1
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Thibault E, Brandizzi F. Post-translational modifications: emerging directors of cell-fate decisions during endoplasmic reticulum stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:831-848. [PMID: 38600022 PMCID: PMC11088923 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is critical for growth, development, and stress responses. Perturbations causing an imbalance in ER proteostasis lead to a potentially lethal condition known as ER stress. In ER stress situations, cell-fate decisions either activate pro-life pathways that reestablish homeostasis or initiate pro-death pathways to prevent further damage to the organism. Understanding the mechanisms underpinning cell-fate decisions in ER stress is critical for crop development and has the potential to enable translation of conserved components to ER stress-related diseases in metazoans. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are emerging as key players in cell-fate decisions in situations of imbalanced ER proteostasis. In this review, we address PTMs orchestrating cell-fate decisions in ER stress in plants and provide evidence-based perspectives for where future studies may focus to identify additional PTMs involved in ER stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Thibault
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, U.S.A
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, U.S.A
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, U.S.A
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2
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Chen Y, Liu K, Zhang G, Cheng J, Tu J. Monoclonal antibody-based systematic identification of SUMO1-modification sites reveals TFII-I SUMOylation is involved in tumor growth. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31080. [PMID: 37450667 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
SUMOylation plays an essential role in diverse physiological and pathological processes. Identification of wild-type SUMO1-modification sites by mass spectrometry is still challenging. In this study, we produced a monoclonal SUMO1C-K antibody recognizing SUMOylated peptides and proposed an efficient streamline for identification of SUMOylation sites. We identified 471 SUMOylation sites in 325 proteins from five raw data. These identified sites exhibit a high positive rate when evaluated by mutation-verified SUMOylation sites. We identified many SUMOylated proteins involved in mitochondrial metabolism and non-membrane-bounded organelles formation. We proposed a SUMOylation motif, ΨKXD/EP, where proline is required for efficient SUMOylation. We further revealed SUMOylation of TFII-I was stimulated by growth signals and was required for nucleus-localization of p-ERK1/2. Mutation of SUMOylation sites of TFII-I suppressed tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, we provided a strategy for personalized identification of wild-type SUMO1-modification sites and revealed the physiological significance of TFII-I SUMOylation in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Geqiang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinke Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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3
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Nir Sade A, Levy G, Schokoroy Trangle S, Elad Sfadia G, Bar E, Ophir O, Fischer I, Rokach M, Atzmon A, Parnas H, Rosenberg T, Marco A, Elroy Stein O, Barak B. Neuronal Gtf2i deletion alters mitochondrial and autophagic properties. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1269. [PMID: 38097729 PMCID: PMC10721858 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gtf2i encodes the general transcription factor II-I (TFII-I), with peak expression during pre-natal and early post-natal brain development stages. Because these stages are critical for proper brain development, we studied at the single-cell level the consequences of Gtf2i's deletion from excitatory neurons, specifically on mitochondria. Here we show that Gtf2i's deletion resulted in abnormal morphology, disrupted mRNA related to mitochondrial fission and fusion, and altered autophagy/mitophagy protein expression. These changes align with elevated reactive oxygen species levels, illuminating Gtf2i's importance in neurons mitochondrial function. Similar mitochondrial issues were demonstrated by Gtf2i heterozygous model, mirroring the human condition in Williams syndrome (WS), and by hemizygous neuronal Gtf2i deletion model, indicating Gtf2i's dosage-sensitive role in mitochondrial regulation. Clinically relevant, we observed altered transcript levels related to mitochondria, hypoxia, and autophagy in frontal cortex tissue from WS individuals. Our study reveals mitochondrial and autophagy-related deficits shedding light on WS and other Gtf2i-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Nir Sade
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gilad Levy
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sari Schokoroy Trangle
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Galit Elad Sfadia
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ela Bar
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Omer Ophir
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbar Fischer
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - May Rokach
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andrea Atzmon
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine & Cancer Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hadar Parnas
- Neuro-Epigenetics Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Rosenberg
- Neuro-Epigenetics Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaf Marco
- Neuro-Epigenetics Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orna Elroy Stein
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine & Cancer Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Boaz Barak
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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4
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Pan Y, Fu Y, Baird PN, Guymer RH, Das T, Iwata T. Exploring the contribution of ARMS2 and HTRA1 genetic risk factors in age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 97:101159. [PMID: 36581531 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe irreversible central vision loss in individuals over 65 years old. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have shown that the region at chromosome 10q26, where the age-related maculopathy susceptibility (ARMS2/LOC387715) and HtrA serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1) genes are located, represents one of the strongest associated loci for AMD. However, the underlying biological mechanism of this genetic association has remained elusive. In this article, we extensively review the literature by us and others regarding the ARMS2/HTRA1 risk alleles and their functional significance. We also review the literature regarding the presumed function of the ARMS2 protein and the molecular processes of the HTRA1 protein in AMD pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo, including those of transgenic mice overexpressing HtrA1/HTRA1 which developed Bruch's membrane (BM) damage, choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), similar to human AMD patients. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of the ARMS2 and HTRA1 susceptibility loci has begun to untangle the complex biological pathways underlying AMD pathophysiology, pointing to new testable paradigms for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Pan
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Yingbin Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, NC506, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Paul N Baird
- Department of Surgery, (Ophthalmology), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robyn H Guymer
- Department of Surgery, (Ophthalmology), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
| | - Taraprasad Das
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute-Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Diseases, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, 500034, India
| | - Takeshi Iwata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan.
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5
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François-Moutal L, Scott DD, Ambrose AJ, Zerio CJ, Rodriguez-Sanchez M, Dissanayake K, May DG, Carlson JM, Barbieri E, Moutal A, Roux KJ, Shorter J, Khanna R, Barmada SJ, McGurk L, Khanna M. Heat shock protein Grp78/BiP/HspA5 binds directly to TDP-43 and mitigates toxicity associated with disease pathology. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8140. [PMID: 35581326 PMCID: PMC9114370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with no cure or effective treatment in which TAR DNA Binding Protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) abnormally accumulates into misfolded protein aggregates in affected neurons. It is widely accepted that protein misfolding and aggregation promotes proteotoxic stress. The molecular chaperones are a primary line of defense against proteotoxic stress, and there has been long-standing interest in understanding the relationship between chaperones and aggregated protein in ALS. Of particular interest are the heat shock protein of 70 kDa (Hsp70) family of chaperones. However, defining which of the 13 human Hsp70 isoforms is critical for ALS has presented many challenges. To gain insight into the specific Hsp70 that modulates TDP-43, we investigated the relationship between TDP-43 and the Hsp70s using proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) and discovered several Hsp70 isoforms associated with TDP-43 in the nucleus, raising the possibility of an interaction with native TDP-43. We further found that HspA5 bound specifically to the RNA-binding domain of TDP-43 using recombinantly expressed proteins. Moreover, in a Drosophila strain that mimics ALS upon TDP-43 expression, the mRNA levels of the HspA5 homologue (Hsc70.3) were significantly increased. Similarly we observed upregulation of HspA5 in prefrontal cortex neurons from human ALS patients. Finally, overexpression of HspA5 in Drosophila rescued TDP-43-induced toxicity, suggesting that upregulation of HspA5 may have a compensatory role in ALS pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberty François-Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.,Center for Innovation in Brain Science, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - David Donald Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.,Center for Innovation in Brain Science, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Andrew J Ambrose
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Christopher J Zerio
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | | | - Kumara Dissanayake
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Danielle G May
- Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Jacob M Carlson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.,Center for Innovation in Brain Science, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Edward Barbieri
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.,Center for Innovation in Brain Science, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Kyle J Roux
- Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - James Shorter
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.,Center for Innovation in Brain Science, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Sami J Barmada
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Leeanne McGurk
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - May Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA. .,Center for Innovation in Brain Science, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA. .,Department of Molecular Pathobiology, NYU, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, NYU, 433 1st Ave, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
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6
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Enhanced GRP78 protein expression via the IRE1α/ASK1/p38 MAPK pathway during As 2O 3-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in BEAS-2B cells. Toxicology 2021; 462:152962. [PMID: 34560123 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is widely present in the environment. Exposure to moderate to high concentrations of arsenic from drinking water or air can cause various cancers and multisystem dysfunction. Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor of unfolded protein response (UPR) under stress conditions and it enhances cell survival. The aim of this study is to investigate molecular mechanisms of arsenic-induced GRP78 expression in BEAS-2B cells model. We found that GRP78 protein expression was enhanced, while the level of GRP78 mRNA expression did not change under arsenic trioxide (As2O3)-induced ER stress condition in BEAS-2B cells. Cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, completely inhibited As2O3-induced GRP78 protein expression. GRP78 mRNA expression was inhibited by actinomycin-D (Act-D). However, GRP78 protein expression was upregulated in the presence of Act-D under As2O3-induced ER stress condition. These data indicated that the upregulation of GRP78 protein under As2O3-induced UPR condition was possibly due to the increased biosynthesis of GRP78 protein. Moreover, both inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) RNase and kinase inhibitor KIRA6 and IRE1α kinase inhibitor APY29 completely inhibited As2O3-induced GRP78 protein expression and phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and p38 MAPK. Activation of apoptotic signaling kinase 1 (ASK1) is a downstream effector of IRE1α kinase. ASK1 inhibitor selonsertib and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 partially inhibited As2O3-induced GRP78 protein expression, respectively. Our results suggested that As2O3 enhanced GRP78 protein expression in BEAS-2B cells via IRE1α kinase/ASK1/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report on illuminating the related mechanisms of increased GRP78 protein expression in As2O3-induced ER stress condition through a novel IRE1α pathway.
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7
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Linzer N, Trumbull A, Nar R, Gibbons MD, Yu DT, Strouboulis J, Bungert J. Regulation of RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation and Elongation by Transcription Factor TFII-I. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:681550. [PMID: 34055891 PMCID: PMC8155576 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.681550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is regulated by different processes, including alterations in chromatin structure, interactions between distal regulatory elements and promoters, formation of transcription domains enriched for Pol II and co-regulators, and mechanisms involved in the initiation, elongation, and termination steps of transcription. Transcription factor TFII-I, originally identified as an initiator (INR)-binding protein, contains multiple protein–protein interaction domains and plays diverse roles in the regulation of transcription. Genome-wide analysis revealed that TFII-I associates with expressed as well as repressed genes. Consistently, TFII-I interacts with co-regulators that either positively or negatively regulate the transcription. Furthermore, TFII-I has been shown to regulate transcription pausing by interacting with proteins that promote or inhibit the elongation step of transcription. Changes in TFII-I expression in humans are associated with neurological and immunological diseases as well as cancer. Furthermore, TFII-I is essential for the development of mice and represents a barrier for the induction of pluripotency. Here, we review the known functions of TFII-I related to the regulation of Pol II transcription at the stages of initiation and elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Linzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alexis Trumbull
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rukiye Nar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Matthew D Gibbons
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David T Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - John Strouboulis
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Bungert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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8
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Loureiro CM, Fachim HA, Corsi-Zuelli F, Shuhama R, Menezes PR, Dalton CF, Del-Ben CM, Reynolds GP, Louzada-Junior P. The relationship of childhood trauma and DNA methylation of NMDA receptor genes in first-episode schizophrenia. Epigenomics 2021; 13:927-937. [PMID: 33942662 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2020-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We investigated GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B and LINE-1 DNA methylation in first-episode schizophrenia patients, their nonaffected siblings and age- and sex-matched controls testing for associations between DNA methylation and exposition to childhood trauma. Materials & methods: The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire evaluated the history of childhood trauma. Genomic DNA was bisulfite converted and pyrosequencing was employed to quantify DNA methylation. Results: GRIN2A, GRIN2B and LINE-1 DNA methylation was not associated with childhood trauma in patients, siblings and controls. Siblings with childhood trauma had hypermethylation at CpG1 of GRIN1 compared with siblings without trauma. Conclusion: Childhood trauma may influence GRIN1 methylation in subjects with liability to psychosis, but not in frank schizophrenia or controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M Loureiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049 9002, Brazil.,Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB3, UK.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049 9004, Brazil.,Population Mental Health Center - NAP-SaMP, University of São Paulo, 01246 9035, Brazil
| | - Helene A Fachim
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, M6 8HD6, UK
| | - Fabiana Corsi-Zuelli
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049 9004, Brazil.,Department of Neurosciences & Behaviour, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049 9007, Brazil
| | - Rosana Shuhama
- Population Mental Health Center - NAP-SaMP, University of São Paulo, 01246 9035, Brazil.,Department of Neurosciences & Behaviour, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049 9007, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Menezes
- Population Mental Health Center - NAP-SaMP, University of São Paulo, 01246 9035, Brazil.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246 9035, Brazil
| | - Caroline F Dalton
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB3, UK
| | - Cristina M Del-Ben
- Population Mental Health Center - NAP-SaMP, University of São Paulo, 01246 9035, Brazil.,Department of Neurosciences & Behaviour, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049 9007, Brazil
| | - Gavin P Reynolds
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB3, UK
| | - Paulo Louzada-Junior
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049 9002, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049 9004, Brazil
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9
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Tateo V, Manuzzi L, Parisi C, De Giglio A, Campana D, Pantaleo MA, Lamberti G. An Overview on Molecular Characterization of Thymic Tumors: Old and New Targets for Clinical Advances. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:316. [PMID: 33915954 PMCID: PMC8066729 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic tumors are a group of rare mediastinal malignancies that include three different histological subtypes with completely different clinical behavior: the thymic carcinomas, the thymomas, and the rarest thymic neuroendocrine tumors. Nowadays, few therapeutic options are available for relapsed and refractory thymic tumors after a first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. In the last years, the deepening of knowledge on thymus' biological characterization has opened possibilities for new treatment options. Several clinical trials have been conducted, the majority with disappointing results mainly due to inaccurate patient selection, but recently some encouraging results have been presented. In this review, we summarize the molecular alterations observed in thymic tumors, underlying the great biological differences among the different histology, and the promising targeted therapies for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Tateo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (V.T.); (L.M.); (C.P.); (D.C.); (M.A.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Lisa Manuzzi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (V.T.); (L.M.); (C.P.); (D.C.); (M.A.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Claudia Parisi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (V.T.); (L.M.); (C.P.); (D.C.); (M.A.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Andrea De Giglio
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (V.T.); (L.M.); (C.P.); (D.C.); (M.A.P.); (G.L.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Campana
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (V.T.); (L.M.); (C.P.); (D.C.); (M.A.P.); (G.L.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Abbondanza Pantaleo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (V.T.); (L.M.); (C.P.); (D.C.); (M.A.P.); (G.L.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lamberti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (V.T.); (L.M.); (C.P.); (D.C.); (M.A.P.); (G.L.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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10
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Neuditschko B, Legin AA, Baier D, Schintlmeister A, Reipert S, Wagner M, Keppler BK, Berger W, Meier‐Menches SM, Gerner C. Die Wechselwirkung mit ribosomalen Proteinen begleitet die Stressinduktion des Wirkstoffkandidaten BOLD-100/KP1339 im endoplasmatischen Retikulum. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:5121-5126. [PMID: 38505777 PMCID: PMC10947255 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDer metallhaltige Wirkstoff BOLD‐100/KP1339 zeigte bereits vielversprechende Resultate in verschiedenen In vitro‐ und In vivo‐Tumormodellen sowie in klinischen Studien. Der detaillierte Wirkmechanismus wurde jedoch noch nicht komplett aufgeklärt. Als entscheidende Wirkstoffeffekte kristallisierten sich kürzlich die Stressinduktion im endoplasmatischen Retikulum (ER) und die damit einhergehende Modulierung von HSPA5 (GRP78) heraus. Das spontane und stabile Addukt zwischen BOLD‐100 und menschlichem Serumalbumin wurde als Immobilisierungsstrategie ausgewählt, um einen chemoproteomischen Ansatz auszuführen, der die ribosomalen Proteine RPL10, RPL24 und den Transkriptionsfaktor GTF2I als potentielle Interaktoren dieser Ru(III)‐Verbindung identifizierten. Dieses Ergebnis wurde mit proteomischen und transkriptomischen Profiling‐Experimenten kombiniert, was die Interpretation einer ribosomalen Beeinträchtigung sowie der Induktion von ER‐Stress unterstützte. Die Bildung von Polyribosomen und begleitende ER‐Schwellungen in behandelten Krebszellen wurden zudem durch TEM‐Messungen bestätigt. Somit scheint eine direkte Wechselwirkung von BOLD‐100 mit ribosomalen Proteinen die ER‐Stressinduktion und die Modulierung von GRP78 in Krebszellen zu begleiten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Neuditschko
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität WienWähringer Str. 421090WienÖsterreich
- Institut für Analytische ChemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität WienWähringer Str. 381090WienÖsterreich
| | - Anton A. Legin
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität WienWähringer Str. 421090WienÖsterreich
- Forschungsnetzwerk “Chemistry, Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science”Universität WienWähringer Str. 421090WienÖsterreich
| | - Dina Baier
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität WienWähringer Str. 421090WienÖsterreich
- Institut für Krebsforschung und Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversitätsklinik für Innere Medizin IMedizinische Universität WienBorschkegasse 8a1090WienÖsterreich
- Forschungscluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”Universität WienWähringer Str. 421090WienÖsterreich
| | - Arno Schintlmeister
- Forschungsnetzwerk “Chemistry, Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science”Universität WienWähringer Str. 421090WienÖsterreich
- Großgeräteeinrichtung für Umwelt- und Isotopen-MassenspektrometrieZentrum für Mikrobiologie und UmweltsystemwissenschaftUniversität WienAlthanstr. 141090WienÖsterreich
| | - Siegfried Reipert
- Core Facility für Cell Imaging und UltrastrukturforschungAlthanstr. 141090WienÖsterreich
| | - Michael Wagner
- Forschungsnetzwerk “Chemistry, Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science”Universität WienWähringer Str. 421090WienÖsterreich
- Großgeräteeinrichtung für Umwelt- und Isotopen-MassenspektrometrieZentrum für Mikrobiologie und UmweltsystemwissenschaftUniversität WienAlthanstr. 141090WienÖsterreich
| | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität WienWähringer Str. 421090WienÖsterreich
- Forschungsnetzwerk “Chemistry, Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science”Universität WienWähringer Str. 421090WienÖsterreich
- Forschungscluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”Universität WienWähringer Str. 421090WienÖsterreich
| | - Walter Berger
- Institut für Krebsforschung und Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversitätsklinik für Innere Medizin IMedizinische Universität WienBorschkegasse 8a1090WienÖsterreich
- Forschungscluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”Universität WienWähringer Str. 421090WienÖsterreich
| | - Samuel M. Meier‐Menches
- Institut für Analytische ChemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität WienWähringer Str. 381090WienÖsterreich
- Forschungscluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”Universität WienWähringer Str. 421090WienÖsterreich
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Institut für Analytische ChemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität WienWähringer Str. 381090WienÖsterreich
- Joint Metabolome FacilityUniversität Wien und Medizinische Universität WienWähringer Str. 381090WienÖsterreich
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11
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Neuditschko B, Legin AA, Baier D, Schintlmeister A, Reipert S, Wagner M, Keppler BK, Berger W, Meier‐Menches SM, Gerner C. Interaction with Ribosomal Proteins Accompanies Stress Induction of the Anticancer Metallodrug BOLD-100/KP1339 in the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5063-5068. [PMID: 33369073 PMCID: PMC7986094 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ruthenium-based anticancer agent BOLD-100/KP1339 has shown promising results in several in vitro and in vivo tumour models as well as in early clinical trials. However, its mode of action remains to be fully elucidated. Recent evidence identified stress induction in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and concomitant down-modulation of HSPA5 (GRP78) as key drug effects. By exploiting the naturally formed adduct between BOLD-100 and human serum albumin as an immobilization strategy, we were able to perform target-profiling experiments that revealed the ribosomal proteins RPL10, RPL24, and the transcription factor GTF2I as potential interactors of this ruthenium(III) anticancer agent. Integrating these findings with proteomic profiling and transcriptomic experiments supported ribosomal disturbance and concomitant induction of ER stress. The formation of polyribosomes and ER swelling of treated cancer cells revealed by TEM validated this finding. Thus, the direct interaction of BOLD-100 with ribosomal proteins seems to accompany ER stress-induction and modulation of GRP78 in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Neuditschko
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 421090ViennaAustria
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Anton A. Legin
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 421090ViennaAustria
- Research Network “Chemistry, Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science”University of ViennaWähringer Str. 421090ViennaAustria
| | - Dina Baier
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 421090ViennaAustria
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer CenterDepartment of Medicine IMedical University of ViennaBorschkegasse 8a1090ViennaAustria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”University of ViennaWaehringer Str. 421090ViennaAustria
| | - Arno Schintlmeister
- Research Network “Chemistry, Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science”University of ViennaWähringer Str. 421090ViennaAustria
- Large-Instrument Facility for Environmental and Isotope Mass SpectrometryCentre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems ScienceUniversity of ViennaAlthanstr. 141090ViennaAustria
| | - Siegfried Reipert
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure ResearchAlthanstr. 141090ViennaAustria
| | - Michael Wagner
- Research Network “Chemistry, Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science”University of ViennaWähringer Str. 421090ViennaAustria
- Large-Instrument Facility for Environmental and Isotope Mass SpectrometryCentre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems ScienceUniversity of ViennaAlthanstr. 141090ViennaAustria
| | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 421090ViennaAustria
- Research Network “Chemistry, Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science”University of ViennaWähringer Str. 421090ViennaAustria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”University of ViennaWaehringer Str. 421090ViennaAustria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer CenterDepartment of Medicine IMedical University of ViennaBorschkegasse 8a1090ViennaAustria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”University of ViennaWaehringer Str. 421090ViennaAustria
| | - Samuel M. Meier‐Menches
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
- Research Cluster “Translational Cancer Therapy Research”University of ViennaWaehringer Str. 421090ViennaAustria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
- Joint Metabolome FacilityUniversity of Vienna and Medical University of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
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12
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Pan Y, Iejima D, Nakayama M, Suga A, Noda T, Kaur I, Das T, Chakrabarti S, Guymer RH, DeAngelis MM, Yamamoto M, Baird PN, Iwata T. Binding of Gtf2i-β/δ transcription factors to the ARMS2 gene leads to increased circulating HTRA1 in AMD patients and in vitro. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100456. [PMID: 33636181 PMCID: PMC8039566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease-initiating molecular events for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a multifactorial retinal disease affecting many millions of elderly individuals worldwide, are still unknown. Of the over 30 risk and protective loci so far associated with AMD through whole genome-wide association studies (GWAS), the Age-Related Maculopathy Susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) gene locus represents one of the most highly associated risk regions for AMD. A unique insertion/deletion (in/del) sequence located immediately upstream of the High Temperature Requirement A1 (HTRA1) gene in this region confers high risk for AMD. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), we identified that two Gtf2i-β/δ transcription factor isoforms bind to the cis-element 5'- ATTAATAACC-3' contained in this in/del sequence. The binding of these transcription factors leads to enhanced upregulation of transcription of the secretory serine protease HTRA1 in transfected cells and AMD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Overexpression of Htra1 in mice using a CAG-promoter demonstrated increased blood concentration of Htra1 protein, caused upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and produced a choroidal neovascularization (CNV)-like phenotype. Finally, a comparison of 478 AMD patients to 481 healthy, age-matched controls from Japan, India, Australia, and the USA showed a statistically increased level of secreted HTRA1 blood concentration in AMD patients compared with age-matched controls. Taken together, these results suggest a common mechanism across ethnicities whereby increased systemic blood circulation of secreted serine protease HTRA1 leads to subsequent degradation of Bruch's membrane and eventual CNV in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Pan
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Iejima
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mao Nakayama
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Suga
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Noda
- Division of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Inderjeet Kaur
- Kallam Anji Reddy Molecular Genetics lab, Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Taraprasad Das
- Kallam Anji Reddy Molecular Genetics lab, Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Subhabrata Chakrabarti
- Kallam Anji Reddy Molecular Genetics lab, Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Robyn H Guymer
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ira G. Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Megumi Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan; JAC Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paul N Baird
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Takeshi Iwata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
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13
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Banach A, Jiang YP, Roth E, Kuscu C, Cao J, Lin RZ. CEMIP upregulates BiP to promote breast cancer cell survival in hypoxia. Oncotarget 2019; 10:4307-4320. [PMID: 31303964 PMCID: PMC6611512 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration-inducing protein (CEMIP) and binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) are upregulated in human cancers, where they drive cancer progression and metastasis. It has been shown that CEMIP resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where it interacts with BiP to induce cell migration, but the relationship between the two proteins was previously unknown. Here we show that CEMIP mediates activation of the BiP promoter and upregulates BiP transcript and protein levels in breast cancer cell lines. Moreover, CEMIP overexpression confers protective adaptations to cancer cells under hypoxic conditions, by decreasing apoptosis, activating autophagy, and increasing glucose uptake, to facilitate tumor growth. We demonstrate that BiP signals downstream of CEMIP, modulating cellular resistance to hypoxia. Reducing BiP in CEMIP-expressing cells sensitized cells to hypoxia treatment, decreased glucose uptake, and resulted in tumor regression in vivo. Our study provides insights into the link between CEMIP and BiP expression and the pro-survival role they play in hypoxia. Better understanding of the mechanisms behind cancer cell adaptations to harsh tumor environments could lead to development of improved cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Banach
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ya-Ping Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Eric Roth
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Cem Kuscu
- Transplant Research Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jian Cao
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Richard Z Lin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Medical Service, Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY, USA
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14
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Menikdiwela KR, Ramalingam L, Allen L, Scoggin S, Kalupahana NS, Moustaid-Moussa N. Angiotensin II Increases Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Adipose Tissue and Adipocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8481. [PMID: 31186446 PMCID: PMC6560092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Renin Angiotensin System (RAS), a key regulator of blood pressure has been linked to metabolic disorders. We have previously reported that adipose overexpression of angiotensinogen in mice (Agt-Tg) induces obesity, in part mediated by adipose tissue inflammation, through yet unidentified mechanisms. Hence, we hypothesize that adipose tissue enrichment of angiotensinogen leads to activation of inflammatory cascades and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, thereby, contributing to obesity. We used wild type (Wt), Agt-Tg and Agt-knockout (KO) mice along with 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes treated with RAS, ER stress and inflammation inhibitors. ER stress and pro-inflammation markers were significantly higher in Agt-Tg compared to Wt mice and captopril significantly reduced their expression. Furthermore, in vitro treatment with Ang II significantly induced ER stress and inflammation, whereas angiotensin II receptor inhibitor, telmisartan reduced RAS effects. Moreover, miR-30 family had significantly lower expression in Agt-Tg group. MiR-708-5p and -143-3p were upregulated when RAS was overexpressed, and RAS antagonists reduced miR-143-3p and -708-5p in both mouse adipose tissue and adipocytes. Activation of RAS by Ang II treatment, increased inflammation and ER stress in adipocytes mainly via AT1 receptor, possibly mediated by miR-30 family, -708-5p and/or -143-3p. Hence, RAS and mediating microRNAs could be used as potential targets to reduce RAS induced obesity and related comorbid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalhara R Menikdiwela
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.,Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Latha Ramalingam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.,Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - London Allen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.,Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Shane Scoggin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Nishan S Kalupahana
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.,Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA. .,Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
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15
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Zhao D, Yang J, Han K, Liu Q, Wang H, Liu Y, Huang X, Zhang L, Li Y. The unfolded protein response induced by Tembusu virus infection. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:34. [PMID: 30670030 PMCID: PMC6343269 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1781-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tembusu virus (TMUV), classified in the genus Flavivirus, causes reduced egg production and neurological problems in poultry. Flavivirus replication depends on the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and induces ER stress that leads to activation of the cellular unfolded protein response (UPR), an important signalling pathway that regulates many biological functions involved in viral pathogenesis and innate immunity. However, the mechanism of TMUV-induced UPR activation remains unclear. Results In this study, we systematically investigated the three UPR pathways in TMUV-infected BHK-21 cells. Our results showed that expression of glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78) and GRP94 was upregulated during the course of TMUV infection. We then demonstrated that TMUV activated the PERK pathway in the early stage of infection, resulting in upregulation of ATF4, GADD34 and CHOP, with CHOP induction leading to caspase-3 activation. We also found the IRE1 pathway to be activated, leading to splicing of X box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA and enhanced expression of p58IPK. Finally, we observed increased expression of ATF6 and activity of ER stress-response elements, suggesting stimulation of the ATF6 pathway. In addition, ATF6 pathway activation correlated with the induction of downstream chaperones calnexin, calreticulin, ERp57 and PDI. UPR activity was also observed by the marked elevation in GRP78 and sXBP1 levels in TMUV-infected DF-1 cells. Conclusions This is the first report that TMUV infection-induced ER stress activates three branches of the UPR, and these results lay the foundation for elucidating the pathogenesis of TMUV and understanding the inherent mechanism of TMUV infection as well as the host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Zhao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, 210014, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, 210014, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaikai Han
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, 210014, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingtao Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, 210014, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huili Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhuo Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, 210014, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmei Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, 210014, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijiao Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, 210014, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province, 210014, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress activates SRC, relocating chaperones to the cell surface where GRP78/CD109 blocks TGF-β signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E4245-E4254. [PMID: 29654145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714866115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) luminal chaperones such as GRP78/BiP can escape to the cell surface upon ER stress where they regulate cell signaling, proliferation, apoptosis, and immunity represents a paradigm shift. Toward deciphering the mechanisms, we report here that, upon ER stress, IRE1α binds to and triggers tyrosine kinase SRC activation, leading to ASAP1 phosphorylation and Golgi accumulation of ASAP1 and Arf1-GTP, resulting in KDEL receptor dispersion from the Golgi and suppression of retrograde transport. At the cell surface, GRP78 binds to and acts in concert with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein, CD109, in blocking TGF-β signaling by promoting the routing of the TGF-β receptor to the caveolae, thereby disrupting its binding to and activation of Smad2. Collectively, we uncover a SRC-mediated signaling cascade that leads to the relocalization of ER chaperones to the cell surface and a mechanism whereby GRP78 counteracts the tumor-suppressor effect of TGF-β.
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17
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Chailangkarn T, Noree C, Muotri AR. The contribution of GTF2I haploinsufficiency to Williams syndrome. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 40:45-51. [PMID: 29305905 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder involving hemideletion of as many as 26-28 genes, resulting in a constellation of unique physical, cognitive and behavior phenotypes. The haploinsufficiency effect of each gene has been studied and correlated with phenotype(s) using several models including WS subjects, animal models, and peripheral cell lines. However, links for most of the genes to WS phenotypes remains unclear. Among those genes, general transcription factor 2I (GTF2I) is of particular interest as its haploinsufficiency is possibly associated with hypersociability in WS. Here, we describe studies of atypical WS cases as well as mouse models focusing on GTF2I that support a role for this protein in the neurocognitive and behavioral profiles of WS individuals. We also review collective studies on diverse molecular functions of GTF2I that may provide mechanistic explanation for phenotypes recently reported in our relevant cellular model, namely WS induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons. Finally, in light of the progress in gene-manipulating approaches, we suggest their uses in revealing the neural functions of GTF2I in the context of WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanathom Chailangkarn
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Chalongrat Noree
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, 25/25 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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18
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Roy AL. Pathophysiology of TFII-I: Old Guard Wearing New Hats. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:501-511. [PMID: 28461154 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical properties of the signal-induced multifunctional transcription factor II-I (TFII-I) indicate that it is involved in a variety of gene regulatory processes. Although gene ablation in murine models and cell-based assays show that it is encoded by an essential gene, GTF2I/Gtf2i, its physiologic role in human disorders was relatively unknown until recently. Novel studies show that it is involved in an array of human diseases including neurocognitive disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and cancer. Here I bring together these diverse observations to illustrate its multiple pathophysiologic functions and further conjecture on how these could be related to its known biochemical properties. I expect that a better understanding of these 'structure-function' relationships would lead to future diagnostic and/or therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda L Roy
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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19
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Zhu S, Zhang Q, Sun X, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT, Kang R, Tang D. HSPA5 Regulates Ferroptotic Cell Death in Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2064-2077. [PMID: 28130223 PMCID: PMC5392369 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death driven by oxidative injury promoting lipid peroxidation, although detailed molecular regulators are largely unknown. Here, we show that heatshock 70-kDa protein 5 (HSPA5) negatively regulates ferroptosis in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. Mechanistically, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) resulted in the induction of HSPA5, which in turn bound glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and protected against GPX4 protein degradation and subsequent lipid peroxidation. Importantly, the HSPA5-GPX4 pathway mediated ferroptosis resistance, limiting the anticancer activity of gemcitabine. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of the HSPA5-GPX4 pathway enhanced gemcitabine sensitivity by disinhibiting ferroptosis in vitro and in both subcutaneous and orthotopic animal models of PDAC. Collectively, these findings identify a novel role of HSPA5 in ferroptosis and suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for overcoming gemcitabine resistance. Cancer Res; 77(8); 2064-77. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510510, China
- Center for DAMP Biology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510510, China
- Protein Modification and Degradation Laboratory, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510510, China
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Xiaofan Sun
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510510, China
| | - Herbert J. Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510510, China
- Center for DAMP Biology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510510, China
- Protein Modification and Degradation Laboratory, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510510, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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20
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Marcoccia D, Pellegrini M, Fiocchetti M, Lorenzetti S, Marino M. Food components and contaminants as (anti)androgenic molecules. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:6. [PMID: 28239427 PMCID: PMC5312591 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Androgens, the main male sex steroids, are the critical factors responsible for the development of the male phenotype during embryogenesis and for the achievement of sexual maturation and puberty. In adulthood, androgens remain essential for the maintenance of male reproductive function and behavior. Androgens, acting through the androgen receptor (AR), regulate male sexual differentiation during development, sperm production beginning from puberty, and maintenance of prostate homeostasis. Several substances present in the environment, now classified as endocrine disruptors (EDCs), strongly interfere with androgen actions in reproductive and non-reproductive tissues. EDCs are a heterogeneous group of xenobiotics which include synthetic chemicals used as industrial solvents/lubricants, plasticizers, additives, agrochemicals, pharmaceutical agents, and polyphenols of plant origin. These compounds are even present in the food as components (polyphenols) or food/water contaminants (pesticides, plasticizers used as food packaging) rendering the diet as the main route of exposure to EDCs for humans. Although huge amount of literature reports the (anti)estrogenic effects of different EDCs, relatively scarce information is available on the (anti)androgenic effects of EDCs. Here, the effects and mechanism of action of phytochemicals and pesticides and plasticizers as possible modulators of AR activities will be reviewed taking into account that insight derived from principles of endocrinology are required to estimate EDC consequences on endocrine deregulation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Marcoccia
- Dpt. of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy.,Present address: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Pellegrini
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy.,Present address: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Fiocchetti
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Lorenzetti
- Dpt. of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
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21
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Gtf2ird1-Dependent Mohawk Expression Regulates Mechanosensing Properties of the Tendon. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:1297-309. [PMID: 26884464 PMCID: PMC4836271 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00950-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanoforces experienced by an organ are translated into biological information for cellular sensing and response. In mammals, the tendon connective tissue experiences and resists physical forces, with tendon-specific mesenchymal cells called tenocytes orchestrating extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. We show that Mohawk (Mkx), a tendon-specific transcription factor, is essential in mechanoresponsive tenogenesis through regulation of its downstream ECM genes such as type I collagens and proteoglycans such as fibromodulin both in vivo and in vitro Wild-type (WT) mice demonstrated an increase in collagen fiber diameter and density in response to physical treadmill exercise, whereas in Mkx(-/-) mice, tendons failed to respond to the same mechanical stimulation. Furthermore, functional screening of the Mkx promoter region identified several upstream transcription factors that regulate Mkx In particular, general transcription factor II-I repeat domain-containing protein 1 (Gtf2ird1) that is expressed in the cytoplasm of unstressed tenocytes translocated into the nucleus upon mechanical stretching to activate the Mkx promoter through chromatin regulation. Here, we demonstrate that Gtf2ird1 is essential for Mkx transcription, while also linking mechanical forces to Mkx-mediated tendon homeostasis and regeneration.
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22
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Hajibeigi A, Dioum EM, Guo J, Öz OK. Identification of novel regulatory NFAT and TFII-I binding elements in the calbindin-D28k promoter in response to serum deprivation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:414-420. [PMID: 26260319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Calbindin-D28k, a key regulator of calcium homeostasis plays a cytoprotective role in various tissues. We used serum free (SFM) and charcoal stripped serum (csFBS) culture media as models of cellular stress to modulate calbindin D28k expression and identify regulatory cis-elements and trans-acting factors in kidney and beta cells. The murine calbindin-D28k promoter activity was significantly upregulated under SFM or csFBS condition. Promoter analysis revealed evolutionary conserved regulatory cis-elements and deletion of 23 nt from +117/+139 as critical for basal transcription. Bioinformatics analysis of the promoter revealed conserved NFAT and TFII regulators elements. Forced expression of NFAT stimulated promoter activity. Inhibition of NFAT transcriptional activity by FK506 attenuated calbindin-D28k expression. TFII-I was shown to be necessary for basal promoter activity and to act cooperatively with NFAT. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, NFAT was shown to bind to both proximal and distal promoter regions. ChIP assays also revealed recruitment of TFII to the -36/+139 region. Knockdown of TFII-I decreased promoter activity. In summary, calbindin-D28k expression during serum deprivation is partly regulated by NFAT and TF-II. This regulation may be important in vivo during ischemia and growth factor withdrawal to regulate cellular function and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Hajibeigi
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9153, USA
| | - Elhadji M Dioum
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9153, USA
| | - Jianfei Guo
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9153, USA
| | - Orhan K Öz
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9153, USA
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The Human Adenovirus Type 5 L4 Promoter Is Negatively Regulated by TFII-I and L4-33K. J Virol 2015; 89:7053-63. [PMID: 25926634 PMCID: PMC4473568 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00683-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The late phase of adenovirus gene expression is controlled by proteins made in the intermediate phase, including L4 proteins of 22,000- and 33,000-Da apparent molecular mass (L4-22K and -33K proteins) that are expressed initially from the L4 promoter (L4P). The L4P is activated by a combination of viral proteins and cellular p53 and is ultimately inhibited again by its own products. Here, we have examined the L4P of human adenovirus type 5 in detail and have defined its transcription start site, which our data suggest is positioned by a weak TATA box. Rather than contributing positively to promoter activity, a putative initiator element at the transcription start site acts as a target for negative regulation imposed on the L4P by cellular TFII-I. We show that this TFII-I inhibition is relieved by one of the previously defined viral activators of the L4P, the E4 Orf3 protein, which alters the pool of TFII-I in the cell. We also explore further the negative regulation of the L4P by its products and show that the L4-33K protein is more significant in this process than L4-22K. It is the combined actions of positive and negative factors that lead to the transient activation of the L4P at the onset of the late phase of adenovirus gene expression. IMPORTANCE The adenovirus replication cycle proceeds through multiple phases of gene expression in which a key step is the activation of late-phase gene expression to produce proteins from which progeny particles can be formed. Working with human adenovirus type 5, we showed previously that two proteins expressed from the L4 region of the viral genome perform essential roles in moving the infection on into the late phase; these two proteins are produced by the action of a dedicated promoter, the L4P, and without them the infection does not proceed successfully to progeny generation. In this new work, we delineate further aspects of L4P activity and regulation. Understanding how the L4P works, and how it contributes to activation of the late phase of infection, is important to our understanding of natural infections by the virus, in which late gene expression can fail to occur, allowing the virus to persist.
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Ghosh S, Adhikary A, Chakraborty S, Bhattacharjee P, Mazumder M, Putatunda S, Gorain M, Chakraborty A, Kundu GC, Das T, Sen PC. Cross-talk between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the MEK/ERK pathway potentiates apoptosis in human triple negative breast carcinoma cells: role of a dihydropyrimidone, nifetepimine. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3936-49. [PMID: 25527500 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.594028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are among the most aggressive and therapy-resistant breast tumors and currently possess almost no molecular targets for therapeutic options in this horizon. In the present study we discerned the molecular mechanisms of potential interaction between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and the MEK/ERK pathway in inducing apoptosis in TNBC cells. Here we observed that induction of ER stress alone was not sufficient to trigger significant apoptosis but simultaneous inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway enhanced ER stress-induced apoptosis via a caspase-dependent mechanism. Our study also demonstrated nifetepimine, a dihydropyrimidone derivative as a potent anti-cancer agent in TNBC cells. Nifetepimine down-regulated the MEK/ERK pathway in MDAMB-231 and MDAMB-468 cells and resulted in blockage of ER stress-mediated GRP78 up-regulation. Detailed mechanistic studies also revealed that nifetepimine by down-regulating pERK expression also declined the promoter binding activity of TFII-I to the GRP78 promoter and in turn regulated GRP78 transcription. Studies further extended to in vivo Swiss albino and SCID mice models also revalidated the anti-carcinogenic property of nifetepimine. Thus our findings cumulatively suggest that nifetepimine couples two distinct signaling pathways to induce the apoptotic death cascade in TNBC cells and raises the possibility for the use of nifetepimine as a potent anti-cancer agent with strong immune-restoring properties for therapeutic intervention for this group of cancer bearers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swatilekha Ghosh
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054
| | - Arghya Adhikary
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054
| | - Pushpak Bhattacharjee
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054
| | - Minakshi Mazumder
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054
| | - Salil Putatunda
- the Department of Chemistry, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata 700013, India, and
| | - Mahadeo Gorain
- the National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Arijit Chakraborty
- the Department of Chemistry, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata 700013, India, and
| | - Gopal C Kundu
- the National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Tanya Das
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054,
| | - Parimal C Sen
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700 054,
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17β-Estradiol inhibits ER stress-induced apoptosis through promotion of TFII-I-dependent Grp78 induction in osteoblasts. J Transl Med 2014; 94:906-16. [PMID: 24933421 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have suggested that estrogen prevents postmenopausal bone loss partially due to its anti-apoptosis effects in osteoblasts, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we found that 17β-estradiol (17β-E₂), one of the primary estrogens, inhibited endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis in MC3T3-E1 cells and primary osteoblasts. Interestingly, 17β-E₂-promoted Grp78 induction, but not CHOP induction in response to ER stress. We further confirmed that Grp78-specific siRNA reversed the inhibition of 17β-E₂ on ER stress-induced apoptosis by activating caspase-12 and caspase-3. Moreover, we found that 17β-E₂ markedly increased the phosphorylated TFII-I levels and nuclear localization of TFII-I in ER stress conditions. 17β-E₂ stimulated Grp78 promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of TFII-I and enhanced the binding of TFII-I to the Grp78 promoter. In addition, 17β-E₂ notably increased phosphorylated ERK1/2 levels and Ras kinase activity in MC3T3-E1 cells. The ERK1/2 activity-specific inhibitor U0126 remarkably blocked 17β-E₂-induced TFII-I phosphorylation and Grp78 expression in response to ER stress. Together, 17β-E₂ protected MC3T3-E1 cells against ER stress-induced apoptosis by promoting Ras-ERK1/2-TFII-I signaling pathway-dependent Grp78 induction.
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26
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Fan AX, Papadopoulos GL, Hossain MA, Lin IJ, Hu J, Tang TM, Kilberg MS, Renne R, Strouboulis J, Bungert J. Genomic and proteomic analysis of transcription factor TFII-I reveals insight into the response to cellular stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:7625-41. [PMID: 24875474 PMCID: PMC4081084 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed transcription factor TFII-I exerts both positive and negative effects on transcription. Using biotinylation tagging technology and high-throughput sequencing, we determined sites of chromatin interactions for TFII-I in the human erythroleukemia cell line K562. This analysis revealed that TFII-I binds upstream of the transcription start site of expressed genes, both upstream and downstream of the transcription start site of repressed genes, and downstream of RNA polymerase II peaks at the ATF3 and other stress responsive genes. At the ATF3 gene, TFII-I binds immediately downstream of a Pol II peak located 5 kb upstream of exon 1. Induction of ATF3 expression increases transcription throughout the ATF3 gene locus which requires TFII-I and correlates with increased association of Pol II and Elongin A. Pull-down assays demonstrated that TFII-I interacts with Elongin A. Partial depletion of TFII-I expression caused a reduction in the association of Elongin A with and transcription of the DNMT1 and EFR3A genes without a decrease in Pol II recruitment. The data reveal different interaction patterns of TFII-I at active, repressed, or inducible genes, identify novel TFII-I interacting proteins, implicate TFII-I in the regulation of transcription elongation and provide insight into the role of TFII-I during the response to cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Xiucheng Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Giorgio L Papadopoulos
- Departmentof Biology, University of Crete, GR1409 Heraklion, Greece Divisionof Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari GR 16672, Greece
| | - Mir A Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - I-Ju Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jianhong Hu
- Departmentof Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Tommy Ming Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael S Kilberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Rolf Renne
- Divisionof Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari GR 16672, Greece
| | - John Strouboulis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA Departmentof Biology, University of Crete, GR1409 Heraklion, Greece Divisionof Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari GR 16672, Greece Departmentof Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Jörg Bungert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Epigenetics, Genetics Institute, Powell Gene Therapy Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Abstract
The glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs) are stress-inducible chaperones that mostly reside in the endoplasmic reticulum or the mitochondria. Recent advances show that the GRPs have functions that are distinct from those of the related heat shock proteins, and they can be actively translocated to other cellular locations and assume novel functions that control signalling, proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, inflammation and immunity. Mouse models further identified their specific roles in development, tumorigenesis, metastasis and angiogenesis. This Review describes their discovery and regulation, as well as their biological functions in cancer. Promising agents that use or target the GRPs are being developed, and their efficacy as anticancer therapeutics is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Room 5308, Los Angeles, California 900899176, USA
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Zhou W, Jeyaraman K, Yusoff P, Shenolikar S. Phosphorylation at tyrosine 262 promotes GADD34 protein turnover. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33146-55. [PMID: 24092754 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.504407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, metabolic and environmental stress increases the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translational initiation factor, eIF2α, and attenuates global protein synthesis. Subsequent transcriptional activation of GADD34 assembles an eIF2α phosphatase that feeds back to restore mRNA translation. Active proteasomal degradation of GADD34 protein then reestablishes the sensitivity of cells to subsequent bouts of stress. Mass spectrometry established GADD34 phosphorylation on multiple serines, threonines, and tyrosines. Phosphorylation at tyrosine 262 enhanced the rate of the GADD34 protein turnover. Substrate-trapping studies identified TC-PTP (PTPN2) as a potential GADD34 phosphatase, recognizing phosphotyrosine 262. Reduced GADD34 protein levels in TC-PTP-null MEFs following ER stress emphasized the importance of TC-PTP in determining the cellular levels of GADD34 protein. The susceptibility of TC-PTP-null MEFs to ER stress-induced apoptosis was significantly ameliorated by ectopic expression of GADD34. The data suggested that GADD34 phosphorylation on tyrosine 262 modulates endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- From the Signature Research Programs in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders and
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29
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Schönthal AH. Pharmacological targeting of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:653-666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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30
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Xu X, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Dong J, Liang Y, Liu HJ, Tong D. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus N protein prolongs S-phase cell cycle, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, and up-regulates interleukin-8 expression. Vet Microbiol 2013; 164:212-21. [PMID: 23562137 PMCID: PMC7117426 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an acute and highly contagious enteric disease of swine caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). The porcine intestinal epithelial cell is the PEDV target cell. In this study, we established a porcine intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) line which can stably express PEDV N protein. We also investigate the subcellular localization and function of PEDV N protein by examining its effects on cell growth, cycle progression, interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression, and survival. The results show that the PEDV N protein localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), inhibits the IEC growth and prolongs S-phase cell cycle. The S-phase is prolonged which is associated with a decrease of cyclin A transcription level and an increase of cyclin A degradation. The IEC expressing PEDV N protein can express higher levels of IL-8 than control cells. Further studies show that PEDV N protein induces ER stress and activates NF-κB, which is responsible for the up-regulation of IL-8 and Bcl-2 expression. This is the first report to demonstrate that PEDV N protein can induce cell cycle prolongation at the S-phase, ER stress and up-regulation interleukin-8 expression. These findings provide novel information on the function of the PEDV N protein and are likely to be very useful in understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for PEDV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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31
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Xu X, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Dong J, Liang Y, Huang Y, Liu HJ, Tong D. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus E protein causes endoplasmic reticulum stress and up-regulates interleukin-8 expression. Virol J 2013; 10:26. [PMID: 23332027 PMCID: PMC3560205 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an important pathogen in swine and is responsible for substantial economic losses. Previous studies suggest that the PEDV E protein plays an important role in the viral assembly process. However, the subcellular localization and other functions of PEDV E protein still require more research. Methods The subcellular localization and function of PEDV E protein were investigated by examining its effects on cell growth, cell cycle progression, interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression and cell survival. Results The results show that plenty of PEDV E protein is localized in the ER, with small quantities localized in the nucleus. The PEDV E protein has no effect on the intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) growth, cell cycle and cyclin A expression. The cells expressing PEDV E protein express higher levels of IL-8 than control cells. Further studies show that PEDV E protein induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activated NF-κB which is responsible for the up-regulation of IL-8 and Bcl-2 expression. Conclusions This study shows that the PEDV E protein is localized in the ER and the nucleus and it can cause ER stress. The PEDV E protein had no effect on the IEC growth and cell cycle. In addition, the PEDV E protein is able to up-regulate IL-8 and Bcl-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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32
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Schönthal AH. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: its role in disease and novel prospects for therapy. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:857516. [PMID: 24278747 PMCID: PMC3820435 DOI: 10.6064/2012/857516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle required for lipid biosynthesis, calcium storage, and protein folding and processing. A number of physiological and pathological conditions, as well as a variety of pharmacological agents, are able to disturb proper ER function and thereby cause ER stress, which severely impairs protein folding and therefore poses the risk of proteotoxicity. Specific triggers for ER stress include, for example, particular intracellular alterations (e.g., calcium or redox imbalances), certain microenvironmental conditions (e.g., hypoglycemia, hypoxia, and acidosis), high-fat and high-sugar diet, a variety of natural compounds (e.g., thapsigargin, tunicamycin, and geldanamycin), and several prescription drugs (e.g., bortezomib/Velcade, celecoxib/Celebrex, and nelfinavir/Viracept). The cell reacts to ER stress by initiating a defensive process, called the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is comprised of cellular mechanisms aimed at adaptation and safeguarding cellular survival or, in cases of excessively severe stress, at initiation of apoptosis and elimination of the faulty cell. In recent years, this dichotomic stress response system has been linked to several human diseases, and efforts are underway to develop approaches to exploit ER stress mechanisms for therapy. For example, obesity and type 2 diabetes have been linked to ER stress-induced failure of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, and current research efforts are aimed at developing drugs that ameliorate cellular stress and thereby protect beta cell function. Other studies seek to pharmacologically aggravate chronic ER stress in cancer cells in order to enhance apoptosis and achieve tumor cell death. In the following, these principles will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel H. Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR-405, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Maddalo D, Neeb A, Jehle K, Schmitz K, Muhle-Goll C, Shatkina L, Walther TV, Bruchmann A, Gopal SM, Wenzel W, Ulrich AS, Cato ACB. A peptidic unconjugated GRP78/BiP ligand modulates the unfolded protein response and induces prostate cancer cell death. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45690. [PMID: 23049684 PMCID: PMC3462190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular chaperone GRP78/BiP is a key regulator of protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, and it plays a pivotal role in cancer cell survival and chemoresistance. Inhibition of its function has therefore been an important strategy for inhibiting tumor cell growth in cancer therapy. Previous efforts to achieve this goal have used peptides that bind to GRP78/BiP conjugated to pro-drugs or cell-death-inducing sequences. Here, we describe a peptide that induces prostate tumor cell death without the need of any conjugating sequences. This peptide is a sequence derived from the cochaperone Bag-1. We have shown that this sequence interacts with and inhibits the refolding activity of GRP78/BiP. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that it modulates the unfolded protein response in ER stress resulting in PARP and caspase-4 cleavage. Prostate cancer cells stably expressing this peptide showed reduced growth and increased apoptosis in in vivo xenograft tumor models. Amino acid substitutions that destroyed binding of the Bag-1 peptide to GRP78/BiP or downregulation of the expression of GRP78 compromised the inhibitory effect of this peptide. This sequence therefore represents a candidate lead peptide for anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Maddalo
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Antje Neeb
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Katja Jehle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Katja Schmitz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Claudia Muhle-Goll
- Institute of Biological Interfaces 2, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Liubov Shatkina
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanessa Walther
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anja Bruchmann
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Srinivasa M. Gopal
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anne S. Ulrich
- Institute of Biological Interfaces 2, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andrew C. B. Cato
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Roy AL. Biochemistry and biology of the inducible multifunctional transcription factor TFII-I: 10 years later. Gene 2011; 492:32-41. [PMID: 22037610 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exactly twenty years ago TFII-I was discovered as a biochemical entity that was able to bind to and function via a core promoter element called the Initiator (Inr). Since then several different properties of this signal-induced multifunctional factor were discovered. Here I update these ever expanding functions of TFII-I--focusing primarily on the last ten years since the first review appeared in this journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda L Roy
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Prognostic significance of GRP78 expression patterns in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Int J Biol Markers 2011; 26:188-96. [PMID: 21928251 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.2011.8624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the associations between GRP78 expression and breast cancer recurrence and survival in patients treated with anthracyclines in the adjuvant setting. GRP78 expression was assessed in 106 stage II/III breast cancer patients. Tissue microarray was used to perform immunohistochemistry and to determine the GRP78 expression in endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane of breast tumors. Four distinct scenarios (low and high thresholds) were developed. For high thresholds, 16% and 40% of our cases were GRP78-positive for endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane, respectively. For low thresholds, 74% and 87% of our cases were GRP78-positive for endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane, respectively. In the endoplasmic reticulum high-threshold scenario, GRP78 positive was found to be significantly frequent in T3 tumors (p=0.02), and inversely related to ERBB2 overexpression (p=0.03). There was a lower proportion of GRP78-positive cases among women between 50 and 65 years of age (p=0.02). In the endoplasmic reticulum low-threshold scenario, the proportion of GRP78-positive cases was significantly higher in women younger than 50 years and in those who were premenopausal (p=0.04). No statistically significant difference was found in survival probabilities among the scenarios examined. In our cohort, GRP78 overexpression was not a predictor of overall or disease-free survival of patients receiving anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Misra UK, Mowery YM, Gawdi G, Pizzo SV. Loss of cell surface TFII-I promotes apoptosis in prostate cancer cells stimulated with activated α₂ -macroglobulin. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1685-95. [PMID: 21503958 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-recognized forms of α₂ -macroglobulin (α₂ M) bind to cell surface-associated GRP78 and initiate pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic signaling. Ligation of GRP78 with α₂ M also upregulates TFII-I, which binds to the GRP78 promoter and enhances GRP78 synthesis. In addition to its transcriptional functions, cytosolic TFII-I regulates agonist-induced Ca(2+) entry. In this study we show that down regulation of TFII-I gene expression by RNAi profoundly impairs its cell surface expression and anti-apoptotic signaling as measured by significant reduction of GRP78, Bcl-2, and cyclin D1 in 1-Ln and DU-145 human prostate cancer cells stimulated with α₂ M. In contrast, this treatment significantly increases levels of the pro-apoptotic proteins p53, p27, Bax, and Bak and causes DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, down regulation of TFII-I expression activates agonist-induced Ca(2+) entry. In plasma membrane lysates p-PLCγ1, TRPC3, GRP78, MTJ1, and caveolin co-immunoprecipitate with TFII-I suggesting multimeric complexes of these proteins. Consistent with this hypothesis, down regulating TFII-I, MTJ1, or GRP78 expression by RNAi greatly attenuates cell surface expression of TFII-I. In conclusion, we demonstrate that not only does cell surface GRP78 regulate apoptosis, but it also regulates Ca(2+) homeostasis by controlling cell surface localization of TFII-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- U K Misra
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Tang Q, Guo K, Kang K, Zhang Y, He L, Wang J. Classical swine fever virus NS2 protein promotes interleukin-8 expression and inhibits MG132-induced apoptosis. Virus Genes 2011; 42:355-62. [PMID: 21318239 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0582-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) caused by virulent strains of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a hemorrhagic disease of pigs and is characterized by disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenia, and immunosuppression. Until now, the role of the NS2 protein produced by CSFV in the pathogenesis of CSF is not well understood. In this report, we investigated the function of CSFV NS2 by examining its effects on the pro-inflammatory CXC chemokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression, and cell survival. Stable swine umbilical vein endothelial cell line (SUVEC) expressing CSFV NS2 were established and showed that CSFV NS2 expressing SUVEC cells express approximately 16-fold higher levels of IL-8 as compared to control vector GFP-expressing cells, GFP-E2 expressing cells, and untransfected cells. Further studies showed that CSFV NS2 induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and activated the nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB), which is responsible for the up-regulation of IL-8 and the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, expression. In addition, the GFPNS2-expressing SUVEC cells were resistant to MG132-induced apoptosis. This study suggested that CSFV NS2 plays an important role in the inflammatory response and in persistent CSFV infection. These findings provide novel information on the function of the poorly characterized CSFV NS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
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Bettaieb A, Liu S, Xi Y, Nagata N, Matsuo K, Matsuo I, Chahed S, Bakke J, Keilhack H, Tiganis T, Haj FG. Differential regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress by protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9225-35. [PMID: 21216966 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.186148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and T cell protein-tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP) are closely related intracellular phosphatases implicated in the control of glucose homeostasis. PTP1B and TCPTP can function coordinately to regulate protein tyrosine kinase signaling, and PTP1B has been implicated previously in the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In this study, we assessed the roles of PTP1B and TCPTP in regulating ER stress in the endocrine pancreas. PTP1B and TCPTP expression was determined in pancreases from chow and high fat fed mice and the impact of PTP1B and TCPTP over- or underexpression on palmitate- or tunicamycin-induced ER stress signaling assessed in MIN6 insulinoma β cells. PTP1B expression was increased, and TCPTP expression decreased in pancreases of mice fed a high fat diet, as well as in MIN6 cells treated with palmitate. PTP1B overexpression or TCPTP knockdown in MIN6 cells mitigated palmitate- or tunicamycin-induced PERK/eIF2α ER stress signaling, whereas PTP1B deficiency enhanced ER stress. Moreover, PTP1B deficiency increased ER stress-induced cell death, whereas TCPTP deficiency protected MIN6 cells from ER stress-induced death. ER stress coincided with the inhibition of Src family kinases (SFKs), which was exacerbated by PTP1B overexpression and largely prevented by TCPTP knockdown. Pharmacological inhibition of SFKs ameliorated the protective effect of TCPTP deficiency on ER stress-induced cell death. These results demonstrate that PTP1B and TCPTP play nonredundant roles in modulating ER stress in pancreatic β cells and suggest that changes in PTP1B and TCPTP expression may serve as an adaptive response for the mitigation of chronic ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Inberg A, Linial M. Protection of pancreatic beta-cells from various stress conditions is mediated by DJ-1. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:25686-98. [PMID: 20516060 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.109751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cells are vulnerable to multiple stresses, leading to dysfunction and apoptotic death. Deterioration in beta-cells function and mass is associated with type 2 diabetes. Comparative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis from pancreatic MIN6 cells that were maintained at varying glucose concentrations was carried out. An induced expression of a protein spot, detected in MIN6 cells experiencing high glucose concentration, was identified by mass spectrometry as the oxidized form of DJ-1. DJ-1 (park7) is a multifunctional protein implicated in familial Parkinsonism and neuroprotection in response to oxidative damage. The DJ-1 protein and its oxidized form were also induced following exposure to oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in MIN6 and betaTC-6 cells and also in mouse pancreatic islets. Suppression of DJ-1 levels by small interfering RNA led to an accelerated cell death, whereas an increase in DJ-1 levels by adenovirus-based infection attenuated cell death induced by H(2)O(2) and thapsigargin in beta-cell lines and mouse pancreatic islets. Furthermore, DJ-1 improved regulated insulin secretion under basal as well as oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress conditions in a dose-dependent manner. We identified TFII-I (Gtf2i) as DJ-1 partner in the cytosol, whereas the binding of TFII-I to DJ-1 prevented TFII-I translocation to the nucleus. The outcome was attenuation of the stress response. Our results suggest that DJ-1 together with TFII-I operate in concert to cope with various insults and to sustain pancreatic beta-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Inberg
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Shinkai Y, Yamamoto C, Kaji T. Lead induces the expression of endoplasmic reticulum chaperones GRP78 and GRP94 in vascular endothelial cells via the JNK-AP-1 pathway. Toxicol Sci 2010; 114:378-86. [PMID: 20071421 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead, a ubiquitous heavy metal, is an important industrial and environmental pollutant that can target the vascular endothelium. To clarify the effects of lead on the unfolded protein response (UPR) and their significance in cytotoxicity, we examined the expression and function of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) in vascular endothelial cells. We used bovine aortic endothelial cells as an in vitro model of the vascular endothelium. Exposure of vascular endothelial cells to lead nitrate resulted in a marked induction of GRP78 and GRP94 messenger RNA levels. In response to lead, the expression of GRP78 and GRP94 proteins also significantly increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of GRP78 significantly enhanced lead-induced cytotoxicity. Compared with other metal(loid)s, including cadmium chloride, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, and sodium arsenite, lead nitrate was found to be the most potent metal to induce these chaperones in endothelial cells. In the examined UPR pathways, lead increased the phosphorylation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Interestingly, the lead-induced upregulation of GRP78 and GRP94 was almost completely blocked by the JNK inhibitor SP600125 or activator protein-1 (AP-1) inhibitor curcumin. Taken together, these results suggest that lead induces ER stress, but the induction of GRP78 and GRP94 expression via the JNK-AP-1 pathway functions as a defense mechanism against lead-induced cytotoxicity in vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shinkai
- Organization for Frontier Research in Preventive Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1181, Japan
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Tang QH, Zhang YM, Fan L, Tong G, He L, Dai C. Classic swine fever virus NS2 protein leads to the induction of cell cycle arrest at S-phase and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Virol J 2010; 7:4. [PMID: 20064240 PMCID: PMC2819037 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Classical swine fever (CSF) caused by virulent strains of Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a haemorrhagic disease of pigs, characterized by disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopoenia and immunosuppression, and the swine endothelial vascular cell is one of the CSFV target cells. In this report, we investigated the previously unknown subcellular localization and function of CSFV NS2 protein by examining its effects on cell growth and cell cycle progression. Results Stable swine umbilical vein endothelial cell line (SUVEC) expressing CSFV NS2 were established and showed that the protein localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Cellular analysis revealed that replication of NS2-expressing cell lines was inhibited by 20-30% due to cell cycle arrest at S-phase. The NS2 protein also induced ER stress and activated the nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB). A significant increase in cyclin A transcriptional levels was observed in NS2-expressing cells but was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the proteasomal degradation of cyclin A protein. Therefore, the induction of cell cycle arrest at S-phase by CSFV NS2 protein is associated with increased turnover of cyclin A protein rather than the down-regulation of cyclin A transcription. Conclusions All the data suggest that CSFV NS2 protein modulate the cellular growth and cell cycle progression through inducing the S-phase arrest and provide a cellular environment that is advantageous for viral replication. These findings provide novel information on the function of the poorly characterized CSFV NS2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-hai Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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42
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Lazebnik MB, Tussie-Luna MI, Hinds PW, Roy AL. Williams-Beuren syndrome-associated transcription factor TFII-I regulates osteogenic marker genes. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:36234-36239. [PMID: 19880526 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c109.063115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS), an autosomal dominant genetic disorder, is characterized by a unique cognitive profile and craniofacial defects. WBS results from a microdeletion at the chromosomal location 7q11.23 that encompasses the genes encoding the members of TFII-I family of transcription factors. Given that the haploinsufficiency for TFII-I is causative to the craniofacial phenotype in humans, we set out to analyze the effect of post-transcriptional silencing of TFII-I during BMP-2-driven osteoblast differentiation in the C2C12 cell line. Our results show that TFII-I plays an inhibitory role in regulating genes that are essential in osteogenesis and intersects with the bone-specific transcription factor Runx2 and the retinoblastoma protein, pRb. Identification of pathways regulated by TFII-I family transcription factors may begin to shed light on the molecular determinants of WBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Lazebnik
- Programs in Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | | | - Philip W Hinds
- Programs in Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111.
| | - Ananda L Roy
- Programs in Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; Programs in Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111.
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Misra U, Wang F, Pizzo S. Transcription factor TFII-I causes transcriptional upregulation of GRP78 synthesis in prostate cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:381-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Racek T, Buhlmann S, Rüst F, Knoll S, Alla V, Pützer BM. Transcriptional repression of the prosurvival endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP78/BIP by E2F1. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:34305-14. [PMID: 18840615 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803925200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP78/BIP plays a central role in the prosurvival machinery, and its enhanced expression has been implicated in drug resistance, carcinogenesis, and metastasis. E2F1, as part of an antitumor safeguard mechanism, promotes apoptosis regardless of functional p53. Using cells that are defective in p53, we show that E2F1 represses GRP78/BIP at the transcriptional level, and this requires its DNA binding domain. Analysis of human GRP78/BIP promoter reporter constructs revealed that the region between -371 and -109 of the proximal promoter contains major E2F1-responsive elements. Toward understanding the underlying mechanism of this regulation, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation and gel shift assays, demonstrating that E2F1 directly binds to GC-rich regions in the distal GC-box and endoplasmic reticulum stress response element -126 by interfering with the binding of positive regulatory proteins Sp1 and TFII-I of the ER stress response element-binding factor complex. We further show that TFII-I, which is required for optimal stress induction of GRP78/BIP, is suppressed by E2F1 on the protein level. Finally, our studies suggest a molecular link between the inhibition of GRP78/BIP and E2F1-mediated chemosensitization of tumor cells, underscoring its relevance for cancer treatment. Together, the data provide a new mechanism for the incompletely understood tumor suppressor function of E2F1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Racek
- Department of Vectorology and Experimental Gene Therapy, Biomedical Research Center, University of Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany
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Chen JC, Wu ML, Huang KC, Lin WW. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors activate the unfolded protein response and induce cytoprotective GRP78 expression. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 80:138-50. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Roy AL. Signal-induced functions of the transcription factor TFII-I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2007; 1769:613-21. [PMID: 17976384 PMCID: PMC2140948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have learned a great deal over the last several years about the molecular mechanisms that govern cell growth, cell division and cell death. Normal cells pass through cell cycle (growth) and divide in response to mitogenic signals that are transduced through their cognate cell surface receptors to the nucleus. Despite the fact that cellular growth and division are mechanistically distinct steps, they are usually coordinately regulated, which is critical for normal cellular proliferation. The precise mechanistic basis for this coordinated regulation is unclear. TFII-I is a unique, signal-induced multifunctional transcription factor that is activated upon a variety of signaling pathways and appears to participate in distinct phases of cell growth. For instance, TFII-I is required for growth factor-induced transcriptional activation of the c-fos gene, which is essential for cell cycle entry. Two alternatively spliced isoforms of TFII-I exhibit opposing but necessary functions for mitogen-induced transcriptional activation of c-fos. Besides transcriptional activation of the c-fos proto-oncogene and eventual entry into cell cycle, TFII-I also appears to have a role in later phases of the cell cycle and cell division. Here we discuss how a multitude of signaling inputs target TFII-I isoforms, which may exert their functions in distinct phases of the cell cycle and play a key role in the coordinated regulation of cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda L Roy
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Chimge NO, Mungunsukh O, Ruddle F, Bayarsaihan D. Expression profiling of BEN regulated genes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2007; 308:209-24. [PMID: 17041962 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BEN is a member of the TFII-I family of helix-loop-helix transcription factors. Both TFII-I and BEN are involved in gene regulation through interactions with tissue-specific transcription factors and chromatin remodeling complexes. Identification of the downstream target genes of TFII-I proteins is critical in delineating the regulatory effects of these proteins. In this study, we conducted a microarray analysis to determine gene expression alterations following the overexpression of BEN in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). We found the BEN-dependent modulation in the expression of large groups of genes representing a wide variety of functional categories including genes important in the immune response, cell cycle, transcriptional regulation and cell signaling. A set of genes identified by the microarray analysis was validated by independent real-time PCR analysis. Among upregulated genes were Shrm, Tgfb2, Ube2l6, G1p2, Ccl7 while downregulated genes were Folr1, Tgfbr2, Csrp2, and Dlk1. These results support a versatile function of TFII-I proteins in vertebrate physiology and lead to an increased understanding of the BEN-dependent molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyam-Osor Chimge
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Chimge NO, Mungunsukh O, Ruddle F, Bayarsaihan D. Gene expression analysis of TFII-I modulated genes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2007; 308:225-35. [PMID: 17094079 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
TFII-I is a founding member of a family of helix-loop-helix transcription factors involved in modulation of genes through interaction with various nuclear factors and chromatin remodeling complexes. Recent studies indicate that TFII-I performs important function in cell physiology and mouse embryogenesis. In order to understand its molecular role, TFII-I was overexpressed in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and alterations in gene expression were monitored with a mouse 16 K oligonucleotide microarray. These studies allowed us to identify genes that lie downstream of TFII-I-dependent pathways. Among the modulated candidates were genes involved in the immunity response, catalytic activity, signaling pathways and transcriptional regulation. Expression of several candidates including those for the interferon-stimulated protein (G1p2), small inducible cytokine A7 (Ccl7), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 8 (Ube2l6), cysteine-rich protein (Csrp2) and Drosophila delta-like 1 homolog (Dlk1) were confirmed by real-time PCR. The obtained results suggest that TFII-I participates in multiple signaling and regulatory pathways in MEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyam-Osor Chimge
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Gal-Yam EN, Jeong S, Tanay A, Egger G, Lee AS, Jones PA. Constitutive nucleosome depletion and ordered factor assembly at the GRP78 promoter revealed by single molecule footprinting. PLoS Genet 2006; 2:e160. [PMID: 17002502 PMCID: PMC1574359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin organization and transcriptional regulation are interrelated processes. A shortcoming of current experimental approaches to these complex events is the lack of methods that can capture the activation process on single promoters. We have recently described a method that combines methyltransferase M.SssI treatment of intact nuclei and bisulfite sequencing allowing the representation of replicas of single promoters in terms of protected and unprotected footprint modules. Here we combine this method with computational analysis to study single molecule dynamics of transcriptional activation in the stress inducible GRP78 promoter. We show that a 350–base pair region upstream of the transcription initiation site is constitutively depleted of nucleosomes, regardless of the induction state of the promoter, providing one of the first examples for such a promoter in mammals. The 350–base pair nucleosome-free region can be dissected into modules, identifying transcription factor binding sites and their combinatorial organization during endoplasmic reticulum stress. The interaction of the transcriptional machinery with the GRP78 core promoter is highly organized, represented by six major combinatorial states. We show that the TATA box is frequently occupied in the noninduced state, that stress induction results in sequential loading of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response elements, and that a substantial portion of these elements is no longer occupied following recruitment of factors to the transcription initiation site. Studying the positioning of nucleosomes and transcription factors at the single promoter level provides a powerful tool to gain novel insights into the transcriptional process in eukaryotes. Control of gene expression and transcription are complex and well-coordinated processes. Most current experimental approaches to understanding the underlying mechanisms, which include binding of transcription factors to regulatory regions of genes, and changes in the structure and composition of chromatin, rely on studies of populations of cells and cannot capture the transcription activation process on single promoters. The authors describe the use of a footprinting method which enables analysis of chromatin structure and binding of factors on single DNA molecules. This is applied to study the activation process of GRP78, a protein which is important for the induction of a response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. By combining the footprinting method and computational analyses, the authors define functional modules on the GRP78 promoter and show that it exists in few major combinatorial states, reflecting its high level of organization. These results provide novel insights into the activation of GRP78 which could not be gleaned using conventional methods. They also demonstrate the use of the method as a unique and powerful tool to study the transcriptional process in eukaryotes, which remains a major source of interest and challenge for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einav Nili Gal-Yam
- Department of Urology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shinwu Jeong
- Department of Urology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amos Tanay
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gerda Egger
- Department of Urology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Peter A Jones
- Department of Urology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Giacalone MJ, Gentile AM, Lovitt BT, Xu T, Surber MW, Sabbadini RA. The use of bacterial minicells to transfer plasmid DNA to eukaryotic cells. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:1624-33. [PMID: 16984417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of DNA to mammalian cells is of critical importance to the development of genetic vaccines, gene replacement therapies and gene silencing. For these applications, targeting, effective DNA transfer and vector safety are the major roadblocks in furthering development. In this report, we present a novel DNA delivery vehicle that makes use of protoplasted, achromosomal bacterial minicells. Transfer of plasmid DNA as measured by green fluorescent protein expression was found to occur in as high as 25% of cultured Cos-7 cells when a novel chimeric protein containing the D2-D5 region of invasin was expressed and displayed on the surface of protoplasted minicells. Based on endoplasmic reticulum stress and other responses, protoplasted minicells were non-toxic to recipient eukaryotic cells as a consequence of the transfection process. Taken together, these results suggest that bacterial minicells may represent a novel and promising gene delivery vehicle.
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