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Shetty S, Idell S. Caveolin-1-Related Intervention for Fibrotic Lung Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:554. [PMID: 36831221 PMCID: PMC9953971 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal interstitial lung disease (ILD) for which there are no effective treatments. Lung transplantation is the only viable option for patients with end-stage PF but is only available to a minority of patients. Lung lesions in ILDs, including IPF, are characterized by alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) senescence and apoptosis and accumulation of activated myofibroblasts and/or fibrotic lung (fL) fibroblasts (fLfs). These composite populations of fLfs show a high rate of basal proliferation, resist apoptosis and senescence, and have increased migration and invasiveness. They also more readily deposit ECM proteins. These features eventuate in progressive destruction of alveolar architecture and loss of lung function in patients with PF. The identification of new, safer, and more effective therapy is therefore mandatory for patients with IPF or related ILDs. We found that increased caveolin-1 and tumor suppressor protein, p53 expression, and apoptosis in AECs occur prior to and then with the proliferation of fLfs in fibrotic lungs. AECs with elevated p53 typically undergo apoptosis. fLfs alternatively demonstrate strikingly low basal levels of caveolin-1 and p53, while mouse double minute 2 homolog (mdm2) levels and mdm2-mediated degradation of p53 protein are markedly increased. The disparities in the expression of p53 in injured AECs and fLfs appear to be due to increased basal expression of caveolin-1 in apoptotic AECs with a relative paucity of caveolin-1 and increased mdm2 in fLfs. Therefore, targeting caveolin-1 using a caveolin 1 scaffolding domain peptide, CSP7, represents a new and promising approach for patients with IPF, perhaps other forms of progressive ILD or even other forms of organ injury characterized by fibrotic repair. The mechanisms of action differ in the injured AECs and in fLfs, in which differential signaling enables the preservation of AEC viability with concurrent limitation of fLf expansion and collagen secretion. The findings in three models of PF indicate that lung scarring can be nearly abrogated by airway delivery of the peptide. Phase 1 clinical trial testing of this approach in healthy volunteers has been successfully completed; Phase 1b in IPF patients is soon to be initiated and, if successful, will be followed by phase 2 testing in short order. Apart from the treatment of IPF, this intervention may be applicable to other forms of tissue injury characterized by fibrotic repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreerama Shetty
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
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Verhagen N, Zieringer J, Takors R. Methylthioadenosine (MTA) boosts cell-specific productivities of Chinese hamster ovary cultures: dosage effects on proliferation, cell cycle and gene expression. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2791-2804. [PMID: 33128321 PMCID: PMC7714083 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal for process and cell engineering in the biopharmaceutical industry is enhancing production through increasing volumetric and cell‐specific productivities (CSP). Here, we present 5′‐deoxy‐5′‐(methylthio)adenosine (MTA), the degradation product of S‐(5′‐adenosyl)‐L‐methionine (SAM), as a highly attractive native additive which can boost CSP by 79% when added to exponentially growing cells at a concentration of 250–300 μm. Notably, cell viability and cell size remain higher than in non‐treated cultures. In addition, cell cycle arrests first in S‐, then in G2‐phase before levelling out compared to non‐treated cultivations. Intensive differential gene analysis reveals that expression of genes for cytoskeleton mediated proteins and vesicle transport is amplified by treatment. Furthermore, the interaction of MTA with cell proliferation additionally stimulated recombinant protein formation. The results may serve as a promising starting point for further developments in process and cell engineering to boost productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Verhagen
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Zieringer
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralf Takors
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Zhang Y, MacKenzie B, Koleng JJ, Maier E, Warnken ZN, Williams RO. Development of an Excipient-Free Peptide Dry Powder Inhalation for the Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:632-644. [PMID: 31913640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The caveolin scaffolding domain peptide (CSP) is being developed for the therapeutic intervention of a lethal lung disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. While direct respiratory delivery of CSP7 (a 7-mer fragment of CSP) is considered an effective route, proper formulation and processing of the peptide are required. First, air-jet milling technology was performed in order to micronize the neat peptide powder. Next, the fine particles were subjected to a stability study with physical and chemical characterizations. In addition, the in vivo efficacy of processed CSP7 powder was evaluated in an animal model of lung fibrosis. The results revealed that, with jet milling, the particle size of CSP7 was reduced to a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 1.58 ± 0.1 μm and 93.3 ± 3.3% fine particle fraction, optimal for deep lung delivery. A statistically significant reduction of collagen was observed in diseased lung tissues of mice that received CSP7 powder for inhalation. The particles remained chemically and physically stable after micronization and during storage. This work demonstrated that jet milling is effective in the manufacturing of a stable, excipient-free CSP7 inhalation powder for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy , The University of Texas at Austin , 2409 University Avenue , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - BreAnne MacKenzie
- Lung Therapeutics Inc. , 2600 Via Fortuna, Suite 360 , Austin , Texas 78746 , United States
| | - John J Koleng
- Lung Therapeutics Inc. , 2600 Via Fortuna, Suite 360 , Austin , Texas 78746 , United States
| | - Esther Maier
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy , The University of Texas at Austin , 2409 University Avenue , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Zachary N Warnken
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy , The University of Texas at Austin , 2409 University Avenue , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Robert O Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy , The University of Texas at Austin , 2409 University Avenue , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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Abstract
The role of uPA in tissue remodeling and cell migration is already well established. In addition, uPA was reported to stabilize p53, a key cell cycle control, DNA repair and apoptosis initiation protein. We aimed to determine the role of uPA-uPAR signaling towards cell survival or apoptosis in human adult cardiac myocytes (HACM). HACM were stimulated with uPA and DNA damage was inflicted by incubating cells with 200 µM H2O2. To analyze for apoptotic cells we applied TUNEL staining. Oxidative damage foci were analyzed by staining for 8-oxoguanine base pairs. In vivo qPCR analysis from RNA extracted from failing human hearts demonstrated a close relation of uPA with apoptosis and the p53 pathway. Furthermore, we observed a close correlation of uPA and p53 protein in homogenized tissue lysates. In vitro studies revealed that uPA preincubation protected HACM from oxidative damage induced cell death and reduced oxidative damage foci. uPA protection is independent of its catalytic activity, as the amino terminal fragment of uPA showed similar protection. A key enzyme for repairing oxidative DNA damage is the p53 target hOGG1. We found a significant increase of hOGG1 after pretreatment of HACM with uPA. Knockdown of hOGG1 completely abrogated the protective effect of uPA. We conclude that uPA might have a tissue protective role in human hearts besides its role in tissue remodeling. Tissue protection is mediated by the DNA repair protein hOGG1. This might be beneficial during tissue remodeling and thus could be a target for therapeutic approaches in the diseased heart.
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Role of the urokinase-fibrinolytic system in epithelial-mesenchymal transition during lung injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:55-68. [PMID: 25447049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar type II epithelial (ATII) cell injury precedes development of pulmonary fibrosis. Mice lacking urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) are highly susceptible, whereas those deficient in plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) are resistant to lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been considered, at least in part, as a source of myofibroblast formation during fibrogenesis. However, the contribution of altered expression of major components of the uPA system on ATII cell EMT during lung injury is not well understood. To investigate whether changes in uPA and PAI-1 by ATII cells contribute to EMT, ATII cells from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and mice with bleomycin-, transforming growth factor β-, or passive cigarette smoke-induced lung injury were analyzed for uPA, PAI-1, and EMT markers. We found reduced expression of E-cadherin and zona occludens-1, whereas collagen-I and α-smooth muscle actin were increased in ATII cells isolated from injured lungs. These changes were associated with a parallel increase in PAI-1 and reduced uPA expression. Further, inhibition of Src kinase activity using caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide suppressed bleomycin-, transforming growth factor β-, or passive cigarette smoke-induced EMT and restored uPA expression while suppressing PAI-1. These studies show that induction of PAI-1 and inhibition of uPA during fibrosing lung injury lead to EMT in ATII cells.
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Bhandary YP, Shetty SK, Marudamuthu AS, Ji HL, Neuenschwander PF, Boggaram V, Morris GF, Fu J, Idell S, Shetty S. Regulation of lung injury and fibrosis by p53-mediated changes in urokinase and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:131-43. [PMID: 23665346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar type II epithelial cell (ATII) apoptosis and proliferation of mesenchymal cells are the hallmarks of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a devastating disease of unknown cause characterized by alveolar epithelial injury and progressive fibrosis. We used a mouse model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung injury to understand the involvement of p53-mediated changes in urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels in the regulation of alveolar epithelial injury. We found marked induction of p53 in ATII cells from mice exposed to BLM. Transgenic mice expressing transcriptionally inactive dominant negative p53 in ATII cells showed augmented apoptosis, whereas those deficient in p53 resisted BLM-induced ATII cell apoptosis. Inhibition of p53 transcription failed to suppress PAI-1 or induce uPA mRNA in BLM-treated ATII cells. ATII cells from mice with BLM injury showed augmented binding of p53 to uPA, uPA receptor (uPAR), and PAI-1 mRNA. p53-binding sequences from uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 mRNA 3' untranslated regions neither interfered with p53 DNA binding activity nor p53-mediated promoter transactivation. However, increased expression of p53-binding sequences from uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 mRNA 3' untranslated regions in ATII cells suppressed PAI-1 and induced uPA after BLM treatment, leading to inhibition of ATII cell apoptosis and pulmonary fibrosis. Our findings indicate that disruption of p53-fibrinolytic system cross talk may serve as a novel intervention strategy to prevent lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashodhar P Bhandary
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708, USA
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8
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Shetty SK, Bhandary YP, Marudamuthu AS, Abernathy D, Velusamy T, Starcher B, Shetty S. Regulation of airway and alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis by p53-Induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 during cigarette smoke exposure injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:474-83. [PMID: 22592924 PMCID: PMC3488631 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0390oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of tumor suppressor protein p53 and of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is associated with cigarette smoke (CS) exposure-induced lung epithelial injury. p53 induces PAI-1 through mRNA stabilization in lung epithelial cells. However, it is unclear how this process affects lung epithelial damage. Here, we show that CS induces p53 and PAI-1 expression and apoptosis in cultured Beas2B and primary alveolar type (AT)II cells. CS exposure augmented binding of p53 protein with PAI-1 mRNA. Inhibition of p53 from binding to PAI-1 mRNA through expression of p53-binding 70 nt PAI-1 mRNA 3'UTR sequences suppressed CS-induced PAI-1 expression. Treatment of Beas2B cells with caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide (CSP) suppressed p53 expression and p53-PAI-1 mRNA interaction. These changes were associated with parallel inhibition of CS-induced PAI-1 expression and apoptosis in Beas2B cells. Wild-type mice exposed to passive CS likewise show augmented p53 and PAI-1 with parallel induction of ATII cell apoptosis, whereas mice deficient for p53 or PAI-1 expression resisted apoptosis of ATII cells. CSP suppressed CS-induced ATII cell apoptosis in wild-type mice and abrogated p53-PAI-1 mRNA interaction with parallel inhibition of p53 and PAI-1 expression. The protection against ATII cell apoptosis by CSP involves inhibition of passive CS-induced proapoptotic Bax and Bak expression and restoration of the prosurvival proteins Bcl-X(L). These observations demonstrate that inhibition of p53 binding to PAI-1 mRNA 3'UTR attenuates CS-induced ATII cell apoptosis. This presents a novel link between p53-mediated PAI-1 expression and CS-induced ATII cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetha K Shetty
- The Texas Lung Injury Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Lab C-6, Tyler, TX, 75708, USA.
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Bhandary YP, Shetty SK, Marudamuthu AS, Gyetko MR, Idell S, Gharaee-Kermani M, Shetty RS, Starcher BC, Shetty S. Regulation of alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis and pulmonary fibrosis by coordinate expression of components of the fibrinolytic system. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 302:L463-73. [PMID: 22140072 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00099.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type II (ATII) cell apoptosis and depressed fibrinolysis that promotes alveolar fibrin deposition are associated with acute lung injury (ALI) and the development of pulmonary fibrosis (PF). We therefore sought to determine whether p53-mediated inhibition of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) contribute to ATII cell apoptosis that precedes the development of PF. We also sought to determine whether caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide (CSP) reverses these changes to protect against ALI and PF. Tissues as well as isolated ATII cells from the lungs of wild-type (WT) mice with BLM injury show increased apoptosis, p53, and PAI-1, and reciprocal suppression of uPA and uPA receptor (uPAR) protein expression. Treatment of WT mice with CSP reverses these effects and protects ATII cells against bleomycin (BLM)-induced apoptosis whereas CSP fails to attenuate ATII cell apoptosis or decrease p53 or PAI-1 in uPA-deficient mice. These mice demonstrate more severe PF. Thus p53 is increased and inhibits expression of uPA and uPAR while increasing PAI-1, changes that promote ATII cell apoptosis in mice with BLM-induced ALI. We show that CSP, an intervention targeting this pathway, protects the lung epithelium from apoptosis and prevents PF in BLM-induced lung injury via uPA-mediated inhibition of p53 and PAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashodhar P Bhandary
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas 75708, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Zacharski
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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Borrás C, Gómez-Cabrera MC, Viña J. The dual role of p53: DNA protection and antioxidant. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:643-52. [PMID: 21452930 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.571685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The classical functions of p53 protein are those related to its role on DNA damage, cell growth arrest, senescence and apoptosis. For this reason it is called 'the guardian of the genome' and is considered one of the most important players in the development of cancer. However, more recently it has been show that p53 is not only involved in cancer, but also in ageing. p53 is stimulated by stress, which in turn results in the activation of a wide range of transcriptional targets. Low-intensity stress will activate p53 in a manner which results in antioxidant response, thus protecting against ageing because of its antioxidant function. On the contrary, high-intensity activation of p53 will result in an increase of oxidative stress by activation of p53-mediated pro-oxidant targets, thus increasing the rate of ageing, but protecting against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Borrás
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 15 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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Bijsmans ITGW, Smits KM, de Graeff P, Wisman GBA, van der Zee AGJ, Slangen BF, de Bruïne AP, van Engeland M, Sieben NL, Van de Vijver KK. Loss of SerpinA5 protein expression is associated with advanced-stage serous ovarian tumors. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:463-70. [PMID: 21102419 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer, the most lethal neoplasm of the female genital tract, is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage as obvious symptoms are absent at early stages. This disease is believed to originate from malignant transformation of the ovarian surface epithelium or fallopian tube. Histologically, several subtypes are being recognized, with serous histology accounting for the majority of cases. Serous tumors include serous borderline tumors and serous carcinomas. A better understanding of the tumor biology and molecular mechanisms involved in these tumors is needed, as both patient management and prognosis differ substantially. Previous microarray analysis identified SerpinA5, a uPA inhibitor, as key regulator for indolent borderline behavior. As carcinomas are characterized by loss of SerpinA5 mRNA expression, we hypothesized that SerpinA5 protein expression is reduced or lost in carcinomas when compared with borderline tumors. We performed SerpinA5 immunohistochemical staining on 32 serous borderline tumors, 187 primary serous carcinomas and 62 serous omental metastases. Reduced or absent SerpinA5 protein staining was observed in carcinomas when compared with borderline tumors (P<0.001). SerpinA5 protein expression was significantly lowered in the omental metastases (P<0.001) when compared with the matching primary carcinoma. Interestingly, SerpinA5 protein expression was reduced in advanced-stage borderline tumors, often characterized by micropapillary growth and/or microinvasion, when compared with early-stage borderline tumors (P=0.015). In conclusion, SerpinA5 expression is significantly reduced in advanced-stage serous borderline tumors and serous carcinomas when compared with the early-stage counterparts, and reduction of expression is linked to more aggressive features of borderline tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid T G W Bijsmans
- Department of Pathology, GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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von Montfort C, Beier JI, Kaiser JP, Guo L, Joshi-Barve S, Pritchard MT, States JC, Arteel GE. PAI-1 plays a protective role in CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice: role of hepatocyte division. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G657-66. [PMID: 20203062 PMCID: PMC2867423 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00107.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is an acute phase protein that has been shown to play a role in experimental fibrosis caused by bile duct ligation (BDL) in mice. However, its role in more severe models of hepatic fibrosis (e.g., carbon tetrachloride; CCl(4)) has not been determined and is important for extrapolation to human disease. Wild-type or PAI-1 knockout mice were administered CCl(4) (1 ml/kg body wt ip) 2x/wk for 4 wk. Plasma (e.g., transaminase activity) and histological (e.g., Sirius red staining) indexes of liver damage and fibrosis were evaluated. Proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by PCNA and TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, respectively, as well as by indexes of cell cycle (e.g., p53, cyclin D1). In contrast to previous studies with BDL, hepatic fibrosis was enhanced in PAI-1(-/-) mice after chronic CCl(4) administration. Indeed, all indexes of liver damage were elevated in PAI-1(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice. This enhanced liver damage correlated with impaired hepatocyte proliferation. A similar effect on proliferation was observed after one bolus dose of CCl(4), without concomitant increases in liver damage. Under these conditions, a decrease in phospho-p38, coupled with elevated p53 protein, was observed; these results suggest impaired proliferation and a potential G(1)/S cell cycle arrest in PAI-1(-/-) mice. These data suggest that PAI-1 may play multiple roles in chronic liver diseases, both protective and damaging, the latter mediated by its influence on inflammation and fibrosis and the former via helping maintain hepatocyte division after an injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia von Montfort
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and ,the 2University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - Juliane I. Beier
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and ,the 2University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - J. Phillip Kaiser
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and ,the 2University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - Luping Guo
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
| | - Swati Joshi-Barve
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and ,the 2University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - Michele T. Pritchard
- 3Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Gavin E. Arteel
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and ,the 2University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky; and
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Shetty S, Bhandary YP, Shetty SK, Velusamy T, Shetty P, Bdeir K, Gyetko MR, Cines DB, Idell S, Neuenschwander PF, Ruppert C, Guenther A, Abraham E, Shetty RS. Induction of tissue factor by urokinase in lung epithelial cells and in the lungs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:1355-66. [PMID: 20194819 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200901-0015oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) regulates extracellular proteolysis in lung injury and repair. Although alveolar expression of uPA increases, procoagulant activity predominates. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to investigate whether uPA alters the expression of tissue factor (TF), the major initiator of the coagulation cascade, in lung epithelial cells (ECs). METHODS Bronchial, primary airway ECs and C57B6 wild-type, uPA-deficient (uPA(-/-)) mice were exposed to phosphate-buffered saline, uPA, or LPS. Immunohistochemistry, protein, cellular, and molecular techniques were used to assess TF expression and activity. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS uPA enhanced TF mRNA and protein expression, and TF-dependent coagulation in lung ECs. uPA-induced expression of TF involves both increased synthesis and enhanced stabilization of TF mRNA. uPA catalytic activity had little effect on induction of TF. By contrast, deletion of the uPA receptor binding growth factor domain from uPA markedly attenuated the induction of TF, suggesting that uPA receptor binding is sufficient for TF induction. Lung tissues of uPA-deficient mice expressed less TF protein and mRNA compared with wild-type mice. In addition, intratracheal instillation of mouse uPA increased TF mRNA and protein expression and accelerated coagulation in lung tissues. uPA(-/-) mice exposed to LPS failed to induce TF. CONCLUSIONS uPA increased TF expression and TF-dependent coagulation in the lungs of mice. We hypothesize that uPA-mediated induction of TF occurs in lung ECs to promote increased fibrin deposition in the airways during acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreerama Shetty
- Department of Specialty Care Services, The Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Center at Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX 75708, USA.
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Chenau J, Michelland S, de Fraipont F, Josserand V, Coll JL, Favrot MC, Seve M. The cell line secretome, a suitable tool for investigating proteins released in vivo by tumors: application to the study of p53-modulated proteins secreted in lung cancer cells. J Proteome Res 2010; 8:4579-91. [PMID: 19639960 DOI: 10.1021/pr900383g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Malignant processes such as metastasis, invasion, or angiogenesis are tightly dependent on the composition of the extracellular medium, which is itself affected by the release of proteins by the tumor cells. p53, a major tumor suppressor protein very frequently mutated and/or inactivated in cancer cells, is known to modulate the release of proteins by the tumor cells; however, while p53-modulated intracellular proteins have been extensively studied, little is known concerning their extracellular counterparts. Here, we characterized the p53-dependent secretome of a lung tumor model in vitro (H358 human nonsmall cell lung adenocarcinoma cell line with a homozygous deletion of p53) and demonstrate that the modulation of exported proteins can also be detected in vivo in the plasma of tumor-bearing mice. We used a clone of H358, stably transfected with a tetracycline-inducible wild-type p53-expressing vector. With the use of iTRAQ labeling and LC-MALDI-MS/MS analysis, we identified 909 proteins released in vitro by the cells, among which 91 are p53-modulated. Three proteins (GDF-15, FGF-19, and VEGF) were also investigated in H358/TetOn/p53 xenograft mice. The ELISA dosage on total tumor protein extracts confirmed the influence of p53 on the release of these proteins in vivo. Moreover, the GDF-15 concentration was measured in the plasma and its p53-dependent modulation was confirmed. To our knowledge, this is the first report establishing that the in vitro cell line secretome is reliable and reflects the extracellular release of proteins from tumor cells in vivo and could be used to identify putative tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Chenau
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, INSERM, Institut Albert Bonniot U823, Grenoble, France
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Shetty S, Padijnayayveetil J, Tucker T, Stankowska D, Idell S. The fibrinolytic system and the regulation of lung epithelial cell proteolysis, signaling, and cellular viability. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L967-75. [PMID: 18836029 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90349.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are key components of the fibrinolytic system and are expressed by lung epithelial cells. uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 have been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) and pulmonary fibrosis. Recently, it has become clear that regulation of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 occurs at the posttranscriptional level of mRNA stability in lung epithelial cells. uPA further mediates its own expression in these cells as well as that of uPAR and PAI-1 through induction of changes in mRNA stability. In addition, uPA-mediated signaling controls the expression of the tumor suppressor protein p53 in lung epithelial cells at the posttranslational level. p53 has recently been shown to be a trans-acting uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 mRNA-binding protein that regulates the stability of these mRNAs. It is now clear that signaling initiated by uPA mediates dose-dependent regulation of lung epithelial cell apoptosis and likewise involves changes in p53, uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 expression. These findings demonstrate that the uPA-uPAR-PAI-1 system of lung epithelial cells mediates a broad repertoire of responses that encompass but extend well beyond traditional fibrinolysis, involve newly recognized interactions with p53 that influence the viability of the lung epithelium, and are thereby implicated in the pathogenesis of ALI and its repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreerama Shetty
- Lab C-6, Biomedical Research Bldg., The Univ. of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 U.S. Hwy. 271, Tyler, TX 75708, USA.
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Stepanova V, Lebedeva T, Kuo A, Yarovoi S, Tkachuk S, Zaitsev S, Bdeir K, Dumler I, Marks MS, Parfyonova Y, Tkachuk VA, Higazi AAR, Cines DB. Nuclear translocation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Blood 2008; 112:100-10. [PMID: 18337556 PMCID: PMC2435680 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-104455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) participates in diverse (patho)physiological processes through intracellular signaling events that affect cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, although the mechanisms by which these occur are only partially understood. Here we report that upon cell binding and internalization, single-chain uPA (scuPA) translocates to the nucleus within minutes. Nuclear translocation does not involve proteolytic activation or degradation of scuPA. Neither the urokinase receptor (uPAR) nor the low-density lipoprotein-related receptor (LRP) is required for nuclear targeting. Rather, translocation involves the binding of scuPA to the nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein nucleolin through a region containing the kringle domain. RNA interference and mutational analysis demonstrate that nucleolin is required for the nuclear transport of scuPA. Furthermore, nucleolin is required for the induction smooth muscle alpha-actin (alpha-SMA) by scuPA. These data reveal a novel pathway by which uPA is rapidly translocated to the nucleus where it might participate in regulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Stepanova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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Shetty S, Shetty P, Idell S, Velusamy T, Bhandary YP, Shetty RS. Regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by tumor suppressor protein p53. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:19570-80. [PMID: 18469003 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710268200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
H1299 lung carcinoma cells lacking p53 (p53-/-) express minimal amounts of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) protein as well as mRNA. p53(-/-) cells express highly unstable PAI-1 mRNA. Transfection of p53 in p53(-/-) cells enhanced PAI-1 expression and stabilized PAI-1 mRNA. On the contrary, inhibition of p53 expression by RNA silencing in non-malignant human lung epithelial (Beas2B) cells decreased basal as well as urokinase-type plasminogen activator-induced PAI-1 expression because of accelerated degradation of PAI-1 mRNA. Purified p53 protein specifically binds to the PAI-1 mRNA 3'-un-translated region (UTR), and endogenous PAI-1 mRNA forms an immune complex with p53. Treatment of purified p53 protein with anti-p53 antibody abolished p53 binding to the 3'-UTR of PAI-1 mRNA. The p53 binding region maps to a 70-nucleotide PAI-1 mRNA 3'-UTR sequence, and insertion of the p53-binding sequence into beta-globin mRNA destabilized the chimeric transcript. Deletion experiments indicate that the carboxyl-terminal region (amino acid residues 296-393) of p53 protein interacts with PAI-1 mRNA. These observations demonstrate a novel role for p53 as an mRNA-binding protein that regulates increased PAI-1 expression and stabilization of PAI-1 mRNA in human lung epithelial and carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreerama Shetty
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas 75708, USA.
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Shetty P, Velusamy T, Bhandary YP, Shetty RS, Liu MC, Shetty S. Urokinase expression by tumor suppressor protein p53: a novel role in mRNA turnover. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:364-72. [PMID: 18390474 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0406oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung carcinoma (H1299) cells deficient in p53 (p53(-/-)) express large amounts of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) protein and uPA mRNA, and exhibit slower degradation of uPA mRNA than that of p53-expressing nonmalignant Beas2B human airway epithelial cells. Expression of p53 protein in H1299 cells, upon transfection with p53 cDNA, suppressed basal as well as uPA-induced expression of uPA protein in both conditioned media and cell lysates, and decreased the level of steady-state uPA mRNA primarily due to increased uPA mRNA turnover. Inhibition of p53 expression by RNA silencing (SiRNA) in Beas2B cells enhanced basal and uPA-mediated uPA protein and mRNA expression with stabilization of uPA mRNA. Purified p53 binds to the uPA mRNA 3' untranslated region (UTR) in a sequence-specific manner and endogenous uPA mRNA associates with p53 protein isolated from Beas2B cytosolic extracts. p53 binds to a 35-nucleotide uPA 3'UTR sequence and insertion of this sequence into beta-globin mRNA accelerates degradation of otherwise stable beta-globin mRNA. These observations confirm a new role for p53 as a uPA mRNA binding protein that down-regulates uPA mRNA stability and decreases cellular uPA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveenkumar Shetty
- The Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Specialty Care Services, The University of Texas Health Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708, USA
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Shetty S, Velusamy T, Idell S, Shetty P, Mazar AP, Bhandary YP, Shetty RS. Regulation of urokinase receptor expression by p53: novel role in stabilization of uPAR mRNA. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:5607-18. [PMID: 17548471 PMCID: PMC1952137 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00080-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that p53-deficient (p53(-/-)) lung carcinoma (H1299) cells express robust levels of cell surface uPAR and uPAR mRNA. Expression of p53 protein in p53(-/-) cells suppressed basal and urokinase (uPA)-induced cell surface uPAR protein and increased uPAR mRNA degradation. Inhibition of p53 by RNA silencing in Beas2B human airway epithelial cells conversely increased basal as well as uPA-mediated uPAR expression and stabilized uPAR mRNA. Purified p53 protein specifically binds to the uPAR mRNA 3' untranslated region (3'UTR), and endogenous uPAR mRNA associates with p53. The p53 binding region involves a 37-nucleotide uPAR 3'UTR sequence, and insertion of the p53 binding sequence into beta-globin mRNA destabilized beta-globin mRNA. Inhibition of p53 expression in these cells reverses decay of chimeric beta-globin-uPAR mRNA. These observations demonstrate a novel regulatory role for p53 as a uPAR mRNA binding protein that down-regulates uPAR expression, destabilizes uPAR mRNA, and thereby contributes to the viability of human airway epithelial or lung carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreerama Shetty
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Department of Specialty Care Services, The University of Texas Health Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA.
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