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Akdogan O, Ogut B, Sutcuoglu O, Sert A, Gurler F, Akyurek N, Ozdemir N, Ozet A, Yazici O. The impact of the expression level of growth differentiation factor 15 in tumor tissue on the response to immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:954. [PMID: 39103762 PMCID: PMC11301833 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a member of the TGF-β superfamily, is overexpressed in various cancers and facilitates immune evasion by inhibiting T-cell activation. GDFATHER-TRIAL's phase 2a results demonstrated promising outcomes when combining the GDF-15 neutralizing antibody visugromab (CTL002) with nivolumab, enhancing the response to immunotherapy. This study evaluated the prognostic significance of GDF-15 expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumor tissues in terms of immunotherapy response. METHODS This retrospective study included 50 patients with metastatic NSCLC treated with nivolumab at Gazi University Hospital between January 2021 and July 2023. GDF-15 expression was evaluated using immunochemistry staining and categorized based on the intensity of cytoplasmic or membranous staining. Samples were divided into a low expression group (scores 0 and 1) and a high expression group (scores 2 and 3). The primary outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), which were analyzed using Kaplan‒Meier and Cox proportional hazards models. Objective response rates were assessed in secondary outcomes. RESULTS Of the 50 patients, 43 were men (86%), with a median age of 63.9 years. Half of the patients exhibited low GDF-15 expression. High GDF-15 expression correlated with shorter PFS and OS. The median PFS was 7.8 months for the low-expression group versus 4.4 months for the high-expression group (HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.20-0.83; p = 0.013). The median OS was 18.1 months for the low-expression group compared to 11.8 months for the high-expression group (HR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.16-0.78; p = 0.007). The objective response rate was significantly greater in the low GDF-15 group (52%) than in the high GDF-15 group (24%) (p = 0.040). CONCLUSION Elevated GDF-15 expression in NSCLC tumor tissues is associated with poorer response to nivolumab, suggesting that GDF-15 is a potential prognostic biomarker for immunotherapy efficacy. These findings warrant further validation through prospective studies to optimize treatment strategies for NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhun Akdogan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Betul Ogut
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Osman Sutcuoglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysenur Sert
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatih Gurler
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nalan Akyurek
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Ozdemir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozet
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozan Yazici
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Lin H, Luo Y, Gong T, Fang H, Li H, Ye G, Zhang Y, Zhong M. GDF15 induces chemoresistance to oxaliplatin by forming a reciprocal feedback loop with Nrf2 to maintain redox homeostasis in colorectal cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024:10.1007/s13402-024-00918-w. [PMID: 38386232 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00918-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Growth differentiating Factor 15 (GDF15) is linked to several cancers, but its effect on chemoresistance in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of GDF15 in the chemotherapeutic response of CRC patients to oxaliplatin (L-OHP). METHODS GDF15 levels in serum and tumour tissues were detected in CRC patients have received L-OHP-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The effects of GDF15 neutralization or GDF15 knockdown on cell proliferation, apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were analysed in vitro and in vivo. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase reporter assays were used to explore the interaction between GDF15 and Nrf2. RESULTS In this study, we found that GDF15 alleviates oxidative stress to induce chemoresistance of L-OHP in CRC. Mechanically, GDF15 posttranscriptionally regulates protein stability of Nrf2 through the canonical PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway, and in turn, Nrf2 acts as a transcription factor to regulate GDF15 expression to form a positive feedback loop, resulting in the maintenance of redox homeostasis balance in CRC. Furthermore, a positive correlation between GDF15 and Nrf2 was observed in clinical CRC samples, and simultaneous overexpression of both GDF15 and Nrf2 was associated with poor prognosis in CRC patients treated with L-OHP. Simultaneous inhibition of both GDF15 and Nrf2 significantly increases the response to L-OHP in an L-OHP-resistant colorectal cancer cells-derived mouse xenograft model. CONCLUSION This study identified a novel GDF15-Nrf2 positive feedback loop that drives L-OHP resistance and suggested that the GDF15-Nrf2 axis is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of L-OHP-resistant CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingyue Gong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongsheng Fang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyao Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Morita-Tanaka S, Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Yamada T, Matsui Y, Morimoto K, Hiranuma O, Masuzawa N, Yoshimura A, Iwasaku M, Tokuda S, Kaneko Y, Kim YH, Konishi E, Takayama K. Significance of localized expression of full-length growth differentiation factor-15 in cachexia of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Support Care Cancer 2023; 31:308. [PMID: 37115357 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-023-07771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is one of the key cachexia-inducing factors. Clinical trials on therapies targeting GDF-15 for cancer and cancer cachexia are underway. While the role of circulating GDF-15 in cachexia has been clarified, the effects of GDF-15 expression within cancer cells remain to be fully elucidated. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the expression of GDF-15 in advanced lung cancer tissues and to understand its role in cachexia. METHODS We retrospectively examined the expression level of full-length GDF-15 in advanced non-small cell lung cancer tissues and analyzed the relationship between the staining intensity and clinical data in 53 samples. RESULTS We found that 52.8% of the total samples were GDF-15 positive, and GDF-15 expression significantly correlated with improved C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (p = 0.008). It did not correlate with the existence of cancer cachexia and overall survival (p = 0.43). CONCLUSION Our findings show that GDF-15 expression significantly correlated with improved C-reactive protein/albumin ratio, but not the existence of cancer cachexia in advanced NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Morita-Tanaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aya Miyagawa-Hayashino
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Yamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yohei Matsui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Morimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Hiranuma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Otsu City Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Naoko Masuzawa
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Otsu City Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yoshimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwasaku
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Tokuda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Kaneko
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Young Hak Kim
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiichi Konishi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Takayama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Muniyan S, Pothuraju R, Seshacharyulu P, Batra SK. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in cancer: Beyond the cellular phenotype. Cancer Lett 2022; 536:215664. [PMID: 35351601 PMCID: PMC9088220 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite technological advances in diagnostic abilities and improved treatment methods, the burden of cancers remains high, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. One primary reason is that cancer cell secretory factors modulate the tumor microenvironment, supporting tumor growth and circumvents anticancer activities of conventional therapies. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) is a pleiotropic cytokine elevated in various cancers. MIC-1 regulates various cancer hallmarks, including sustained proliferation, tumor-promoting inflammation, avoiding immune destruction, inducing invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and resisting cell death. Despite these facts, the molecular regulation and downstream signaling of MIC-1 in cancer remain elusive, partly because its receptor (GFRAL) was unknown until recently. Binding of MIC-1 to GFRAL recruits the coreceptor tyrosine kinase RET to execute its downstream signaling. So far, studies have shown that GFRAL expression is restricted to the brain stem and is responsible for MIC-1/GFRAL/RET-mediated metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, abundant levels of MIC-1 expression have been reported in all cancer types and have been proposed as a surrogate biomarker. Given the ubiquitous expression of MIC-1 in cancers, it is crucial to understand both upstream regulation and downstream MIC-1/GFRAL/RET signaling in cancer hallmark traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Muniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Ramesh Pothuraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Parthasarathy Seshacharyulu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Li P, Lv H, Zhang B, Duan R, Zhang X, Lin P, Song C, Liu Y. Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Protects SH-SY5Y Cells From Rotenone-Induced Toxicity by Suppressing Mitochondrial Apoptosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:869558. [PMID: 35721026 PMCID: PMC9201950 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.869558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction is suspected as one of the pathogenic mechanisms of PD. Growth/differentiation Factor-15 (GDF15) has been reported to affect mitochondrial function in PD. However, the relationship between mitochondrial function and GDF15 induction has not been explained well. Hence, we aimed to reveal the effect of GDF15 induction on SH-SY5Y cells with rotenone toxicity, a cell model of PD. Methods SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to 1 μM rotenone as a PD model. Cells were transfected with a GDF15-overexpression plasmid and empty vector. We then analyzed the expression level of GDF15, BCL-2/BAX, P53, PGC1-α, α-syn, and TH in GDF15-overexpressing cells by western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The cytotoxicity of rotenone was measured by CCK-8 assays. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometric and TUNEL assays. The effect of GDF15 on oxidative stress and mitochondrial function was revealed using DCFH-DA, mito-SOX, and JC-10 assays and a Seahorse XF Cell Mito Stress Test. Results GDF15 protected rotenone-treated SH-SY5Y cells from toxicity by preserving mitochondrial function and decreasing apoptosis, during which GDF15 might function by influencing PGC1α through the regulation of p53. In addition, GDF15 overexpression could improve Akt and mTOR phosphorylation, leading to PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation. However, these protective effects were eliminated when cells were treated with the PI3K/Akt specific inhibitor LY294002. Conclusion Our findings suggest that GDF15 can protect mitochondrial function and inhibit apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells after exposure to rotenone by upregulating PGC1α via p53. These properties might comprise its anti-apoptotic effects, mediated by the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongbo Lv
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruonan Duan
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiufang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengyuan Song
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Chengyuan Song,
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Yiming Liu,
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Pathophysiological role of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in obesity, cancer, and cachexia. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 64:71-83. [PMID: 34836750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 or macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (GDF15/MIC-1) is a divergent member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily and has a diverse pathophysiological roles in cancers, cardiometabolic disorders, and other diseases. GDF15 controls hematopoietic growth, energy homeostasis, adipose tissue metabolism, body growth, bone remodeling, and response to stress signals. The role of GDF15 in cancer development and progression is complicated and depends on the specific cancer type, stage, and tumor microenvironment. Recently, research on GDF15 and GDF15-associated signaling has accelerated due to the identification of the GDF15 receptor: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor α-like (GFRAL). Therapeutic interventions to target GDF15 and/or GFRAL revealed the mechanisms that drive its activity and might improve overall outcomes of patients with metabolic disorders and cancer. This review highlights the structure and functions of GDF15 and its receptor, emphasizing the pleiotropic role of GDF15 in obesity, tumorigenesis, metastasis, immunomodulation, and cachexia.
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Hasanpour Segherlou Z, Nouri-Vaskeh M, Noroozi Guilandehi S, Baghbanzadeh A, Zand R, Baradaran B, Zarei M. GDF-15: Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance in glioblastoma multiforme. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:5564-5581. [PMID: 33580506 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the commonest primary malignant brain tumor and has a remarkably weak prognosis. According to the aggressive form of GBM, understanding the accurate molecular mechanism associated with GBM pathogenesis is essential. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) belongs to transforming growth factor-β superfamily with important roles to control biological processes. It affects cancer growth and progression, drug resistance, and metastasis. It also can promote stemness in many cancers, and also can stress reactions control, bone generation, hematopoietic growth, adipose tissue performance, and body growth, and contributes to cardiovascular disorders. The role GDF-15 to develop and progress cancer is complicated and remains unclear. GDF-15 possesses tumor suppressor properties, as well as an oncogenic effect. GDF-15 antitumorigenic and protumorigenic impacts on tumor development are linked to the cancer type and stage. However, the GDF-15 signaling and mechanism have not yet been completely identified because of no recognized cognate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Nouri-Vaskeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Zand
- Department of Neurology, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Wesseling M, de Poel JH, de Jager SC. Growth differentiation factor 15 in adverse cardiac remodelling: from biomarker to causal player. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 7:1488-1501. [PMID: 32424982 PMCID: PMC7373942 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a growing health issue as a negative consequence of improved survival upon myocardial infarction, unhealthy lifestyle, and the ageing of our population. The large and complex pathology underlying heart failure makes diagnosis and especially treatment very difficult. There is an urgent demand for discriminative biomarkers to aid disease management of heart failure. Studying cellular pathways and pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to disease initiation and progression is crucial for understanding the disease process and will aid to identification of novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a proven valuable biomarker for different pathologies, including cancer, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Although the prognostic value of GDF15 in heart failure is robust, the biological function of GDF15 in adverse cardiac remodelling is not fully understood. GDF15 is a distant member of the transforming growth factor-β family and involved in various biological processes including inflammation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. However, more research is suggesting a role in fibrosis, hypertrophy, and endothelial dysfunction. As GDF15 is a pleiotropic protein, elucidating the exact role of GDF15 in complex disease processes has proven to be a challenge. In this review, we provide an overview of the role GDF15 plays in various intracellular and extracellular processes underlying heart failure, and we touch upon crucial points that need consideration before GDF15 can be integrated as a biomarker in standard care or when considering GDF15 for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Wesseling
- Laboratory for Experimental CardiologyUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and HematologyUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Julius H.C. de Poel
- Laboratory for Experimental CardiologyUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Saskia C.A. de Jager
- Laboratory for Experimental CardiologyUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Laboratory for Translational ImmunologyUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Wischhusen J, Melero I, Fridman WH. Growth/Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15): From Biomarker to Novel Targetable Immune Checkpoint. Front Immunol 2020; 11:951. [PMID: 32508832 PMCID: PMC7248355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), also named macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1, is a divergent member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily. While physiological expression is barely detectable in most somatic tissues in humans, GDF-15 is abundant in placenta. Elsewhere, GDF-15 is often induced under stress conditions, seemingly to maintain cell and tissue homeostasis; however, a moderate increase in GDF-15 blood levels is observed with age. Highly elevated GDF-15 levels are mostly linked to pathological conditions including inflammation, myocardial ischemia, and notably cancer. GDF-15 has thus been widely explored as a biomarker for disease prognosis. Mechanistically, induction of anorexia via the brainstem-restricted GDF-15 receptor GFRAL (glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor [GDNF] family receptor α-like) is well-documented. GDF-15 and GFRAL have thus become attractive targets for metabolic intervention. Still, several GDF-15 mediated effects (including its physiological role in pregnancy) are difficult to explain via the described pathway. Hence, there is a clear need to better understand non-metabolic effects of GDF-15. With particular emphasis on its immunomodulatory potential this review discusses the roles of GDF-15 in pregnancy and in pathological conditions including myocardial infarction, autoimmune disease, and specifically cancer. Importantly, the strong predictive value of GDF-15 as biomarker may plausibly be linked to its immune-regulatory function. The described associations and mechanistic data support the hypothesis that GDF-15 acts as immune checkpoint and is thus an emerging target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Wischhusen
- Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Würzburg Medical School, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Wolf Herman Fridman
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université Team Cancer, Immune Control and Escape, Paris, France
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Kim Y, Kang B, Kim JC, Park TJ, Kang HY. Senescent Fibroblast-Derived GDF15 Induces Skin Pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2478-2486.e4. [PMID: 32416083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Senescent fibroblasts play a role in aging pigmentation. In this study, we found that GDF15 expression levels are increased in UV-irradiated senescent fibroblasts and photoaged hyperpigmented skin. To investigate the effects of GDF15 on melanogenesis, normal human melanocytes were cocultured with fibroblasts infected with the GDF15 lentivirus or GDF15 short hairpin RNA. It was found that GDF15 stimulates melanogenesis in melanocytes through MITF/tyrosinase upregulation via β-catenin signaling. The stimulatory action of GDF15 during pigmentation was further confirmed in ex vivo cultured skin and in a reconstituted human skin sample. These results suggest that senescent fibroblast-derived GDF15 stimulates skin pigmentation and may play a role in aging-associated pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongeun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Bogyeong Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin Cheol Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Tae Jun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea.
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Cavallo D, Landucci E, Gerace E, Lana D, Ugolini F, Henley JM, Giovannini MG, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE. Neuroprotective effects of mGluR5 activation through the PI3K/Akt pathway and the molecular switch of AMPA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2020; 162:107810. [PMID: 31600563 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that antagonists of mGluR1, but not mGluR5, are neuroprotective in models of cerebral ischemia. To investigate the individual roles of mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptors in in vitro model of cerebral ischemia we used low doses of the non-selective group I agonist DHPG and mGlu1 and mGlu5 selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). In hippocampal slices subjected to 30 min oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), DHPG (1 μM) and the mGluR5 PAM (VU0092273) significantly reduced OGD-induced CA1 injury monitored by propidium iodide staining of the slices and quantitative analysis of CA1 neurons. In contrast, the mGluR1 PAM (VU0483605) showed no neuroprotection. These protective effects of DHPG and VU0092273 were prevented by inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway by LY294002. The mGluR5 PAM (VU0092273) also prevented GluA2 down-regulation triggered by ischemic injury, via PI3K/Akt pathway, revealing a further contribution to its neuroprotective effects by reducing the excitotoxic effects of increased Ca2+ influx through GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors. Furthermore, immunohistochemical assays confirmed the neuroprotective effect of VU0092273 and revealed activation of glia, indicating the involvement reactive astrogliosis in the mechanisms of neuroprotection. Our data suggest that selective activation/potentiation of mGluR5 signalling represents a promising strategy for the development of new interventions to reduce or prevent ischemia-induced neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Cavallo
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy; School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Elisa Landucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gerace
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Ugolini
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Jeremy M Henley
- School of Biochemistry, Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Domenico E Pellegrini-Giampietro
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
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12
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Modi A, Dwivedi S, Roy D, Khokhar M, Purohit P, Vishnoi J, Pareek P, Sharma S, Sharma P, Misra S. Growth differentiation factor 15 and its role in carcinogenesis: an update. Growth Factors 2019; 37:190-207. [PMID: 31693861 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2019.1685988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a novel cytokine secreted by a variety of cells like macrophages, adipocytes, normally expressed in high amounts by placenta. It is also highly expressed in multiple carcinomas like Colon, Breast, Pancreas, Liver, and Ovarian. Several reports on serum GDF-15 as a potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of cancer are hampered by the lack of robust data, with large sample size and critical patient recruitment. However, experimental accounts on cancer tumors, cell lines, and animal models suggest GDF-15's role in cancer progression via endothelial mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, metastasis, drug resistance and even stemness of various cancers. GDF-15 could be the point of amalgamation for the various hallmarks of cancer and can prove a useful therapeutic target in cancer. The current review was conceptualized with a thought of critically appraising the existing information of GDF-15 in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Modi
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Dipayan Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manoj Khokhar
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Puneet Pareek
- Department of Radiotherapy, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shailja Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Department of Oncosurgery, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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13
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Fang L, Li F, Gu C. GDF-15: A Multifunctional Modulator and Potential Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:654-662. [PMID: 30947652 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190402101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various pathological processes are associated with the aberrant expression and function of cytokines, especially those belonging to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family. Nevertheless, the functions of members of the TGF-β family in cancer progression and therapy are still uncertain. Growth differentiation factor- 15, which exists in intracellular and extracellular forms, is classified as a divergent member of the TGF-β superfamily. It has been indicated that GDF-15 is also connected to the evolution of cancer both positively and negatively depending upon the cellular state and environment. Under normal physiological conditions, GDF-15 inhibits early tumour promotion. However, its abnormal expression in advanced cancers causes proliferation, invasion, metastasis, cancer stem cell formation, immune escape and a reduced response to therapy. As a clinical indicator, GDF-15 can be used as a tool for the diagnosis and therapy of an extensive scope of cancers. Although some basic functions of GDF-15 are noncontroversial, their mechanisms remain unclear and complicated at the molecular level. Therefore, GDF-15 needs to be further explored and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Department of Thoracic surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, China
| | - Fengzhou Li
- Department of Thoracic surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, China
| | - Chundong Gu
- Department of Thoracic surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, China
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14
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Baek SJ, Eling T. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15): A survival protein with therapeutic potential in metabolic diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:46-58. [PMID: 30790643 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), also known as NSAID activated gene-1 (NAG-1), is associated with a large number of biological processes and diseases, including cancer and obesity. GDF15 is synthesized as pro-GDF15, is dimerized, and is cleaved and secreted into the circulation as a mature dimer GDF15. Both the intracellular GDF15 and the circulating mature GDF15 are implicated in biological processes, such as energy homeostasis and body weight regulation. Although there have been many studies on GDF15, GFRAL, a member of the glial-derived neurotropic factor receptor α family, has only been recently identified as a receptor for mature GDF15. In this review, we focused on cancer and energy homeostasis along with obesity and body weight, and the effect of the identification of the GDF15 receptor in these investigations. In addition, the therapeutic potential of GDF15 as a pharmacological agent in obesity and other metabolic diseases was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Joon Baek
- Bldg 81 Rm 413, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea..
| | - Thomas Eling
- Scientist Emeritus, NIEHS/NIH, 111 TW Alexander Dr. Bldg. 101 F-095, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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15
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Lu Y, Ma J, Li Y, Huang J, Zhang S, Yin Z, Ren J, Huang K, Wu G, Yang K, Xu S. CDP138 silencing inhibits TGF-β/Smad signaling to impair radioresistance and metastasis via GDF15 in lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3036. [PMID: 28880265 PMCID: PMC5636979 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CDP138, a CDK5 binding partner, regulates cell proliferation and migration. However, the mechanisms by which CDP138 functions in these processes remain unclear. In this study, we show that CDP138 is frequently overexpressed and that high levels of CDP138 are correlated with lymph node metastasis in lung cancer. Furthermore, we provide evidence that CDP138-depleted lung cancer cells exhibit enhanced radiosensitivity as well as reduced migration and invasion. Mechanistically, we identify GDF15, a member of the TGF-β superfamily, as a key downstream effector of CDP138. CDP138 silencing attenuates TGF-β/Smad signaling activation at least in part through the downregulation of GDF15. More importantly, the observed phenotypes caused by CDP138 knockdown are partially dependent on GDF15 inhibition. Together, our findings demonstrate that CDP138 positively modulates the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway via GDF15 to promote radioresistance and metastasis, suggesting CDP138 as a potential oncogenic biomarker and a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Lu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jia Ma
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yan Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhongyuan Yin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jinghua Ren
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shuangbing Xu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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16
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Zhang N, Lu B. Expression of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in early gastric cancer cases treated using endoscopic mucosal resection and the correlation with prognosis. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1967-1970. [PMID: 28789430 PMCID: PMC5530086 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) of early gastric cancer treated using endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and its correlation with prognosis were investigated. One hundred and forty-seven patients with early gastric cancer (less than 20 mm in diameter) were recruited and assigned into an observation group (75 cases) or a control group (72 cases), according to treatment. The control group was treated with a radical resection by the conventional laparotomy approach and the observation group was treated by EMR. Differences in operative outcomes and prognosis were compared between the two groups. Complete lesion resection rates of the two groups were 100%. The amount of bleeding, operation time and postoperative complication rates in the observation group were each significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The serum MIC-1 levels in the two groups were reduced, with the observation group being significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). The progression-free survival was significantly prolonged and the recurrence rate was significantly lower in the observation group compared to the control group, with the difference being statistically significant (P<0.05). In conclusion, EMR treatment of early gastric cancer was observed to be safe and effective in this study and can reduce the expression level of serum MIC-1 after the operation. EMR can also increase the survival period and reduce the recurrence rate, and MIC-1 can be used as an important index to predict the prognosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Xuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Bo Lu
- Xuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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17
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De Marco C, Laudanna C, Rinaldo N, Oliveira DM, Ravo M, Weisz A, Ceccarelli M, Caira E, Rizzuto A, Zoppoli P, Malanga D, Viglietto G. Specific gene expression signatures induced by the multiple oncogenic alterations that occur within the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway in lung cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178865. [PMID: 28662101 PMCID: PMC5491004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of the phosphatydil-inositol-3' phosphate kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway is observed in most NSCLCs, promoting proliferation, migration, invasion and resistance to therapy. AKT can be activated through several mechanisms that include loss of the negative regulator PTEN, activating mutations of the catalytic subunit of PI3K (PIK3CA) and/or mutations of AKT1 itself. However, number and identity of downstream targets of activated PI3K/AKT pathway are poorly defined. To identify the genes that are targets of constitutive PI3K/AKT signalling in lung cancer cells, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) expressing active mutant AKT1 (AKT1-E17K), active mutant PIK3CA (PIK3CA-E545K) or that are silenced for PTEN. We found that, altogether, aberrant PI3K/AKT signalling in lung epithelial cells regulated the expression of 1,960/20,436 genes (9%), though only 30 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (15 up-regulated, 12 down-regulated and 3 discordant) out of 20,436 that were common among BEAS-AKT1-E17K, BEAS-PIK3CA-E545K and BEAS-shPTEN cells (0.1%). Conversely, DEGs specific for mutant AKT1 were 133 (85 up-regulated; 48 down-regulated), DEGs specific for mutant PIK3CA were 502 (280 up-regulated; 222 down-regulated) and DEGs specific for PTEN loss were 1549 (799 up-regulated, 750 down-regulated). The results obtained from array analysis were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR on selected up- and down-regulated genes (n = 10). Treatment of BEAS-C cells and the corresponding derivatives with pharmacological inhibitors of AKT (MK2206) or PI3K (LY294002) further validated the significance of our findings. Moreover, mRNA expression of selected DEGs (SGK1, IGFBP3, PEG10, GDF15, PTGES, S100P, respectively) correlated with the activation status of the PI3K/AKT pathway assessed by S473 phosphorylation in NSCLC cell lines (n = 6). Finally, we made use of Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to investigate the relevant BioFunctions enriched by the costitutive activation of AKT1-, PI3K- or PTEN-dependent signalling in lung epithelial cells. Expectedly, the analysis of the DEGs common to all three alterations highlighted a group of BioFunctions that included Cell Proliferation of tumor cell lines (14 DEGs), Invasion of cells (10 DEGs) and Migration of tumour cell lines (10 DEGs), with a common core of 5 genes (ATF3, CDKN1A, GDF15, HBEGF and LCN2) that likely represent downstream effectors of the pro-oncogenic activities of PI3K/AKT signalling. Conversely, IPA analysis of exclusive DEGs led to the identification of different downstream effectors that are modulated by mutant AKT1 (TGFBR2, CTSZ, EMP1), mutant PIK3CA (CCND2, CDK2, IGFBP2, TRIB1) and PTEN loss (ASNS, FHL2). These findings not only shed light on the molecular mechanisms that are activated by aberrant signalling through the PI3K/AKT pathway in lung epithelial cells, but also contribute to the identification of previously unrecognised molecules whose regulation takes part in the development of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Marco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Carmelo Laudanna
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Nicola Rinaldo
- Biogem scarl, Instituto di Rihe Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore", Ariano Irpino, Italia
| | - Duarte Mendes Oliveira
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Maria Ravo
- Laboratorio di Medicina Molecolare e Genomica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi, Italia
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Laboratorio di Medicina Molecolare e Genomica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi, Italia
| | - Michele Ceccarelli
- Dipartimento di Studi Biologici e Ambientali, Università del Sannio, Benevento, Italia
| | - Elvira Caira
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Antonia Rizzuto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Pietro Zoppoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Donatella Malanga
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italia
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italia.,Biogem scarl, Instituto di Rihe Genetiche "Gaetano Salvatore", Ariano Irpino, Italia
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18
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Li C, Wang J, Kong J, Tang J, Wu Y, Xu E, Zhang H, Lai M. GDF15 promotes EMT and metastasis in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:860-72. [PMID: 26497212 PMCID: PMC4808038 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of cancer deaths, and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been considered to be a fundamental event in cancer metastasis. However, the role of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis and EMT remains poorly understood. Here, we showed that GDF15 promoted CRC cell metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the EMT process was enhanced by GDF15 through binding to TGF-β receptor to activate Smad2 and Smad3 pathways. Clinical data showed GDF15 level in tumor tissues, and the serum was significantly increased, in which high GDF15 level correlated with a reduced overall survival in CRC. Thus, GDF15 may promote colorectal cancer metastasis through activating EMT. Promisingly, GDF15 could be considered as a novel prognostic marker for CRC in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, PR China.,Department of Pathology, the First Hospital of Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Constructing Discipline by Zhejiang Province and Jiaxing City, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jianlu Kong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jinlong Tang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, PR China.,Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yihua Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Enping Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Honghe Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Maode Lai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, PR China
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19
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wang H, Cai N, Zhou S, Zhao Y, Chen X, Zheng S, Si Q, Zhang W. Neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 prevents cognitive impairment induced by isoflurane anesthesia in aged rats via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects mediated by the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2778-84. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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20
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Oon SF, Nallappan M, Tee TT, Shohaimi S, Kassim NK, Sa’ariwijaya MSF, Cheah YH. Xanthorrhizol: a review of its pharmacological activities and anticancer properties. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:100. [PMID: 26500452 PMCID: PMC4618344 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthorrhizol (XNT) is a bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid compound extracted from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. It has been well established to possess a variety of biological activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, antiplatelet, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects. Since many synthetic drugs possess toxic side effects and are unable to support the increasing prevalence of disease, there is significant interest in developing natural product as new therapeutics. XNT is a very potent natural bioactive compound that could fulfil the current need for new drug discovery. Despite its importance, a comprehensive review of XNT's pharmacological activities has not been published in the scientific literature to date. Here, the present review aims to summarize the available information in this area, focus on its anticancer properties and indicate the current status of the research. This helps to facilitate the understanding of XNT's pharmacological role in drug discovery, thus suggesting areas where further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Fang Oon
- />Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Meenakshii Nallappan
- />Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Thiam Tsui Tee
- />ZACH Biotech Depot Sdn. Bhd., 43300 Cheras, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Shamarina Shohaimi
- />Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nur Kartinee Kassim
- />Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shazrul Fazry Sa’ariwijaya
- />Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia-UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Yew Hoong Cheah
- />ZACH Biotech Depot Sdn. Bhd., 43300 Cheras, Selangor Malaysia
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21
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Wang J, Li W, Wang Y, Li C, Ding M, Zhang H, Lai M. The H6D genetic variation of GDF15 is associated with genesis, progress and prognosis in colorectal cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:845-50. [PMID: 26365480 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) plays important roles in the carcinogenesis of many types of tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate whether H6D polymorphism is contributed to the genesis, progress and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Chinese population. METHODS Pyrosequencing was used to determine the H6D genotypes. The relationship between the genotypes and clinical characteristics was analyzed. RESULTS The frequency of CG+GG genotype in the GDF15 H6D polymorphism was significantly increased in CRC patients when compared with controls [odds ratio (OR), 1.543; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.138-2.094, P=0.005]. We also found that the patients with CG+GG genotype had an increased risk of death from colon cancer than those carrying homozygote CC [hazard ratio (HR), 2.472; 95% CI, 1.172-5.214; P=0.017] and the patients with CG+GG genotype of colon cancer also have a positive correlation with distant metastasis than those carrying homozygote CC (χ(2)=4.087, P=0.043). For the first time, H6D was also identified as somatic mutation when compared the H6D genotype in tumor tissues and their matched normal tissues, and the mutation rate is 7.2%. The male CRC patients with the H6D mutation were susceptible to distant metastasis (P=0.028, χ(2)=4.820) and had a relatively poor prognosis. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the H6D genetic variant may be considered as a biomarker of tumorgenesis, metastasis and prognosis in colorectal cancer in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Pathology, the First Hospital of Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Meiman Ding
- The Criminal Investigation Detachment of Jiaxing Public Security Bureau, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Honghe Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Maode Lai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, PR China.
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22
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Liu X, Chi X, Gong Q, Gao L, Niu Y, Chi X, Cheng M, Si Y, Wang M, Zhong J, Niu J, Yang W. Association of serum level of growth differentiation factor 15 with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127518. [PMID: 25996938 PMCID: PMC4440744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver cirrhosis are associated with high mortality worldwide. Currently, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is used as a standard serum marker for the detection of HCC, but its sensitivity and specificity are unsatisfactory, and optimal diagnostic markers for cirrhosis are lacking. We previously reported that growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was significantly induced in HCV-infected hepatocytes. This study aimed to investigate GDF15 expression and its correlation with hepatitis virus-related liver diseases. A total of 412 patients with various liver diseases were studied. Healthy and Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected subjects were included as controls. Serum and tissue GDF15 levels were measured. Serum GDF15 levels were significantly increased in patients with HCC (6.66±0.67 ng/mL, p<0.0001) and cirrhosis (6.51±1.47 ng/mL, p<0.0001) compared with healthy controls (0.31±0.01 ng/mL), though the GDF15 levels in HBV and HCV carriers were moderately elevated (1.34±0.19 ng/mL and 2.13±0.53 ng/mL, respectively). Compared with HBV or HCV carriers, GDF15 had a sensitivity of 63.1% and a specificity of 86.6% at the optimal cut-off point of 2.463 ng/mL in patients with liver cirrhosis or HCC. In HCC patients, the area under the receiver operating curve was 0.84 for GDF15 and 0.76 for AFP, but 0.91 for the combined GDF15 and AFP. Serum GDF15 levels did not significantly differ between the high-AFP and low-AFP groups. GDF15 protein expression in HCC was significantly higher than that in the corresponding adjacent paracarcinomatous tissue and normal liver. Using a combination of GDF15 and AFP will improve the sensitivity and specificity of HCC diagnosis. Further research and the clinical implementation of serum GDF15 measurement as a biomarker for HCC and cirrhosis are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Liu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumei Chi
- First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiaoling Gong
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqiang Niu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Chi
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Cheng
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Youhui Si
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Maorong Wang
- Liver Disease Center of PLA, the 81st Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (WY); (JN); (JZ)
| | - Junqi Niu
- First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (WY); (JN); (JZ)
| | - Wei Yang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WY); (JN); (JZ)
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Min KW, Liggett JL, Silva G, Wu WW, Wang R, Shen RF, Eling TE, Baek SJ. NAG-1/GDF15 accumulates in the nucleus and modulates transcriptional regulation of the Smad pathway. Oncogene 2015; 35:377-88. [PMID: 25893289 PMCID: PMC4613816 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein dynamics, modifications, and trafficking are all processes that can modulate protein activity. Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that many proteins play distinctive roles dependent on cellular location. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug activated gene-1 (NAG-1) is a TGF-β superfamily protein that plays a role in cancer, obesity, and inflammation. NAG-1 is synthesized and cleaved into a mature peptide, which is ultimately secreted into the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, we have found that full-length NAG-1 is expressed in not only the cytoplasm and ECM, but also in the nucleus. NAG-1 is dynamically moved to the nucleus, exported into cytoplasm, and further transported into the ECM. We have also found that nuclear NAG-1 contributes to inhibition of the Smad pathway by interrupting the Smad complex. Overall, our study indicates that NAG-1 is localized in the nucleus and provides new evidence that NAG-1 controls transcriptional regulation in the Smad pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-W Min
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - J L Liggett
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - G Silva
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - W W Wu
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Wang
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R-F Shen
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T E Eling
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - S J Baek
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Evasion of anti-growth signaling: A key step in tumorigenesis and potential target for treatment and prophylaxis by natural compounds. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S55-S77. [PMID: 25749195 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The evasion of anti-growth signaling is an important characteristic of cancer cells. In order to continue to proliferate, cancer cells must somehow uncouple themselves from the many signals that exist to slow down cell growth. Here, we define the anti-growth signaling process, and review several important pathways involved in growth signaling: p53, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), retinoblastoma protein (Rb), Hippo, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A), Notch, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) pathways. Aberrations in these processes in cancer cells involve mutations and thus the suppression of genes that prevent growth, as well as mutation and activation of genes involved in driving cell growth. Using these pathways as examples, we prioritize molecular targets that might be leveraged to promote anti-growth signaling in cancer cells. Interestingly, naturally occurring phytochemicals found in human diets (either singly or as mixtures) may promote anti-growth signaling, and do so without the potentially adverse effects associated with synthetic chemicals. We review examples of naturally occurring phytochemicals that may be applied to prevent cancer by antagonizing growth signaling, and propose one phytochemical for each pathway. These are: epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) for the Rb pathway, luteolin for p53, curcumin for PTEN, porphyrins for Hippo, genistein for GDF15, resveratrol for ARID1A, withaferin A for Notch and diguelin for the IGF1-receptor pathway. The coordination of anti-growth signaling and natural compound studies will provide insight into the future application of these compounds in the clinical setting.
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25
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Kim KJ, Lee J, Park Y, Lee SH. ATF3 Mediates Anti-Cancer Activity of Trans-10, cis-12-Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Human Colon Cancer Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:134-40. [PMID: 25767681 PMCID: PMC4354314 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are a family of isomers of linoleic acid. CLA increases growth arrest and apoptosis of human colorectal cancer cells through an isomer-specific manner. ATF3 belongs to the ATF/CREB family of transcription factors and is associated with apoptosis in colorectal cancer. The present study was performed to investigate the molecular mechanism by which t10, c12-CLA stimulates ATF3 expression and apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells. t10, c12-CLA increased an apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells in dose dependent manner. t10, c12-CLA induced ATF3 mRNA and luciferase activity of ATF3 promoter in a dose-dependent manner. The responsible region for ATF3 transcriptional activation by t10, c12-CLA is located between −147 and −1850 of ATF3 promoter. mRNA stability of ATF3 was not affected by t10, c12-CLA treatment. t10, c12-CLA increases GSK3β expression and suppresses IGF-1-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt. The knockdown of ATF3 suppressed expression of GSK3β and NAG-1 and PARP cleavage. The results suggest that t10, c12-CLA induces apoptosis through ATF3-mediated pathway in human colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui-Jin Kim
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jihye Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Seong-Ho Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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26
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Hu K, Gu Y, Lou L, Liu L, Hu Y, Wang B, Luo Y, Shi J, Yu X, Huang H. Galectin-3 mediates bone marrow microenvironment-induced drug resistance in acute leukemia cells via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:1. [PMID: 25622682 PMCID: PMC4332970 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute leukemia is currently the major cause of death in hematological malignancies. Despite the rapid development of new therapies, minimal residual disease (MRD) continues to occur and leads to poor outcomes. The leukemia niche in the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) is thought to be responsible for such MRD development, which can lead to leukemia drug resistance and disease relapse. Consequently further investigation into the way in which the leukemia niche interacts with acute leukemia cells (ALCs) and development of strategies to block the underlying process are expected to improve disease prognosis. Recent studies indicated that galectin-3 (gal-3) might play a pivotal role in this process. Thus we aimed to elucidate the exact role played by gal-3 in this process and clarify its mechanism of action. METHODS We used human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) to mimic the leukemia BMM in vitro, and investigated their effects on drug resistance of ALCs and the possible mechanisms involved, with particular emphasis on the role of gal-3. RESULTS In our study, we demonstrated that hBM-MSCs induced gal-3 up-regulation, promoting β-catenin stabilization and thus activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in ALCs, which is critical in cytotoxic drug resistance of leukemia. This effect could be reversed by addition of gal-3 short hairpin RNA (shRNA). We also found that up-regulation of gal-3 promoted Akt and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β phosphorylation, thought to constitute a cross-bridge between gal-3 and Wnt signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that gal-3, a key factor mediating BMM-induced drug resistance, could be a novel therapeutic target in acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaimin Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China. .,Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Yanjun Gu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China. .,Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Lixia Lou
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Lizhen Liu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Yongxian Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Binsheng Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Yi Luo
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Jimin Shi
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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Holmgren G, Synnergren J, Bogestål Y, Améen C, Åkesson K, Holmgren S, Lindahl A, Sartipy P. Identification of novel biomarkers for doxorubicin-induced toxicity in human cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells. Toxicology 2014; 328:102-11. [PMID: 25529476 PMCID: PMC4326176 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin is a chemotherapeutic agent indicated for the treatment of a variety of cancer types, including leukaemia, lymphomas, and many solid tumours. The use of doxorubicin is, however, associated with severe cardiotoxicity, often resulting in early discontinuation of the treatment. Importantly, the toxic symptoms can occur several years after the termination of the doxorubicin administration. In this study, the toxic effects of doxorubicin exposure have been investigated in cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC). The cells were exposed to different concentrations of doxorubicin for up to 2 days, followed by a 12 day recovery period. Notably, the cell morphology was altered during drug treatment and the cells showed a reduced contractile ability, most prominent at the highest concentration of doxorubicin at the later time points. A general cytotoxic response measured as Lactate dehydrogenase leakage was observed after 2 days’ exposure compared to the vehicle control, but this response was absent during the recovery period. A similar dose-dependant pattern was observed for the release of cardiac specific troponin T (cTnT) after 1 day and 2 days of treatment with doxorubicin. Global transcriptional profiles in the cells revealed clusters of genes that were differentially expressed during doxorubicin exposure, a pattern that in some cases was sustained even throughout the recovery period, suggesting that these genes could be used as sensitive biomarkers for doxorubicin-induced toxicity in human cardiomyocytes. The results from this study show that cTnT release can be used as a measurement of acute cardiotoxicity due to doxorubicin. However, for the late onset of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy, cTnT release might not be the most optimal biomarker. As an alternative, some of the genes that we identified as differentially expressed after doxorubicin exposure could serve as more relevant biomarkers, and may also help to explain the cellular mechanisms behind the late onset apoptosis associated with doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Holmgren
- Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Box 408, Kanikegränd 3A, SE-541 28 Skövde, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Jane Synnergren
- Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Box 408, Kanikegränd 3A, SE-541 28 Skövde, Sweden.
| | - Yalda Bogestål
- Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Box 408, Kanikegränd 3A, SE-541 28 Skövde, Sweden
| | - Caroline Améen
- Takara Bio Europe AB (former Cellectis AB), Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Karolina Åkesson
- Takara Bio Europe AB (former Cellectis AB), Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Sandra Holmgren
- Takara Bio Europe AB (former Cellectis AB), Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anders Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Peter Sartipy
- Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Box 408, Kanikegränd 3A, SE-541 28 Skövde, Sweden; Takara Bio Europe AB (former Cellectis AB), Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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28
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Choi J, Jiang X, Jeong JB, Lee SH. Anticancer activity of protocatechualdehyde in human breast cancer cells. J Med Food 2014; 17:842-8. [PMID: 24712725 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocatechualdehyde (PCA) is a natural polyphenol compound isolated from the root of the herb S. miltiorrhiza and barley tea plants. PCA possesses antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic properties in human colorectal cancer cells. However, the cellular mechanism has not been fully understood. β-catenin and cyclin D1 are proto-oncogene that is overexpressed in many types of cancers and leads to cancer development. The present study was performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which PCA stimulates cell growth arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. PCA repressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in dose-dependent manner. PCA suppressed the expression of β-catenin and cyclin D1 with no changes in mRNA levels. Inhibition of proteosomal degradation using MG-132 and Ada-(Ahx)3-(Leu)3-vinyl sulfone ameliorates PCA-induced downregulation of β-catenin and cyclin D1. PCA treatment decreased the half-life of β-catenin and cyclin D1. PCA-mediated β-catenin downregulation depends on GSK3β. We further provide the evidence that PCA increased nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and the blockage of NF-κB using Bay11-7082 inhibited PCA-mediated β-catenin downregulation. The current study demonstrates that PCA suppress β-catenin expression through GSK3β- and NF-κB-mediated proteosomal degradation. In addition, PCA decreased cyclin D1 expression independent to β-catenin through proteosomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Choi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland, USA
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29
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Yang MH, Kim J, Khan IA, Walker LA, Khan SI. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug activated gene-1 (NAG-1) modulators from natural products as anti-cancer agents. Life Sci 2014; 100:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Morales-Garcia JA, Palomo V, Redondo M, Alonso-Gil S, Gil C, Martinez A, Perez-Castillo A. Crosstalk between phosphodiesterase 7 and glycogen synthase kinase-3: two relevant therapeutic targets for neurological disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:194-204. [PMID: 24437940 DOI: 10.1021/cn400166d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation has been increasingly recognized as a primary mechanism underlying acute brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Enhanced expression of diverse pro-inflammatory agents in glial cells has been shown to contribute to the cell death that takes place in these disorders. Previous data from our group have shown that different inhibitors of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) specific phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) enzymes are potent anti-inflammatory agents in different models of brain injury. In this study, we investigated cross-talk between PDE7 and GSK-3, two relevant therapeutic targets for neurological disorders, using a chemical approach. To this end, we compared specific inhibitors of GSK-3 and PDE7 with dual inhibitors of both enzymes with regard to anti-inflammatory effects in primary cultures of glial cells treated with lipopolysaccharide. Our results show that the GSK-3 inhibitors act exclusively by inhibition of this enzyme. By contrast, PDE7 inhibitors exert their effects via inhibition of PDE7 to increase intracellular cAMP levels but also through indirect inhibition of GSK-3. Activation of protein kinase A by cAMP results in phosphorylation of Ser9 of GSK-3 and subsequent inhibition. Our results indicate that the indirect inhibition of GSK-3 by PDE7 inhibitors is an important mechanism that should be considered in the future development of pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Morales-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades
Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031-Madrid, Spain
| | - Valle Palomo
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Redondo
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Alonso-Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades
Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031-Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Perez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades
Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031-Madrid, Spain
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Silibinin induces apoptosis of HT29 colon carcinoma cells through early growth response-1 (EGR-1)-mediated non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1) up-regulation. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 211:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Corre J, Hébraud B, Bourin P. Concise review: growth differentiation factor 15 in pathology: a clinical role? Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:946-52. [PMID: 24191265 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a divergent member of the transforming growth factor β family discovered in a broad range of cells, as indicated by the diversity of its nomenclature. However, the only tissue that expresses a high amount of GDF15 in the physiologic state is placenta. GDF15 is easily detected in blood, and its concentration varies with age. In fact, increased blood concentration of GDF15 is associated with numerous pathological conditions. However, the biological significance underlying these observations is far from clear. GDF15 could have a positive or negative role depending on the state of cells or their environment. Furthermore, study of its biology is hampered by lack of knowledge of its receptor and thus the signaling pathways that drive its action. GDF15 seems to be an integrative signal in pathologic conditions, giving information on severity of disease. Its effectiveness in classifying patients to modulate treatment remains to be shown. Development of therapeutic interventions with GDF15 or anti-GDF15 agents remains difficult until we uncover the mechanism that drives its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Corre
- Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome, France
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33
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The multiple facets of the TGF-β family cytokine growth/differentiation factor-15/macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:373-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Sun Y, Gao C, Luo M, Wang W, Gu C, Zu Y, Li J, Efferth T, Fu Y. Aspidin PB, a phloroglucinol derivative, induces apoptosis in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells by modulating PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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35
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Fang L, Chen B, Liu S, Wang R, Hu S, Xia G, Tian Y, Cai X. Synergistic effect of a combination of nanoparticulate Fe3O4 and gambogic acid on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/Bad pathway of LOVO cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:4109-18. [PMID: 22888247 PMCID: PMC3415324 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s32475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study evaluated whether magnetic nanoparticles containing Fe3O4 could enhance the activity of gambogic acid in human colon cancer cells, and explored the potential mechanisms involved. Methods: Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. The percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry, and cell morphology was observed under both an optical microscope and a fluorescence microscope. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assay were performed to determine the transcription of genes and expression of proteins, respectively. Results: Gambogic acid could inhibit proliferation of LOVO cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner and induce apoptosis, which was dramatically enhanced by magnetic nanoparticles containing Fe3O4. The typical morphological features of apoptosis in LOVO cells were observed after treatment comprising gambogic acid with and without magnetic nanoparticles containing Fe3O4. Transcription of cytochrome c, caspase 9, and caspase 3 genes was higher in the group treated with magnetic nanoparticles containing Fe3O4 and gambogic acid than in the groups that received gambogic acid or magnetic nanoparticles containing Fe3O4, but transcription of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, and Bad genes decreased. Notably, expression of cytochrome c, caspase 9, and caspase 3 proteins in the group treated with gambogic acid and magnetic nanoparticles containing Fe3O4 was higher than in the groups receiving magnetic nanoparticles containing Fe3O4 or gambogic acid, while expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-Bad, pro-caspase 9, and pro-caspase 3 degraded. Conclusion: Magnetic nanoparticles containing Fe3O4 can enhance apoptosis induced by gambogic acid which may be closely related to regulation of the PI3K/Akt/Bad pathway in the treatment of human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghua Fang
- No 1 Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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HRT, Herbal Formula, Induces G(2)/M Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis via Suppressing Akt Signaling Pathway in Human Colon Cancer Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:871893. [PMID: 22899960 PMCID: PMC3412102 DOI: 10.1155/2012/871893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated the anticancer effect of HRT in HCT116, human colon carcinoma cells. HRT inhibited cancer cell growth by causing cell cycle arrest at G2/M and inducing apoptosis as evidenced by DNA fragmentation assay. We found that HRT induces the activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9, whereas it reduces the level of Bcl-2 protein and results in the cleavage of PARP. Further, HRT decreased the level of phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream signals such as mTOR and GSK-3β. These results indicate that HRT stimulates the apoptotic signaling pathway and represses the survival and proliferation of colon cancer cells via inhibiting Akt activity. Hence, our results suggest that HRT has a potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent against colon cancer cells.
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Kaur J, Vaish V, Sanyal SN. COX-2 as a molecular target of colon cancer chemoprevention: Promise and reality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomag.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Inflammation is an important contributor to the development and progression of human cancers. Inflammatory lipid metabolites, prostaglandins, formed from arachidonic acid by prostaglandin H synthases commonly called cyclooxygenases (COXs) bind to specific receptors that activate signaling pathways driving the development and progression of tumors. Inhibitors of prostaglandin formation, COX inhibitors, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are well documented as agents that inhibit tumor growth and with long-term use prevent tumor development. NSAIDs also alter gene expression independent of COX inhibition and these changes in gene expression also appear to contribute to the anti-tumorigenic activity of these drugs. Many NSAIDs, as illustrated by sulindac sulfide, alter gene expressions by altering the expression or phosphorylation status of the transcription factors specificity protein 1 and early growth response-1 with the balance between these two events resulting in increases or decreases in specific target genes. In this review, we have summarized and discussed the various genes altered by this mechanism after NSAID treatment and how these changes in expression relate to the anti-tumorigenic activity. A major focus of the review is on NSAID-activated gene (NAG-1) or growth differentiation factor 15. This unique member of the TGF-β superfamily is highly induced by NSAIDs and numerous drugs and chemicals with anti-tumorigenic activities. Investigations with a transgenic mouse expressing the human NAG-1 suggest it acts to suppress tumor development in several mouse models of cancer. The biochemistry and biology of NAG-1 were discussed as potential contributor to cancer prevention by COX inhibitors.
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Lim JH, Woo SM, Min KJ, Park EJ, Jang JH, Seo BR, Iqbal T, Lee TJ, Kim SH, Choi YH, Kwon TK. Rottlerin induces apoptosis of HT29 colon carcinoma cells through NAG-1 upregulation via an ERK and p38 MAPK-dependent and PKC δ-independent mechanism. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 197:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Jin YJ, Lee JH, Kim YM, Oh GT, Lee H. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 stimulates proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by up-regulating cyclins D1 and E through the PI3K/Akt-, ERK-, and JNK-dependent AP-1 and E2F activation signaling pathways. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1485-95. [PMID: 22484283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) is highly associated with malignant human cancers and has been suggested to be involved in tumor angiogenesis. In the present study, we examined the effect of MIC-1 on endothelial cell proliferation to confirm the angiogenesis-promoting role of MIC-1. MIC-1 treatment accelerated progression of the G(1) stage in the cell cycle of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), leading to an increased cell proliferation rate. MIC-1 augmented the levels of cyclins D1 and E without altering the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, thereby increasing protein kinase activity of CDKs and subsequent phosphorylation of the Rb protein followed by nuclear translocation of E2F. MIC-1-induced expression of cyclins D1 and E was mediated by AP-1 and E2F-1 transcription factors, and among the AP-1 members, c-Jun and JunD appeared to participate in MIC-1-dependent transcription of the cyclin D1 gene. Additionally, the PI3K/Akt, JNK, and ERK pathways were found to mediate MIC-1-induced cyclin D1 expression in HUVECs. Importantly, lung endothelial cells isolated from MIC-1 transgenic mouse displayed a higher proliferation rate and cyclin D1 and E levels relative to their wild-type counterparts. These results suggest that MIC-1 secreted from cancer cells stimulates endothelial cell proliferation by enhancing AP-1- and E2F-dependent expression of G(1) cyclins via PI3K/Akt, JNK, and ERK signaling pathways, potentially leading to enhanced tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-June Jin
- Medical and Bio-Material Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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41
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Yu YL, Su KJ, Chen CJ, Wei CW, Lin CJ, Yiang GT, Lin SZ, Harn HJ, Chen YLS. Synergistic anti-tumor activity of isochaihulactone and paclitaxel on human lung cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 227:213-22. [PMID: 21391217 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance frequently develops in tumors during chemotherapy. Therefore, to improve the clinical outcome, more effective and tolerable combination treatment strategies are needed. Here, we show that isochaihulactone (K8) enhanced paclitaxel-induced apoptotic death in human lung cancer cells, and the enhancing effect was related to increased NSAID-activated gene-1 (NAG-1) expression. CalcuSyn software was used to evaluate the synergistic interaction of K8 and paclitaxel on human lung cancer cells; the synergistic effect of K8 in combination with paclitaxel was increased more than either of these drugs alone. Furthermore, the activity of ERK1/2 was enhanced by the combination of K8 and paclitaxel, and an ERK1/2 inhibitor dramatically inhibited NAG-1 expression in human lung cancer cells. Therefore, this synergistic apoptotic effect in human lung cancer cells may be directly associated with K8-induced NAG-1 expression through ERK1/2 activation. Moreover, over-expression of NAG-1 enhanced K8/paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. In addition, treatment of nude mice with K8 combined with paclitaxel induced phospho-ERK1/2 and NAG-1 expression in vivo. Targeting of NAG-1 signaling could enhance therapeutic efficacy in lung cancer. Our results reveal that activation of NAG-1 by K8 enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel in human lung cancer cells via the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Luen Yu
- The PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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42
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Abou-El-Ardat K, Monsieurs P, Anastasov N, Atkinson M, Derradji H, De Meyer T, Bekaert S, Van Criekinge W, Baatout S. Low dose irradiation of thyroid cells reveals a unique transcriptomic and epigenetic signature in RET/PTC-positive cells. Mutat Res 2011; 731:27-40. [PMID: 22027090 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The high doses of radiation received in the wake of the Chernobyl incident and the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been linked to the increased appearance of thyroid cancer in the children living in the vicinity of the site. However, the data gathered on the effect of low doses of radiation on the thyroid remain limited. We have examined the genome wide transcriptional response of a culture of TPC-1 human cell line of papillary thyroid carcinoma origin with a RET/PTC1 translocation to various doses (0.0625, 0.5, and 4Gy) of X-rays and compared it to response of thyroids with a RET/PTC3 translocation and against wild-type mouse thyroids irradiated with the same doses using Affymetrix microarrays. We have found considerable overlap at a high dose of 4Gy in both RET/PTC-positive systems but no common genes at 62.5mGy. In addition, the response of RET/PTC-positive system at all doses was distinct from the response of wild-type thyroids with both systems signaling down different pathways. Analysis of the response of microRNAs in TPC-1 cells revealed a radiation-responsive signature of microRNAs in addition to dose-responsive microRNAs. Our results point to the fact that a low dose of X-rays seems to have a significant proliferative effect on normal thyroids. This observation should be studied further as opposed to its effect on RET/PTC-positive thyroids which was subtle, anti-proliferative and system-dependent.
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Joshi JP, Brown NE, Griner SE, Nahta R. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15)-mediated HER2 phosphorylation reduces trastuzumab sensitivity of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1090-9. [PMID: 21803025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab is a major problem in the treatment of HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), which is structurally similar to TGF beta, has been reported to stimulate phosphorylation of HER2. We tested the hypothesis that GDF15-mediated phosphorylation of HER2 reduces the sensitivity of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cell lines to trastuzumab. Gene microarray analysis, real-time PCR, and ELISA were used to assess GDF15 expression. Growth inhibition and proliferation assays in response to pharmacologic inhibitors of HER2, TGF beta receptor, or Src were performed on cells stimulated with recombinant human GDF15 or stable GDF15 transfectants. Western blotting was performed to determine effects of GDF15 on HER2 signaling. Cells were infected with lentiviral GDF15 shRNA plasmid to determine effects of GDF15 knockdown on cell survival in response to trastuzumab. Cells with acquired or primary trastuzumab resistance showed increased GDF15 expression. Exposure of trastuzumab-sensitive cells to recombinant human GDF15 or stable transfection of a GDF15 expression plasmid inhibited trastuzumab-mediated growth inhibition. HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibition abrogated GDF15-mediated Akt and Erk1/2 phosphorylation and blocked GDF15-mediated trastuzumab resistance. Pharmacologic inhibition of TGF beta receptor blocked GDF15-mediated phosphorylation of Src. Further, TGF beta receptor inhibition or Src inhibition blocked GDF15-mediated trastuzumab resistance. Finally, lentiviral GDF15 shRNA increased trastuzumab sensitivity in cells with acquired or primary trastuzumab resistance. These results support GDF15-mediated activation of TGF beta receptor-Src-HER2 signaling crosstalk as a novel mechanism of trastuzumab resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree P Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Xu X, Li Z, Gao W. Growth differentiation factor 15 in cardiovascular diseases: from bench to bedside. Biomarkers 2011; 16:466-75. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.580006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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45
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Yang L, Li J, Ran L, Pan F, Zhao X, Ding Z, Chen Y, Peng Q, Liang H. Phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor is implicated in resistance to the cytostatic effect of gefitinib in colorectal cancer cells. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15:942-57. [PMID: 21479670 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-011-1504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ability of certain cancer cells to maintain signaling via the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt and/or Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways has been repeatedly involved in resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition. DISCUSSION We investigated the potential mechanisms of the uncoupling of EGFR from its downstream signals in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Alternative growth factor receptors and regulation of downstream pathways in different gefitinib-responsive cell lines were determined. Basal insulin-like growth factor receptor-1β (IGFR-1β) phosphorylation was undetectable or present at very low levels in highly gefitinib-responsive cell lines and was present at strikingly high levels in less responsive cell lines. Further analysis of cell lines representing the most sensitive (Lovo), moderately sensitive (HT29), and most resistant (HCT116) strains was treated with an IGFR-1 inhibitor (AG1024), gefitinib, or both, revealing that elevated IGFR-1β phosphorylation can compensate for the loss of EGFR signaling function. Increased insulin-like growth factor II expression induced by gefitinib or heterodimerization of EGFR and IGFR-1β may trigger IGFR-1β signal transduction via activation of Akt and MAPK. In addition, high levels of EGFR and IGFR-1β phosphorylation were detected in CRC tumor tissue. We also showed that gefitinib- and/or AG1024-induced cytostatic effects could be mediated by glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activation. Our data suggest that the crosstalk between EGFR and IGFR-1β signaling are likely to contribute to resistance of CRC cells to gefitinib and that measurement of GSK-3β activation may present a potential biomarker for evaluating the antitumor efficacy of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
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Kadowaki M, Yoshioka H, Kamitani H, Watanabe T, Wade PA, Eling TE. DNA methylation-mediated silencing of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene (NAG-1/GDF15) in glioma cell lines. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:267-77. [PMID: 21437897 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene, NAG-1, a transforming growth factor-β member, is involved in tumor progression and development. The association between NAG-1 expression and development and progression of glioma has not been well defined. Glioblastoma cell lines have lower basal expression of NAG-1 than other gliomas and normal astrocytes. Most primary human gliomas have very low levels of NAG-1 expression. NAG-1 basal expression appeared to inversely correlate with tumor grade in glioma. Aberrant promoter hypermethylation is a common mechanism for silencing of tumor suppressor genes in cancer cells. In glioblastoma cell lines, NAG-1 expression was increased by the demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. To investigate whether the NAG-1 gene was silenced by hypermethylation in glioblastoma, we examined DNA methylation status using genomic bisulfite sequencing. The NAG-1 promoter was densely methylated in several glioblastoma cell lines as well as in primary oligodendroglioma tumor samples, which have low basal expression of NAG-1. DNA methylation at two specific sites (-53 and +55 CpG sites) in the NAG-1 promoter was strongly associated with low NAG-1 expression. The methylation of the NAG-1 promoter at the -53 site blocks Egr-1 binding and thereby suppresses Nag-1 induction. Treatment of cells with low basal NAG-1 expression with NAG-1 inducer also did not increase NAG-1. Incubation with a demethylation chemical increased Nag-1 basal expression and subsequent incubation with a NAG-1 inducer increased NAG-1 expression. We concluded from these data that methylation of specific promoter sequences causes transcriptional silencing of the NAG-1 locus in glioma and may ultimately contribute to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Kadowaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Mauerer A, Roesch A, Hafner C, Stempfl T, Wild P, Meyer S, Landthaler M, Vogt T. Identification of new genes associated with melanoma. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:502-7. [PMID: 21410771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Repeated failures in melanoma therapy made clear that the molecular mechanisms leading to melanoma are still poorly understood. In this study, we aim to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the transcriptional profiles and signalling pathways associated with melanoma. METHODS Gene expression was analysed using the Affymetrix Human Genome U133A 2.0 GeneChip arrays. To avoid culture artifacts, we used microdissected fresh frozen material of 18 melanocytic nevi (MN), 20 primary melanomas (PM) and 20 metastatic melanomas (MM). Statistical analysis was performed with Genomatix Chipinspector, Ingenuity™ Software, SPSS Software and Partek Genomic Suite 6.4. Expression levels of selected transcripts were verified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and immunostaining of a tissue microarray sampling more than 280 cases of MN, PM and MM with known clinical outcome. RESULTS A total of 284 differentially expressed genes was detected in PM compared with MN and 189 genes in MM compared with PM affecting common cancer pathways such as MAPK-, Wnt- and Notch-signalling. Using principal component analysis, the samples could be grouped according to their histological entity. We identified a panel of novel melanoma-associated markers: frizzled-related protein, an antagonist of Wnt; tranducin-like enhancer of split 1, a transcription factor partner of TCF/LEF-1; CNTN1, an activator of Notch signalling; two Serpin peptidase inhibitors, Serpin B3/B4 and the TGF-β family member GDF15, the latter with association to MAPK-signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mauerer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Dhillon PK, Kenfield SA, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL. Long-term aspirin use and the risk of total, high-grade, regionally advanced and lethal prostate cancer in a prospective cohort of health professionals, 1988-2006. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:2444-52. [PMID: 21128233 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies suggest a role for aspirin in the chemoprevention of prostate cancer and epidemiological evidence supports a modest inverse association between regular aspirin use and prostate cancer risk, especially for advanced disease. In a prospective cohort study of 51,529 health professionals aged 40-75 years at baseline, we evaluated long-term aspirin use and the incidence of total, high-grade (Gleason 8-10, n = 488), regionally advanced (T3b-T4 or N1, n = 228) and lethal prostate cancer (M1, bony metastases or prostate cancer death, n = 580) from 1988-2006. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to evaluate risk associated with frequency (days/week), quantity (tablets/week), recency and duration of aspirin use after multivariable adjustment for confounders and other predictors of prostate cancer risk. A total of 4,858 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer during the 18-year study period. Men taking ≥ 2 adult-strength aspirin tablets a week had a 10% lower risk of prostate cancer (p-for-trend = 0.02). For regionally advanced cancer, we observed no significant associations with aspirin use. For high-grade and lethal disease, men taking ≥ 6 adult-strength tablets/week experienced similar reductions in risk hazard ratio [HR = 0.72 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.54, 0.96) and HR = 0.71 (95% CI: 0.50, 1.00)]. Analytical approaches to address bias from more frequent prostate-specific antigen screening among aspirin users did not yield different conclusions. We observed reductions in the risk of high-grade and lethal prostate cancer associated with higher doses of aspirin, but not with greater frequency or duration, in a large, prospective cohort of health professionals. Our data support earlier observations of modest inverse associations with advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preet K Dhillon
- Channing, Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Schindowski K, von Bohlen und Halbach O, Strelau J, Ridder DA, Herrmann O, Schober A, Schwaninger M, Unsicker K. Regulation of GDF-15, a distant TGF-β superfamily member, in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:399-409. [PMID: 21128084 PMCID: PMC3032194 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
GDF-15 is a novel distant member of the TGF-β superfamily and is widely distributed in the brain and peripheral nervous system. We have previously reported that GDF-15 is a potent neurotrophic factor for lesioned dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and that GDF-15-deficient mice show progressive postnatal losses of motor and sensory neurons. We have now investigated the regulation of GDF-15 mRNA and immunoreactivity in the murine hippocampal formation and selected cortical areas following an ischemic lesion by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO). MCAO prominently upregulates GDF-15 mRNA in the hippocampus and parietal cortex at 3 h and 24 h after lesion. GDF-15 immunoreactivity, which is hardly detectable in the unlesioned brain, is drastically upregulated in neurons identified by double-staining with NeuN. NeuN staining reveals that most, if not all, neurons in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus and pyramidal layers of the cornu ammonis become GDF-15-immunoreactive. Moderate induction of GDF-15 immunoreactivity has been observed in a small number of microglial cells identified by labeling with tomato lectin, whereas astroglial cells remain GDF-15-negative after MCAO. Comparative analysis of the size of the infarcted area after MCAO in GDF-15 wild-type and knockout mice has failed to reveal significant differences. Together, our data substantiate the notion that GDF-15 is prominently upregulated in the lesioned brain and might be involved in orchestrating post-lesional responses other than the trophic support of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schindowski
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Biberach/Riss, Germany
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50
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Wiklund FE, Bennet AM, Magnusson PKE, Eriksson UK, Lindmark F, Wu L, Yaghoutyfam N, Marquis CP, Stattin P, Pedersen NL, Adami HO, Grönberg H, Breit SN, Brown DA. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1/GDF15): a new marker of all-cause mortality. Aging Cell 2010; 9:1057-64. [PMID: 20854422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1/GDF15) is a member of the TGF-b superfamily, previously studied in cancer and inflammation. In addition to regulating body weight, MIC-1/GDF15 may be used to predict mortality and/or disease course in cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic renal and heart failure, as well as pulmonary embolism. These data suggested that MIC-1/GDF15 may be a marker of all-cause mortality. To determine whether serum MIC-1/GDF15 estimation is a predictor of all-cause mortality, we examined a cohort of 876 male subjects aged 35-80 years, selected from the Swedish Population Registry, and followed them for overall mortality. Serum MIC-1/GDF15 levels were determined for all subjects from samples taken at study entry. A second (independent) cohort of 324 same-sex twins (69% female) from the Swedish Twin Registry was similarly examined. All the twins had telomere length measured and 183 had serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) available. Patients were followed for up to 14 years and had cause-specific and all-cause mortality determined. Serum MIC-1/GDF15 levels predicted mortality in the all-male cohort with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of death of 3.38 (95%CI 1.38-8.26). This finding was validated in the twin cohort. Serum MIC-1/GDF15 remained an independent predictor of mortality when further adjusted for telomere length, IL-6 and CRP. Additionally, serum MIC-1/GDF15 levels were directly correlated with survival time independently of genetic background. Serum MIC-1/GDF15 is a novel predictor of all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik E Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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