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Mou K, Chan SMH, Vlahos R. Musculoskeletal crosstalk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and comorbidities: Emerging roles and therapeutic potentials. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 257:108635. [PMID: 38508342 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a multifaceted respiratory disorder characterized by progressive airflow limitation and systemic implications. It has become increasingly apparent that COPD exerts its influence far beyond the respiratory system, extending its impact to various organ systems. Among these, the musculoskeletal system emerges as a central player in both the pathogenesis and management of COPD and its associated comorbidities. Muscle dysfunction and osteoporosis are prevalent musculoskeletal disorders in COPD patients, leading to a substantial decline in exercise capacity and overall health. These manifestations are influenced by systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal imbalances, all hallmarks of COPD. Recent research has uncovered an intricate interplay between COPD and musculoskeletal comorbidities, suggesting that muscle and bone tissues may cross-communicate through the release of signalling molecules, known as "myokines" and "osteokines". We explored this dynamic relationship, with a particular focus on the role of the immune system in mediating the cross-communication between muscle and bone in COPD. Moreover, we delved into existing and emerging therapeutic strategies for managing musculoskeletal disorders in COPD. It underscores the development of personalized treatment approaches that target both the respiratory and musculoskeletal aspects of COPD, offering the promise of improved well-being and quality of life for individuals grappling with this complex condition. This comprehensive review underscores the significance of recognizing the profound impact of COPD on the musculoskeletal system and its comorbidities. By unravelling the intricate connections between these systems and exploring innovative treatment avenues, we can aspire to enhance the overall care and outcomes for COPD patients, ultimately offering hope for improved health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mou
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stanley M H Chan
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Margetts TJ, Wang HS, Karnik SJ, Plotkin LI, Movila A, Oblak AL, Fehrenbacher JC, Kacena MA. From the Mind to the Spine: The Intersecting World of Alzheimer's and Osteoporosis. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024; 22:152-164. [PMID: 38334917 PMCID: PMC10912148 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00848-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This comprehensive review delves into the intricate interplay between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and osteoporosis, two prevalent conditions with significant implications for individuals' quality of life. The purpose is to explore their bidirectional association, underpinned by common pathological processes such as aging, genetic factors, inflammation, and estrogen deficiency. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances have shown promise in treating both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and osteoporosis by targeting disease-specific proteins and bone metabolism regulators. Monoclonal antibodies against beta-amyloid and tau for AD, as well as RANKL and sclerostin for osteoporosis, have displayed therapeutic potential. Additionally, ongoing research has identified neuroinflammatory genes shared between AD and osteoporosis, offering insight into the interconnected inflammatory mechanisms. This knowledge opens avenues for innovative dual-purpose therapies that could address both conditions, potentially revolutionizing treatment approaches for AD and osteoporosis simultaneously. This review underscores the potential for groundbreaking advancements in early diagnosis and treatment by unraveling the intricate connection between AD and bone health. It advocates for a holistic, patient-centered approach to medical care that considers both cognitive and bone health, ultimately aiming to enhance the overall well-being of individuals affected by these conditions. This review article is part of a series of multiple manuscripts designed to determine the utility of using artificial intelligence for writing scientific reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Margetts
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Hannah S Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Sonali J Karnik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Alexandru Movila
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Adrian L Oblak
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jill C Fehrenbacher
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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3
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Milovanovic P, Busse B. Micropetrosis: Osteocyte Lacunar Mineralization in Aging and Disease. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:750-757. [PMID: 37917286 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As the importance of osteocytes for bone mineral homeostasis is increasingly recognized, there is growing interest in osteocyte cell death as a relevant indicator in various physiological and pathological conditions. Micropetrosis is an established term used to describe osteocyte lacunae that are filled with minerals following osteocyte death. While the early reports of micropetrosis were purely descriptive, there is now an increasing body of literature showing quantitative data on micropetrosis in various conditions such as aging, osteoporosis, immobilization, and diabetes, and in osteoporosis treatment (denosumab and bisphosphonates). This review summarizes quantitative findings on micropetrosis, with a particular emphasis on the recent advances in the field. RECENT FINDINGS There is growing evidence that micropetrosis is more common in older, osteoporotic, and immobilized individuals, as well as in individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Denosumab and bisphosphonates seem to affect lacunar mineralization differently, where specifically bisphosphonates have been shown to prolong osteocyte viability and reduce micropetrosis. Despite continuous proceedings in the field of osteocyte-lacunar-network characteristics, more studies are necessary to further clarify the mechanisms of lacunar mineralization, the inter-site variability of micropetrosis accumulation, the relevance of micropetrosis in various diseases and conditions, and whether micropetrosis could be an indicator of bone fragility or a target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Milovanovic
- Center of Bone Biology, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Plotkin LI, Asad I, Kritikos AE, Sanz N. Role of Cx43 on the Bone Cell Generation, Function, and Survival. Bioelectricity 2023; 5:188-195. [PMID: 37746312 PMCID: PMC10517329 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2023.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of gap junction intercellular communication structures in bone cells has been known since the early 1970s, further confirmed by Doty and Marotti at the structural level in the 1980-1990s. Work by Civitelli, Donahue, and others showed the expression of Cx43 at the mRNA and protein levels in all bone cell types: osteoclasts (bone resorbing cells), osteoblasts (bone forming cells), and osteocytes (mature osteoblasts embedded in the bone matrix that regulate the function of both osteoclasts and osteoblasts). While Cx45, Cx46, and Cx37 were also shown to be expressed in bone cells, most studies have focused on Cx43, the most abundant member of the connexin (Cx) family of proteins expressed in bone. The role of Cx43 has been shown to be related to the formation of gap junction intercellular channels, to unopposed hemichannels, and to channel independent functions of the molecule. Cx43 participates in the response of bone cells to pharmacological, hormonal, and mechanical stimuli, and it is involved in the skeletal phenotype with old age. Human and murine studies have shown that mutations of Cx43 lead to oculodentodigital dysplasia and craniometaphyseal dysplasia, both conditions associated with abnormalities in the skeleton. However, whereas substantial advances have been made on the skeletal role of Cx43, further research is needed to understand the basis for the effects of mutated Cx43 and potential ways to prevent the effects of these mutations on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I. Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Iqra Asad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Alex E. Kritikos
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Natasha Sanz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Marcucci G, Domazetovic V, Nediani C, Ruzzolini J, Favre C, Brandi ML. Oxidative Stress and Natural Antioxidants in Osteoporosis: Novel Preventive and Therapeutic Approaches. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020373. [PMID: 36829932 PMCID: PMC9952369 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This review reports in detail the cellular and molecular mechanisms which regulate the bone remodeling process in relation to oxidative stress (OS), inflammatory factors, and estrogen deficiency. OS is considered an important pathogenic factor of osteoporosis, inducing osteocyte apoptosis and varying levels of specific factors, such as receptor activator κB ligand (RANKL), sclerostin, and, according to recent evidence, fibroblast growth factor 23, with consequent impairment of bone remodeling and high bone resorption. Bone loss increases the risk of fragility fractures, and the most commonly used treatments are antiresorptive drugs, followed by anabolic drugs or those with a double effect. In addition, recent data show that natural antioxidants contained in the diet are efficient in preventing and reducing the negative effects of OS on bone remodeling and osteocytes through the involvement of sirtuin type 1 enzyme. Indeed, osteocytes and some of their molecular factors are considered potential biological targets on which antioxidants can act to prevent and reduce bone loss, as well as to promote bone anabolic and regenerative processes by restoring physiological bone remodeling. Several data suggest including antioxidants in novel therapeutic approaches to develop better management strategies for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and OS-related bone diseases. In particular, anthocyanins, as well as resveratrol, lycopene, oleuropein, some vitamins, and thiol antioxidants, could have protective and therapeutic anti-osteoporotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Marcucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Vladana Domazetovic
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Nediani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Jessica Ruzzolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Favre
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Fatica M, D'Antonio A, Novelli L, Triggianese P, Conigliaro P, Greco E, Bergamini A, Perricone C, Chimenti MS. How Has Molecular Biology Enhanced Our Undertaking of axSpA and Its Management. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2023; 25:12-33. [PMID: 36308677 PMCID: PMC9825525 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-022-01092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aims at investigating pathophysiological mechanisms in spondyloarthritis (SpA). Analysis of genetic factors, immunological pathways, and abnormalities of bone metabolism lay the foundations for a better understanding of development of the axial clinical manifestations in patients, allowing physician to choose the most appropriate therapeutic strategy in a more targeted manner. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to the contribution of MHC system, findings emerged about the role of non-HLA genes (as ERAP1 and 2, whose inhibition could represent a new therapeutic approach) and of epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the expression of genes involved in SpA pathogenesis. Increasing evidence of bone metabolism abnormalities secondary to the activation of immunological pathways suggests the development of various bone anomalies that are present in axSpA patients. SpA are a group of inflammatory diseases with a multifactorial origin, whose pathogenesis is linked to the genetic predisposition, the action of environmental risk factors, and the activation of immune response. It is now well known how bone metabolism leads to long-term structural damage via increased bone turnover, bone loss and osteoporosis, osteitis, erosions, osteosclerosis, and osteoproliferation. These effects can exist in the same patient over time or even simultaneously. Evidence suggests a cross relationship among innate immunity, autoimmunity, and bone remodeling in SpA, making treatment approach a challenge for rheumatologists. Specifically, treatment targets are consistently increasing as new drugs are upcoming. Both biological and targeted synthetic drugs are promising in terms of their efficacy and safety profile in patients affected by SpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Fatica
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna D'Antonio
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Novelli
- UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Triggianese
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Conigliaro
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Greco
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Bergamini
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Perricone
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Sole Chimenti
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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7
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Sacco R, Sartoretto SC, de Brito Resende RF, de Albuquerque Calasans-Maia J, Rossi AM, de Souza Lima VH, de Almeida Barros Mourão CF, Granjeiro JM, Yates J, Calasans-Maia MD. The Use of Hydroxyapatite Loaded with Doxycycline (HADOX) in Dentoalveolar Surgery as a Risk-Reduction Therapeutic Protocol in Subjects Treated with Different Bisphosphonate Dosages. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 59:medicina59010046. [PMID: 36676670 PMCID: PMC9861076 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is considered as a severe adverse side effect of specific drugs such as anti-resorptive and anti-angiogenic medications. Evidence suggests that MRONJ is linked to invasive dental procedures, mainly dentoalveolar surgery. Several preventive strategies to minimize the risk of developing MRONJ have been investigated. However, no investigation has been attempted to evaluate the therapeutic effect of local drug-delivery technology as a preventive strategy protocol. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of hydroxyapatite-containing doxycycline (HADOX) in rats with high-risk MRONJ development. All the rats used in this study were divided into seven groups. Six groups of rats out of seven were exposed to two different doses of antiresorptive drug therapy for four weeks before undergoing an upper incisor extraction. After 28 days, all the animals were euthanized, and the bone blocks were processed for histological and histomorphometrical evaluation. The histomorphometric analysis confirmed that newly formed bone (NFB) was present in all groups, with significant differences. NFB in the HADOX group treated with zoledronic acid at 4% showed (28.38; C.I. 22.29-34.48), which represents a significant increase compared to HA (15.69; C.I. 4.89-26.48) (p = 0.02). A similar pattern was observed in the HADOX group treated with zoledronic acid 8% ZA treatment (p = 0.001). Conclusions: HADOX did not inhibit any bone repair and reduced early inflammatory response. Hence, HADOX could promote bone healing in patients undergoing antiresorptive drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sacco
- Oral Surgery Department, School of Medical Sciences, Division of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Coupland 3 Building, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Oral Surgery Department, Dental School, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro 24020-140, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+44-020-3299-32496
| | | | | | | | - Alexandre Malta Rossi
- Brazilian Center for Research in Physics, Applied Physics and Nanoscience, Department of Condensed Matter, Rio de Janeiro 22290-180, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo de Souza Lima
- Graduate Program, Faculty of Sciences and Biotechnology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi 24210-201, Brazil
| | | | - Jose Mauro Granjeiro
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Julian Yates
- Oral Surgery Department, School of Medical Sciences, Division of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Coupland 3 Building, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Doolittle ML, Saul D, Kaur J, Rowsey JL, Eckhardt B, Vos S, Grain S, Kroupova K, Ruan M, Weivoda M, Oursler MJ, Farr JN, Monroe DG, Khosla S. Skeletal Effects of Inducible ERα Deletion in Osteocytes in Adult Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1750-1760. [PMID: 35789113 PMCID: PMC9474695 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen is known to regulate bone metabolism in both women and men, but substantial gaps remain in our knowledge of estrogen and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) regulation of adult bone metabolism. Studies using global ERα-knockout mice were confounded by high circulating sex-steroid levels, and osteocyte/osteoblast-specific ERα deletion may be confounded by ERα effects on growth versus the adult skeleton. Thus, we developed mice expressing the tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2 in osteocytes using the 8-kilobase (kb) Dmp1 promoter (Dmp1CreERT2 ). These mice were crossed with ERαfl//fl mice to create ERαΔOcy mice, permitting inducible osteocyte-specific ERα deletion in adulthood. After intermittent tamoxifen treatment of adult 4-month-old mice for 1 month, female, but not male, ERαΔOcy mice exhibited reduced spine bone volume fraction (BV/TV (-20.1%, p = 0.004) accompanied by decreased trabecular bone formation rate (-18.9%, p = 0.0496) and serum P1NP levels (-38.9%, p = 0.014). Periosteal (+65.6%, p = 0.004) and endocortical (+64.1%, p = 0.003) expansion were higher in ERαΔOcy mice compared to control (Dmp1CreERT2 ) mice at the tibial diaphysis, reflecting the known effects of estrogen to inhibit periosteal apposition and promote endocortical formation. Increases in Sost (2.1-fold, p = 0.001) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were observed in trabecular bone at the spine in ERαΔOcy mice, consistent with previous reports that estrogen deficiency is associated with increased circulating sclerostin as well as bone SOST mRNA levels in humans. Further, the biological consequences of increased Sost expression were reflected in significant overall downregulation in panels of osteoblast and Wnt target genes in osteocyte-enriched bones from ERαΔOcy mice. These findings thus establish that osteocytic ERα is critical for estrogen action in female, but not male, adult bone metabolism. Moreover, the reduction in bone formation accompanied by increased Sost, decreased osteoblast, and decreased Wnt target gene expression in ERαΔOcy mice provides a direct link in vivo between ERα and Wnt signaling. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L. Doolittle
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Dominik Saul
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Japneet Kaur
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Jennifer L. Rowsey
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Brittany Eckhardt
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Stephanie Vos
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Sarah Grain
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Kveta Kroupova
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove and the Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ming Ruan
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Megan Weivoda
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Merry Jo Oursler
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Joshua N. Farr
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - David G. Monroe
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
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Lu J, Hu D, Ma C, Shuai B. Advances in Our Understanding of the Mechanism of Action of Drugs (including Traditional Chinese Medicines) for the Intervention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:938447. [PMID: 35774616 PMCID: PMC9237325 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.938447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is known as a silent disease in which the loss of bone mass and bone density does not cause obvious symptoms, resulting in insufficient treatment and preventive measures. The losses of bone mass and bone density become more severe over time and an only small percentage of patients are diagnosed when OP-related fractures occur. The high disability and mortality rates of OP-related fractures cause great psychological and physical damage and impose a heavy economic burden on individuals and society. Therefore, early intervention and treatment must be emphasized to achieve the overall goal of reducing the fracture risk. Anti-OP drugs are currently divided into three classes: antiresorptive agents, anabolic agents, and drugs with other mechanisms. In this review, research progress related to common anti-OP drugs in these three classes as well as targeted therapies is summarized to help researchers and clinicians understand their mechanisms of action and to promote pharmacological research and novel drug development.
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10
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Zhu C, Shen S, Zhang S, Huang M, Zhang L, Chen X. Autophagy in Bone Remodeling: A Regulator of Oxidative Stress. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:898634. [PMID: 35846332 PMCID: PMC9279723 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.898634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis involves bone formation and bone resorption, which are processes that maintain skeletal health. Oxidative stress is an independent risk factor, causing the dysfunction of bone homeostasis including osteoblast-induced osteogenesis and osteoclast-induced osteoclastogenesis, thereby leading to bone-related diseases, especially osteoporosis. Autophagy is the main cellular stress response system for the limination of damaged organelles and proteins, and it plays a critical role in the differentiation, apoptosis, and survival of bone cells, including bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. High evels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by oxidative stress induce autophagy to protect against cell damage or even apoptosis. Additionally, pathways such as ROS/FOXO3, ROS/AMPK, ROS/Akt/mTOR, and ROS/JNK/c-Jun are involved in the regulation of oxidative stress-induced autophagy in bone cells, including osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. This review discusses how autophagy regulates bone formation and bone resorption following oxidative stress and summarizes the potential protective mechanisms exerted by autophagy, thereby providing new insights regarding bone remodeling and potential therapeutic targets for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Zhu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shiwei Shen
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shihua Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Huang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Chen, ; Lan Zhang,
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Chen, ; Lan Zhang,
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11
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Abstract
Osteocytes, former osteoblasts encapsulated by mineralized bone matrix, are far from being passive and metabolically inactive bone cells. Instead, osteocytes are multifunctional and dynamic cells capable of integrating hormonal and mechanical signals and transmitting them to effector cells in bone and in distant tissues. Osteocytes are a major source of molecules that regulate bone homeostasis by integrating both mechanical cues and hormonal signals that coordinate the differentiation and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteocyte function is altered in both rare and common bone diseases, suggesting that osteocyte dysfunction is directly involved in the pathophysiology of several disorders affecting the skeleton. Advances in osteocyte biology initiated the development of novel therapeutics interfering with osteocyte-secreted molecules. Moreover, osteocytes are targets and key distributors of biological signals mediating the beneficial effects of several bone therapeutics used in the clinic. Here we review the most recent discoveries in osteocyte biology demonstrating that osteocytes regulate bone homeostasis and bone marrow fat via paracrine signaling, influence body composition and energy metabolism via endocrine signaling, and contribute to the damaging effects of diabetes mellitus and hematologic and metastatic cancers in the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Delgado-Calle
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Teresita Bellido
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,3Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Postmenopausal osteoporosis reduces circulating estrogen levels, which leads to osteoclast resorption, bone loss, and fracture. This review addresses emerging evidence that osteoporosis is not simply a disease of bone loss but that mechanosensitive osteocytes that regulate both osteoclasts and osteoblasts are also impacted by estrogen deficiency. RECENT FINDINGS At the onset of estrogen deficiency, the osteocyte mechanical environment is altered, which coincides with temporal changes in bone tissue composition. The osteocyte microenvironment is also altered, apoptosis is more prevalent, and hypermineralization occurs. The mechanobiological responses of osteocytes are impaired under estrogen deficiency, which exacerbates osteocyte paracrine regulation of osteoclasts. Recent research reveals changes in osteocytes during estrogen deficiency that may play a critical role in the etiology of the disease. A paradigm change for osteoporosis therapy requires an advanced understanding of such changes to establish the efficacy of osteocyte-targeted therapies to inhibit resorption and secondary mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laoise M McNamara
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group, Biomedical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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13
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Shoaib Z, Fan TM, Irudayaraj J. Osteosarcoma mechanobiology and therapeutic targets. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:201-217. [PMID: 34679192 PMCID: PMC9305477 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the one of the most common primary tumors of bone with less than a 20% 5-year survival rate after the development of metastases. OS is highly predisposed in Paget's disease (PD) of bone, and both have common characteristic skeletal features due to rapid bone remodeling. OS prognosis is location dependent which further emphasizes the likely contribution of the bone microenvironment in its pathogenesis. Mechanobiology is the phenomenon when mechanical cues from the changing physical microenvironment of bone are transduced to biological pathways through mechanosensitive cellular components. Mechanobiology-driven therapies have been used for curbing tumor progression by direct alteration of the physical microenvironment or inhibition of metastasis-associated mechanosensitive proteins. This review emphasizes the contribution of mechanobiology to OS progression, and sheds light on current mechanobiology-based therapies and potential new targets for improving disease management. Additionally, the variety of 3D models currently used to study OS mechanobiology are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Shoaib
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, Nick Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.,Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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14
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Ekeuku SO, Chin KY. Application of Propolis in Protecting Skeletal and Periodontal Health-A Systematic Review. Molecules 2021; 26:3156. [PMID: 34070497 PMCID: PMC8198175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are two major mechanisms leading to the imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation rate, and subsequently, bone loss. Thus, functional foods and dietary compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory could protect skeletal health. This review aims to examine the current evidence on the skeletal protective effects of propolis, a resin produced by bees, known to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. A literature search was performed using Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify studies on the effects of propolis on bone health. The search string used was (i) propolis AND (ii) (bone OR osteoporosis OR osteoblasts OR osteoclasts OR osteocytes). Eighteen studies were included in the current review. The available experimental studies demonstrated that propolis could prevent bone loss due to periodontitis, dental implantitis, and diabetes in animals. Combined with synthetic and natural grafts, it could also promote fracture healing. Propolis protects bone health by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and promoting osteoblastogenesis, partly through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Despite the promising preclinical results, the skeletal protective effects of propolis are yet to be proven in human studies. This research gap should be bridged before nutraceuticals based on propolis with specific health claims can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Level 17, Preclinical Building, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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15
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Camal Ruggieri IN, Cícero AM, Issa JPM, Feldman S. Bone fracture healing: perspectives according to molecular basis. J Bone Miner Metab 2021; 39:311-331. [PMID: 33151416 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-020-01168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fractures have a great impact on health all around the world and with fracture healing optimization; this problem could be resolved partially. To make a practical contribution to this issue, the knowledge of bone tissue, cellularity, and metabolism is essential, especially cytoskeletal architecture and its transformations according to external pressures. Special physical and chemical characteristics of the extracellular matrix (ECM) allow the transmission of mechanical stimuli from outside the cell to the plasmatic membrane. The osteocyte cytoskeleton is conformed by a complex network of actin and microtubules combined with crosslinker proteins like vinculin and fimbrin, connecting and transmitting outside stimuli through EMC to cytoplasm. Herein, critical signaling pathways like Cx43-depending ones, MAPK/ERK, Wnt, YAP/TAZ, Rho-ROCK, and others are activated due to mechanical stimuli, resulting in osteocyte cytoskeletal changes and ECM remodeling, altering the tissue and, therefore, the bone. In recent years, the osteocyte has gained more interest and value in relation to bone homeostasis as a great coordinator of other cell populations, thanks to its unique functions. By integrating the latest advances in relation to intracellular signaling pathways, mechanotransmission system of the osteocyte and bone tissue engineering, there are promising experimental strategies, while some are ready for clinical trials. This work aims to show clearly and precisely the integration between cytoskeleton and main molecular pathways in relation to mechanotransmission mechanism in osteocytes, and the use of this theoretical knowledge in therapeutic tools for bone fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Nadir Camal Ruggieri
- School of Medicine, LABOATEM (Osteoarticular Biology, Tissue Engineering and Emerging Therapies Laboratory), Biological Chemistry Cat, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Andrés Mauricio Cícero
- School of Medicine, LABOATEM (Osteoarticular Biology, Tissue Engineering and Emerging Therapies Laboratory), Biological Chemistry Cat, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Sara Feldman
- School of Medicine, LABOATEM (Osteoarticular Biology, Tissue Engineering and Emerging Therapies Laboratory), Biological Chemistry Cat, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina
- Research Council of the Rosario National University (CIUNR) and CONICET, Rosario, Argentina
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16
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BOUCETTA ABDELKADER, BOUKHAROUBA TAOUFIK, RAMTANI SALAH, HAMBLI RIDHA. INTERFERENCES EFFECTS BETWEEN OSTEOCYTES LOCATED AT THE SAME ZONE DURING BONE REMODELING PERIOD: A THEORETICAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY. J MECH MED BIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519420500517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several analytical models have been developed in the past to analyze the specific role of osteocytes in the process of bone remodeling, which can be considered as the response of bone material to functional requirements. Most of them considered both the number of osteocytes and their spatial distribution in one area of influence, while others suggested in addition to include considerations of the size of the basic multi-cellular unit. Methods: Taking advantage of previous works, the standard model equation is revisited by incorporating two complementary parameters: (a) the possibility of resorption of osteocytes, apoptosis or function inhibition during remodeling process triggered by the transduction phase of osteocytes embedded within the bone matrix and; (b) the interference of influence zones for the same osteocyte. Results: Bone density evolution has been calculated starting with a medical imaging of an implanted femur. It is shown that the management of interference zone and the possibility of resorption or inhibition of osteocytes have a direct impact upon the value of the mechanical stimulus and hence on the recruitment of Bone Multicellular Units (BMUs). From a mathematical point of view, this effect has been considered by modifying mechanical stimulus of the standard model such that it is impacted by a scalar factor ranged in the interval (0.5–1). Conclusion: It is clearly demonstrated that predicted of the added bone mass amount shows that the new model is more active in low density regions where requiring rapid adaptation to the behavior of the implant, and that the standard model takes the lead in the regions with high density.
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Affiliation(s)
- ABDELKADER BOUCETTA
- Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, Laboratoire de Mécanique Avancée – LMA, BP. 32, El-Alia, 16111 Bab-Ezzoaur, Algiers, Algeria
| | - TAOUFIK BOUKHAROUBA
- Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, Laboratoire de Mécanique Avancée – LMA, BP. 32, El-Alia, 16111 Bab-Ezzoaur, Algiers, Algeria
| | - SALAH RAMTANI
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratoire CSPBAT, équipe LBPS, CNRS (UMR 7244), Institut Galilée, F93430, Villetaneuse, France
| | - RIDHA HAMBLI
- Univ. Orléans, INSA-CVL, Laboratoire PRISME, 45072 Orléans cedex 2, France
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17
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Rogers MJ, Mönkkönen J, Munoz MA. Molecular mechanisms of action of bisphosphonates and new insights into their effects outside the skeleton. Bone 2020; 139:115493. [PMID: 32569873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BP) are a class of calcium-binding drug used to prevent bone resorption in skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis and metastatic bone disease. They act by selectively targeting bone-resorbing osteoclasts and can be grouped into two classes depending on their intracellular mechanisms of action. Simple BPs cause osteoclast apoptosis after cytoplasmic conversion into toxic ATP analogues. In contrast, nitrogen-containing BPs potently inhibit FPP synthase, an enzyme of the mevalonate (cholesterol biosynthesis) pathway. This results in production of a toxic metabolite (ApppI) and the loss of long-chain isoprenoid lipids required for protein prenylation, a process necessary for the function of small GTPase proteins essential for the survival and activity of osteoclasts. In this review we provide a state-of-the-art overview of these mechanisms of action and a historical perspective of how they were discovered. Finally, we challenge the long-held dogma that BPs act only in the skeleton and highlight recent studies that reveal insights into hitherto unknown effects on tumour-associated and tissue-resident macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rogers
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Australia.
| | - Jukka Mönkkönen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Finland.
| | - Marcia A Munoz
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Australia.
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18
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Tian Y, Liu J, Pan L. The mechanism of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases to mediate apoptosis and immunotoxicity induced by Benzo[a]pyrene on hemocytes of scallop Chlamys farreri in vitro. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:64-72. [PMID: 32268177 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzo [a]pyrene (B [a]P) has received widespread attention for serious pollution in the sea, which may reduce immunity and lead to the outbreak of disease in bivalves. However, the mechanism of immunotoxicity induced by B [a]P in bivalves was still unclear. Previous studies have found that Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) including three classic pathways (ERK, p38 and JNK) play an important role in mediating this process. Thus, in order to explore the mechanism of immunotoxicity induced by B [a]P in scallop Chlamys farreri, hemocytes were treated with PD98059 (ERK inhibitor), SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) and SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) for 1 h and then incubation with B [a]P for 24 h at 1 μg/mL. Indexes including oxidative damage, apoptotic rate, and immune indicators were detected in the present study. The results showed that the increase of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and DNA damage induced by B [a]P was inhibited with PD98059 and SB203580. Besides, lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) damage was promoted by PD98059, while it was opposite when treated with SB203580. Moreover, the ascended apoptosis rate induced by B [a]P was increased significantly after treatment with PD98059, but it was remarkably attenuated by SB203580 and SP600125. However, the opposite pattern was showed in phagocytosis compared with apoptosis rate in all of three inhibitors. In addition, antibacterial activity and bacteriolytic activity were enhanced by SB203580 while inhibited by PD98059. Therefore, these results showed that MAPKs directly or indirectly mediate the decrease of oxidative damage, apoptosis and immune defense ability of C. farreri hemocytes, which suggesting ERK/p38/JNK pathways have different functions in the apoptosis and immunity of C. farreri hemocytes after B [a]P exposure. In conclusion, this study intended to enrich the theoretical basis for immunotoxicology of bivalves exposed to pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
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19
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Naqvi SM, Panadero Pérez JA, Kumar V, Verbruggen ASK, McNamara LM. A Novel 3D Osteoblast and Osteocyte Model Revealing Changes in Mineralization and Pro-osteoclastogenic Paracrine Signaling During Estrogen Deficiency. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:601. [PMID: 32656194 PMCID: PMC7326002 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent in vitro studies have revealed that the mechanobiological responses of osteoblasts and osteocytes are fundamentally impaired during estrogen deficiency. However, these two-dimensional (2D) cell culture studies do not account for in vivo biophysical cues. Thus, the objectives of this study are to (1) develop a three-dimensional (3D) osteoblast and osteocyte model integrated into a bioreactor and (2) apply this model to investigate whether estrogen deficiency leads to changes in osteoblast to osteocyte transition, mechanosensation, mineralization, and paracrine signaling associated with bone resorption by osteoclasts. MC3T3-E1s were expanded in media supplemented with estrogen (17β-estradiol). These cells were encapsulated in gelatin-mtgase before culture in (1) continued estrogen (E) or (2) no further estrogen supplementation. Constructs were placed in gas permeable and water impermeable cell culture bags and maintained at 5% CO2 and 37°C. These bags were either mechanically stimulated in a custom hydrostatic pressure (HP) bioreactor or maintained under static conditions (control). We report that osteocyte differentiation, characterized by the presence of dendrites and staining for osteocyte marker dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1), was significantly greater under estrogen withdrawal (EW) compared to under continuous estrogen treatment (day 21). Mineralization [bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium] and gene expression associated with paracrine signaling for osteoclastogenesis [receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin OPG ratio] were significantly increased in estrogen deficient and mechanically stimulated cells. Interestingly, BSP and DMP-1 were also increased at day 1 and day 21, respectively, which play a role in regulation of biomineralization. Furthermore, the increase in pro-osteoclastogenic signaling may be explained by altered mechanoresponsiveness of osteoblasts or osteocytes during EW. These findings highlight the impact of estrogen deficiency on bone cell function and provide a novel in vitro model to investigate the mechanisms underpinning changes in bone cells after estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laoise M. McNamara
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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20
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Poola S, Gundluru M, Nadiveedhi MR, Saddala MS, P. T. S. R. K. PR, Cirandur SR. Nano silver particles catalyzed synthesis, molecular docking and bioactivity of α-thiazolyl aminomethylene bisphosphonates. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2019.1700413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sreelakshmi Poola
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | - Mohan Gundluru
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
- DST-PURSE Centre, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
| | | | | | | | - Suresh Reddy Cirandur
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
- Institute of Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Kampus Jeli, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
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21
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Plotkin LI, Buvinic S, Balanta-Melo J. In vitro and in vivo studies using non-traditional bisphosphonates. Bone 2020; 134:115301. [PMID: 32112989 PMCID: PMC7138726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Non-traditional bisphosphonates, that is, bisphosphonates that do not inhibit osteoclast viability or function, were initially reported in the 1990s by Socrates Papapoulos' group. Originally designed to study the role of the R1 residue of aminobisphosphonates on bisphosphonate affinity for hydroxyapatite, these modified bisphosphonates retained similar affinity for mineralized bone as their parent compounds, but they lacked the potential to inhibit the mevalonate pathway or bone resorption. We found that, similar to classical bisphosphonates, these non-traditional compounds prevented osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis in vitro through a pathway that requires the expression of the gap junction protein connexin 43, and the activation of the Src/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Furthermore, one of those compounds named IG9402 (also known as amino-olpadronate or lidadronate), was able to inhibit osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis, without affecting osteoclast number or bone resorption in vivo in a model of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. IG9402 administration also ameliorated the decrease in bone mass and in bone mechanical properties induced by glucocorticoids. Similarly, IG9402 prevented apoptosis of osteoblastic cells in a model of immobilization due to hindlimb unloading. However, in this case, the bisphosphonate was not able to preserve the bone mass, and only partially prevented the decrease in bone mechanical properties induced by immobilization. The effect of IG9402 administration was also tested in a mouse model of masticatory hypofunction through the induction of masseter muscle atrophy by unilateral injection of botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA). IG9402 partially inhibited the loss of trabecular bone microstructure in the mandibular condyle, but not the decrease in masseter muscle mass induced by BoNTA administration. In summary, these non-traditional bisphosphonates that lack anti-resorptive activity but are able to preserve osteoblast and osteocyte viability could constitute useful tools to study the consequences of preventing apoptosis of osteoblastic cells in animal models. Furthermore, they could be used to treat conditions associated with reduced bone mass and increased bone fragility in which a reduction of bone remodeling is not desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America.
| | - Sonja Buvinic
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer CEMC2016, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julián Balanta-Melo
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; School of Dentistry, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia; Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Simfia I, Schiavi J, McNamara LM. Alterations in osteocyte mediated osteoclastogenesis during estrogen deficiency and under ROCK-II inhibition: An in vitro study using a novel postmenopausal multicellular niche model. Exp Cell Res 2020; 392:112005. [PMID: 32330507 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to derive an enhanced understanding of the complex intracellular interactions that drive bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis. We applied an in-vitro multicellular niche to recapitulate cell-cell signalling between osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts to investigate (1) how estrogen-deficient and mechanically loaded osteocytes regulate osteoclastogenesis and (2) whether ROCK-II inhibition affects these mechanobiological responses. We report that mechanically stimulated and estrogen-deficient osteocytes upregulated RANKL/OPG and M-CSF gene expression, when compared to those treated with 10 nM estradiol. Osteoclast precursors (RAW 264.7) cultured within this niche underwent significant reduction in osteoclastogenic gene expression (CTSK), and there was an increasing trend in the area covered by TRAP+ osteoclasts (24% vs. 19.4%, p = 0.06). Most interestingly, upon treatment with the ROCK-II inhibitor, RANKL/OPG and M-CSF gene expression by estrogen-deficient osteocytes were downregulated. Yet, this inhibition of the pro-osteoclastogenic factors by osteocytes did not ultimately reduce the differentiation of osteoclast precursors. Indeed, TRAP and CTSK gene expressions in osteoclast precursors were upregulated, and there was an increased trend for osteoclast area (30.4% vs. 24%, p = 0.07), which may have been influenced by static osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) that were included in the niche. We conclude that ROCK-II inhibition can attenuate bone loss driven by osteocytes during estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Simfia
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group, Biomechanics Research Centre, Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jessica Schiavi
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group, Biomechanics Research Centre, Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Laoise M McNamara
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group, Biomechanics Research Centre, Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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23
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Rothe R, Schulze S, Neuber C, Hauser S, Rammelt S, Pietzsch J. Adjuvant drug-assisted bone healing: Part III - Further strategies for local and systemic modulation. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 73:439-488. [PMID: 31177207 DOI: 10.3233/ch-199104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this third in a series of reviews on adjuvant drug-assisted bone healing, further approaches aiming at influencing the healing process are discussed. Local and systemic modulation of bone metabolism is pursued with use of a number of drugs with completely different indications, which are characterized by a pleiotropic spectrum of action. These include drugs used to treat lipid disorders (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors), hypertension (ACE inhibitors), osteoporosis (bisphosphonates), cancer (proteasome inhibitors) and others. Potential applications to enhance bone healing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rothe
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabine Schulze
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Rammelt
- University Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (OUC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Tatzberg 4, Dresden
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, Germany
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24
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Riquelme MA, Cardenas ER, Xu H, Jiang JX. The Role of Connexin Channels in the Response of Mechanical Loading and Unloading of Bone. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031146. [PMID: 32050469 PMCID: PMC7038207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeleton adapts to mechanical loading to promote bone formation and remodeling. While most bone cells are involved in mechanosensing, it is well accepted that osteocytes are the principal mechanosensory cells. The osteocyte cell body and processes are surrounded by a fluid-filled space, forming an extensive lacuno-canalicular network. The flow of interstitial fluid is a major stress-related factor that transmits mechanical stimulation to bone cells. The long dendritic processes of osteocytes form a gap junction channel network connecting not only neighboring osteocytes, but also cells on the bone surface, such as osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Mechanosensitive osteocytes also form hemichannels that mediate the communication between the cytoplasmic and extracellular microenvironment. This paper will discuss recent research progress regarding connexin (Cx)-forming gap junctions and hemichannels in osteocytes, osteoblasts, and other bone cells, including those richly expressing Cx43. We will then cover the recent progress regarding the regulation of these channels by mechanical loading and the role of integrins and signals in mediating Cx43 channels, and bone cell function and viability. Finally, we will summarize the recent studies regarding bone responses to mechanical unloading in Cx43 transgenic mouse models. The osteocyte has been perceived as the center of bone remodeling, and connexin channels enriched in osteocytes are a likely major player in meditating the function of bone. Based on numerous studies, connexin channels may present as a potential new therapeutic target in the treatment of bone loss and osteoporosis. This review will primarily focus on Cx43, with some discussion in other connexins expressed in bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Riquelme
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (M.A.R.); (E.R.C.)
| | - Eduardo R. Cardenas
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (M.A.R.); (E.R.C.)
| | - Huiyun Xu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Jean X. Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (M.A.R.); (E.R.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-210-562-4094
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Cui Y, Zhu T, Li D, Li Z, Leng Y, Ji X, Liu H, Wu D, Ding J. Bisphosphonate-Functionalized Scaffolds for Enhanced Bone Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1901073. [PMID: 31693315 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The local sustained release of bioactive substances are attracting increasing attention in bone tissue engineering, which is beneficial to bone tissue formation and helps to improve the bone ingrowth ability of a scaffold. Bisphosphonates (BPs), as a representative kind of osteoclast inhibitors, are proven to possess excellent osteogenic induction capability. Accordingly, various physical and chemical strategies are developed to functionalize bone tissue scaffolds with BPs to achieve controlled release profiles. Compared with traditional treatment modalities, local release of BPs from these composite scaffolds will contribute to continuous bone integration without the risk of many complications. This review explores the molecular mechanisms of BPs on bone metabolism and analyzes the appropriate concentrations of BPs that promote bone regeneration. The advanced BP loading strategies, implant modification technologies, and BP-loaded composite scaffolds based on different matrices are summarized. Finally, the latest advances and the future development of BP-modified scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration are discussed. This article provides leading-edge design strategies of the BP-functionalized bone engineering scaffolds for improved bone repairability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Cui
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
| | - Tongtong Zhu
- Department of OrthopedicsChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130033 P. R. China
| | - Di Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer EcomaterialsChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Zuhao Li
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
| | - Yi Leng
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
| | - Xuan Ji
- Department of StomatologyThe Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
| | - He Liu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
| | - Dankai Wu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer EcomaterialsChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteocytes are the main mechanosensitive cells in bone. Integrin-based adhesions have been shown to facilitate mechanotransduction, and therefore play an important role in load-induced bone formation. This review outlines the role of integrins in osteocyte function (cell adhesion, signalling, and mechanotransduction) and possible role in disease. RECENT FINDINGS Both β1 and β3 integrins subunits have been shown to be required for osteocyte mechanotransduction. Antagonism of these integrin subunits in osteocytes resulted in impaired responses to fluid shear stress. Various disease states (osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, bone metastases) have been shown to result in altered integrin expression and function. Osteocyte integrins are required for normal cell function, with dysregulation of integrins seen in disease. Understanding the mechanism of faulty integrins in disease may aid in the creation of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivor P Geoghegan
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group (MMDRG), Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David A Hoey
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin & RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Laoise M McNamara
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group (MMDRG), Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Chi B, Fan X, Li Z, Liu G, Zhang G, Xu H, Li Z, Lian Q, Xing L, Tian F. Identification of Gli1-interacting proteins during simvastatin-stimulated osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18979-18994. [PMID: 31245876 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin has been shown to promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Our study aimed to illuminate the underlying mechanism, with a specific focus on the role of Hedgehog signaling in this process. BMSCs cultured with or without 10-7 mol/L simvastatin were subjected to evaluation of osteogenic differentiation capacity. Osteogenic markers such as type 1 collagen (COL1) and osteocalcin (OCN), as well as key molecules of Hedgehog signaling molecules, were examined by Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry assays were applied to screen for Gli1-interacting proteins. Cyclopamine (Cpn) was used as a Hedgehog signaling inhibitor. Our results indicated that simvastatin increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity; mineralization of extracellular matrix; mRNA expression of ALP, COL1, and OCN; and expression and nuclear translocation of Gli1. Contrasting effects were observed in Cpn-exposed groups, but were partially rescued by the simvastatin treatment. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses indicated that Gli1-interacting proteins were primarily associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (P = 7.04E-04 ), hippo, insulin, and glucagon signaling. Further, hub genes identified by protein-protein interaction network analysis included Gli1-interacting proteins such as Ppp2r1a, Rac1, Etf1, and XPO1/CRM1. In summary, the current study showed that the mechanism by which simvastatin stimulates osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs involves activation of Hedgehog signaling, as indicated by interactions with Gli1 and, most notably, the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojing Chi
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xinhao Fan
- Department of Stomatology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhengxiao Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Guobin Zhang
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Qiangqiang Lian
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Faming Tian
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
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Connexin 43 hemichannels protect bone loss during estrogen deficiency. Bone Res 2019; 7:11. [PMID: 31016065 PMCID: PMC6476886 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women is a major cause of bone loss, resulting in osteopenia, osteoporosis, and a high risk for bone fracture. Connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels (HCs) in osteocytes play an important role in osteocyte viability, bone formation, and remodeling. We showed here that estrogen deficiency reduced Cx43 expression and HC function. To determine if functional HCs protect osteocytes and bone loss during estrogen deficiency, we adopted an ovariectomy model in wild-type (WT) and two transgenic Cx43 mice: R76W (dominant-negative mutant inhibiting only gap junction channels) and Cx43 Δ130–136 (dominant-negative mutant compromising both gap junction channels and HCs). The bone mineral density (BMD), bone structure, and histomorphometric changes of cortical and trabecular bones after ovariectomy were investigated. Our results showed that the Δ130–136 transgenic cohort had greatly decreased vertebral trabecular bone mass compared to WT and R76W mice, associated with a significant increase in the number of apoptotic osteocyte and empty lacunae. Moreover, osteoclast surfaces in trabecular and cortical bones were increased after ovariectomy in the R76W and WT mice, respectively, but not in ∆130–136 mice. These data demonstrate that impairment of Cx43 HCs in osteocytes accelerates vertebral trabecular bone loss and increase in osteocyte apoptosis, and further suggest that Cx43 HCs in osteocytes protect trabecular bone against catabolic effects due to estrogen deficiency. Channels that form between cells and their extracellular environment help protect bone tissue from the damage wrought by low estrogen levels, a major cause of bone loss in post-menopausal women. Jean Jiang from the UT Health San Antonio and colleagues showed that depleting the estrogen hormone in mouse bone cells reduced levels of connexin 43 and impaired the protein’s ability to forms pores known as ‘hemichannels’. The researchers surgically removed the ovaries of various mouse strains to induce estrogen deficiencies. They found that transgenic mice without working hemichannels had reduced bone mass compared to normal mice or mice that could make hemichannels but lacked the ability for those channels to come together to form complete passageways. The findings highlight the importance of connexin 43 hemichannels in protecting bone tissue against osteoporosis.
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Estrogen deficiency impairs integrin α vβ 3-mediated mechanosensation by osteocytes and alters osteoclastogenic paracrine signalling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4654. [PMID: 30874595 PMCID: PMC6420496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrin αvβ3 has been shown to play an important role in osteocyte mechanotransduction. It has been reported that there are fewer β3 integrin-containing cells in osteoporotic bone cells. Osteocytes cultured in vitro under estrogen deficient conditions demonstrate altered mechanotransduction. However, it is unknown whether the altered mechanotransduction in estrogen deficient osteocytes is directly associated with defective αvβ3 expression or signalling. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of estrogen deficiency for regulating MLO-Y4 cell morphology, αvβ3 expression, focal adhesion formation and mechanotransduction by osteocytes. Here, we report that estrogen withdrawal leads to a smaller focal adhesion area and reduced αvβ3 localisation at focal adhesion sites, resulting in an increased Rankl/Opg ratio and defective Cox-2 responses to oscillatory fluid flow. Interestingly, αvβ3 antagonism had a similar effect on focal adhesion assembly, Rankl/Opg ratio, and Cox-2 responses to oscillatory fluid flow. Taken together, our results provide the first evidence for a relationship between estrogen withdrawal and defective αvβ3-mediated signalling. Specifically, this study implicates estrogen withdrawal as a putative mechanism responsible for altered αvβ3 expression and resultant changes in downstream signalling in osteocytes during post-menopausal osteoporosis, which might provide an important, but previously unidentified, contribution to the bone loss cascade.
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Schwaneck EC, Streit A, Krone M, Hartmann S, Müller-Richter U, Kübler AC, Gadeholt O, Schmalzing M, Tony HP, Brands RC. Osteoporosis therapy in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Z Rheumatol 2019; 79:203-209. [PMID: 30796524 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-019-0606-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in osteoporosis patients suffering from inflammatory rheumatic diseases, as well as to assess the prevalence of relevant dental, behavioral, and medical risk factors for MRONJ. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 198 patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases and osteoporosis therapy were recruited from a tertiary rheumatological/immunological referral center between June 2015 and September 2016. They were assessed using a structured interview. A maxillofacial surgeon later examined patients complaining of possible symptoms of osteonecrosis. In cases of osteonecrosis, dental records were obtained and evaluated. Preventive measures taken and dental as well as other clinical risk factors were evaluated. RESULTS Of the 198 patients, three suffered from osteonecrosis of the jaw, none of whom had any history of malignant disease or radiation therapy, resulting in a prevalence of 1.5%. Of these three patients, only one was given bisphosphonates intravenously (i.v.), whereas all three had been treated orally. All three diagnoses of MRONJ had been previously known to the patients and their maxillofacial surgeons. Two of the patients had rheumatoid arthritis, and one patient suffered from large vessel vasculitis. Long anti-osteoporotic treatment duration, low functional status, and low bone density of the femur were significantly associated with MRONJ development. CONCLUSION Inflammatory rheumatic diseases constitute a risk factor for MRONJ in patients treated with bisphosphonates for osteoporosis. Patients should be counseled accordingly and should be offered dental screening and regular dental check-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Schwaneck
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (Head: H.-P. Tony), University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - A Streit
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (Head: H.-P. Tony), University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Krone
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Hartmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery (Head: A.C. Kübler), University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - U Müller-Richter
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery (Head: A.C. Kübler), University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A C Kübler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery (Head: A.C. Kübler), University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - O Gadeholt
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (Head: H.-P. Tony), University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Schmalzing
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (Head: H.-P. Tony), University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - H-P Tony
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (Head: H.-P. Tony), University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - R C Brands
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery (Head: A.C. Kübler), University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
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Plotkin LI, Bruzzaniti A. Molecular signaling in bone cells: Regulation of cell differentiation and survival. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 116:237-281. [PMID: 31036293 PMCID: PMC7416488 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The achievement of proper bone mass and architecture, and their maintenance throughout life requires the concerted actions of osteoblasts, the bone forming cells, and osteoclasts, the bone resorbing cells. The differentiation and activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts are regulated by molecules produced by matrix-embedded osteocytes, as well as by cross talk between osteoblasts and osteoclasts through secreted factors. In addition, it is likely that direct contact between osteoblast and osteoclast precursors, and the contact of these cells with osteocytes and cells in the bone marrow, also modulates bone cell differentiation and function. With the advancement of molecular and genetic tools, our comprehension of the intracellular signals activated in bone cells has evolved significantly, from early suggestions that osteoblasts and osteoclasts have common precursors and that osteocytes are inert cells in the bone matrix, to the very sophisticated understanding of a network of receptors, ligands, intracellular kinases/phosphatases, transcription factors, and cell-specific genes that are known today. These advances have allowed the design and FDA-approval of new therapies to preserve and increase bone mass and strength in a wide variety of pathological conditions, improving bone health from early childhood to the elderly. We have summarized here the current knowledge on selected intracellular signal pathways activated in osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Angela Bruzzaniti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Insights into the Mechanism of Separation of Bisphosphonates by Zwitterionic Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography: Application to the Quantitation of Risedronate in Pharmaceuticals. SEPARATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/separations6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are used to treat various skeletal disorders, as they modulate bone metabolism by inhibition of the osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. These compounds are both polar and ionic, and therefore, by using reversed phase liquid chromatography are eluted rapidly. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) is an advantageous technique for the separation and analysis of polar molecules. As the elution order in HILIC is reversed to reversed phase liquid chromatography, a reasonable retention and selectivity for polar compounds is expected. In this work the retention mechanism of three bisphosponates, namely risedronate, tiludronate and zoledronate, was investigated under zwitterionic HILIC conditions. The key factors influencing the retention of the analytes on a zwitterionic ZIC®-pHILIC column (150.0 × 2.1 mm i.d., 200 Å, 3.5 μm) have been systematically investigated. It was found that apart from partition, electrostatic repulsions play an important role in the retention of bisphosphonates. Peak tailing of risedronate and zoledronate was improved by the addition of sodium pyrophosphate in the mobile phase. A zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HILIC-PDA) method was further optimized and fully validated to quantitate risedronate in commercial film-coated tablets. The calibration curves for risedronate showed good linearity (r > 0.9991) within the calibration range tested. The intra- and inter-day coefficient of variation (CV) values was less than 0.6%, while the relative percentage error (%Er) was less than −2.3%. Accelerated stability studies of risedronate conducted under several degradation conditions including hydrolysis, oxidation and heat demonstrated the selectivity of the procedure. A short-run analysis of not more than 6 min allowed the analysis of large samples per day. The applicability of the method for the quantitation of risedronate was demonstrated via the analysis of commercial tablets containing this compound.
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Yamaza H, Sonoda S, Nonaka K, Kukita T, Yamaza T. Pamidronate decreases bilirubin-impaired cell death and improves dentinogenic dysfunction of stem cells from human deciduous teeth. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:303. [PMID: 30409185 PMCID: PMC6225573 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperbilirubinemia that occurs in pediatric liver diseases such as biliary atresia can result in the development of not only jaundice in the brain, eyes, and skin, but also tooth abnormalities including green pigmentation and dentin hypoplasia in the developing teeth. However, hyperbilirubinemia-induced tooth impairments remain after liver transplantation. No effective dental management to prevent hyperbilirubinemia-induced tooth impairments has been established. METHODS In this study, we focused on pamidronate, which is used to treat pediatric osteopenia, and investigated its effects on hyperbilirubinemia-induced tooth impairments. We cultured stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) under high and low concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin in the presence or absence of pamidronate. We then analyzed the effects of pamidronate on the cell death, associated signal pathways, and dentinogenic function in SHED. RESULTS We demonstrated that a high concentration of unconjugated bilirubin induced cell death in SHED via the mitochondrial pathway, and this was associated with the suppression of AKT and extracellular signal-related kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signal pathways and activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathway. The high concentration of unconjugated bilirubin impaired the in vitro and in vivo dentinogenic capacity of SHED, but not the low concentration. We then demonstrated that pamidronate decreased the bilirubin-induced cell death in SHED via the altered AKT, ERK1/2, and NF-κB signal pathways and recovered the bilirubin-impaired dentinogenic function of SHED. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that pamidronate may prevent tooth abnormalities in pediatric patients with hyperbilirubinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruyoshi Yamaza
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Soichiro Sonoda
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nonaka
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshio Kukita
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Yamaza
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Because bone metastasis from colorectal cancer is rare, there are little available data regarding such cases. OBJECTIVE The study aim was to identify the prognostic factors and characteristics associated with survival in colorectal cancer patients with bone metastasis. DESIGN This was a retrospective study from a prospectively collected database. SETTINGS The study took place in a multidisciplinary, high-volume tertiary cancer center in Japan. PATIENTS Examined were records from 104 consecutive patients treated between 2004 and 2015 for bone metastasis from colorectal cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was overall survival. RESULTS The spine was the most common site of bone metastasis from colorectal cancer. Right colon cancer correlated significantly with long bone metastasis (p = 0.046), whereas left colon cancer correlated significantly with spinal bone metastasis (p = 0.034). Liver metastasis was also significantly correlated with spinal bone metastasis (p = 0.036). The median interval between the primary therapy for colorectal cancer and the metachronous diagnosis of bone metastasis was 20.0 months (quartile 1 to quartile 3, 9.0-46.5 mo). The median survival time from diagnosis of bone metastasis from colorectal cancer was 5.0 months (95% CI, 4.0-9.0 mo), and the 1-year survival rate was 30.0% (95% CI, 21.1%-39.4%). Multivariate analysis revealed that ≥2 extra-bone metastatic organs, hypercalcemia, and pathologic fractures were independent poor prognostic factors (p < 0.001, 0.001, and 0.033). The number of extra-bone metastatic organs correlated with prognosis. LIMITATIONS This study was limited by its retrospective, nonrandomized design, as well as selection bias and performance at a single institute. CONCLUSIONS The location of colorectal cancer correlates significantly with the site of bone metastasis; the prognosis of patients with bone metastasis from colorectal cancer is very poor, and the significant prognostic factors are number of extra-bone metastatic organs, hypercalcemia, and pathologic fractures. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A589.
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Abdou WM, Khidre MD, Shaddy AA. Microwave promoted synthesis and anticological screening of β-aminobisphosphonates-based benzothiazole motif against human breast and colon cancer diseases. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Domazetovic V, Marcucci G, Iantomasi T, Brandi ML, Vincenzini MT. Oxidative stress in bone remodeling: role of antioxidants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 14:209-216. [PMID: 29263736 DOI: 10.11138/ccmbm/2017.14.1.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ROS are highly reactive molecules which consist of a number of diverse chemical species, including radical and non-radical oxygen species. Oxidative stress occurs as a result of an overproduction of ROS not balanced by an adequate level of antioxidants. The natural antioxidants are: thiol compounds among which GSH is the most representative, and non-thiol compounds such as polyphenols, vitamins and also various enzymes. Many diseases have been linked to oxidative stress including bone diseases among which one of the most important is the osteoporosis. The redox state changes are also related to the bone remodeling process which allows the continuous bone regeneration through the coordinated action of bone cells: osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes. Changes in ROS and/or antioxidant systems seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of bone loss. ROS induce the apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes, and this favours osteoclastogenesis and inhibits the mineralization and osteogenesis. Excessive osteocyte apoptosis correlates with oxidative stress causing an imbalance in favor of osteoclastogenesis which leads to increased turnover of bone remodeling and bone loss. Antioxidants either directly or by counteracting the action of oxidants contribute to activate the differentiation of osteoblasts, mineralization process and the reduction of osteoclast activity. In fact, a marked decrease in plasma antioxidants was found in aged or osteoporotic women. Some evidence shows a link among nutrients, antioxidant intake and bone health. Recent data demonstrate the antioxidant properties of various nutrients and their influence on bone metabolism. Polyphenols and anthocyanins are the most abundant antioxidants in the diet, and nutritional approaches to antioxidant strategies, in animals or selected groups of patients with osteoporosis or inflammatory bone diseases, suggest the antioxidant use in anti-resorptive therapies for the treatment and prevention of bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladana Domazetovic
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" (Biochemistry section), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gemma Marcucci
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine (Endocrinology Section), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Teresa Iantomasi
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" (Biochemistry section), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine (Endocrinology Section), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Vincenzini
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" (Biochemistry section), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Multiple and complex influences of connexins and pannexins on cell death. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017. [PMID: 28625689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is a fundamental process for organogenesis, immunity and cell renewal. During the last decades a broad range of molecular tools were identified as important players for several different cell death pathways (apoptosis, pyroptosis, necrosis, autosis…). Aside from these direct regulators of cell death programs, several lines of evidence proposed connexins and pannexins as potent effectors of cell death. In the present review we discussed the potential roles played by connexins, pannexins and innexins in the different cell death programs at different scales from gap junction intercellular communication to protein-protein interactions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Gap Junction Proteins edited by Jean Claude Herve.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW This review highlights recent developments into how intercellular communication through connexin43 facilitates bone modeling and remodeling. RECENT FINDINGS Connexin43 is required for both skeletal development and maintenance, particularly in cortical bone, where it carries out multiple functions, including preventing osteoclastogenesis, restraining osteoprogenitor proliferation, promoting osteoblast differentiation, coordinating organized collagen matrix deposition, and maintaining osteocyte survival. Emerging data shows that connexin43 regulates both the exchange of small molecules among osteoblast lineage cells and the docking of signaling proteins to the gap junction, affecting the efficiency of signal transduction. Understanding how and what connexin43 communicates to coordinate tissue remodeling has therapeutic implications in bone. Altering the information shared by intercellular communication and/or targeting the recruitment of signaling machinery to the gap junction could be used to impact the skeletal homeostatic set point, either driving osteogenesis or inhibiting resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Moorer
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Allied Health Building, Room 540E, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 100 Penn Street, Allied Health Building, Room 540E, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Baek SJ, Hur H, Min BS, Baik SH, Lee KY, Kim NK. The Characteristics of Bone Metastasis in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Long-Term Report from a Single Institution. World J Surg 2016; 40:982-6. [PMID: 26541868 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-015-3296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is very rare, and data are extremely lacking. We aimed to evaluate the characteristics of bone metastasis in patients with CRC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a chart review of 63 patients (1.1 %) with bone metastasis among 5479 patients who underwent surgery for CRC. RESULTS Most patients were stage 3 (17.5 %) or 4 (73.0 %), and 32 patients (50.8 %) were diagnosed with bone metastasis at initial diagnoses of CRC. Thirty-one patients developed bone metastasis during the follow-up period with median 10.1-month interval. PET-CT was most frequently used for the diagnosis of bone metastasis (71.4 %), and the spine was the most commonly involved site (77.8 %). Most patients had multiple bone metastases (73.0 %) and other metastases (87.3 %). Bone pain was the most common skeletal-related event (25.4 %), and patients were treated with radiation (25.4 %), surgery (14.3 %), or bisphosphonate (6.3 %). The median survival time was 17.8 months, and the 5-year survival rate was 5.7 %. In the multivariate analysis, the risk factors for survival included initial bone metastasis (hazard ratio [HR] 3.03; P < 0.001) and bone metastasis from colon cancer (HR 1.87; P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Bone metastasis in patients with CRC is extremely rare and shows poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jin Baek
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-527, South Korea.
| | - Hyuk Hur
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-527, South Korea
| | - Byung-Soh Min
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-527, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyuk Baik
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-527, South Korea
| | - Kang-Young Lee
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-527, South Korea
| | - Nam-Kyu Kim
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-527, South Korea.
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Kumar C, Panigrahi I, Somasekhara Aradhya A, Meena BL, Khandelwal N. Zoledronate for Osteogenesis imperfecta: evaluation of safety profile in children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29:947-52. [PMID: 27235668 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2015-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advent of bisphosphonates (BPs) has revolutionised the outcome of Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) in the last few years. There has always been a safety concern regarding zoledronate's use due to a paucity of studies. The current study is a retrospective evaluation of children with OI on the short- and long-term side effects of zoledronate and the frequency of fractures per year after the drug was introduced. METHODS A total of 26 children diagnosed with OI, with a median age of 84 (45-121) months were enrolled in the study. They received cyclical zoledronate for a median duration of 36 (11-61) months at quarterly intervals between January 2008 and December 2014. Safety evaluation involved assessment of its short- and long-term effects in addition to the frequency of fractures after its usage. RESULTS One (3%) neonate had symptomatic hypocalcemia 15 days after the infusion. Three children (11%) had acute phase reactions. None had long-term side effects, including osteonecrosis of the jaw, in our 7-year experience. OI of types III and IV (total of 22) had significant reductions in the number of fractures (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Further long-duration studies are necessary to evaluate the longterm safety of zoledronate.
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Tsuboi K, Hasegawa T, Yamamoto T, Sasaki M, Hongo H, de Freitas PHL, Shimizu T, Takahata M, Oda K, Michigami T, Li M, Kitagawa Y, Amizuka N. Effects of drug discontinuation after short-term daily alendronate administration on osteoblasts and osteocytes in mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:337-50. [PMID: 27235014 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine whether osteoclastic bone resorption is restarted after withdrawn of bisphosphonates, we conducted histological examinations on murine osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes after discontinuation of a daily regimen of alendronate (ALN) with a dosage of 1 mg/kg/day for 10 days. After drug discontinuation, metaphyseal trabecular number and bone volume remained unaltered for the first 4 days. Osteoclast number did not increase, while the number of apoptotic osteoclasts was elevated. On the other hand, tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase-immunoreactive area was markedly reduced after ALN discontinuation. In addition, osteocytes showed an atrophic profile with empty lacunar areas during and after ALN treatment. Interestingly, as early as 36 h after a single ALN injection, osteocytes show signs of atrophy despite the presence of active osteoblasts. Structured illumination microscopy system showed shortening of osteocytic cytoplasmic processes after drug cessation, suggesting a possible morphological and functional disconnection between osteocytes and osteoblasts. Taken together, it appears that osteoclastic bone resorption is not resumed after ALN discontinuation; also, osteoblasts and osteocytes hardly seem to recover once they are inactivated and atrophied by ALN. In summary, it seems that one must pay more attention to the responses of osteoblasts and osteocytes, rather focusing on the resuming of osteoclastic bone resorption after the ALN discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Tsuboi
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan.,Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Tomomaya Yamamoto
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Muneteru Sasaki
- Unit of Translational Medicine, Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hongo
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | | | - Tomohiro Shimizu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takahata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kimimitsu Oda
- Division of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral, Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minqi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, The School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yoshimasa Kitagawa
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan.
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Rodriguez JB, Falcone BN, Szajnman SH. Approaches for Designing new Potent Inhibitors of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:307-20. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1143814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Bone involvement represented by osteolytic bone disease (OBD) or osteopenia is one of the pathognomonic and defining characteristics of multiple myeloma (MM). Nearly 90 % of patients with MM develop osteolytic bone lesions, frequently complicated by skeletal-related events (SRE) such as severe bone pain, pathological fractures, vertebral collapse, hypercalcemia, and spinal cord compression. All of these not only result in a negative impact on quality of life but also adversely impact overall survival. OBD is a consequence of increased osteoclast (OC) activation along with osteoblast (OB) inhibition, resulting in altered bone remodeling. OC number and activity are increased in MM via cytokine deregulation within the bone marrow (BM) milieu, whereas negative regulators of OB differentiation suppress bone formation. Inhibition of osteolysis and stimulation of OB differentiation leads to reduced tumor growth in vivo. Therefore, novel agents targeting OBD are promising therapeutic strategies not only for the treatment of MM OBD but also for the treatment of MM. Several novel agents in addition to bisphosphonates are currently under investigation for their positive effect on bone remodeling via OC inhibition or OB stimulation. Future studies will look to combine or sequence all of these agents with the goal of not only alleviating morbidity from MM OBD but also capitalizing on the resultant antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homare Eda
- Multiple Myeloma Program, Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Loredana Santo
- Multiple Myeloma Program, Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G David Roodman
- Multiple Myeloma Program, Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noopur Raje
- Multiple Myeloma Program, Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Li S, He H, Zhang G, Wang F, Zhang P, Tan Y. Connexin43-containing gap junctions potentiate extracellular Ca2+-induced odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells via Erk1/2. Exp Cell Res 2015; 338:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Plotkin LI, Stains JP. Connexins and pannexins in the skeleton: gap junctions, hemichannels and more. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2853-67. [PMID: 26091748 PMCID: PMC4503509 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of bone homeostasis depends on the concerted actions of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts, controlled by osteocytes, cells derived from osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix. The control of differentiation, viability and function of bone cells relies on the presence of connexins. Connexin43 regulates the expression of genes required for osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation directly or by changing the levels of osteocytic genes, and connexin45 may oppose connexin43 actions in osteoblastic cells. Connexin37 is required for osteoclast differentiation and its deletion results in increased bone mass. Less is known on the role of connexins in cartilage, ligaments and tendons. Connexin43, connexin45, connexin32, connexin46 and connexin29 are expressed in chondrocytes, while connexin43 and connexin32 are expressed in ligaments and tendons. Similarly, although the expression of pannexin1, pannexin2 and pannexin3 has been demonstrated in bone and cartilage cells, their function in these tissues is not fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., MS 5035, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA,
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Román M, de Prado A, Rodríguez de Tembleque F. Bilateral Atypical Femoral Fracture in a Man on Long-Term Bisphosphonate and Glucocorticoid Therapy: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect 2015; 5:e36. [PMID: 29252598 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.cc.n.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CASE We present here, to our knowledge, the first case of a male patient with a sequential bilateral atypical femoral fracture associated with long-term use of bisphosphonates to treat glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS Given the known effectiveness of bisphosphonates, both their use and the potential complication of rare atypical femoral fractures have increased. These fractures are understood to occur when there is an alteration in the bone quality and its resistance to fatigue fracture in a subgroup of patients receiving bisphosphonates or denosumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Román
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Avenida Menéndez Pidal, s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
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47
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Abstract
Bone adaptation to changes in mechanical stimuli occurs by adjusting bone formation and resorption by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, to maintain optimal bone mass. Osteocytes coordinate the actions of these cells on the bone surface by sensing mechanical forces and producing cytokines that increase or prevent osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation and function. Channels formed by connexins (Cxs) and, in particular, connexin 43 (Cx43) in osteoblasts and osteocytes are central part of this mechanism to control bone mass. Cx43 hemichannels are opened by fluid flow and mediate the anti-apoptotic effect of mechanical stimulation in vitro, suggesting that Cx43 participates in mechanotransduction. However, mice lacking Cx43 in osteoblasts and/or osteocytes show an increased anabolic response to loading and decreased catabolic response to unloading. This evidence suggests that Cx43 channels expressed in osteoblastic cells are not required for the response to mechanical stimulation, but mediate the consequence of lack thereof. The molecular basis of these unexpected responses to mechanical stimulation is currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS-5035, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA,
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Fontani F, Marcucci G, Iantomasi T, Brandi ML, Vincenzini MT. Glutathione, N-acetylcysteine and lipoic acid down-regulate starvation-induced apoptosis, RANKL/OPG ratio and sclerostin in osteocytes: involvement of JNK and ERK1/2 signalling. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 96:335-46. [PMID: 25660312 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-015-9961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteocyte apoptosis due to microdamage and/or oxidative stress is related to increased local bone turnover and resorption observed in various bone diseases. Previous data on osteoblasts and osteoclasts have linked reactive oxygen species and antioxidants to bone remodelling. This study performs a comprehensive analysis on the effect of antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH), N-acetylcysteine and lipoic acid (LA) on starvation-induced osteocyte apoptosis and on cytokines involved in bone remodelling such as the receptor activator kB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and sclerostin. For this study, apoptosis was induced by serum starvation in a murine osteocyte-like cell line MLO-Y4; this condition mimics in part osteocyte apoptosis due to microdamage. The results show that starvation-induced apoptosis and expression of RANKL, OPG and sclerostin are redox regulated processes. All antioxidants are able to inhibit the apoptosis due to starvation. They down-regulate the expression and the release of RANKL, the expression of sclerostin and RANKL/OPG ratio, whereas they only in part up-regulate OPG expression. Antioxidants mediate their effect on starvation-induced apoptosis by JNK signalling and on cytokine expression by both JNK and ERK1/2 activities. This study shows the possible involvement of biological antioxidants such as GSH and LA on redox regulated mechanisms related to apoptosis and expression of cytokines involved in bone remodelling. Moreover, it suggests that both JNK and ERK1/2 may be useful biological targets for drugs affecting bone diseases associated with increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Fontani
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
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Geissler JR, Bajaj D, Fritton JC. American Society of Biomechanics Journal of Biomechanics Award 2013: cortical bone tissue mechanical quality and biological mechanisms possibly underlying atypical fractures. J Biomech 2015; 48:883-94. [PMID: 25683519 PMCID: PMC4380555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The biomechanics literature contains many well-understood mechanisms behind typical fracture types that have important roles in treatment planning. The recent association of “atypical” fractures with long-term use of drugs designed to prevent osteoporosis has renewed interest in the effects of agents on bone tissue-level quality. While this class of fracture was recognized prior to the introduction of the anti-resorptive bisphosphonate drugs and recently likened to stress fractures, the mechanism(s) that lead to atypical fractures have not been definitively identified. Thus, a causal relationship between these drugs and atypical fracture has not been established. Physicians, bioengineers and others interested in the biomechanics of bone are working to improve fracture-prevention diagnostics, and the design of treatments to avoid this serious side-effect in the future. This review examines the mechanisms behind the bone tissue damage that may produce the atypical fracture pattern observed increasingly with long-term bisphosphonate use. Our recent findings and those of others reviewed support that the mechanisms behind normal, healthy excavation and tunnel filling by bone remodeling units within cortical tissue strengthen mechanical integrity. The ability of cortical bone to resist the damage induced during cyclic loading may be altered by the reduced remodeling and increased tissue age resulting from long-term bisphosphonate treatment. Development of assessments for such potential fractures would restore confidence in pharmaceutical treatments that have the potential to spare millions in our aging population from the morbidity and death that often follow bone fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Geissler
- Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Joint Program in Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, and the New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Devendra Bajaj
- Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - J Christopher Fritton
- Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Joint Program in Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, and the New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Bone fragility is a major health concern, as the increased risk of bone fractures has devastating outcomes in terms of mortality, decreased autonomy, and healthcare costs. Efforts made to address this problem have considerably increased our knowledge about the mechanisms that regulate bone formation and resorption. In particular, we now have a much better understanding of the cellular events that are triggered when bones are mechanically stimulated and how these events can lead to improvements in bone mass. Despite these findings at the molecular level, most exercise intervention studies reveal either no effects or only minor benefits of exercise programs in improving bone mineral density (BMD) in osteoporotic patients. Nevertheless, and despite that BMD is the gold standard for diagnosing osteoporosis, this measure is only able to provide insights regarding the quantity of bone tissue. In this article, we review the complex structure of bone tissue and highlight the concept that its mechanical strength stems from the interaction of several different features. We revisited the available data showing that bone mineralization degree, hydroxyapatite crystal size and heterogeneity, collagen properties, osteocyte density, trabecular and cortical microarchitecture, as well as whole bone geometry, are determinants of bone strength and that each one of these properties may independently contribute to the increased or decreased risk of fracture, even without meaningful changes in aBMD. Based on these findings, we emphasize that while osteoporosis (almost) always causes bone fragility, bone fragility is not always caused just by osteoporosis, as other important variables also play a major role in this etiology. Furthermore, the results of several studies showing compelling data that physical exercise has the potential to improve bone quality and to decrease fracture risk by influencing each one of these determinants are also reviewed. These findings have meaningful clinical repercussions as they emphasize the fact that, even without leading to improvements in BMD, exercise interventions in patients with osteoporosis may be beneficial by improving other determinants of bone strength.
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