbalances, which included 54 gains and 16 losses that were smaller than 1 Mb in size. The most interesting focal imbalances were the intergenic loss/homozygous deletion of the fragile histidine triad gene and the amplicons 11q13, 18q11.2 and 19q12, as well as the novel amplicons 1p36.22 and 11p15.5.
CONCLUSION: These regions, especially the focal amplicons, may harbor key driver genes that will serve as biomarkers for either the diagnosis or the prognosis of gastric cancer, and therefore, a large-scale investigation is recommended.
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Jab1 interacts with brain-specific kinase 2 (BRSK2) and promotes its degradation in the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 422:647-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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27
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Qin Y, Sun M, You L, Wei D, Sun J, Liang X, Zhang B, Jiang H, Xu J, Chen ZJ. ESR1, HK3 and BRSK1 gene variants are associated with both age at natural menopause and premature ovarian failure. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012; 7:5. [PMID: 22248077 PMCID: PMC3275465 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder that is influenced by multiple genetic components. Numerous candidate gene studies designed to identify POF susceptibility loci have been published, but most positive findings have not been confirmed in follow up studies. We sought to determine if sequence variants previously associated with age at natural menopause (AANM) or early menopause (EM) contribute as well to genetic susceptibility to POF. Methods Our study was performed on 371 unrelated idiopathic women with POF and 800 women controls, all Chinese Han. Thirty six SNPs from previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) responsible for AANM or EM and 3 additional SNPs in ESR1, and 2 additional SNPs in PTHB1 were tested using the Sequenom MassARRAY iPLEX platform for genotyping. Results Three SNPs - rs2278493 in HK3, rs2234693 in ESR1 and rs12611091 in BRSK1 - showed nominally significant association with POF. Thus, a plausible relationship could exist between ESR1, BRSK1, HK3 and POF. Conclusions This largest association study undertaken to determine correlation between POF and AANM/EM revealed three significant SNPs (rs2278493, rs2234693, and rs12611091). All are associated with not only AAWM and EM but also POF. Insights into shared genetic susceptibility between POF and AANM/EM will provide novel entry points for unraveling genetic mechanism involved in ovarian reserve and oocyte aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan, China
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28
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Rodríguez-Asiain A, Ruiz-Babot G, Romero W, Cubí R, Erazo T, Biondi RM, Bayascas JR, Aguilera J, Gómez N, Gil C, Claro E, Lizcano JM. Brain specific kinase-1 BRSK1/SAD-B associates with lipid rafts: modulation of kinase activity by lipid environment. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:1124-35. [PMID: 22020259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain specific kinases 1 and 2 (BRSK1/2, also named SAD kinases) are serine-threonine kinases specifically expressed in the brain, and activated by LKB1-mediated phosphorylation of a threonine residue at their T-loop (Thr189/174 in human BRSK1/2). BRSKs are crucial for establishing neuronal polarity, and BRSK1 has also been shown to regulate neurotransmitter release presynaptically. How BRSK1 exerts this latter function is unknown, since its substrates at the synaptic terminal and the mechanisms modulating its activity remain to be described. Key regulators of neurotransmitter release, such as SNARE complex proteins, are located at membrane rafts. Therefore we initially undertook this work to check whether BRSK1 also locates at these membrane microdomains. Here we show that brain BRSK1, but not BRSK2, is palmitoylated, and provide biochemical and pharmacological evidences demonstrating that a pool of BRSK1, but not BRSK2 or LKB1, localizes at membrane lipid rafts. We also show that raft-associated BRSK1 has higher activity than BRSK1 from non-raft environment, based on a higher T-loop phosphorylation at Thr-189. Further, recombinant BRSK1 activity increased 3-fold when assayed with small multilamellar vesicles (SMV) generated with lipids extracted from synaptosomal raft fractions. A similar BRSK1-activating effect was obtained with synthetic SMV made with phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and sphingomyelin, mixed in the same molar ratio at which these three major lipids are present in rafts. Importantly, SMV also enhanced the activity of a constitutively active BRSK1 (T189E), underpinning that interaction with lipid rafts represents a new mechanism of BRSK1 activity modulation, additional to T-loop phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantza Rodríguez-Asiain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Müller M, Lutter D, Püschel AW. Persistence of the cell-cycle checkpoint kinase Wee1 in SadA- and SadB-deficient neurons disrupts neuronal polarity. J Cell Sci 2009; 123:286-94. [PMID: 20026642 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.058230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wee1 is well characterized as a cell-cycle checkpoint kinase that regulates the entry into mitosis in dividing cells. Here we identify a novel function of Wee1 in postmitotic neurons during the establishment of distinct axonal and dendritic compartments, which is an essential step during neuronal development. Wee1 is expressed in unpolarized neurons but is downregulated after neurons have extended an axon. Suppression of Wee1 impairs the formation of minor neurites but does not interfere with axon formation. However, neuronal polarity is disrupted when neurons fail to downregulate Wee1. The kinases SadA and SadB (Sad kinases) phosphorylate Wee1 and are required to initiate its downregulation in polarized neurons. Wee1 expression persists in neurons that are deficient in SadA and SadB and disrupts neuronal polarity. Knockdown of Wee1 rescues the Sada(-/-);Sadb(-/-) mutant phenotype and restores normal polarity in these neurons. Our results demonstrate that the regulation of Wee1 by SadA and SadB kinases is essential for the differentiation of polarized neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Müller
- Abteilung Molekularbiologie, Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 5, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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30
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Abstract
Centrosome duplication is under strict control such that it occurs only once per cell cycle. New insights into the molecular mechanisms that control centrosome number come from the discovery of a role for SADB kinase in centrosome biogenesis.
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31
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The Snf1-related kinase, Hunk, is essential for mammary tumor metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:15855-60. [PMID: 19717424 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906993106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a SNF1/AMPK-related protein kinase, Hunk, from a mammary tumor arising in an MMTV-neu transgenic mouse. The function of this kinase is unknown. Using targeted deletion in mice, we now demonstrate that Hunk is required for the metastasis of c-myc-induced mammary tumors, but is dispensable for normal development. Reconstitution experiments revealed that Hunk is sufficient to restore the metastatic potential of Hunk-deficient tumor cells, as well as defects in migration and invasion, and does so in a manner that requires its kinase activity. Consistent with a role for this kinase in the progression of human cancers, the human homologue of Hunk is overexpressed in aggressive subsets of carcinomas of the ovary, colon, and breast. In addition, a murine gene expression signature that distinguishes Hunk-wild type from Hunk-deficient mammary tumors predicts clinical outcome in women with breast cancer in a manner consistent with the pro-metastatic function of Hunk in mice. These findings identify a direct role for Hunk kinase activity in metastasis and establish an in vivo function for this kinase.
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32
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SADB phosphorylation of γ-tubulin regulates centrosome duplication. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11:1081-92. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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33
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Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of cellular and whole-body energy homeostasis. Recently, 12 AMPK-related kinases (BRSK1, BRSK2, NUAK1, NUAK2, QIK, QSK, SIK, MARK1, MARK2, MARK3, MARK4 and MELK) were identified that are closely related by sequence homology to the catalytic domain of AMPK. The protein kinase LKB1 acts as a master upstream kinase activating AMPK and 11 of the AMPK-related kinases by phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue in their T-loop region. Further sequence analyses have identified the eight-member SNRK kinase family as distant relatives of AMPK. However, only one of these is phosphorylated and activated by LKB1. Although much is known about AMPK, many of the AMPK-related kinases remain largely uncharacterized. This review outlines the general similarities in structure and function of the AMPK-related kinases before examining the specific characteristics of each, including a brief discussion of the SNRK family.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Bright
- Cellular Stress Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, London, UK
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34
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Wu J, Vallenius T, Ovaska K, Westermarck J, Mäkelä TP, Hautaniemi S. Integrated network analysis platform for protein-protein interactions. Nat Methods 2008; 6:75-7. [PMID: 19079255 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for network analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). We introduce a web-based protein interaction network analysis platform (PINA), which integrates PPI data from six databases and provides network construction, filtering, analysis and visualization tools. We demonstrated the advantages of PINA by analyzing two human PPI networks; our results suggested a link between LKB1 and TGFbeta signaling, and revealed possible competitive interactors of p53 and c-Jun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Wu
- Genome-Scale Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, Finland.
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35
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Wu L, Luo K, Lou Z, Chen J. MDC1 regulates intra-S-phase checkpoint by targeting NBS1 to DNA double-strand breaks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:11200-5. [PMID: 18678890 PMCID: PMC2516250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802885105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The product of the Nijmegen breakage syndrome gene (NBS1) plays crucial roles in DNA damage response through its association with many proteins, including MRE11 and RAD50. However, it remains to be determined exactly how NBS1 accumulates at or near DNA double-strand breaks. Here we report that MDC1 directly binds to NBS1 and targets NBS1 to the sites of DNA damage. The MDC1-NBS1 interaction occurs through a specific region (residues 200-420) of MDC1, which contains multiple consensus casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphorylation sites. In addition, this interaction requires both the forkhead-associated (FHA) and tandem BRCA1 C-terminal (BRCT) domains of NBS1. Disruption of the MDC1-NBS1 interaction results in failure of NBS1 accumulation at DNA double-strand breaks and impairment of intra-S checkpoint activation. These studies provide important mechanistic insights as to how MDC1 regulates NBS1 and the intra-S-phase checkpoint in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wu
- *Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Kuntian Luo
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Junjie Chen
- *Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
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Silió V, Marqués M, Cortés I, Zuluaga S, Carrera AC. A cascade involving p85, Cdc42 and septin 2 regulates cytokinesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:222-4. [PMID: 17371243 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitosis, the final phase of cell division, includes the processes of nuclear division and cytosolic division (cytokinesis). Cytokinesis occurs when DNA separation terminates, and involves a number of proteins that induce furrowing at the region of cell separation, formation of new membrane, and abscission. This process is remarkably complex, and the list of proteins that regulate it is long. Our understanding is limited as to how these players are organized in space and time to ensure that the cytosol divides equally, and only after nuclear division. Class I(A) PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) is an enzyme activated by growth factor receptor stimulation, but it is re-activated in early mitosis and regulates mitosis entry. By the end of mitosis, PI3K activity is low; at this point, the class I(A) PI3K regulatory subunit p85 contributes to co-ordination of the cytoskeletal changes required for cytokinesis. The impact of these observations on current models of cytokinesis execution is discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Silió
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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37
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Abstract
This review focuses on remarkable recent findings concerning the mechanism by which the LKB1 protein kinase that is mutated in Peutz-Jeghers cancer syndrome operates as a tumor suppressor. We discuss evidence that the cellular localization and activity of LKB1 is controlled through its interaction with a catalytically inactive protein resembling a protein kinase, termed STRAD, and an armadillo repeat-containing protein, named mouse protein 25 (MO25). The data suggest that LKB1 functions as a tumor suppressor by not only inhibiting proliferation, but also by exerting profound effects on cell polarity and, most unexpectedly, on the ability of a cell to detect and respond to low cellular energy levels. Genetic and biochemical findings indicate that LKB1 exerts its effects by phosphorylating and activating 14 protein kinases, all related to the AMP-activated protein kinase. The work described in this review shows how a study of an obscure cancer syndrome can uncover new and important regulatory pathways, relevant to the understanding of multiple human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario R Alessi
- Medical Research Council, Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
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38
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Abstract
DNA damage is a common event and probably leads to mutation or deletion within chromosomal DNA, which may cause cancer or premature aging. DNA damage induces several cellular responses including DNA repair, checkpoint activity and the triggering of apoptotic pathways. DNA damage checkpoints are associated with biochemical pathways that end delay or arrest of cell-cycle progression. These checkpoints engage damage sensor proteins, such as the Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 (9-1-1) complex, and the Rad17-RFC complex, in the detection of DNA damage and transduction of signals to ATM, ATR, Chk1 and Chk2 kinases. Chk1 and Chk2 kinases regulate Cdc25, Wee1 and p53 that ultimately inactivate cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) which inhibit cell-cycle progression. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which DNA damage is recognized by sensor proteins and signals are transmitted to Cdks. We classify the genes involved in checkpoint signaling into four categories, namely sensors, mediators, transducers and effectors, although their proteins have the broad activity, and thus this classification is for convenience and is not definitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Niida
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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Sorsa-Leslie T, Mason HD, Harris WJ, Fowler PA. Selection of gonadotrophin surge attenuating factor phage antibodies by bioassay. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2005; 3:49. [PMID: 16185358 PMCID: PMC1266396 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-3-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to combine the generation of "artificial" antibodies with a rat pituitary bioassay as a new strategy to overcome 20 years of difficulties in the purification of gonadotrophin surge-attenuating factor (GnSAF). METHODS A synthetic single-chain antibody (Tomlinson J) phage display library was bio-panned with partially purified GnSAF produced by cultured human granulosa/luteal cells. The initial screening with a simple binding immunoassay resulted in 8 clones that were further screened using our in-vitro rat monolayer bioassay for GnSAF. Initially the antibodies were screened as pooled phage forms and subsequently as individual, soluble, single-chain antibody (scAbs) forms. Then, in order to improve the stability of the scAbs for immunopurification purposes, and to widen the range of labelled secondary antibodies available, these were engineered into full-length human immunoglobulins. The immunoglobulin with the highest affinity for GnSAF and a previously described rat anti-GnSAF polyclonal antiserum was then used to immunopurify bioactive GnSAF protein. The two purified preparations were electrophoresed on 1-D gels and on 7 cm 2-D gels (pH 4-7). The candidate GnSAF protein bands and spots were then excised for peptide mass mapping. RESULTS Three of the scAbs recognised GnSAF bioactivity and subsequently one clone of the purified scAb-derived immunoglobulin demonstrated high affinity for GnSAF bioactivity, also binding the molecule in such as way as to block its bioactivity. When used for repeated immunopurification cycles and then Western blot, this antibody enabled the isolation of a GnSAF-bioactive protein band at around 66 kDa. Similar results were achieved using the rat anti-GnSAF polyclonal antiserum. The main candidate molecules identified from the immunopurified material by excision of 2-D gel protein spots was human serum albumin precursor and variants. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the combination of bioassay and phage display technologies is a powerful tool in the study of uncharacterised proteins that defy conventional approaches. In addition, we conclude that these data support suggestions that GnSAF may be structurally related to serum albumin or very tightly bound to serum albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Sorsa-Leslie
- The Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
- The Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, IMS, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, POB 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helen D Mason
- The Division of Basic Medical Sciences and Division of Clinical Developmental Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - William J Harris
- The Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, IMS, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Paul A Fowler
- The Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
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Sabater L, Gómez-Choco M, Saiz A, Graus F. BR serine/threonine kinase 2: a new autoantigen in paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 170:186-90. [PMID: 16165222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new antigen, BR serine/threonine kinase 2 (BRSK2), identified by an antibody present in the serum of a patient with limbic encephalitis and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Patient's serum immunolabeled the neuronal cytoplasm and, less intense, the neuropil of rat brain but did not immunoreact with other rat tissues with the exception of testis. Immunoblots of rat brain homogenate identified several immunoreactive bands in the range of 88-82 kDa and a weaker broad band of 47-43 kDa. Probing a rat hippocampus expression library with the patient's serum resulted in the isolation of BR serine/threonine kinase 2 (BRSK2), a protein (also know as SAD1B kinase) preferentially expressed in the brain and testis and implicated in neuronal polarization as well as synaptic development. Eluted IgG from the BRSK2 clone gave a similar immunolabeling than the patient's serum by immunohistochemistry and immunoblot of rat brain and testis. BRSK2 antibodies reacted with two SCLC from patients without paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. No anti-BRSK2 antibodies were found in the serum of 50 patients with SCLC without PNS, 19 with limbic encephalitis without onconeural antibodies, 50 with anti-Hu antibodies and several paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, including 14 with limbic encephalitis, and 160 with a variety of non-paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Our study suggests BRSK2 may be an autoantigen involved in the pathogenesis of SCLC-associated limbic encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Sabater
- Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona and Institut d' Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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