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Comparative Transcriptomics and Proteomics of Cancer Cell Lines Cultivated by Physiological and Commercial Media. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111575. [DOI: 10.3390/biom12111575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aiming to reduce the gap between in vitro and in vivo environment, a complex culture medium, Plasmax, was introduced recently, which includes nutrients and metabolites with concentrations normally found in human plasma. Herein, to study the influence of this medium on cellular behaviors, we utilized Plasmax to cultivate two cancer cell lines, including one breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231BR, and one brain cancer cell line, CRL-1620. Cancer cells were harvested and prepared for transcriptomics and proteomics analyses to assess the discrepancies caused by the different nutritional environments of Plasmax and two commercial media: DMEM, and EMEM. Total RNAs of cells were extracted using mammalian total RNA extract kits and analyzed by next-generation RNA sequencing; proteomics analyses were performed using LC-MS/MS. Gene oncology and pathway analysis were employed to study the affected functions. The cellular invasion and cell death were inhibited in MDA-MB-231BR cell line when cultured in Plasmax compared to DMEM and EMEM, whereas the invasion, migration and protein synthesis of CRL-1620 cell line were activated in Plasmax in relative to both commercial media. The expression changes of some proteins were more significant compared to their corresponding transcripts, indicating that Plasmax has more influence upon regulatory processes of proteins after translation. This work provides complementary information to the original study of Plasmax, aiming to facilitate the selection of appropriate media for in vitro cancer cell studies.
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Peng MZ, Shao YX, Li XZ, Zhang KD, Cai YN, Lin YT, Jiang MY, Liu ZC, Su XY, Zhang W, Jiang XL, Liu L. Mitochondrial FAD shortage in SLC25A32 deficiency affects folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:375. [PMID: 35727412 PMCID: PMC11072207 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The SLC25A32 dysfunction is associated with neural tube defects (NTDs) and exercise intolerance, but very little is known about disease-specific mechanisms due to a paucity of animal models. Here, we generated homozygous (Slc25a32Y174C/Y174C and Slc25a32K235R/K235R) and compound heterozygous (Slc25a32Y174C/K235R) knock-in mice by mimicking the missense mutations identified from our patient. A homozygous knock-out (Slc25a32-/-) mouse was also generated. The Slc25a32K235R/K235R and Slc25a32Y174C/K235R mice presented with mild motor impairment and recapitulated the biochemical disturbances of the patient. While Slc25a32-/- mice die in utero with NTDs. None of the Slc25a32 mutations hindered the mitochondrial uptake of folate. Instead, the mitochondrial uptake of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) was specifically blocked by Slc25a32Y174C/K235R, Slc25a32K235R/K235R, and Slc25a32-/- mutations. A positive correlation between SLC25A32 dysfunction and flavoenzyme deficiency was observed. Besides the flavoenzymes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation and amino acid metabolism being impaired, Slc25a32-/- embryos also had a subunit of glycine cleavage system-dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase damaged, resulting in glycine accumulation and glycine derived-formate reduction, which further disturbed folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism, leading to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate shortage and other folate intermediates accumulation. Maternal formate supplementation increased the 5-methyltetrahydrofolate levels and ameliorated the NTDs in Slc25a32-/- embryos. The Slc25a32K235R/K235R and Slc25a32Y174C/K235R mice had no glycine accumulation, but had another formate donor-dimethylglycine accumulated and formate deficiency. Meanwhile, they suffered from the absence of all folate intermediates in mitochondria. Formate supplementation increased the folate amounts, but this effect was not restricted to the Slc25a32 mutant mice only. In summary, we established novel animal models, which enabled us to understand the function of SLC25A32 better and to elucidate the role of SLC25A32 dysfunction in human disease development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Zhi Peng
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Xian Shao
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Zhen Li
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang-Di Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Na Cai
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Ting Lin
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Yan Jiang
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zong-Cai Liu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ying Su
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiao-Ling Jiang
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, China.
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Wang K, Lu Y, Morrow DF, Xiao D, Xu C. Associations of ARHGAP26 Polymorphisms with Alzheimer's Disease and Cardiovascular Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1085-1097. [PMID: 35171450 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-01972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Rho GTPase activating protein 26 (ARHGAP26) gene has been reported to be associated with neuropsychiatric diseases and neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease. We examined whether the ARHGAP26 gene is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD). Multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine the associations of 154 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the ARHGAP26 gene with AD and CVD using the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 1 (ADNI-1) cohort. Fourteen SNPs were associated with AD (top SNP rs3776362 with p = 3.43 × 10-3), while 37 SNPs revealed associations with CVD (top SNP rs415235 with p = 2.06 × 10-4). Interestingly, 13 SNPs were associated with both AD and CVD. SNP rs3776362 was associated with CVD, Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ), and Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB). A replication study using a Caribbean Hispanics sample showed that 17 SNPs revealed associations with AD, and 12 SNPs were associated with CVD. The third sample using a family-based study design showed that 9 SNPs were associated with AD, and 3 SNPs were associated with CVD. SNP rs6836509 within the ARHGAP10 gene (an important paralogon of ARHGAP26) was associated with AD and cerebrospinal fluid total tau (t-tau) level in the ADNI sample. Several SNPs were functionally important using the RegulomeDB, while a number of SNPs were associated with significant expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) using Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases. In conclusion, genetic variants within ARHGAP26 were associated with AD and CVD. These findings add important new insights into the potentially shared pathogenesis of AD and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesheng Wang
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Post Office Box 9600 - Office 6419, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Yongke Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA
| | - Deana F Morrow
- School of Social Work, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Danqing Xiao
- Department of STEM, School of Arts and Sciences, Regis College, Weston, MA, 02493, USA
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, MA, 02478, Belmont, USA
| | - Chun Xu
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, TX, 78520, Brownsville, USA.
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Maurin J, Morel A, Guérit D, Cau J, Urbach S, Blangy A, Bompard G. The Beta-Tubulin Isotype TUBB6 Controls Microtubule and Actin Dynamics in Osteoclasts. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:778887. [PMID: 34869381 PMCID: PMC8639228 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.778887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are bone resorbing cells that participate in the maintenance of bone health. Pathological increase in osteoclast activity causes bone loss, eventually resulting in osteoporosis. Actin cytoskeleton of osteoclasts organizes into a belt of podosomes, which sustains the bone resorption apparatus and is maintained by microtubules. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating osteoclast cytoskeleton is key to understand the mechanisms of bone resorption, in particular to propose new strategies against osteoporosis. We reported recently that β-tubulin isotype TUBB6 is key for cytoskeleton organization in osteoclasts and for bone resorption. Here, using an osteoclast model CRISPR/Cas9 KO for Tubb6, we show that TUBB6 controls both microtubule and actin dynamics in osteoclasts. Osteoclasts KO for Tubb6 have reduced microtubule growth speed with longer growth life time, higher levels of acetylation, and smaller EB1-caps. On the other hand, lack of TUBB6 increases podosome life time while the belt of podosomes is destabilized. Finally, we performed proteomic analyses of osteoclast microtubule-associated protein enriched fractions. This highlighted ARHGAP10 as a new microtubule-associated protein, which binding to microtubules appears to be negatively regulated by TUBB6. ARHGAP10 is a negative regulator of CDC42 activity, which participates in actin organization in osteoclasts. Our results suggest that TUBB6 plays a key role in the control of microtubule and actin cytoskeleton dynamics in osteoclasts. Moreover, by controlling ARHGAP10 association with microtubules, TUBB6 may participate in the local control of CDC42 activity to ensure efficient bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Maurin
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Morel
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - David Guérit
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Cau
- BioCampus Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Urbach
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Blangy
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Bompard
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
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Li Y, Zeng B, Li Y, Zhang C, Ren G. Downregulated expression of ARHGAP10 correlates with advanced stage and high Ki-67 index in breast cancer. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7431. [PMID: 31396458 PMCID: PMC6679923 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rho GTPase-activating protein 10 (ARHGAP10), which catalyzes the conversion of active Rho GTPase to the inactive form, is downregulated in some cancers. However, little is known about ARHGAP10 in breast cancer. Methods The transcriptional expression level of ARHGAP10 in breast cancer was analyzed with the data downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Oncomine, then verified by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in 30 pairs of breast cancer tissues and the corresponding adjacent normal tissues. ARHGAP10 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 190 breast cancer and 30 corresponding adjacent normal breast tissue samples. The associations between ARHGAP10 expression and clinicopathological characteristics of patients were analyzed, and Kaplan-Meier Plotter was used to assess the relationship between ARHGAP10 and relapse-free survival (RFS). Different expression levels of ARHGAP10 in response to chemotherapy agents were determined by GEO2R online tool. The potential biological functions of ARHGAP10 were analyzed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) using data downloaded from TCGA. Results ARHGAP10 mRNA and protein expression was lower in breast cancer tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. Low expression of ARHGAP10 was associated with advanced clinical TNM (cTNM) stage (p b = 0.001) and high Ki-67 index (p = 0.015). Low expression of ARHGAP10 indicated worse RFS (p = 0.0015) and a poor response to chemotherapy (p = 0.006). GSEA results showed that ARHGAP10 was involved in signaling pathways including protein export, nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, focal adhesion, JAK-STAT pathway and the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Beilei Zeng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunhai Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Jiang H, Zhang X, Chen X, Aramsangtienchai P, Tong Z, Lin H. Protein Lipidation: Occurrence, Mechanisms, Biological Functions, and Enabling Technologies. Chem Rev 2018; 118:919-988. [PMID: 29292991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein lipidation, including cysteine prenylation, N-terminal glycine myristoylation, cysteine palmitoylation, and serine and lysine fatty acylation, occurs in many proteins in eukaryotic cells and regulates numerous biological pathways, such as membrane trafficking, protein secretion, signal transduction, and apoptosis. We provide a comprehensive review of protein lipidation, including descriptions of proteins known to be modified and the functions of the modifications, the enzymes that control them, and the tools and technologies developed to study them. We also highlight key questions about protein lipidation that remain to be answered, the challenges associated with answering such questions, and possible solutions to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xiao Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Pornpun Aramsangtienchai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhen Tong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hening Lin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Aspenström P. BAR Domain Proteins Regulate Rho GTPase Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1111:33-53. [PMID: 30151649 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs (BAR) domain is a membrane lipid binding domain present in a wide variety of proteins, often proteins with a role in Rho-regulated signaling pathways. BAR domains do not only confer binding to lipid bilayers, they also possess a membrane sculpturing ability and thereby directly control the topology of biomembranes. BAR domain-containing proteins participate in a plethora of physiological processes but the common denominator is their capacity to link membrane dynamics to actin dynamics and thereby integrate processes such as endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicle trafficking, cell morphogenesis and cell migration. The Rho family of small GTPases constitutes an important bridging theme for many BAR domain-containing proteins. This review article will focus predominantly on the role of BAR proteins as regulators or effectors of Rho GTPases and it will only briefly discuss the structural and biophysical function of the BAR domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Aspenström
- Department of Microbiology, and Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lenhart KC, Becherer AL, Li J, Xiao X, McNally EM, Mack CP, Taylor JM. GRAF1 promotes ferlin-dependent myoblast fusion. Dev Biol 2014; 393:298-311. [PMID: 25019370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Myoblast fusion (a critical process by which muscles grow) occurs in a multi-step fashion that requires actin and membrane remodeling; but important questions remain regarding the spatial/temporal regulation of and interrelationship between these processes. We recently reported that the Rho-GAP, GRAF1, was particularly abundant in muscles undergoing fusion to form multinucleated fibers and that enforced expression of GRAF1 in cultured myoblasts induced robust fusion by a process that required GAP-dependent actin remodeling and BAR domain-dependent membrane sculpting. Herein we developed a novel line of GRAF1-deficient mice to explore a role for this protein in the formation/maturation of myotubes in vivo. Post-natal muscles from GRAF1-depleted mice exhibited a significant and persistent reduction in cross-sectional area, impaired regenerative capacity and a significant decrease in force production indicative of lack of efficient myoblast fusion. A significant fusion defect was recapitulated in isolated myoblasts depleted of GRAF1 or its closely related family member GRAF2. Mechanistically, we show that GRAF1 and 2 facilitate myoblast fusion, at least in part, by promoting vesicle-mediated translocation of fusogenic ferlin proteins to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin C Lenhart
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Abby L Becherer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jianbin Li
- Department of Gene Therapy Molecular Pharmaceutics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Gene Therapy Molecular Pharmaceutics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | | | - Christopher P Mack
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joan M Taylor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Yan BX, Ma JX, Zhang J, Guo Y, Mueller MD, Remick SC, Yu JJ. Prostasin may contribute to chemoresistance, repress cancer cells in ovarian cancer, and is involved in the signaling pathways of CASP/PAK2-p34/actin. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e995. [PMID: 24434518 PMCID: PMC4043260 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest of gynecologic cancers, largely due to the development of drug resistance in chemotherapy. Prostasin may have an essential role in the oncogenesis. In this study, we show that prostasin is decreased in an ovarian cancer drug-resistant cell line and in ovarian cancer patients with high levels of excision repair cross-complementing 1, a marker for chemoresistance. Our cell cultural model investigation demonstrates prostasin has important roles in the development of drug resistance and cancer cell survival. Forced overexpression of prostasin in ovarian cancer cells greatly induces cell death (resulting in 99% cell death in a drug-resistant cell line and 100% cell death in other tested cell lines). In addition, the surviving cells grow at a much lower rate compared with non-overexpressed cells. In vivo studies indicate that forced overexpression of prostasin in drug-resistant cells greatly inhibits the growth of tumors and may partially reverse drug resistance. Our investigation of the molecular mechanisms suggests that prostasin may repress cancer cells and/or contribute to chemoresistance by modulating the CASP/P21-activated protein kinase (PAK2)-p34 pathway, and thereafter PAK2-p34/JNK/c-jun and PAK2-p34/mlck/actin signaling pathways. Thus, we introduce prostain as a potential target for treating/repressing some ovarian tumors and have begun to identify their relevant molecular targets in specific signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-x Yan
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA [2] IcesnowYanyan Bioscience Association, Beijing 00094, China
| | - J-x Ma
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA [2] Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - J Zhang
- 1] IcesnowYanyan Bioscience Association, Beijing 00094, China [2] Beijing Animal Science Institute, Beijing 00097, China
| | - Y Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - M D Mueller
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - S C Remick
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - J J Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Low SK, Takahashi A, Cha PC, Zembutsu H, Kamatani N, Kubo M, Nakamura Y. Genome-wide association study for intracranial aneurysm in the Japanese population identifies three candidate susceptible loci and a functional genetic variant at EDNRA. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:2102-10. [PMID: 22286173 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is the most serious subtype of stroke. Genetic factors have been known to play an important role in the development of intracranial aneurysm (IA), some of which further progress to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify common genetic variants that are associated with the risk of IA, using 1383 aSAH subjects and 5484 control individuals in the Japanese population. We selected 36 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that showed suggestive association (P <1 × 10(-4)) in the GWAS as well as additional 7 SNPs that were previously reported to be associated with IA, and further genotyped an additional set of 1048 IA cases and 7212 controls. We identified an SNP, rs6842241, near EDNRA at chromosome 4q31.22 (combined P-value = 9.58 × 10(-9); odds ratio = 1.25), which was found to be significantly associated with IA. Additionally, we successfully replicated and validated rs10757272 on CDKN2BAS at chromosome 9p21.3 (combined P-value = 1.55 × 10(-7); odds ratio = 1.21) to be significantly associated with IA as previously reported. Furthermore, we performed functional analysis with the associated genetic variants on EDNRA, and identified two alleles of rs6841581 that have different binding affinities to a nuclear protein(s). The transcriptional activity of the susceptible allele of this variant was significantly lower than the other, suggesting that this functional variant might affect the expression of EDNRA and subsequently result in the IA susceptibility. Identification of genetic variants on EDNRA is of clinical significance probably due to its role in vessel hemodynamic stress. Our findings should contribute to a better understanding of physiopathology of IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Kee Low
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Marlin JW, Chang YWE, Ober M, Handy A, Xu W, Jakobi R. Functional PAK-2 knockout and replacement with a caspase cleavage-deficient mutant in mice reveals differential requirements of full-length PAK-2 and caspase-activated PAK-2p34. Mamm Genome 2011; 22:306-17. [PMID: 21499899 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
p21-Activated protein kinase 2 (PAK-2) has both anti- and pro-apoptotic functions depending on its mechanism of activation. Activation of full-length PAK-2 by the monomeric GTPases Cdc42 or Rac stimulates cell survival, whereas caspase activation of PAK-2 to the PAK-2p34 fragment is involved in the apoptotic response. In this study we use functional knockout of PAK-2 and gene replacement with the caspase cleavage-deficient PAK-2D212N mutant to differentiate the biological functions of full-length PAK-2 and caspase-activated PAK-2p34. Knockout of PAK-2 results in embryonic lethality at early stages before organ development, whereas replacement with the caspase cleavage-deficient PAK-2D212N results in viable and healthy mice, indicating that early embryonic lethality is caused by deficiency of full-length PAK-2 rather than lack of caspase activation to the PAK-2p34 fragment. However, deficiency of caspase activation of PAK-2 decreased spontaneous cell death of primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts and increased cell growth at high cell density. In contrast, stress-induced cell death by treatment with the anti-cancer drug cisplatin was not reduced by deficiency of caspase activation of PAK-2, but switched from an apoptotic to a nonapoptotic, caspase-independent mechanism. Homozygous PAK-2D212N primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts that lack the ability to generate the proapoptotic PAK-2p34 show less activation of the effector caspase 3, 6, and 7, indicating that caspase activation of PAK-2 amplifies the apoptotic response through a positive feedback loop resulting in more activation of effector caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry W Marlin
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, 1750 Independence Avenue, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA
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Marlin JW, Chang YWE, Jakobi R. Caspase Activation of p21-Activated Kinase 2 Occurs during Cisplatin-Induced Apoptosis of SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells and in SH-SY5Y Cell Culture Models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. J Cell Death 2010. [DOI: 10.4137/jcd.s4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK-2) appears to have a dual function in the regulation of cell survival and cell death. Activation of full-length PAK-2 by the p21 G-proteins Rac or Cdc42 stimulates cell survival. However, PAK-2 is unique among the PAK family because it is also activated through proteolytic cleavage by caspase 3 or similar caspases to generate the constitutively active PAK-2p34 fragment. Caspase activation of PAK-2 correlates with the induction of apoptosis in response to many stimuli and recombinant expression of PAK-2p34 has been shown to stimulate apoptosis in several human cell lines. Here, we show that caspase activation of PAK-2 also occurs during cisplatin-induced apoptosis of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells as well as in SH-SY5Y cell culture models for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Inhibition of mitochondrial complex I or of ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated protein degradation, which both appear to be involved in Parkinson's disease, induce apoptosis and caspase activation of PAK-2 in SH-SY5Y cells. Overexpression of the amyloid precursor protein, which results in accumulation and aggregation of β-amyloid peptide, the main component of β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease, also induces apoptosis and caspase activation of PAK-2 in SH-SY5Y cells. Expression of the PAK-2 regulatory domain inhibits caspase-activated PAK-2p34 and prevents apoptosis in 293T human embryonic kidney cells, indicating that caspase activation of PAK-2 is directly involved in the apoptotic response. This is the first evidence that caspase activation of PAK-2 correlates with apoptosis in cell culture models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and that selective inhibition of caspase-activated PAK-2p34 could prevent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry W. Marlin
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO64106
| | - Yu-Wen E. Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO64106
| | - Rolf Jakobi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO64106
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13
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The ATDC (TRIM29) protein binds p53 and antagonizes p53-mediated functions. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:3004-15. [PMID: 20368352 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01023-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia group D-complementing (ATDC) gene product, also known as TRIM29, is a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family. ATDC has been proposed to form homo- or heterodimers and to bind nucleic acids. In cell cultures, ATDC expression leads to rapid growth and resistance to ionizing radiation (IR), whereas silencing of ATDC expression decreases growth rates and increases sensitivity to IR. Although ATDC is overexpressed in many human cancers, the biological significance of ATDC overexpression remains obscure. We report here that ATDC increases cell proliferation via inhibition of p53 nuclear activities. ATDC represses the expression of p53-regulated genes, including p21 and NOXA. Mechanistically, ATDC binds p53, and this interaction is potentially fine-tuned by posttranslational acetylation of lysine 116 on ATDC. The association of p53 and ATDC results in p53 sequestration outside of the nucleus. Together, these results provide novel mechanistic insights into the function of ATDC and offer an explanation for how ATDC promotes cancer cell proliferation.
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Abstract
The p21-activated kinase (PAK) family of serine/threonine kinases is important in physiological processes including motility, survival, mitosis, transcription and translation. PAKs are evolutionally conserved and widely expressed in a variety of tissues and are often overexpressed in multiple cancer types. Depending on structural and functional similarities, the six members of PAK family are divided into two groups with three members in each group. Group I PAKs are activated by extracellular signals through GTPase-dependent and GTPase-independent mechanisms. In contrast, group II PAKs are constitutively active. Over the years, accumulating data from tissue culture models and human tumors has increased our understanding about the biology of PAK family members. In this review, we have summarized the complex regulation of PAK and its downstream diverse myriads of effectors, which in turn are responsible for the biological effects of PAK family of kinases in cancer cells.
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Elevated p21-activated kinase 2 activity results in anchorage-independent growth and resistance to anticancer drug-induced cell death. Neoplasia 2009; 11:286-97. [PMID: 19242610 DOI: 10.1593/neo.81446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK-2) seems to be a regulatory switch between cell survival and cell death signaling. We have shown previously that activation of full-length PAK-2 by Rac or Cdc42 stimulates cell survival, whereas caspase activation of PAK-2 to the proapoptotic PAK-2p34 fragment is involved in the cell death response. In this study, we present a role of elevated activity of full-length PAK-2 in anchorage-independent growth and resistance to anticancer drug-induced apoptosis of cancer cells. Hs578T human breast cancer cells that have low levels of PAK-2 activity were more sensitive to anticancer drug-induced apoptosis and showed higher levels of caspase activation of PAK-2 than MDA-MB435 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells that have high levels of PAK-2 activity. To examine the role of elevated PAK-2 activity in breast cancer, we have introduced a conditionally active PAK-2 into Hs578T human breast cells. Conditional activation of PAK-2 causes loss of contact inhibition and anchorage-independent growth of Hs578T cells. Furthermore, conditional activation of PAK-2 suppresses activation of caspase 3, caspase activation of PAK-2, and apoptosis of Hs578T cells in response to the anticancer drug cisplatin. Our data suggest a novel mechanism by which full-length PAK-2 activity controls the apoptotic response by regulating levels of activated caspase 3 and thereby its own cleavage to the proapoptotic PAK-2p34 fragment. As a result, elevated PAK-2 activity interrupts the apoptotic response and thereby causes anchorage-independent survival and growth and resistance to anticancer drug-induced apoptosis.
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Delpire E. The mammalian family of sterile 20p-like protein kinases. Pflugers Arch 2009; 458:953-67. [PMID: 19399514 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-009-0674-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-eight kinases found in mammalian genomes share similarity to the budding yeast kinase Ste20p. This review article examines the biological function of these mammalian Ste20 kinases. Some of them have conserved the Ste20p function of transducing extracellular signals to mitogen-activated kinases. Others affect ion transport, cell cycle, cytoskeleton organization, and program cell death. A number of molecular details involved in the activation of the kinases are discussed including autophosphorylation, substrate recognition, autoinhibition, dimerization, and substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, T-4202 MCN 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-2520, USA.
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Wang J, Wang Z. Negative regulation of caspase 3-cleaved PAK2 activity by protein phosphatase 1. SCIENCE IN CHINA. SERIES C, LIFE SCIENCES 2008; 51:1-11. [PMID: 18176785 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-008-0006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) is activated by binding of small G proteins, Cdc42 and Rac, or through proteolytic cleavage by caspases or caspase-like proteases. Activation by both small G protein and caspase requires autophosphorylation at Thr-402 of PAK2. Although activation of PAK2 has been investigated for nearly a decade, the mechanism of PAK2 downregulation is unclear. In this study, we have applied the kinetic theory of substrate reaction during modification of enzyme activity to study the regulation mechanism of PAK2 activity by the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1alpha). On the basis of the kinetic equation of the substrate reaction during the reversible phosphorylation of PAK2, all microscopic kinetic constants for the free enzyme and enzyme-substrate(s) complexes have been determined. The results indicate that (1) PP1alpha can act directly on phosphorylated Thr-402 in the activation loop of PAK2 and down-regulate its kinase activity; (2) binding of the exogenous protein/peptide substrates at the active site of PAK2 decreases both the rates of PAK2 autoactivation and inactivation. The present method provides a novel approach for studying reversible phosphorylation reactions. The advantage of this method is not only its usefulness in study of substrate effects on enzyme modification but also its convenience in study of modification reaction directly involved in regulation of enzyme activity. This initial study should provide a foundation for future structural and mechanistic work of protein kinases and phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinJun Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Nguyen TVV, Galvan V, Huang W, Banwait S, Tang H, Zhang J, Bredesen DE. Signal transduction in Alzheimer disease: p21-activated kinase signaling requires C-terminal cleavage of APP at Asp664. J Neurochem 2007; 104:1065-80. [PMID: 17986220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The deficits in Alzheimer disease (AD) stem at least partly from neurotoxic beta-amyloid peptides generated from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP may also be cleaved intracellularly at Asp664 to yield a second neurotoxic peptide, C31. Previously, we showed that cleavage of APP at the C-terminus is required for the impairments seen in APP transgenic mice, by comparing elements of the disease in animals modeling AD, with (platelet-derived growth factor B-chain promoter-driven APP transgenic mice; PDAPP) versus without (PDAPP D664A) a functional Asp664 caspase cleavage site. However, the signaling mechanism(s) by which Asp664 contributes to these deficits remains to be elucidated. In this study, we identify a kinase protein, recently shown to bind APP at the C-terminus and to contribute to AD, whose activity is modified in PDAPP mice, but normalized in PDAPP D664A mice. Specifically, we observed a significant increase in nuclear p21-activated kinase (isoforms 1, 2, and or 3; PAK-1/2/3) activation in hippocampus of 3 month old PDAPP mice compared with non-transgenic littermates, an effect completely prevented in PDAPP D664A mice. In contrast, 13 month old PDAPP mice displayed a significant decrease in PAK-1/2/3 activity, which was once again absent in PDAPP D664A mice. Similarly, in hippocampus of early and severe AD subjects, there was a progressive and subcellular-specific reduction in active PAK-1/2/3 compared with normal controls. Interestingly, total PAK-1/2/3 protein was increased in early AD subjects, but declined in moderate AD and declined further, to significantly below that of control levels, in severe AD. These findings are compatible with previous suggestions that PAK may be involved in the pathophysiology of AD, and demonstrate that both early activation and late inactivation in the murine AD model require the cleavage of APP at Asp664.
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Vilas GL, Corvi MM, Plummer GJ, Seime AM, Lambkin GR, Berthiaume LG. Posttranslational myristoylation of caspase-activated p21-activated protein kinase 2 (PAK2) potentiates late apoptotic events. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:6542-7. [PMID: 16617111 PMCID: PMC1458920 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600824103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
p21-activated protein kinase (PAK) 2 is a small GTPase-activated serine/threonine kinase regulating various cytoskeletal functions and is cleaved by caspase-3 during apoptosis. We demonstrate that the caspase-cleaved PAK2 C-terminal kinase fragment (C-t-PAK2) is posttranslationally myristoylated, although myristoylation is typically a cotranslational process. Myristoylation and an adjacent polybasic domain of C-t-PAK2 are sufficient to redirect EGFP from the cytosol to membrane ruffles and internal membranes. Membrane localization and the ability of C-t-PAK2 to induce cell death are significantly reduced when myristoylation is abolished. In addition, the proper myristoylation-dependent membrane localization of C-t-PAK2 significantly increased signaling through the stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway, which often regulates apoptosis. Interestingly, C-t-PAK2 promoted cell death without compromising mitochondrial integrity. Posttranslational myristoylation of caspase-cleaved proteins involved in cytoskeletal dynamics (e.g., PAK2, actin, and gelsolin) might be part of a unique series of mechanisms involved in the regulation of the later events of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo L. Vilas
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Maria M. Corvi
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Greg J. Plummer
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Andrea M. Seime
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Gareth R. Lambkin
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Luc G. Berthiaume
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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