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Huo H, Hu C, Zhou Q, Xiong L, Peng M. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals a possible mechanism for the regulation of lipid metabolism via vitamin A in rice field eel ( Monopterus albus). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1254992. [PMID: 37680772 PMCID: PMC10482098 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1254992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the effects of vitamin A on lipid deposition in rice field eels, integrated liver transcriptome and metabolome were conducted and the changes in the genes and metabolites were assessed. Three groups of rice field eel were fed with 0, 200, and 16,000 IU/kg vitamin A supplementations in their diets for 70 days. The total lipid content in the whole body of the rice field eels was significantly increased with the vitamin A supplementations (p < 0.05). Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed 14 pathways and 46 differentially expressed genes involved in lipid metabolism. Sphingolipid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis and steroid hormone biosynthesis were significantly enriched pathways. In these pathways, three differential genes phospholipid phosphatase 1a (PLPP1a), phospholipid phosphatase 2b (PLPP2b), cytochrome P450 21a2 (CYP21a2) were consistent with the change trend of lipid content, and the other three differential genes aldo-keto reductase family 1 member D1 (AKR1D1), uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid transferase 1a1 (UGT1a1), cytochrome P450 1a (CYP1a) were opposite. Metabolomic analysis revealed that primary bile acid biosynthesis, sphingolipid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids were all critical for rice field eel metabolic changes in response to vitamin A. Six important differential metabolites (eicosapentaenoic acid, sphinganine, 11-beta-hydroxyprogesterone, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, cholic acid, and glycochenodeoxycholate) were identified and have provided new insights into how vitamin A regulates lipid deposition. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that primary bile acid biosynthesis was the only remarkably enriched pathway in both the transcriptome and metabolome while that sphingosine was the main metabolite. Based on the above results, we have concluded that vitamin A promotes lipid deposition in the rice field eel through the primary bile acid synthesis pathway, and lipid deposits are widely stored in cell membranes, mainly in the form of sphingosine. These results will provide reference data to help improve our understanding of how vitamin A regulates lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Huo
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutrition Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
| | - Chonghua Hu
- Ganzhou Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Research Institute, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qiubai Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutrition Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
| | - Liufeng Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutrition Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
| | - Mo Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Key Laboratory of Featured Hydrobios Nutrition Physiology and Healthy Breeding, Nanchang, China
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2
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Hashemi M, Nadafzadeh N, Imani MH, Rajabi R, Ziaolhagh S, Bayanzadeh SD, Norouzi R, Rafiei R, Koohpar ZK, Raei B, Zandieh MA, Salimimoghadam S, Entezari M, Taheriazam A, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Tan SC. Targeting and regulation of autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma: revisiting the molecular interactions and mechanisms for new therapy approaches. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:32. [PMID: 36759819 PMCID: PMC9912665 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that plays a role in regulating homeostasis under physiological conditions. However, dysregulation of autophagy is observed in the development of human diseases, especially cancer. Autophagy has reciprocal functions in cancer and may be responsible for either survival or death. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal and common malignancies of the liver, and smoking, infection, and alcohol consumption can lead to its development. Genetic mutations and alterations in molecular processes can exacerbate the progression of HCC. The function of autophagy in HCC is controversial and may be both tumor suppressive and tumor promoting. Activation of autophagy may affect apoptosis in HCC and is a regulator of proliferation and glucose metabolism. Induction of autophagy may promote tumor metastasis via induction of EMT. In addition, autophagy is a regulator of stem cell formation in HCC, and pro-survival autophagy leads to cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Targeting autophagy impairs growth and metastasis in HCC and improves tumor cell response to therapy. Of note, a large number of signaling pathways such as STAT3, Wnt, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs regulate autophagy in HCC. Moreover, regulation of autophagy (induction or inhibition) by antitumor agents could be suggested for effective treatment of HCC. In this paper, we comprehensively review the role and mechanisms of autophagy in HCC and discuss the potential benefit of targeting this process in the treatment of the cancer. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hashemi
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Nadafzadeh
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Imani
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahr-E Kord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Iran
| | - Romina Rajabi
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setayesh Ziaolhagh
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Delaram Bayanzadeh
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Norouzi
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Rafiei
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Khazaei Koohpar
- grid.464599.30000 0004 0494 3188Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Behnaz Raei
- grid.411463.50000 0001 0706 2472Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arad Zandieh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- grid.412504.60000 0004 0612 5699Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. .,Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia ,AFNP Med Austria, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Shing Cheng Tan
- grid.412113.40000 0004 1937 1557UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Li B, Zhou M, Wang J, Xu H, Yang M. Suppressing ERK Pathway Impairs Glycochenodeoxycholate-Mediated Survival and Drug-Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:663944. [PMID: 34327135 PMCID: PMC8313996 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.663944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDA), a toxic component in bile salts, is involved in carcinogenesis of gastrointestinal tumors. The objective of this research was to study the function of ERK1/2 in the GCDA-mediated survival and drug-resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCCs). Firstly, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) was detected extensively expressed in liver cancer cells, and silencing ERK1/2 by RNA interference could suppress GCDA-stimulated survival and promote apoptosis. Furthermore, phosphorylation of endogenous ERK1/2 could be potently stimulated by GCDA in combination with enhanced chemoresistance in QGY-7703 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The GCDA-mediated proliferation and chemoresistance could be impaired by PD98059, which acted as an inhibitor to block the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Mechanistically, PD98059 was able to potently suppress GCDA-stimulated nuclear aggregation of ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2, upregulate pro-survival protein Mcl-1 and downregulate pro-apoptotic protein Bim. The results of this study indicated that disruption of ERK1/2 by blocking phosphorylation or nuclear translocation may put forward new methods for solving the problem of GCDA-related proliferation and drug-resistance in liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Maojun Zhou
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, National Center for Geriatrics Clinical Research, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongjuan Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Manyi Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Goldblatt ZE, Cirka HA, Billiar KL. Mechanical Regulation of Apoptosis in the Cardiovascular System. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:75-97. [PMID: 33169343 PMCID: PMC7775273 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a highly conserved physiological process of programmed cell death which is critical for proper organism development, tissue maintenance, and overall organism homeostasis. Proper regulation of cell removal is crucial, as both excessive and reduced apoptotic rates can lead to the onset of a variety of diseases. Apoptosis can be induced in cells in response to biochemical, electrical, and mechanical stimuli. Here, we review literature on specific mechanical stimuli that regulate apoptosis and the current understanding of how mechanotransduction plays a role in apoptotic signaling. We focus on how insufficient or excessive mechanical forces may induce apoptosis in the cardiovascular system and thus contribute to cardiovascular disease. Although studies have demonstrated that a broad range of mechanical stimuli initiate and/or potentiate apoptosis, they are predominantly correlative, and no mechanisms have been established. In this review, we attempt to establish a unifying mechanism for how various mechanical stimuli initiate a single cellular response, i.e. apoptosis. We hypothesize that the cytoskeleton plays a central role in this process as it does in determining myriad cell behaviors in response to mechanical inputs. We also describe potential approaches of using mechanomedicines to treat various diseases by altering apoptotic rates in specific cells. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of the mechanobiology field and suggest potential avenues where future research can explore.
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Wang H, Zhan M, Liu Q, Wang J. Glycochenodeoxycholate promotes the metastasis of gallbladder cancer cells by inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition via activation of SOCS3/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:1615-1623. [PMID: 31347168 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of gallbladder cancer (GBC) is relatively rare but a high degree of malignancy. The migration and invasion potential of GBC severely affects the prognosis of patients with GBC. Glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC) is one of the most important components in GBC-associated microenvironment. However, the role of GCDC in the metastatic feature of GBC cells is not fully understood. First, the results of this study found that GCDC could effectively enhance the metastasis of GBC cells. Furthermore, GCDC could lead to the enhancement of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype in GBC cells, which is concerned to be an important mechanism of tumor metastasis. Further studies showed that GCDC treatment induced the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3), MMP9, and SOCS3/JAK2/p-STAT3 signal pathway in GBC cells, which could regulate the level of EMT. Beside that, we also found the positive expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in GBC cells and inhibition of FXR could significantly block the effect of GCDC on the metastasis of GBC cells. These results indicated that GCDC promoted GBC cells metastasis by enhancing the level of EMT and inhibition of FXR could significantly block the effect of GCDC. On one hand, FXR might be an indicator for predicting the metastasis of patient with GBC. On the other hand, FXR might serve as a potential antimetastasis target in GBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Glycochenodeoxycholate promotes hepatocellular carcinoma invasion and migration by AMPK/mTOR dependent autophagy activation. Cancer Lett 2019; 454:215-223. [PMID: 30980867 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis and recurrence severely impact the treatment effect of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC complicated with cholestasis is more prone to recurrence and metastasis. Previous studies have implicated pathogenesis of HCC by bile acid; however, the underlying mechanism is unknown yet. Glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC) is one of most important component of bile acid (BA). In the present study, the role of GCDC in HCC cells invasion was detected by in vitro and in vivo assays. GCDC was found to significantly enhance the invasive potential of HCC cells; Further studies showed that GCDC could induce autophagy activation and higher invasive capability in HCC cells. Interestingly, inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine (CQ) reversed this phenomenon. Subsequently, the correlation between TBA expression level and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed in HCC patients. Clinically, high TBA level in HCC tissue was found to be associated with more invasive and poor survival in HCC patients. Mechanistic study showed that bile acid induced autophagy by targeting the AMPK/mTOR pathway in HCC cells. Therefore, our results suggest that bile acid may promote HCC invasion via activation of autophagy and the level of bile acid may serve as a potential useful indicator for prognosis of HCC patients.
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Zhou M, Zhang Q, Zhao J, Liao M, Wen S, Yang M. Phosphorylation of Bcl-2 plays an important role in glycochenodeoxycholate-induced survival and chemoresistance in HCC. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:1742-1750. [PMID: 28731137 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant tumor and can evolve rapidly to resistance to chemotherapies. Glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDA), which is toxic and hydrophobic, is the main ingredient in the bile and associated with carcinogenesis of gastrointenstinal tumors. Bcl-2 is the most important anti-apoptotic protein and overexpressed in various human tumors. In the present study, we found that GCDA can induce the chemoresistance of human liver cancer cells and specific depletion of Bcl-2 by RNA interference blocks GCDA-stimulated chemoresistance, which indicate the pivotal role of Bcl-2 in such process. Mechanistically, GCDA simultaneously stimulates phosphorylation of Bcl-2 at Ser70 site and activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and inhibition of ERK1/2 by PD98059 (MAPK/ERK1/2 inhibitor) or siRNA (targeting ERK1/2) suppresses GCDA-stimulated phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and significantly attenuates the survival and chemoresistance induced by GCDA in liver cancer cells. Thus, GCDA-induced survival and chemoresistance of liver cancer cells may occur through activation of Bcl-2 by phosphorylation at Ser70 site through MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway, which may contribute to the development of human liver cancer and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maojun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Mingmei Liao
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Sailan Wen
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Manyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiological Technology of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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George CH, Edwards DH. Decoding Ca2+ Signals as a Non-electrophysiological Method for Assessing Drug Toxicity in Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6661-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Molecular mechanisms of liver injury: apoptosis or necrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 66:351-6. [PMID: 24867271 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic apoptosis is thought of as a prevalent mechanism in most forms of liver injury. However, the role of hepatic apoptosis is often intermixed with the cellular necrosis. It remains unknown how apoptosis is relevant to the progression of the liver injury. This review summarizes the characteristics of both hepatic apoptosis and necrosis in pathogenesis of liver diseases. Apoptosis and necrosis represent alternative outcomes of different etiology during liver injury. Apoptosis is a main mode of cell death in chronic viral hepatitis, but is intermingled with necrosis in cholestatic livers. Necrosis is the principal type of liver cell killing in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Anti-apoptosis as a strategy is beneficial to liver repair response. Therapeutic options of liver disease depend on the understanding toward pathogenic mechanisms of different etiology.
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Wang K, Lin B, Brems JJ, Gamelli RL. Hepatic apoptosis can modulate liver fibrosis through TIMP1 pathway. Apoptosis 2013; 18:566-77. [PMID: 23456624 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic injury participates in hepatic fibrosis, but the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. The present study aimed to investigate the role of inducible TIMP1 in the pathogenesis of hepatic apoptosis-fibrosis. Apoptosis was induced with GCDC, LPS, and alcohol in precision-cut liver slices or bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats, as reflected by caspase-3 activity, TUNEL assay, and apoptosis-related gene profiles. The hepatic fibrosis was detected with Picrosirius staining, hydroxyproline determination, and expression profiling of fibrosis-related genes. Levels of TIMP1 were upregulated by the hepatic apoptosis, but downregulated by caspase inhibitor. The inducible TIMP1 was apoptosis-dependent. Once TIMP1 was inhibited with treatment of TIMP1-siRNA, the fibrotic response was reduced as demonstrated by hydroxyproline assay. In addition, the expression of fibrosis-related genes aSMA, CTGF, and TGFb2r were down-regulated subsequent to the treatment of TIMP1-siRNA. TIMP1 could mediate the expression of fibrosis-related genes. TIMP1 was transcriptionally regulated by nuclear factor c-Jun as demonstrated by EMSA and ChIP assay. The treatment of c-Jun siRNA could significantly decrease the expression of TIMP1 induced by alcohol, GCDC, or LPS treatment. Hepatic apoptosis induces the expression of TIMP1. Inducible TIMP1 can modulate the expression of fibrosis-related genes in liver. TIMP1 pathway is a potential target for therapeutic intervention of fibrotic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- Departments of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, One Illini Drive, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA.
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Xie X, Wang SS, Wong TCS, Fung MC. Genistein promotes cell death of ethanol-stressed HeLa cells through the continuation of apoptosis or secondary necrosis. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:63. [PMID: 23800022 PMCID: PMC3700853 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis is a major target and treatment effect of multiple chemotherapeutical agents in cancer. A soybean isoflavone, genistein, is a well-studied chemopreventive agent and has been reported to potentiate the anticancer effect of some chemotherapeutics. However, its mechanistic basis of chemo-enhancement effect remains to be fully elucidated. Methods Apoptotic features of low concentration stressed cancer cells were studied by microscopic method, western blot, immunostaining and annexin V/PI assay. Genistein’s effects on unstressed cells and recovering cells were investigated using MTT cell viability assay and LDH cytotoxicity assay. Quantitative real-time PCR was employed to analyze the possible gene targets involved in the recovery and genistein’s effect. Results Low-concentration ethanol stressed cancer cells showed apoptotic features and could recover after stress removal. In stressed cells, genistein at sub-toxic dosage promoted the cell death. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed the up-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes MDM2 and XIAP during the recovery process in HeLa cells, and genistein treatment suppressed their expression. The application of genistein, MDM2 inhibitor and XIAP inhibitor to the recovering HeLa cells caused persistent caspase activity and enhanced cell death. Flow cytometry study indicated that genistein treatment could lead to persistent phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization and necrotic events in the recovering HeLa cells. Caspase activity inhibition shifted the major effect of genistein to necrosis. Conclusions These results suggested two possible mechanisms through which genistein promoted cell death in stressed cancer cells. Genistein could maintain the existing apoptotic signal to enhance apoptotic cell death. It could also disrupt the recovering process in caspase-independent manner, which lead to necrotic events. These effects may be related to the enhanced antitumor effect of chemotherapeutic drugs when they were combined with genistein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room EG07, Shatin, New Territory, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Shan Shan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room EG07, Shatin, New Territory, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Timothy Chung Sing Wong
- School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room EG07, Shatin, New Territory, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ming Chiu Fung
- School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room EG07, Shatin, New Territory, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Wang K, Lin B. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) as regulatory factors of hepatic apoptosis. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1970-80. [PMID: 23770286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IAPs are a group of regulatory proteins that are structurally related. Their conserved homologues have been identified in various organisms. In human, eight IAP members have been recognized based on baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains. IAPs are key regulators of apoptosis, cytokinesis and signal transduction. The antiapoptotic property of IAPs depends on their professional role for caspases. IAPs are functionally non-equivalent and regulate effector caspases through distinct mechanisms. IAPs impede apoptotic process via membrane receptor-dependent (extrinsic) cascade and mitochondrial dependent (intrinsic) pathway. IAP-mediated apoptosis affects the progression of liver diseases. Therapeutic options of liver diseases may depend on the understanding toward mechanisms of the IAP-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- Departments of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA.
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Foxa2 may modulate hepatic apoptosis through the cIAP1 pathway. Cell Signal 2013; 25:867-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Wang K, Brems JJ, Gamelli RL, Holterman AX. iNOS/NO signaling regulates apoptosis induced by glycochenodeoxycholate in hepatocytes. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1677-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang K, Brems JJ, Gamelli RL, Holterman AX. C/EBPα and C/EBPβ binding proteins modulate hepatocyte apoptosis through iNOS signaling pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:1395-403. [PMID: 21539866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) involve many pathophysiologic conditions. The expression of iNOS is regulated at multiple stages. Presently, the regulatory details of iNOS signaling are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory role of C/EBPα and C/EBPβ in iNOS signaling pathway. By employing the techniques such as EMSA, ChIP assay, site-directed mutagenesis, and siRNA silencing, the relationship between iNOS and C/EBPα/C/EBPβ in rat hepatocytes was clarified. iNOS promoter was the direct transcriptional targets of the C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, and NF-κB binding proteins. There was the interactive influence between NF-κB and C/EBPα/C/EBPβ. The expression of iNOS was modulated by C/EBPα/C/EBPβ transcription factors. Moreover, the iNOS expression mediated glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC)-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes. C/EBPα/C/EBPβ binding proteins could affect the GCDC-induced apoptosis through iNOS cascade. These findings indicate that C/EBPα and C/EBPβ regulate the iNOS expression, which may further modify cell responses such as apoptosis and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery/Section of Pediatric Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Survivin signaling is regulated through nuclear factor-kappa B pathway during glycochenodeoxycholate-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1803:1368-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Varga J, Staško P, Tóth Š, Pristášová Z, Jonecová Z, Veselá J, Pomfy M. Morphological and apoptotic changes in the intestinal mucosa and lung parenchyma after ischaemic/reperfusion injury of the jejunum. Acta Vet Hung 2010; 58:243-56. [PMID: 20460223 DOI: 10.1556/avet.58.2010.2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemic/reperfusion (IR) injury of the small intestine may lead to the development of multiple organ failure. Little is known about the morphological changes occurring in the organs during the subacute course of this syndrome. The objective of this study was to observe histopathological features and the role of apoptosis in the jejunal mucosa and lung parenchyma after intestinal IR injury in a long-term experiment. Wistar rats (n = 36) were divided into 4 experimental groups (IR(10), IR(20), IR(30), S). Groups IR(10), IR(20) and IR(30) (each n = 10) were subjected to 1-hour ischaemia of the cranial mesenteric artery followed by 10, 20 or 30 days of reperfusion, respectively. The control group S (n = 6) was not subjected to ischaemia. The jejunal mucosa remained intact after all periods of reperfusion. Apoptotic cells were found particularly in the lamina propria, with the most significant difference observed in the IR(30) group (P < 0.01). The lung parenchyma had lower regenerative capacity, which was confirmed by a high index of histological damage after 30 days of reperfusion (P < 0.01) and by the presence of an increased number of apoptotic cells, especially in the pulmonary interstitium. The number of apoptotic cells was ten times higher than in the control group (P < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Varga
- 1 P. J. Šafárik University Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine Šrobárova 2 SK-04001 Košice Slovakia
| | - Pavel Staško
- 1 P. J. Šafárik University Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine Šrobárova 2 SK-04001 Košice Slovakia
| | - Štefan Tóth
- 1 P. J. Šafárik University Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine Šrobárova 2 SK-04001 Košice Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Pristášová
- 1 P. J. Šafárik University Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine Šrobárova 2 SK-04001 Košice Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Jonecová
- 1 P. J. Šafárik University Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine Šrobárova 2 SK-04001 Košice Slovakia
| | - Jarmila Veselá
- 1 P. J. Šafárik University Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine Šrobárova 2 SK-04001 Košice Slovakia
| | - Mikuláš Pomfy
- 1 P. J. Šafárik University Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine Šrobárova 2 SK-04001 Košice Slovakia
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Abstract
Mitochondria have multiple functions in eukaryotic cells and are organized into dynamic tubular networks that continuously undergo changes through coordinated fusion and fission and migration through the cytosol. Mitochondria integrate cell-signaling networks, especially those involving the intracellular messenger Ca(2+), into the regulation of metabolic pathways. Recently, it has become clear that mitochondria are central to the three main cell death pathways, namely necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death. This article discusses the role of mitochondria in drug-induced cholestatic injury to the liver. The role of mitochondria in the cellular adaptation against the toxic effects of bile acids is discussed also.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E N Kass
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
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Reinehr R, Sommerfeld A, Keitel V, Grether-Beck S, Häussinger D. Amplification of CD95 Activation by Caspase 8-induced Endosomal Acidification in Rat Hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:2211-22. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706853200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Legewie S, Blüthgen N, Herzel H. Mathematical modeling identifies inhibitors of apoptosis as mediators of positive feedback and bistability. PLoS Comput Biol 2006; 2:e120. [PMID: 16978046 PMCID: PMC1570177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic, or mitochondrial, pathway of caspase activation is essential for apoptosis induction by various stimuli including cytotoxic stress. It depends on the cellular context, whether cytochrome c released from mitochondria induces caspase activation gradually or in an all-or-none fashion, and whether caspase activation irreversibly commits cells to apoptosis. By analyzing a quantitative kinetic model, we show that inhibition of caspase-3 (Casp3) and Casp9 by inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) results in an implicit positive feedback, since cleaved Casp3 augments its own activation by sequestering IAPs away from Casp9. We demonstrate that this positive feedback brings about bistability (i.e., all-or-none behaviour), and that it cooperates with Casp3-mediated feedback cleavage of Casp9 to generate irreversibility in caspase activation. Our calculations also unravel how cell-specific protein expression brings about the observed qualitative differences in caspase activation (gradual versus all-or-none and reversible versus irreversible). Finally, known regulators of the pathway are shown to efficiently shift the apoptotic threshold stimulus, suggesting that the bistable caspase cascade computes multiple inputs into an all-or-none caspase output. As cellular inhibitory proteins (e.g., IAPs) frequently inhibit consecutive intermediates in cellular signaling cascades (e.g., Casp3 and Casp9), the feedback mechanism described in this paper is likely to be a widespread principle on how cells achieve ultrasensitivity, bistability, and irreversibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Legewie
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
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Li F, Brattain MG. Role of the Survivin gene in pathophysiology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:1-11. [PMID: 16816356 PMCID: PMC1698749 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the roles of survivin in control of cancer cell division and apoptosis as well as targeting survivin for cancer therapeutics have been extensively explored and reviewed, the pathophysiological role of survivin in normal human cells/organs has not been deeply investigated or sufficiently reviewed. Studies in the latter area, however, appear to be important for the identification of different mechanisms of regulation and function of survivin in normal versus abnormal cells and tissues (including cancer), which might ultimately provide the basis for novel approaches for disease treatment with low toxicity. This Review is intended to summarize current observations in the literature related to the physiological and/or pathological roles for survivin in various normal human cells or organs. Our view of potential future research directions for survivin pertinent to potential therapeutic applications will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Wang YM, Feng GH, Dou XG, Liu DG. Morphology and regulatory mechanism of hepatocyte apoptosis in experimental fulminant hepatic failure. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:2658-2662. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i22.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the morphological changes and the regulation of nitric oxide (NO), Fasand Bcl-2 on hepatocyte apoptosis in mouse model of experimental fulminant hepatic failure (FHF)..
METHODS: Mouse model of experimental FHF was established by combination of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamin (D-GalN). The expression of Fas and Bcl-2 in the liver tissues was tested by immunohistochemistry. The level of serum NO and iNOS mRNA expression in liver were tested by nitrate reductase method and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. The hepatocyte apoptosis was examined by TUNEL method. In addition, the changes of the above items were observed after pretreatment with L-NMMA, an inhibitor of iNOS.
RESULTS: The level of serum NO and expression of iNOS mRNA in the liver tissues were increased at 2 h in model group, reaching the peak at 4 h. There was a little Fas expression at 2 h in model group. The expression of Fas was increased significantly at 8 and 12 h, which was distinctly higher than that at 2 h (100% vs 20%, P < 0.01) and 4 h (100% vs 40%, P < 0.05). The expression of Bcl-2 started to increase at 2 h, reaching the peak at 4 h, which was markedly higher than that at 2 h (90% vs 60%, P < 0.05). The expression of Bcl-2 at 4 h was also significantly higher than that at 8 or 12 h (90% vs 20%, both P < 0.01). Typical features of hepatocyte apoptosis were observed at 8 h. The level of serum NO and liver iNOS mRNA expression were normal and the Fas, Bcl-2 expression did not change notably after L-NMMA administration in comparison with those in model group (P > 0.05). Typical hepatocyte apoptosis was also observed at 8 h after L-NMMA administration, and the pathological changes of the liver tissues were more severe.
CONCLUSION: Both expression of Fas and Bcl-2 are increased in FHF. Fas expression is consistent with hepatocyte apoptosis, while Bcl-2 expression is negatively correlated with hepatocyte apoptosis. Single administration of iNOS inhibitor can not protect hepatocytes against apoptosis and injury.
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Adnot S. Lessons learned from cancer may help in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:1461-3. [PMID: 15931382 PMCID: PMC1137011 DOI: 10.1172/jci25399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperplasia of pulmonary artery SMCs (PASMCs) is a pathological hallmark of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In this issue of the JCI, McMurtry et al. report that adenovirus-mediated overexpression of survivin--a multipotent inhibitor of apoptosis--induces PAH in rats, whereas inhalation of an adenovirus vector encoding a mutant survivin gene with dominant-negative properties reverses established monocrotaline-induced PAH. These findings raise important issues regarding the role of survivin in the pathogenesis of PAH, its value as a prognostic indicator, and its use as a target for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Adnot
- INSERM U651 and Département de Physiologie, Hôpital H. Mondor, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France.
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