1
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A newly identified Rab-GDI paralogue has a role in neural development in amphibia. Gene 2017; 599:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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2
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Roussis IM, Guille M, Myers FA, Scarlett GP. RNA Whole-Mount In situ Hybridisation Proximity Ligation Assay (rISH-PLA), an Assay for Detecting RNA-Protein Complexes in Intact Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147967. [PMID: 26824753 PMCID: PMC4732756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Techniques for studying RNA-protein interactions have lagged behind those for DNA-protein complexes as a consequence of the complexities associated with working with RNA. Here we present a method for the modification of the existing In Situ Hybridisation-Proximity Ligation Assay (ISH-PLA) protocol to adapt it to the study of RNA regulation (rISH-PLA). As proof of principle we used the well-characterised interaction of the Xenopus laevis Staufen RNA binding protein with Vg1 mRNA, the complex of which co-localises to the vegetal pole of Xenopus oocytes. The applicability of both the Stau1 antibody and the Locked Nucleic Acid probe (LNA) recognising Vg1 mRNA were independently validated by whole-mount Immunohistochemistry and whole-mount in situ hybridisation assays respectively prior to combining them in the rISH-PLA assay. The rISH-PLA assay allows the identification of a given RNA-protein complex at subcellular and single cell resolution, thus avoiding the lack of spatial resolution and sensitivity associated with assaying heterogenous cell populations from which conventional RNA-protein interaction detection techniques suffer. This technique will be particularly usefully for studying the activity of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) in complex mixtures of cells, for example tissue sections or whole embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis M. Roussis
- Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Guille
- Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona A. Myers
- Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
| | - Garry P. Scarlett
- Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
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Scarlett G, Siligardi G, Kneale GG. Circular Dichroism for the Analysis of Protein-DNA Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1334:299-312. [PMID: 26404158 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2877-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide information on the practical aspects of circular dichroism (CD) and synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) in protein-nucleic acids interaction solution studies. The chapter will describe the guidelines appropriate to designing experiments and conducting correct data interpretation, the use of both benchtop and synchrotron CD approaches is discussed and the advantages of SRCD outlined. Further information and a good general review of the field a can be found in Gray (Circular Dichroism of protein-nucleic acid interactions. In: Fasman GD (ed) Circular dichroism and the conformational analysis of biomolecules. Plenum Press, New York. pp 469-500, 1996).
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry Scarlett
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry 1st Building, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK.
| | - Giuliano Siligardi
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Geoffrey G Kneale
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry 1st Building, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK
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4
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α-Synuclein is prone to interaction with the GC-box-like sequence in vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:603-9. [PMID: 24659023 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a presynaptic protein that is widely implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and the formation of Lewy bodies. Evidence suggests that α-syn could be imported into the nucleus and subsequently disrupt normal neuronal function. The existence of α-syn in the nucleus provides the possibility of interaction with DNA leading to gene transcript regulation. Thus, CD spectra were used to determine the specific DNA sequence with which α-syn is most likely to interact. Our results indicated that α-syn was prone to preferentially interact with the GC-box-like sequence in vitro at a ratio of 2:1 or less (α-syn: the GC-box-like sequence).
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Whitley DC, Runfola V, Cary P, Nazlamova L, Guille M, Scarlett G. APTE: identification of indirect read-out A-DNA promoter elements in genomes. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15:288. [PMID: 25158845 PMCID: PMC4159511 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcriptional regulation is normally based on the recognition by a transcription factor of a defined base sequence in a process of direct read-out. However, the nucleic acid secondary and tertiary structure can also act as a recognition site for the transcription factor in a process known as indirect read-out, although this is much less understood. We have previously identified such a transcriptional control mechanism in early Xenopus development where the interaction of the transcription factor ilf3 and the gata2 promoter requires the presence of both an unusual A-form DNA structure and a CCAAT sequence. Rapid identification of such promoters elsewhere in the Xenopus and other genomes would provide insight into a less studied area of gene regulation, although currently there are few tools to analyse genomes in such ways. Results In this paper we report the implementation of a novel bioinformatics approach that has identified 86 such putative promoters in the Xenopus genome. We have shown that five of these sites are A-form in solution, bind to transcription factors and fully validated one of these newly identified promoters as interacting with the ilf3 containing complex CBTF. This interaction regulates the transcription of a previously uncharacterised downstream gene that is active in early development. Conclusions A Perl program (APTE) has located a number of potential A-form DNA promotor elements in the Xenopus genome, five of these putative targets have been experimentally validated as A-form and as targets for specific DNA binding proteins; one has also been shown to interact with the A-form binding transcription factor ilf3. APTE is available from http://www.port.ac.uk/research/cmd/software/ under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Garry Scarlett
- Biophysics Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK.
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Wolkowicz UM, Cook AG. NF45 dimerizes with NF90, Zfr and SPNR via a conserved domain that has a nucleotidyltransferase fold. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:9356-68. [PMID: 22833610 PMCID: PMC3467086 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factors NF90 and NF45 form a complex involved in a variety of cellular processes and are thought to affect gene expression both at the transcriptional and translational level. In addition, this complex affects the replication of several viruses through direct interactions with viral RNA. NF90 and NF45 dimerize through their common 'DZF' domain (domain associated with zinc fingers). NF90 has additional double-stranded RNA-binding domains that likely mediate its association with target RNAs. We present the crystal structure of the NF90/NF45 dimerization complex at 1.9-Å resolution. The DZF domain shows structural similarity to the template-free nucleotidyltransferase family of RNA modifying enzymes. However, both NF90 and NF45 have lost critical catalytic residues during evolution and are therefore not functional enzymes. Residues on NF90 that make up its interface with NF45 are conserved in two related proteins, spermatid perinuclear RNA-binding protein (SPNR) and zinc-finger RNA-binding protein (Zfr). Using a co-immunoprecipitation assay and site-specific mutants, we demonstrate that NF45 is also able to recognize SPNR and Zfr through the same binding interface, revealing that NF45 is able to form a variety of cellular complexes with other DZF-domain proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula M Wolkowicz
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH9 3JR, UK
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7
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Fishwick KJ, Kim E, Bronner ME. ILF-3 is a regulator of the neural plate border marker Zic1 in chick embryos. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1325-32. [PMID: 22639388 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural crest is a multipotent cell type unique to the vertebrate lineage and capable of differentiating into a large number of varied cell types, including ganglia of the peripheral nervous system, cartilage, and glia. An early step in neural crest specification occurs at the neural plate border, a region defined by the overlap of transcription factors of the Zic, Msx, and Pax families. RESULTS Here we identify a novel chick gene with close homology to double-stranded RNA-binding protein Interleukin enhancer binding factor 3 (ILF-3) in other species. Our results show that chick Ilf-3 is required for proper expression of the transcription factor, Zic-1, at the neural plate border. CONCLUSION We have identified a novel chick gene and show it has a role in the correct specification of Zic-1 at the neural plate border.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Fishwick
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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Harashima A, Guettouche T, Barber GN. Phosphorylation of the NFAR proteins by the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase PKR constitutes a novel mechanism of translational regulation and cellular defense. Genes Dev 2010; 24:2640-53. [PMID: 21123651 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1965010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe a new mechanism of host defense that involves the nuclear factors associated with dsRNA (NFAR1 [90 kDa] and NFAR2 [110 kDa]), which constitute part of the shuttling ribonuclear protein (RNP) complex. Activation of the dsRNA-activated protein kinase PKR by viral RNA enabled phosphorylation of NFAR1 and NFAR2 on Thr 188 and Thr 315, an event found to be evolutionarily conserved in Xenopus. Phosphorylated NFAR1 and NFAR2 became dissociated from nuclear factor 45 (NF45), which was requisite for NFAR reshuttling, causing the NFARs to be retained on ribosomes, associate with viral transcripts, and impede viral replication. Cre-loxP animals with depletion of the NFARs in the thymus were exquisitely sensitive to the cytoplasmic replicating virus VSV (vesicular stomatitis virus). Thus, the NFARs constitute a novel, conserved mechanism of host defense used by the cell to detect and impede aberrant translation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Harashima
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33136, USA
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Llewellyn KJ, Cary PD, McClellan JA, Guille MJ, Scarlett GP. A-form DNA structure is a determinant of transcript levels from the Xenopus gata2 promoter in embryos. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2009; 1789:675-80. [PMID: 19665599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that a critical region of the gata2 promoter contains an inverted CCAAT box and adopts a partial A-form DNA structure in vitro. At gastrula stages of development transcription requires binding of CBTF (CCAAT box transcription factor), a multi-subunit transcription factor, to this region. Xilf3 is one component of CBTF and the double stranded RNA binding domains (dsRBDs) of Xilf3 must be active for both binding to, and transcription from, this promoter. Here we determine the contribution of DNA sequence and structure at the gata2 promoter to transcriptional activity. In all the constructs we tested a CCAAT box was a requirement for full activity. However, base substitutions that increase B-form structure propensity in the sequences flanking the CCAAT box are equally able to decrease activity even if a CCAAT box is present. In contrast, mutations that maintain A-form propensity in these regions also maintain, or increase, transcription factor binding and transcriptional activity. We propose a two-component model for the interaction of CBTF with the gata2 promoter, requiring both a CCAAT sequence and flanking A-form DNA structures. These results support a novel role for dsRBDs in transcriptional regulation and suggest a function for A-form DNA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina J Llewellyn
- Biophysics laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, IBBS, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
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10
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Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) is a well-established technique for the analysis of both protein and DNA structure. The analysis of protein-nucleic acid complexes presents greater challenges, but at wavelengths above 250 nm, the circular dichroism signal from the DNA predominates. Examples are given of the use of CD to examine structural changes to DNA induced by protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Cary
- Biophysics Laboratories, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, St. Michael's Building, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
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Cazanove O, Batut J, Scarlett G, Mumford K, Elgar S, Thresh S, Neant I, Moreau M, Guille M. Methylation of Xilf3 by Xprmt1b Alters Its DNA, but Not RNA, Binding Activity. Biochemistry 2008; 47:8350-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bi7008486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ophelie Cazanove
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, U.K., and Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/UPS, 118 Route de, Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Julie Batut
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, U.K., and Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/UPS, 118 Route de, Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Garry Scarlett
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, U.K., and Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/UPS, 118 Route de, Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Katherine Mumford
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, U.K., and Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/UPS, 118 Route de, Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Stuart Elgar
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, U.K., and Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/UPS, 118 Route de, Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Sarah Thresh
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, U.K., and Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/UPS, 118 Route de, Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Isabelle Neant
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, U.K., and Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/UPS, 118 Route de, Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Marc Moreau
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, U.K., and Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/UPS, 118 Route de, Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Matthew Guille
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, U.K., and Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/UPS, 118 Route de, Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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12
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Dalgin G, Goldman DC, Donley N, Ahmed R, Eide CA, Christian JL. GATA-2 functions downstream of BMPs and CaM KIV in ectodermal cells during primitive hematopoiesis. Dev Biol 2007; 310:454-69. [PMID: 17850784 PMCID: PMC2049090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In Xenopus, primitive blood originates from the mesoderm, but extrinsic signals from the ectoderm are required during gastrulation to enable these cells to differentiate as erythrocytes. The nature of these signals, and how they are transcriptionally regulated, is not well understood. We have previously shown that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are required to signal to ectodermal cells to generate secondary non-cell-autonomous signal(s) necessary for primitive erythropoiesis, and that calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaM KIV) antagonizes BMP signaling. The current studies demonstrate that Gata-2 functions downstream of BMP receptor activation in these same cells, and is a direct target for antagonism by CaM KIV. We show, using loss of function analysis in whole embryos and in explants, that ectodermal Gata-2 is required for primitive erythropoiesis, and that BMP signals cannot rescue blood defects caused by ectoderm removal or loss of ectodermal GATA-2. Furthermore, we provide evidence that acetylation of GATA-2 is required for its function in primitive blood formation in vivo. Our data support a model in which Gata-2 is a transcriptional target downstream of BMPs within ectodermal cells, while activation of the CaM KIV signaling pathway alters GATA-2 function posttranslationally, by inhibiting its acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Dalgin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road Portland, OR 97239-3098
| | - Devorah C. Goldman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road Portland, OR 97239-3098
| | - Nathan Donley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road Portland, OR 97239-3098
| | - Riffat Ahmed
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road Portland, OR 97239-3098
| | - Christopher A. Eide
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road Portland, OR 97239-3098
| | - Jan L. Christian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road Portland, OR 97239-3098
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Malartre M, Short S, Sharpe C. Xenopus embryos lacking specific isoforms of the corepressor SMRT develop abnormal heads. Dev Biol 2006; 292:333-43. [PMID: 16500640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The corepressor SMRT acts on a range of transcription factors, including the retinoid and thyroid hormone nuclear receptors. The carboxy-terminal region of SMRT contains CoRNR box motifs that mediate these interactions. We have shown, in Xenopus, that SMRT can exist as isoforms containing either two or three CoRNR boxes depending on the alternative splicing of exon 37b. The number of SMRT transcript isoforms expressed increases during development until all sixteen possible isoforms are identified in the swimming tadpole. To eliminate specific SMRT isoforms, we have developed a process that uses an antisense morpholino oligonucleotide in Xenopus to dictate the outcome of alternative splicing at a defined exon and used this to inhibit the formation of transcripts containing exon 37b. These embryos are therefore limited to the expression of SMRT isoforms that contain two rather than three CoRNR boxes. Analysis of responsive genes in these embryos shows that targets of thyroid hormone, but not retinoid signaling are affected by the elimination of exon 37b. Morpholino-injected embryos have swimming abnormalities and develop altered head morphology, an expanded olfactory epithelium and disorganized peripheral axons. These experiments indicate a critical role for the alternative splicing of SMRT in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Malartre
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK
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Shi L, Zhao G, Qiu D, Godfrey WR, Vogel H, Rando TA, Hu H, Kao PN. NF90 regulates cell cycle exit and terminal myogenic differentiation by direct binding to the 3'-untranslated region of MyoD and p21WAF1/CIP1 mRNAs. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:18981-9. [PMID: 15746098 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411034200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
NF90 and splice variant NF110/ILF3/NFAR are double-stranded RNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression. Mice with targeted disruption of NF90 were engineered. NF90(-/-) mice were born small and weak and succumbed to perinatal death within 12 h because of neuromuscular respiratory failure. Lung inflation and morphology were normal in NF90(-/-) mice. The diaphragm and other skeletal muscles in NF90(-/-) mice demonstrated disorganized arrangement and paucity of myofibers, evidence of myocyte degeneration and increased apoptosis. The expression of myogenic regulators, MyoD, myogenin, and p21WAF1/CIP1, was severely decreased in NF90(-/-) mice. These myogenic transcription factors and cell cycle inhibitors are regulated in part through post-transcriptional mRNA stabilization. Northwestern blotting revealed that NF90 is the principal and specific p21WAF1/CIP1 and MyoD 3'-untranslated region RNA-binding protein in developing skeletal muscles. NF90 regulates transcription factors and a cell cycle inhibitor essential for skeletal muscle differentiation and for survival.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Alternative Splicing
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Death
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Survival
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Exons
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genetic Vectors
- Genotype
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Inflammation
- Lung/pathology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle Cells/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- MyoD Protein/metabolism
- NFATC Transcription Factors
- Neurons/metabolism
- Nuclear Factor 90 Proteins
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/physiology
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Phenotype
- Protein Binding
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfang Shi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305-5236, USA
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