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Lenti MV, Santacroce G, Broglio G, Rossi CM, Di Sabatino A. Recent advances in intestinal fibrosis. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 96:101251. [PMID: 38359700 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Despite many progresses have been made in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, especially due to the increasing number of effective therapies, the development of tissue fibrosis is a very common occurrence along the natural history of this condition. To a certain extent, fibrogenesis is a physiological and necessary process in all those conditions characterised by chronic inflammation. However, the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix within the bowel wall will end up in the formation of strictures, with the consequent need for surgery. A number of mechanisms have been described in this process, but some of them are not yet clear. For sure, the main trigger is the presence of a persistent inflammatory status within the mucosa, which in turn favours the occurrence of a pro-fibrogenic environment. Among the main key players, myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, immune cells, growth factors and cytokines must be mentioned. Although there are no available therapies able to target fibrosis, the only way to prevent it is by controlling inflammation. In this review, we summarize the state of art of the mechanisms involved in gut fibrogenesis, how to diagnose it, and which potential targets could be druggable to tackle fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vincenzo Lenti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Santacroce
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Broglio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo Maria Rossi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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2
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Liu J, Wang W, Kong N, Yu S, Dong M, Yang W, Li Y, Zhou X, Wang L, Song L. A pattern recognition receptor CgTLR3 involves in regulating the proliferation of haemocytes in oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104762. [PMID: 37353060 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on various immune cells as key elements of innate and adaptive immunity, and they also play significant roles in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. In the present study, the binding activity of CgTLR3 to PAMPs and CgMyD88-2, and its role in mediating the proliferation of haemocytes was investigated. The recombinant proteins of the extracellular six LRR domains (rCgTLR3-LRR) and intracellular TIR domain (rCgTLR3-TIR) of CgTLR3 were obtained respectively. rCgTLR3-LRR exhibited binding activity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), mannan (MAN) and Poly (I:C), with the highest affinity for LPS. While rCgTLR3-TIR displayed binding activity to the recombinant protein of rCgMyD88-2, with KD value of 7.22 × 10-7 M. The CgTLR3 mRNA and protein were detected in three subpopulations of oyster haemocytes, and they were mainly concentrated in granulocytes, which was 7.27-fold (p < 0.05) of that in semi-granulocytes and 8.51-fold (p < 0.01) of that in agranulocytes. The percentage of CgTLR3 positive cells (FITC+ haemocytes) in granulocytes was 4.45-fold (p < 0.01) and 2.57-fold (p < 0.05) of that in agranulocytes and semi-granulocytes, respectively. After Vibrio splendidus stimulation, the mRNA expression level of CgTLR3 in haemocytes significantly upregulated at 6 h and 12 h, which was 2.93-fold (p < 0.05) and 4.15-fold (p < 0.05) of that in the control group. After the expression of CgTLR3 was inhibited by the injection of si-CgTLR3, the expression levels of transcription factors associated with hematopoiesis (CgGATA, CgRunx), cell cycle-related genes (CgPCNA, CgCDC-45, CgCDK-2), the agranulocyte marker CgCD-9, the granulocyte marker CgAATase, and the inflammatory factor CgIL17-1 significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after the V. splendidus stimulation, which were 0.43-fold, 0.83-fold, 0.48-fold, 0.44-fold, 0.53-fold, 0.7-fold, 0.62-fold, and 0.47-fold of that in NC + V. s group in vivo, respectively. Meanwhile, the percentage of EdU+ haemocytes in si-CgTLR3+V. s group was significantly reduced by 0.54-fold (p < 0.05) compared to the control group (2.7%). These results collectively indicated that CgTLR3 was involved in modulating the proliferation of haemocytes by regulating the expression of proliferation-related genes and inflammatory factor in oyster C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Simiao Yu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Miren Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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3
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Yang Y, Li H, Fotopoulou C, Cunnea P, Zhao X. Toll-like receptor-targeted anti-tumor therapies: Advances and challenges. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1049340. [PMID: 36479129 PMCID: PMC9721395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1049340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors, originally discovered to stimulate innate immune reactions against microbial infection. TLRs also play essential roles in bridging the innate and adaptive immune system, playing multiple roles in inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Thanks to the immune stimulatory potential of TLRs, TLR-targeted strategies in cancer treatment have proved to be able to regulate the tumor microenvironment towards tumoricidal phenotypes. Quantities of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials using TLR-targeted strategies in treating cancer have been initiated, with some drugs already becoming part of standard care. Here we review the structure, ligand, signaling pathways, and expression of TLRs; we then provide an overview of the pre-clinical studies and an updated clinical trial watch targeting each TLR in cancer treatment; and finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of TLR-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyi Li
- Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Christina Fotopoulou
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Cunnea
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xia Zhao
- Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Martín-Medina A, Cerón-Pisa N, Martinez-Font E, Shafiek H, Obrador-Hevia A, Sauleda J, Iglesias A. TLR/WNT: A Novel Relationship in Immunomodulation of Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6539. [PMID: 35742983 PMCID: PMC9224119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The most frequent cause of death by cancer worldwide is lung cancer, and the 5-year survival rate is still very poor for patients with advanced stage. Understanding the crosstalk between the signaling pathways that are involved in disease, especially in metastasis, is crucial to developing new targeted therapies. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are master regulators of the immune responses, and their dysregulation in lung cancer is linked to immune escape and promotes tumor malignancy by facilitating angiogenesis and proliferation. On the other hand, over-activation of the WNT signaling pathway has been reported in lung cancer and is also associated with tumor metastasis via induction of Epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT)-like processes. An interaction between both TLRs and the WNT pathway was discovered recently as it was found that the TLR pathway can be activated by WNT ligands in the tumor microenvironment; however, the implications of such interactions in the context of lung cancer have not been discussed yet. Here, we offer an overview of the interaction of TLR-WNT in the lung and its potential implications and role in the oncogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Martín-Medina
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Noemi Cerón-Pisa
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Esther Martinez-Font
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Hanaa Shafiek
- Chest Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Antònia Obrador-Hevia
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Molecular Diagnosis Unit, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Jaume Sauleda
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, 07120 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Watanabe D, Kamada N. Contribution of the Gut Microbiota to Intestinal Fibrosis in Crohn's Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:826240. [PMID: 35198577 PMCID: PMC8859331 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.826240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Crohn's disease (CD), intestinal fibrosis is a critical determinant of a patient's prognosis. Although inflammation may be a prerequisite for the initiation of intestinal fibrosis, research shows that the progression or continuation of intestinal fibrosis can occur independently of inflammation. Thus, once initiated, intestinal fibrosis may persist even if medical treatment controls inflammation. Clearly, an understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis is required to diminish its occurrence. Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis. For example, the presence of antibodies against gut microbes can predict which CD patients will have intestinal complications. In addition, microbial ligands can activate intestinal fibroblasts, thereby inducing the production of extracellular matrix. Moreover, in various animal models, bacterial infection can lead to the development of intestinal fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the link between intestinal fibrosis in CD and the gut microbiota. We highlight basic science and clinical evidence that the gut microbiota can be causative for intestinal fibrosis in CD and provide valuable information about the animal models used to investigate intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Watanabe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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6
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Krüger-Genge A, Jung CGH, Braune S, Harb K, Westphal S, Klöpzig S, Küpper JH, Jung F. Effect of Arthrospira powders from different producers on the formation of endothelial cell monolayers. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 79:193-203. [PMID: 34487037 DOI: 10.3233/ch-219200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Arthrospira platensis (AP) and some of its derived products have well-established biological activities as antioxidants or as agents to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors. Furthermore, AP products have gained increasing importance as potential anti-cancer agents. However, the ingredients of the available products vary greatly with the origin, the type of production and processing, which could have significant consequences for their biological effects. Therefore, the composition and biological influence of five distinct AP powders, which were acquired commercially or produced at a public biotechnology institute, were investigated in regard to their endothelialization capacity using a cell impedance- (CI) based measurement method. The study revealed that the AP composition and especially the influence on HUVEC proliferation differed significantly between the five AP powders up to 109%.Thus, it could be shown that the method used allows the reliable detection of quantitative differences in biological effects of different AP preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krüger-Genge
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Department of Biomaterials, Healthcare and Cosmeceuticals, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - C G H Jung
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - S Braune
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - K Harb
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Department of Biomaterials, Healthcare and Cosmeceuticals, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - S Westphal
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Department of Biomaterials, Healthcare and Cosmeceuticals, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - S Klöpzig
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Department of Biomaterials, Healthcare and Cosmeceuticals, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - J-H Küpper
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - F Jung
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
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Yiu JHC, Cheung SWM, Cai J, Chan KS, Chen J, Cheong LY, Chau HT, Xu A, Li RHW, Woo CW. TLR5 Supports Development of Placental Labyrinthine Zone in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:711253. [PMID: 34395439 PMCID: PMC8356041 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.711253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll plays an important role in innate immunity and embryonic development in lower-ranked animals, but in mammals, the homolog toll-like receptors (TLR) are reported to facilitate postnatal development of immunity only. Here, we discovered a role of TLR5 in placental development. Tlr5 was highly transcribed during the placenta-forming and functional phases. TLR5 deletion led to a smaller placental labyrinthine zone and lower embryo weight, and the smaller size of embryo was overcorrected, resulting in a higher postnatal body weight. Examination of TLR5-deficient conceptus revealed a decrease in nuclear cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and insulin growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) abundances in the placenta-forming phase. Non-flagellin-based TLR5 ligands were detected in serum of female mice and the overexpression of TLR5 alone was sufficient to induce CREB nuclear translocation and mTOR transcriptional activation in trophoblasts. Taken together, we uncovered the participation of TLR5 in the early placental formation in mice, unveiling a role of TLR in embryonic development in higher-ranked animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensen H C Yiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Samson W M Cheung
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jieling Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam-Suen Chan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lai Yee Cheong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hau-Tak Chau
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Raymond H W Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Connie W Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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8
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Krüger-Genge A, Steinbrecht S, Jung CGH, Westphal S, Klöpzig S, Waldeck P, Küpper JH, Storsberg J, Jung F. Arthrospira platensis accelerates the formation of an endothelial cell monolayer and protects against endothelial cell detachment after bacterial contamination. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 78:151-161. [PMID: 33554896 DOI: 10.3233/ch-201096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Within the last years a comprehensive number of scientific studies demonstrated beneficial effect of Arthropira platensis (AP) as dietary supplement due to a high content of proteins, minerals and vitamins. Positive effects like promoting the immune system, reducing inflammation and an anti-oxidant capacity are reported. In this study, the effect of an aqueous AP extract on primary human venous endothelial cells (HUVEC) was investigated. In addition, the effect of AP on HUVEC treated with a bacterial toxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPA), inducing an activation of HUVEC and cellular detachment, was analyzed. Depending on the concentration of AP extract a significantly accelerated formation of an endothelial cell monolayer was observed. Furthermore, the detachment of HUVEC after LPA addition was dramatically reduced by AP. In conclusion, the data are promising and indicatory for an application of Arthrospira platensis in the clinical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krüger-Genge
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - S Steinbrecht
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - C G H Jung
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Sophia Westphal
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stefanie Klöpzig
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - P Waldeck
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - J-H Küpper
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany.,Carbon Biotech, Social Enterprise Stiftungs AG, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - J Storsberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - F Jung
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Senftenberg, Germany
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Wang L, Zhang S, Cai H, Qi Q, Zhang C, Qi Z, Huang C. Inhibition of TLR9 signaling stimulates apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and alleviates angiogenic property in human cervical cancer cells. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:510-517. [PMID: 34161216 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666210622112753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to assess the effect of blocking TLR9 signaling on the proliferation of cervical cancer cells and its angiogenic property. BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implicated for their crucial role in not only cervical cancer but also in other malignancies. TLR9 is expressed on an array of cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, melanocytes, and keratinocytes. It is reported to modulate oncogenesis along with tumorigenesis by augmenting NF-κB mediated inflammation within the tumor environment. TLR9 has also been reported to positively regulate oncogenesis within the cervix and as a marker to evaluate malignant remodeling of cervical squamous cells. Therefore, this study was designed to explore the functional relevance of blocking the TLR9 signaling pathway in cervical cancer cells. OBJECTIVE The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of human TLR9 antagonist, ODN INH-18, on apoptosis and cell cycle regulation and angiogenic property of human cervical cancer Caski cells. METHOD MTT assay was performed to measure cell viability, and flow cytometry analysis was performed to assess cell cycle arrest. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was performed to measure fold change in the gene expression of various markers of apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and angiogenesis. RESULT The qRT-PCR results showed a higher expression level of TLR9 mRNA in Caski cervical cancer cells as compared to normal cervical keratinocytes. The apoptotic, angiogenic, and cell cycle regulatory factors were also deregulated in Caski cells in comparison to normal keratinocytes. The MTT assay demonstrated that treatment of TLR9 antagonist, ODN INH18, significantly reduced the proliferation of Caski cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of ODN INH18 led to substantial cell cycle arrest in Caski cells at G0/G1 phase. Moreover, the qRT-PCR results demonstrated that ODN INH18 treatment led to suppressed mRNA expression of Bcl-2 and enhanced expression of Bax, signifying induction of apoptosis in Caski cells. Moreover, the expression of cyclin D1, Cdk4, and Cdc25A was found to be reduced, whereas expression of p27 was increased in ODN INH18-treated Caski cells, indicating G0/G1 phase arrest. Interestingly, expression of VEGF and VCAM-1 were found to be significantly inhibited in ODN INH18-treated Caski cells, substantiating alleviation of angiogenic property of cervical cancer cells. CONCLUSION The results of our study suggest that inhibiting TLR9 signaling might be an interesting therapeutic intervention for the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liehong Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics,Qinghai Red Cross Hospital,810000, China
| | - Shengkun Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xuzhou Central Hospital; 221009, China
| | - Hua Cai
- Department of Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Liaocheng,252000, China
| | - Qingling Qi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics,Qinghai Red Cross Hospital,810000, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Huai'an City, Jiangsu Province, Huai'an City, Jiangsu Province, 223002, China
| | - Ziyi Qi
- Huaiyin Middle School of Jiangsu Province, Huai'an City, Jiangsu Province, 223000, China
| | - CuiPing Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 250033, China
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10
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Baakhlagh S, Kashani B, Zandi Z, Bashash D, Moradkhani M, Nasrollahzadeh A, Yaghmaei M, Mousavi SA, Ghaffari SH. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway is correlated with pathophysiological characteristics of AML patients and its inhibition using TAK-242 suppresses AML cell proliferation. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107202. [PMID: 33278749 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most severe blood cancers. Many studies have revealed that inflammation has an essential role in the progression of hematopoietic malignancies. Since the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway, an important pathway involved in inflammation induction, has previously been associated with solid tumors, we hypothesized that it would be correlated with the pathophysiological characteristics of AML patients and could be considered as an anticancer target. METHOD We evaluated the mRNA expression of TLR4, MyD88, RelB, and NF-кB using qRT-PCR in bone-marrow samples of 40 AML patients categorized into four groups according to prognosis, cell type, age, and drug response. Next, we explored the expression of these genes in three AML cell lines (NB4, U937, and KG-1) and used TAK-242, a specific inhibitor of TLR4, to investigate whether this inhibition could suppress AML cell proliferation using cell-cycle analysis. The effect of TAK-242 on arsenic trioxide (ATO) cytotoxicity was also assessed. RESULT The results of qRT-PCR showed that most genes had higher expression in patients with poor prognosis or drug-resistant statues. They were also overexpressed in patients with less-differentiated cells. Moreover, TAK-242 inhibited cell proliferation of all the cell lines and altered their cell cycle distribution. It could also intensify the cytotoxicity of ATO in combination therapy. CONCLUSION In sum, the TLR4 pathway was related to pathophysiological characteristics of AML and its inhibition using TAK-242 could be considered as a promising treatment strategy in the TLR4 expressing AML cells, individually or in combination with ATO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Baakhlagh
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Kashani
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Zandi
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Malihe Moradkhani
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Nasrollahzadeh
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Yaghmaei
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed A Mousavi
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed H Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Oliveira LP, Guimarães VHD, Oliveira JR, Guimarães ALS, de Paula AMB, Bader M, Santos RASD, Santos SHS. Genetic deletion of the angiotensin-(1-7) receptor Mas leads to alterations in gut villi length modulating TLR4/PI3K/AKT and produces microbiome dysbiosis. Neuropeptides 2020; 82:102056. [PMID: 32505463 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is an important peptide cascade involved in physiological processes. RAS homeostasis disruption produces several cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, such as arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarct, obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and increases gastrointestinal tract (GIT) cell proliferation. Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) peptide is the main RAS counter-regulatory axis effector. It is formed from ACE2 enzyme and acts mainly through Mas receptor (MasR). In this context, the aim of the present study was to evaluate alterations in small intestine morphology and intestinal microbiota composition in MasR knockout C57BL/6 mice. We analyzed glucose tolerance; insulin sensitivity and blood collected for biochemical parameters as well as small intestine tissues samples for immunohistochemistry. mRNA and bacteria gDNA expression evaluation. mRNA expression was evaluated by qRT-PCR for TLR4, PI3K and AKT. The main results showed that Mas-R-knockout mice presented lower body weight. MasR-knockout mice also presented increased fasted blood glucose and total cholesterol with reduced HDL, lower glucose tolerance and impaired insulin sensitivity. Increased intestinal mucosa length, increased intestinal villi, reduced Lieberkühn crypt depth. The increased expression of cell proliferation markers Ki-67 and Cyclin D1 and increased TLR4, PI3K and AKT expressions were observed with augmented Bacteroidetes and decreased amount of Firmicutes. That results suggests that MasR deletion generated changes in intestinal microbiota, possibly due to a lower neutral amino acids absorption followed by a compensatory increase in intestinal villi length associated with disbiosis and LPS overproduction that ultimately lead to proliferation and cell inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Paulo Oliveira
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Dantas Guimarães
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Janaina Ribeiro Oliveira
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Sena Guimarães
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Maurício Batista de Paula
- Laboratory of Health Science, Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Dos Santos
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Physiology Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Food Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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12
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Yoo JH, Holubar S, Rieder F. Fibrostenotic strictures in Crohn's disease. Intest Res 2020; 18:379-401. [PMID: 32259917 PMCID: PMC7609387 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2019.09148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biologic agents including anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibodies followed by anti-integrins and anti-interleukins has drastically changed the treatment paradigm of Crohn’s disease (CD) by improving clinical symptoms and mucosal healing. However, up to 70% of CD patients still eventually undergo surgery mainly due to fibrostenotic strictures. There are no specific anti-fibrotic drugs yet. This review comprehensively addresses the mechanism, prediction, diagnosis and treatment of the fibrostenotic strictures in CD. We also introduce promising anti-fibrotic agents which may be available in the near future and summarize challenges in developing novel therapies to treat fibrostenotic strictures in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hwan Yoo
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Stefan Holubar
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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13
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Zheng M, Ambesi A, J. McKeown-Longo P. Role of TLR4 Receptor Complex in the Regulation of the Innate Immune Response by Fibronectin. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010216. [PMID: 31952223 PMCID: PMC7017243 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and subsequent tissue fibrosis are associated with a biochemical and mechanical remodeling of the fibronectin matrix. Due to its conformational lability, fibronectin is considerably stretched by the contractile forces of the fibrotic microenvironment, resulting in the unfolding of its Type III domains. In earlier studies, we have shown that a peptide mimetic of a partially unfolded fibronectin Type III domain, FnIII-1c, functions as a Damage Associated Molecular Pattern (DAMP) molecule to induce activation of a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-B pathway and the subsequent release of fibro-inflammatory cytokines from human dermal fibroblasts. In the current study, we evaluated the requirement of the canonical TLR4/MD2/CD14 receptor complex in the regulation of FnIII-1c induced cytokine release. Using dermal fibroblasts and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, we found that all the components of the TLR4/MD2/CD14 complex were required for the release of the fibro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 8 (IL-8) in response to both FnIII-1c and the canonical TLR4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, FnIII-1c mediated IL-8 release was strictly dependent on membrane-associated CD14, while LPS could use soluble CD14. These findings demonstrate that LPS and FnIII-1c share a similar but not identical mechanism of TLR4 activation in human dermal fibroblasts.
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14
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Kashani B, Zandi Z, Bashash D, Zaghal A, Momeny M, Poursani EM, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Mousavi SA, Ghaffari SH. Small molecule inhibitor of TLR4 inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation: new insight into the anticancer effect of TAK-242 (Resatorvid). Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 85:47-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Liu J, Zhang X, Wang H, Zhang M, Peng Y, Li M, Xie L, Jiang F, Gong Y, Zhao Q, Zhou P. Implication of myeloid differentiation factor 88 inhibitor TJ-M2010-5 for therapeutic intervention of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:1182-1194. [PMID: 31074165 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) plays a key role in tumor proliferation and metastasis. Targeting MyD88 is a potent strategy in tumor therapy. TJ-M2010-5 is a small molecule derivative of aminothiazole and could inhibit dimer formation of MyD88. To explore the potential of TJ-M2010-5 in tumor therapy, we determined its antitumor effect and correlate mechanisms of TJ-M2010-5 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS The antitumor effect of intratumoral injection of TJ-M2010-5 to H22 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice was observed. Tumor growth was monitored. The expression of MyD88 and Ki-67 were detected by immunofluorescence. In vitro, the impacts of TJ-M2010-5 on proliferation, cell cycle, necrosis, and apoptosis of H22 cells were evaluated. The direct and indirect effects of TJ-M2010-5 on macrophages were evaluated using flow cytometry. RESULTS TJ-M2010-5 induced both G0 /G1 and G1 /S phase arrests in HCC cells. Mechanically, downstream activation of MyD88 was suppressed by TJ-M2010-5 through the extracellular regulated protein kinase-1/2/p90 ribosomal S6 kinase/glycogen synthase kinase-3β signaling pathway. In turn, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)6/cyclin D1 and CDK2/cyclin E complexes were downregulated. More importantly, TJ-M2010-5 significantly inhibited tumor growth in mice. Additionally, the portion of antitumor M1 macrophages (F4/80+ CD11c+ ) in the tumor microenvironment were increased after TJ-M2010-5 treatment. Together, these data indicate that TJ-M2010-5 is a promising therapeutic drug for HCC. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that MyD88 is a feasible target for antitumor treatment and TJ-M2010-5 is a qualified candidate for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Haizhou Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Department of Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengchao Jiang
- Academy of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiping Gong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
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16
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Kent-Dennis C, Pasternak A, Plaizier JC, Penner GB. Potential for a localized immune response by the ruminal epithelium in nonpregnant heifers following a short-term subacute ruminal acidosis challenge. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7556-7569. [PMID: 31229286 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the ruminal epithelium activates a local inflammatory response following a short-term subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenge. Seven ruminally cannulated, nonpregnant, nonlactating beef heifers, fed a baseline total mixed ration (TMR) with 50:50 forage-to-concentrate ratio, were used in a crossover design with 2 periods and 2 treatments: SARA and control (CON). Induction of SARA included feed restriction (25% of dry matter intake [DMI] for 24 h) followed by a grain overload (30% of baseline DMI) and provision of the full TMR; whereas, the CON group received the TMR ad libitum. Ruminal pH was recorded using indwelling probes, and ruminal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration was measured daily following the challenge until d 6. Biopsies of ruminal papillae from the ventral sac were collected on d 2 and 6 after the grain overload. Transcript abundance of genes associated with acute inflammation was measured by quantitative real-time PCR, normalized to the geometric mean of 3 stable housekeeping genes. Target genes included toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), TLR4, TLR9, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFA), prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-1 (PTGS1), PTGS2 transforming growth factor β-1 (TGFB1), and 4 intermediate enzymes of leukotriene synthesis (ALOX5, ALOX5AP, LTA4H, and LTC4S). Protein localization and expression of TLR4 were quantified by image analysis of fluorescence intensity. Statistical analysis was performed using as a crossover design with fixed effects of treatment, day, and the treatment × day interaction with the random effect of day within period. Ruminal pH was below 5.6 for 4.5 h/d and below 5.8 for 6.9 h/d in the SARA group compared with 22 and 72 min/d, respectively, for CON. Ruminal LPS concentration peaked on d 2 in SARA heifers at 51,481 endotoxin units (EU)/mL compared with 13,331 EU/mL in CON. Following grain overload, small but statistically significant decreases in the transcriptional abundance of TLR2, TLR4, TNF, PTGS2, ALOX5, and ALOX5AP were seen in SARA versus CON heifers. A functionally relevant decrease in TLR4 expression in SARA heifers compared with CON was confirmed by a decrease in fluorescence intensity of the corresponding protein following immunohistofluorescent staining of papillae. The study results indicate a suppression of the inflammatory response in the ruminal epithelium and suggest that the response is tightly regulated, allowing for tissue recovery and return to homeostasis following SARA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kent-Dennis
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - A Pasternak
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - J C Plaizier
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - G B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Argollo M, Gilardi D, Roda G, Fiorino G, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S. Anti-fibrotic Drugs for Crohn’s Disease: Ready for Prime Time? Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:47-56. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190308100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis, driven by chronic inflammation in Crohn’s disease, can be defined as an excessive
accumulation of extracellular matrix in the affected gut segment ultimately leading to an impaired wound healing
and cumulative tissue damage, possibly resulting in organ dysfunction, formation of stenotic lesions and necessity
of surgical intervention. Despite continuous advances in developing novel treatment modalities targeting different
pathways to control chronic gut inflammation in CD, no effective anti-fibrotic agents have been released, to date.
Thus, a better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying intestinal fibrosis is key to
move this area of investigation forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Argollo
- IBD Centre, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Gilardi
- IBD Centre, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Roda
- IBD Centre, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gionata Fiorino
- IBD Centre, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Gastroenterology and Inserm U954, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre, France
| | - Silvio Danese
- IBD Centre, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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18
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Yeh YC, Chang CC, Lee PP, Cheng W. The transcription of atypical protein kinase C in hemocytes of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, during the molt stage and injection of pathogen-associated compounds. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 69:52-58. [PMID: 28818614 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC), which is involved in cell signaling pathways, comprises a family of serine/threonine kinases ubiquitously present in animals and its members are grouped on the basis of structural and activation characteristics into novel, classical, and atypical PKC forms. In this study, an atypical PKC of Macrobrachium rosenbergii, designated MraPKC, was successfully cloned, and its protein comprised structural domains similar to those of atypical PKC homologues, including the Phox and Bem1 (PB1) domain, a zinc finger phorbol-ester/DAG-type signature, protein kinase signatures, and a cAMP-dependent, cGMP-dependent, and PKC (AGC) kinase C-terminal domain. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a close evolutionary relationship between MraPKC and aPKCs of insects. MraPKC transcripts were detected in all tissues examined through an RT-PCR, with the highest level detected in muscles. A quantitative real-time PCR was used to evaluate MraPKC expression in hemocytes of M. rosenbergii in various molt stages, and in prawn challenged with Vibrio alginolyticus, Lactococcus garvieae, and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) as well as in prawns injected with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PG), and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly:IC). Results revealed that the expression pattern of MraPKC was distinctly modulated during molting, with significant enhancement in the C stage. MraPKC transcripts significantly increased in hemocytes of prawns infected with L. garvieae at 6-24 h and those injected with PG at 12-24 h. In contrast, significantly decreased expression of MraPKC was observed in hemocytes of prawns injected with V. alginolyticus and LPS for 3 and 12 h, respectively, and a similar phenomenon was observed in hemocytes of those injected with WSSV and Poly:IC for 12 h each. Therefore, MraPKC might play crucial roles in biological processes, and it may mediate the signaling pathway induced by varied pathogens for the potential regulation of host innate defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Yeh
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC; Eastern Marine Biology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Taitung 96143, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-Chyuan Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pai-Po Lee
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Winton Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
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McKeown-Longo PJ, Higgins PJ. Integration of Canonical and Noncanonical Pathways in TLR4 Signaling: Complex Regulation of the Wound Repair Program. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2017; 6:320-329. [PMID: 29062589 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2017.0736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Chronic inflammation and maladaptive repair contribute to the development of fibrosis that negatively impacts quality of life and organ function. The toll-like receptor (TLR) system is a critical node in the tissue response to both exogenous (pathogen-associated) and endogenous (damage-associated) molecular pattern factors (PAMPs and DAMPs, respectively). The development of novel TLR ligand-, pathway-, and/or target gene-specific therapeutics may have clinical utility in the management of the exuberant inflammatory/fibrotic tissue response to injury without compromising the host defense to pathogens. Recent Advances: DAMP ligands, released upon wounding, and microbial-derived PAMPs interact with several TLRs, and their various coreceptor partners, engaging downstream pathways that include Src family kinases, the epidermal growth factor receptor, integrins and the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation enhances cellular responses to the potent profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) by attenuating the expression of receptors that inhibit TGF-β1 signaling. Critical Issues: Common as well as unique pathways may be activated by PAMP and DAMP ligands that bind to the repertoire of TLRs on various cell types. Dissecting mechanisms underlying ligand-dependent engagement of this complex, highly interactive, network will provide for adaptation of new and focused therapies directed to the regulation of pathologically significant profibrotic genes. Inherent in this diversity are therapeutic opportunities to modulate the pathophysiologic consequences of persistent TLR signaling. The recently identified involvement of receptor and nonreceptor kinase pathways in TLR signaling may present novel opportunities for pharmacologic intervention. Future Directions: Clarifying the identity and function of DAMP-activated TLR complexes or ligand-binding partners, as well as their engaged downstream effectors and target genes, are key factors in the eventual design of pathway-specific treatment modalities. Such approaches may be tailored to address the spectrum of TLR-initiated pathologies (including localized and persistent inflammation, maladaptive repair/fibrosis) and, perhaps, even titrated to achieve patient-unique beneficial clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J. McKeown-Longo
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Paul J. Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
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Bacterial flagellin-a potent immunomodulatory agent. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e373. [PMID: 28860663 PMCID: PMC5628280 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flagellin is a subunit protein of the flagellum, a whip-like appendage that enables bacterial motility. Traditionally, flagellin was viewed as a virulence factor that contributes to the adhesion and invasion of host cells, but now it has emerged as a potent immune activator, shaping both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity during microbial infections. In this review, we summarize our understanding of bacterial flagellin and host immune system interactions and the role flagellin as an adjuvant, anti-tumor and radioprotective agent, and we address important areas of future research interests.
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Chen J, Li J, Yiu JHC, Lam JKW, Wong CM, Dorweiler B, Xu A, Woo CW. TRIF-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling suppresses Scd1 transcription in hepatocytes and prevents diet-induced hepatic steatosis. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/491/eaal3336. [PMID: 28790196 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal3336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a spectrum of diseases that ranges in severity from hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis, the latter of which is a major predisposing factor for liver cirrhosis and cancer. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, which is critical for innate immunity, is generally believed to aggravate disease progression by inducing inflammation. Unexpectedly, we found that deficiency in TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), a cytosolic adaptor that transduces some TLR signals, worsened hepatic steatosis induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and that such exacerbation was independent of myeloid cells. The aggravated steatosis in Trif-/- mice was due to the increased hepatocyte transcription of the gene encoding stearoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) desaturase 1 (SCD1), the rate-limiting enzyme for lipogenesis. Activation of the TRIF pathway by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] suppressed the increase in SCD1 abundance induced by palmitic acid or an HFD and subsequently prevented lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a transcriptional regulator downstream of TRIF, acted as a transcriptional suppressor by directly binding to the Scd1 promoter. These results suggest an unconventional metabolic function for TLR/TRIF signaling that should be taken into consideration when seeking to pharmacologically inhibit this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.,Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jensen H C Yiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jenny K W Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chi-Ming Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.,Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Bernhard Dorweiler
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China. .,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.,Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Connie W Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China. .,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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22
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Alan E, Liman N. Toll-like receptor expression patterns in the rat uterus during post partum involution. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 30:330-348. [PMID: 28701256 DOI: 10.1071/rd16431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to a family of pathogen recognition receptors and play critical roles in detecting and responding to invading pathogens. TLR expression could be significant because, in the uterus, the reproductive tract is an important site of exposure to and infection by pathogens during the post partum involution period. To clarify the expression and localisation patterns of TLRs in the rat uterus on Days 1, 3, 5 and 10 post partum (PP1, PP3, PP5 and PP10 respectively), immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to analyse TLR1-7, TLR9 and TLR10. The immunohistochemistry results indicated that TLR1-7, TLR9 and TLR10 were localised in both the cytoplasm and nuclei of luminal and glandular epithelium, stromal fibroblasts and myometrial cells in the rat uterus. In the luminal epithelium, TLR4-7 were also found in lateral membranes, whereas TLR10 was present in apical membranes. Western blot analysis revealed that the expression of TLR proteins increased with the number of days post partum, reaching a maximum on PP10, although levels did not differ significantly from those on PP1 (P>0.05). These findings confirm that TLR1-7, TLR9 and TLR10 are constitutively expressed in uterine cells and that localisation pattern of TLRs in the endometrium varies with structural changes in the uterus on different days of involution. These results suggest that TLRs may play a role in uterine repair and remodelling during physiological involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Alan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Narin Liman
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
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23
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Parroche P, Roblot G, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Tout I, Marotel M, Malfroy M, Durand G, McKay J, Ainouze M, Carreira C, Allatif O, Traverse-Glehen A, Mendiola M, Pozo-Kreilinger JJ, Caux C, Tommasino M, Goutagny N, Hasan UA. TLR9 re-expression in cancer cells extends the S-phase and stabilizes p16(INK4a) protein expression. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e244. [PMID: 27454079 PMCID: PMC4972902 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes bacterial, viral or cell damage-associated DNA, which initiates innate immune responses. We have previously shown that TLR9 expression is downregulated in several viral induced cancers including HPV16-induced cervical neoplasia. Findings supported that downregulation of TLR9 expression is involved in loss of anti-viral innate immunity allowing an efficient viral replication. Here we investigated the role of TLR9 in altering the growth of transformed epithelial cells. Re-introducing TLR9 under the control of an exogenous promoter in cervical or head and neck cancer patient-derived cells reduced cell proliferation, colony formation and prevented independent growth of cells under soft agar. Neither TLR3, 7, nor the TLR adapter protein MyD88 expression had any effect on cell proliferation, indicating that TLR9 has a unique role in controlling cell growth. The reduction of cell growth was not due to apoptosis or necrosis, yet we observed that cells expressing TLR9 were slower in entering the S-phase of the cell cycle. Microarray-based gene expression profiling analysis highlighted a strong interferon (IFN) signature in TLR9-expressing head and neck cancer cells, with an increase in IFN-type I and IL-29 expression (IFN-type III), yet neither IFN-type I nor IL-29 production was responsible for the block in cell growth. We observed that the protein half-life of p16(INK4a) was increased in TLR9-expressing cells. Taken together, these data show for the first time that TLR9 affects the cell cycle by regulating p16(INK4a) post-translational modifications and highlights the role of TLR9 in the events that lead to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Parroche
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - G Roblot
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - F Le Calvez-Kelm
- IARC-International Agency for Research on Cancer 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - I Tout
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - M Marotel
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - M Malfroy
- CRCL, UMR INSERM 1052-CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon France
| | - G Durand
- IARC-International Agency for Research on Cancer 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - J McKay
- IARC-International Agency for Research on Cancer 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - M Ainouze
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - C Carreira
- IARC-International Agency for Research on Cancer 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - O Allatif
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - M Mendiola
- Molecular Pathology and Therapeutic Targets Group, Research Insitute (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain and Molecular Pathology Diagnostics Unit, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - C Caux
- CRCL, UMR INSERM 1052-CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon France
| | - M Tommasino
- IARC-International Agency for Research on Cancer 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - N Goutagny
- CRCL, UMR INSERM 1052-CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon France
| | - U A Hasan
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Rieder F, Bettenworth D, Imai J, Inagaki Y. Intestinal Fibrosis and Liver Fibrosis: Consequences of Chronic Inflammation or Independent Pathophysiology? Inflamm Intest Dis 2016; 1:41-49. [PMID: 29922656 DOI: 10.1159/000445135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal fibrosis and liver fibrosis represent a significant burden for our patients and health-care systems. Despite the severe clinical problem and the observation that fibrosis is reversible, no specific antifibrotic therapies exist. Summary In this review, using an 'East-West' scientific collaboration, we summarize the current knowledge on principal mechanisms shared by intestinal fibrosis and liver fibrosis. We furthermore discuss inflammation as the cause of fibrogenesis in both entities, depict unique features of intestinal and hepatic fibrosis, and provide a future outlook on the development of antifibrotic therapies. Key Messages A collaborative effort in the field of fibrosis, covering multiple organ systems, will have the highest chance of leading to the development of a successful antifibrotic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Jin Imai
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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26
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Dowling JK, Dellacasagrande J. Toll-Like Receptors: Ligands, Cell-Based Models, and Readouts for Receptor Action. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1390:3-27. [PMID: 26803619 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3335-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This chapter details Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the tools available to study their biology in vitro. Key parameters to consider before exploring TLR action such as receptor localization, signaling pathways, nature of ligands and cellular expression are introduced. Cellular models (i.e., host cells and readouts) based on the use of cell lines, primary cells, or whole blood are presented. The use of modified TLRs to circumvent some technical problems is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Dowling
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 27-31 Wright St., Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia.
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27
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Krivokrysenko VI, Toshkov IA, Gleiberman AS, Krasnov P, Shyshynova I, Bespalov I, Maitra RK, Narizhneva NV, Singh VK, Whitnall MH, Purmal AA, Shakhov AN, Gudkov AV, Feinstein E. The Toll-Like Receptor 5 Agonist Entolimod Mitigates Lethal Acute Radiation Syndrome in Non-Human Primates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135388. [PMID: 26367124 PMCID: PMC4569586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently no approved medical radiation countermeasures (MRC) to reduce the lethality of high-dose total body ionizing irradiation expected in nuclear emergencies. An ideal MRC would be effective even when administered well after radiation exposure and would counteract the effects of irradiation on the hematopoietic system and gastrointestinal tract that contribute to its lethality. Entolimod is a Toll-like receptor 5 agonist with demonstrated radioprotective/mitigative activity in rodents and radioprotective activity in non-human primates. Here, we report data from several exploratory studies conducted in lethally irradiated non-human primates (rhesus macaques) treated with a single intramuscular injection of entolimod (in the absence of intensive individualized supportive care) administered in a mitigative regimen, 1-48 hours after irradiation. Following exposure to LD50-70/40 of radiation, injection of efficacious doses of entolimod administered as late as 25 hours thereafter reduced the risk of mortality 2-3-fold, providing a statistically significant (P<0.01) absolute survival advantage of 40-60% compared to vehicle treatment. Similar magnitude of survival improvement was also achieved with drug delivered 48 hours after irradiation. Improved survival was accompanied by predominantly significant (P<0.05) effects of entolimod administration on accelerated morphological recovery of hematopoietic and immune system organs, decreased severity and duration of thrombocytopenia, anemia and neutropenia, and increased clonogenic potential of the bone marrow compared to control irradiated animals. Entolimod treatment also led to reduced apoptosis and accelerated crypt regeneration in the gastrointestinal tract. Together, these data indicate that entolimod is a highly promising potential life-saving treatment for victims of radiation disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilia A. Toshkov
- Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. (CBLI), Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Peter Krasnov
- Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. (CBLI), Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Inna Shyshynova
- Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. (CBLI), Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Ivan Bespalov
- Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. (CBLI), Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Ratan K. Maitra
- Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. (CBLI), Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Vijay K. Singh
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark H. Whitnall
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrei A. Purmal
- Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. (CBLI), Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Andrei V. Gudkov
- Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. (CBLI), Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AVG); (EF)
| | - Elena Feinstein
- Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. (CBLI), Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AVG); (EF)
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Micera A, Balzamino BO, Zazzo AD, Biamonte F, Sica G, Bonini S. Toll-Like Receptors and Tissue Remodeling: The Pro/Cons Recent Findings. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:531-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Di Zazzo
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Campus Bio-Medico; Rome Italy
| | - Filippo Biamonte
- Institute of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - Gigliola Sica
- Institute of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Campus Bio-Medico; Rome Italy
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29
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Rybka J, Butrym A, Wróbel T, Jaźwiec B, Stefanko E, Dobrzyńska O, Poręba R, Kuliczkowski K. The expression of Toll-like receptors in patients with acute myeloid leukemia treated with induction chemotherapy. Leuk Res 2015; 39:318-22. [PMID: 25624047 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors play an important role in the host defense against microorganisms. TLRs are mainly expressed in human immune-related cells, such as monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells and NK cells. The expression or up-regulation of TLRs has been demonstrated in some tumors and tumor cell lines but the role of TLRs in pathogenesis and development of acute leukemias remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 and their significance as prognostic factors in patients with acute leukemias treated with induction chemotherapy. 103 patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were evaluated (47 females and 56 males). The median age of patients was 51 years. Using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, the mRNA expression of genes TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 was measured. The mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was significantly higher in patients with NR than in patients with CR and CRi. We especially observed that mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was significantly higher in patients with myelomonocytic and monoblastic acute leukemia than in patients with other types of AML. The mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was higher in AML patients than in healthy individuals, although there was no statistically significant difference. Patients with higher mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 had significantly shorter OS than patients with lower mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4. Multivariate analysis showed that mRNA expression of TLR2 and the age of patients were independent factors associated with treatment response. Our results suggest that TLRs could be an independent prognostic factor for response rate after induction therapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Rybka
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Butrym
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wróbel
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Jaźwiec
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Stefanko
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga Dobrzyńska
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Poręba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Kuliczkowski
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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O'Dwyer DN, Armstrong ME, Kooblall M, Donnelly SC. Targeting defective Toll-like receptor-3 function and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 19:507-14. [PMID: 25530171 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.988706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease of the lung parenchyma that is invariably fatal with a median survival of 2 - 3 years. Despite considerable progress in defining the natural history of the disease, many features of IPF pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Several recent studies have highlighted links between pattern recognition receptors of innate immunity termed 'Toll-like receptors' (TLRs) and the aberrant fibrogenesis that characterizes IPF. AREAS COVERED In this paper, we discuss the natural history of IPF and the identification of several distinct clinical phenotypes in recent years. TLRs are receptors that recognize pathogen- and/or danger-associated molecular patterns and promote an appropriate immune response. We describe in detail some of the recent works linking defective TLR3 function and an aggressive phenotype in IPF and explore the mechanisms and potential clinical implications of this initial observation. EXPERT OPINION We explore the potential role of TLRs in this setting. We discuss recent genetic studies and the implications for future research. We propose a model of dysregulated innate immune recognition and aberrant lung healing. The potential role of research in aiding the design of clinical trials and the evidence for targeting defective TLR3 function in IPF is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N O'Dwyer
- University College Dublin, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, School of Medicine and Medical Science , Belfield, Dublin , Ireland
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31
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Innate adjuvant receptor Toll-like receptor 3 can promote breast cancer through cell surface. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:1261-71. [PMID: 25348355 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 has been targeted in different cancers for adjuvant therapy. The ligand-mediated effects of TLR-3 on cancer cells are discordant. In the present work, we have addressed the hypothesis possibility of cell membrane-bound action of TLR-3 in breast cancer to justify its pro-tumor effect. TLR-3 was stimulated by Poly (I:C) on the surface of human breast cancer cells MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 for up to 72 h. To check the cell survival and growth, thiazol blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, apoptosis assay, and cell cycle analysis were carried out. For changes in the metastatic properties, in vitro colony formation assay, scratch-wound healing assay and adhesion assay were also done. Using real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry, expression of E-cadherin, was studied. To determine the affect of cytoplasmic stimulation, Poly (I:C) was delivered with lipid transfection reagent. The results of the aforesaid experiments showed that there was a gradual increase of cellular survivability, growth, and metastasis after the cell surface stimulation of TLR-3 with Poly (I:C). Interestingly, E-cadherin expression was increased both at transcriptional and translational level. On the other hand, when Poly (I:C) was delivered in the cytoplasm by lipid transfecting medium, the cells survivability was decreased. For the first time, in the present work, we are convincingly reporting the functional evidence that TLR-3 induces cell survivability and metastasis through cell surface. The present work may help for the proper understanding of the adjuvant therapy of breast cancer.
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Cipriano C, Maiti A, Hale G, Jiranek W. The host response: Toll-like receptor expression in periprosthetic tissues as a biomarker for deep joint infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2014; 96:1692-8. [PMID: 25320195 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.m.01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1 and 6 are consistent molecular indicators of the host inflammatory response against bacterial infection. Our aims were to determine whether TLR elevation could be detected in infected periprosthetic tissues and to assess the utility of these biomarkers as tests for detecting a periprosthetic joint infection. METHODS Fifty-nine patients undergoing revision total joint arthroplasty (twenty-seven hips and thirty-two knees) were prospectively evaluated for periprosthetic joint infection according to currently recommended diagnostic criteria. Nine patients were excluded because of insufficient work-up, leaving fifty available for study. Of these, twenty-one were categorized as infected and twenty-nine as noninfected. Periprosthetic tissues were collected intraoperatively, and total RNA was extracted by standard techniques. Expression of TLR messenger RNAs was assessed by first-strand complementary DNA synthesis from 1 μg of total RNA followed by real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Results were normalized relative to the housekeeping gene GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase). Expression of TLRs 1, 6, and 10 in the infected and noninfected groups was compared with use of the Student t test. The receiver operating characteristic curve, area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR+), and negative likelihood ratio (LR-) were calculated to determine the accuracy of each TLR for predicting periprosthetic joint infection at its optimal diagnostic threshold. RESULTS Mean TLR1 mRNA expression was significantly elevated in infected compared with noninfected samples (0.600 compared with 0.005, p = 0.0003); the same was true of TLR6 (0.208 compared with 0.0165, p = 0.0059) but not of TLR10 (0.00019 compared with 0.00014, p = 0.6238). The AUC was 0.995 for TLR1, 0.883 for TLR6, and 0.546 for TLR10. The optimal threshold for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection was 0.0924 for TLR1 (sensitivity = 95.2%, specificity = 100%, LR+ = 13.80, LR- = 0.91) and 0.0215 for TLR6 (sensitivity = 85.7%, specificity = 82.8%, LR+ = 4.98, LR- = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS In our pilot study, TLR1 expression in periprosthetic tissues most accurately predicted periprosthetic joint infection. This measure of the host response may be particularly helpful in detecting culture-negative infections and avoiding false positives resulting from contamination. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Cipriano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay Street, McGuire Hall Annex, Richmond, VA 23298. E-mail address for C. Cipriano: . E-mail address for A. Maiti:
| | - Aparna Maiti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay Street, McGuire Hall Annex, Richmond, VA 23298. E-mail address for C. Cipriano: . E-mail address for A. Maiti:
| | - Gregory Hale
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay Street, McGuire Hall Annex, Richmond, VA 23298. E-mail address for C. Cipriano: . E-mail address for A. Maiti:
| | - William Jiranek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay Street, McGuire Hall Annex, Richmond, VA 23298. E-mail address for C. Cipriano: . E-mail address for A. Maiti:
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Zannetti C, Parroche P, Panaye M, Roblot G, Gruffat H, Manet E, Debaud AL, Plumas J, Vey N, Caux C, Bendriss-Vermare N, Hasan UA. TLR9 transcriptional regulation in response to double-stranded DNA viruses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3398-408. [PMID: 25194054 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The stimulation of TLRs by pathogen-derived molecules leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Because uncontrolled inflammation can be life threatening, TLR regulation is important; however, few studies have identified the signaling pathways that contribute to the modulation of TLR expression. In this study, we examined the relationship between activation and the transcriptional regulation of TLR9. We demonstrate that infection of primary human epithelial cells, B cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells with dsDNA viruses induces a regulatory temporary negative-feedback loop that blocks TLR9 transcription and function. TLR9 transcriptional downregulation was dependent on TLR9 signaling and was not induced by TLR5 or other NF-κB activators, such as TNF-α. Engagement of the TLR9 receptor induced the recruitment of a suppressive complex, consisting of NF-κBp65 and HDAC3, to an NF-κB cis element on the TLR9 promoter. Knockdown of HDAC3 blocked the transient suppression in which TLR9 function was restored. These results provide a framework for understanding the complex pathways involved in transcriptional regulation of TLR9, immune induction, and inflammation against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zannetti
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69100, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Lyon 69007, France; Oncovirus et l'immunité innée, Hospices Civils de Lyon Sud, Pierre Benite, 69495 France
| | - Peggy Parroche
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69100, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Lyon 69007, France; Oncovirus et l'immunité innée, Hospices Civils de Lyon Sud, Pierre Benite, 69495 France
| | - Marine Panaye
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69100, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Lyon 69007, France; Oncovirus et l'immunité innée, Hospices Civils de Lyon Sud, Pierre Benite, 69495 France
| | - Guillaume Roblot
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69100, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Lyon 69007, France; Oncovirus et l'immunité innée, Hospices Civils de Lyon Sud, Pierre Benite, 69495 France
| | - Henri Gruffat
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69100, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Evelyne Manet
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69100, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Anne Laure Debaud
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69100, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Joel Plumas
- Etablissement Français du Sang-Université Joseph Fourier-Inserm U823, Immunobiologie et Immunothérapie des cancers, Grenoble 38000, France; and
| | - Nelly Vey
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Inserm 1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Christophe Caux
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Inserm 1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Nathalie Bendriss-Vermare
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Inserm 1052, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Uzma Ayesha Hasan
- International Center for Infectiology Research, University of Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon 69007, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69100, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5308, Lyon 69007, France; Oncovirus et l'immunité innée, Hospices Civils de Lyon Sud, Pierre Benite, 69495 France;
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Maiti A, Jiranek WA. Inhibition of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced cytokines mRNA production in human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. BMC Cell Biol 2014; 15:11. [PMID: 24661536 PMCID: PMC3987888 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-15-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the predominant cause of bone infection. Toll like receptors (TLRs) are an important segments of host response to infection and are expressed by a variety of cells including human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The active form of Vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) has potent immunoregulatory properties, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. The genomic action of 1,25(OH)2D3 is mediated by vitamin D receptor (VDR), hormone-regulated transcription factor. VDR interacts with co-activators and co-repressors are associated with chromatin histone modifications and transcriptional regulation. The aim of our study is to explore MRSA-induced TLRs-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in hMSCs. Further, we hypothesized that 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits MRSA-induced cytokines synthesis in hMSCs via inhibition of NF-кB transcription factor. Finally, we explored the regulatory role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in MRSA-mediated global epigenetic histone H3 mark, such as, trimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3), which is linked to gene silencing. Results Quantitative PCR data revealed that MRSA-infection predominantly induced expression of TLRs 1, 2, 6, NR4A2, and inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-6, TNFα in hMSCs. MRSA-mediated TLR ligands reduced osteoblast differentiation and increased hMSCs proliferation, indicating the disrupted multipotency function of hMSCs. Pretreatment of 1,25(OH)2D3 followed by MRSA co-culture inhibited nuclear translocation of NF-кB-p65, reduced expression of NR4A2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-6, and TNFα in hMSCs. Further, NF-κB-p65, VDR, and NR4A2 were present in the same nuclear protein complex, indicating that VDR is an active part of the nuclear protein complexes for transcriptional regulation. Finally, 1,25(OH)2D3 activated VDR, restores the global level of H3K9me3, to repress MRSA-stimulated inflammatory cytokine IL-8 expression. Pretreatment of 5-dAZA, DNA methylatransferases (Dnmts) inhibitor, dramatically re-expresses 1,25(OH)2D3-MRSA-mediated silenced IL-8 gene. Conclusions This data indicates that TLR 1, 2, and 6 can be used as markers for localized S. aureus bone infection. 1,25(OH)2D3-VDR may exhibits its anti-inflammatory properties in MRSA-stimulated infection by inhibiting nuclear translocation of NF-kB-p65 and transcripts of IL-8, IL-6, TNFα, and NR4A2 in hMSCs. Finally, 1,25(OH)2D3-activated VDR, acting as an epigenetic regulator, inhibits synthesis of cytokines in MRSA-stimulated infection by restoring the global level of H3K9me3, a histone H3 mark for gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Maiti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, 1112 East Clay Street, Richmond, USA.
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Rieder F. The gut microbiome in intestinal fibrosis: environmental protector or provocateur? Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:190ps10. [PMID: 23785034 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In individuals with inflammatory bowel diseases, intestinal fibrosis is a serious clinical complication with no specific therapies. Patients develop bowel fistulae and strictures that usually require surgery and often reoccur. The main driver of gut fibrogenesis is believed to be chronic inflammation, which leads to mesenchymal cell recruitment and activation. Recent findings suggest that the environment--in particular, the microbiome--plays a critical role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Baxevanis CN, Voutsas IF, Tsitsilonis OE. Toll-like receptor agonists: current status and future perspective on their utility as adjuvants in improving anticancer vaccination strategies. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:497-511. [PMID: 23638745 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists possess remarkable properties, particularly with regard to dendritic cell activation, promoting Th1-type cytokine production and optimizing cytotoxic T-cell responses. Preclinical and clinical studies conducted to date show that TLR agonists can improve currently applied anticancer vaccination protocols. Although these have resulted in the US FDA approval of three TLR agonists for use in humans, their abundant application encounters limitations, principally due to dose-limiting toxicity evoking from systemic cytokine production. Here, using selected examples of clinical studies, we provide a concise review regarding the knowledge acquired thus far on the adjuvant use of TLR agonists as cancer vaccine components. We also provide evidence on the exploitation of a novel TLR agonist, prothymosin-α, which enhances the efficacy of tumor-reactive effectors without causing severe adverse effects.
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Abstract
The clinical course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is highly heterogeneous and often unpredictable, with multiple and serious complications that range from stricture formation to bowel obstruction or perforation, fistula formation and the need for surgery. All these problems are manifestations of tissue remodeling, a secondary but universal response to the insults of chronic inflammation. The factors involved in tissue remodeling are several, including the site and duration of inflammation, soluble molecules, the gut microbiota, and the type of mesenchymal cell response. The prototypical and most common type of tissue remodeling in IBD, and Crohn's disease (CD) in particular, is a fibrotic response, and this review will focus on the factors and mechanisms involved in fibrogenesis, and speculate on what is needed for the development of a rational treatment of intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Salcedo R, Cataisson C, Hasan U, Yuspa SH, Trinchieri G. MyD88 and its divergent toll in carcinogenesis. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:379-89. [PMID: 23660392 PMCID: PMC3847901 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like and interleukin-1 (IL-1) family receptors recognize microbial or endogenous ligands and inflammatory mediators, respectively, and with the exception of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), signal via the adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). MyD88 is involved in oncogene-induced cell intrinsic inflammation and in cancer-associated extrinsic inflammation, and as such MyD88 contributes to skin, liver, pancreatic, and colon carcinogenesis, as well as sarcomagenesis. MyD88 is also protective, for example in oncogenic virus carcinogenesis or, acting downstream of IL-18R to strengthen mucosal repair, in azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colon carcinogenesis. Here, we discuss the mechanisms of the divergent effects of MyD88 and the balance of its protumor role in cancer-enhancing inflammation and immunity and its antitumor role in tissue homeostasis, repair, and immunity against the tumor or oncogenic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Salcedo
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 217023, USA
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Arcangeletti MC, Germini D, Rodighiero I, Mirandola P, De Conto F, Medici MC, Gatti R, Chezzi C, Calderaro A. Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the cell cycle modulation and required for effective human cytomegalovirus infection in THP-1 macrophages. Virology 2013; 440:19-30. [PMID: 23497941 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Suitable host cell metabolic conditions are fundamental for the effective development of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) lytic cycle. Indeed, several studies have demonstrated the ability of this virus to interfere with cell cycle regulation, mainly by blocking proliferating cells in G1 or G1/S. In the present study, we demonstrate that HCMV deregulates the cell cycle of THP-1 macrophages (a cell line irreversibly arrested in G0) by pushing them into S and G2 phases. Moreover, we show that HCMV infection of THP-1 macrophages leads to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation. Since various studies have indicated TLR4 to be involved in promoting cell proliferation, here we investigate the possible role of TLR4 in the observed HCMV-induced cell cycle perturbation. Our data strongly support TLR4 as a mediator of HCMV-triggered cell cycle activation in THP-1 macrophages favouring, in turn, the development of an efficient viral lytic cycle.
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Wagener J, Weindl G, de Groot PWJ, de Boer AD, Kaesler S, Thavaraj S, Bader O, Mailänder-Sanchez D, Borelli C, Weig M, Biedermann T, Naglik JR, Korting HC, Schaller M. Glycosylation of Candida albicans cell wall proteins is critical for induction of innate immune responses and apoptosis of epithelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50518. [PMID: 23226301 PMCID: PMC3511564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
C. albicans is one of the most common fungal pathogen of humans, causing local and superficial mucosal infections in immunocompromised individuals. Given that the key structure mediating host-C. albicans interactions is the fungal cell wall, we aimed to identify features of the cell wall inducing epithelial responses and be associated with fungal pathogenesis. We demonstrate here the importance of cell wall protein glycosylation in epithelial immune activation with a predominant role for the highly branched N-glycosylation residues. Moreover, these glycan moieties induce growth arrest and apoptosis of epithelial cells. Using an in vitro model of oral candidosis we demonstrate, that apoptosis induction by C. albicans wild-type occurs in early stage of infection and strongly depends on intact cell wall protein glycosylation. These novel findings demonstrate that glycosylation of the C. albicans cell wall proteins appears essential for modulation of epithelial immunity and apoptosis induction, both of which may promote fungal pathogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Wagener
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Günther Weindl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Piet W. J. de Groot
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Albacete Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla – La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Albert D. de Boer
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Albacete Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla – La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Department of Medical Microbiology and National Reference Center for Systemic Mycoses, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Kaesler
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Selvam Thavaraj
- Department of Oral Immunology, King’s College London Dental Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Bader
- Department of Medical Microbiology and National Reference Center for Systemic Mycoses, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Borelli
- Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
| | - Michael Weig
- Department of Medical Microbiology and National Reference Center for Systemic Mycoses, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julian R. Naglik
- Department of Oral Immunology, King’s College London Dental Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Rieder F, Kessler S, Sans M, Fiocchi C. Animal models of intestinal fibrosis: new tools for the understanding of pathogenesis and therapy of human disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G786-801. [PMID: 22878121 PMCID: PMC4073977 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00059.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a serious condition complicating chronic inflammatory processes affecting the intestinal tract. Advances in this field that rely on human studies have been slow and seriously restricted by practical and logistic reasons. As a consequence, well-characterized animal models of intestinal fibrosis have emerged as logical and essential systems to better define and understand the pathophysiology of fibrosis. In point of fact, animal models allow the execution of mechanistic studies as well as the implementation of clinical trials with novel, pathophysiology-based therapeutic approaches. This review provides an overview of the currently available animal models of intestinal fibrosis, taking into consideration the methods of induction, key characteristics of each model, and underlying mechanisms. Currently available models will be classified into seven categories: spontaneous, gene-targeted, chemical-, immune-, bacteria-, and radiation-induced as well as postoperative fibrosis. Each model will be discussed in regard to its potential to create research opportunities to gain insights into the mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis and stricture formation and assist in the development of effective and specific antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- 1Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; ,2Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Sean Kessler
- 1Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio;
| | - Miquel Sans
- 3Service of Gastroenterology, Centro Medico Teknon, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- 1Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; ,2Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
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Park JH, Jeon DI, Yoon HE, Kwon SM, Kim SA, Ahn SG, Yoon JH. Poly I:C inhibits cell proliferation and enhances the growth inhibitory effect of paclitaxel in oral sqaumous cell carcinoma. Acta Odontol Scand 2012; 70:241-5. [PMID: 22181939 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2011.640278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptors (TLR) signaling has dual effect of promoting tumor progression and anti-cancer property. This study was designed to determine the effect of polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid (poly I:C), a TLR3 agonist, on the proliferation of oral cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, YD-10B and YD-8, were used. TLRs expression was examined by RT-PCR and IL-8 production by poly I:C was examined by ELISA. Cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay. Flow cytometry and Western blot analysis were performed to determine the molecular mechanism of poly I:C-induced cell death. RESULTS TLR3 was functionally expressed in YD-10B and YD-8 cells. Treatment of poly I:C inhibited the cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry and Western blot analysis revealed that poly I:C induced apoptosis via a mitochondria-dependent pathway. In addition, combination treatment with poly I:C and paclitaxel more significantly inhibited cell proliferation compared with poly I:C or paclitaxel alone. CONCLUSIONS Poly I:C effectively inhibits oral cancer cell proliferation and can be considered as a candidate to improve the inhibitory effect of anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwan Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
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Goutagny N, Estornes Y, Hasan U, Lebecque S, Caux C. Targeting pattern recognition receptors in cancer immunotherapy. Target Oncol 2012; 7:29-54. [PMID: 22399234 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-012-0213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are known for many years for their role in the recognition of microbial products and the subsequent activation of the immune system. The 2011 Nobel Prize for medicine indeed rewarded J. Hoffmann/B. Beutler and R. Steinman for their revolutionary findings concerning the activation of the immune system, thus stressing the significance of understanding the mechanisms of activation of the innate immunity. Such immunostimulatory activities are of major interest in the context of cancer to induce long-term antitumoral responses. Ligands for the toll-like receptors (TLRs), a well-known family of PRR, have been shown to have antitumoral activities in several cancers. Those ligands are now undergoing extensive clinical investigations both as immunostimulant molecules and as adjuvant along with vaccines. However, when considering the use of these ligands in tumor therapy, one shall consider the potential effect on the tumor cells themselves as well as on the entire organism. Recent data indeed demonstrate that TLR activation in tumor cells could trigger both pro- or antitumoral effect depending on the context. This review discusses this balance between the intrinsic activation of PRR in tumor cells and the extrinsic microenvironment activation in term of overall effect of PRR ligands on tumor development. We review recent advances in the field and underline appealing prospects for clinical development of PRR agonists in the light of our current knowledge on their expression and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Goutagny
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon I, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
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Cai Z, Sanchez A, Shi Z, Zhang T, Liu M, Zhang D. Activation of Toll-like receptor 5 on breast cancer cells by flagellin suppresses cell proliferation and tumor growth. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2466-75. [PMID: 21427357 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence showed that Toll-like receptors (TLR), key receptors in innate immunity, play a role in cancer progression and development but activation of different TLRs might exhibit the exact opposite outcome, antitumor or protumor effects. TLR function has been extensively studied in innate immune cells, so we investigated the role of TLR signaling in breast cancer epithelial cells. We found that TLR5 was highly expressed in breast carcinomas and that TLR5 signaling pathway is overly responsive in breast cancer cells. Interestingly, flagellin/TLR5 signaling in breast cancer cells inhibits cell proliferation and an anchorage-independent growth, a hallmark of tumorigenic transformation. In addition, the secretion of soluble factors induced by flagellin contributed to the growth-inhibitory activity in an autocrine fashion. The inhibitory activity was further confirmed in mouse xenografts of human breast cancer cells. These findings indicate that TLR5 activation by flagellin mediates innate immune response to elicit potent antitumor activity in breast cancer cells themselves, which may serve as a novel therapeutic target for human breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Cai
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Li K, Zhang J, Ren JJ, Wang Q, Yang KY, Xiong ZJ, Mao YQ, Qi YY, Chen XW, Lan F, Wang XJ, Xiao HY, Lin P, Wei YQ. A novel zinc finger protein Zfp637 behaves as a repressive regulator in myogenic cellular differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:352-62. [PMID: 20235149 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Zinc finger proteins have been implicated as transcription factors in the differentiation and development of cells and tissues in higher organisms. The classical C2H2 zinc finger motif is one main type of motif of zinc finger proteins. Our previous studies have shown that Zfp637, which comprises six consecutively typical and one atypical C2H2 zinc finger motifs, is highly expressed in undifferentiated or poorly differentiated cell lines, but is moderately or slightly expressed in normal tissues. We have also demonstrated that Zfp637 can promote cell proliferation. However, its role in the regulation of cell differentiation remains unknown. We report here that endogenous Zfp637 as well as mTERT is expressed in proliferating C2C12 myoblasts and that their expression is downregulated during myogenic differentiation. Constitutive expression of Zfp637 in C2C12 myoblasts increased mTERT expression and telomerase activity, and promoted the progression of the cell cycle and cell proliferation. By contrast, endogenous repression of Zfp637 expression by RNA interference downregulated the mTERT gene and the activity of telomerase, and markedly reduced cell proliferation. Overexpression of Zfp637 also inhibited the expression of myogenic differentiation-specific genes such as MyoD and myogenin, and prevented C2C12 myoblast differentiation. Our results suggest that Zfp637 inhibits muscle differentiation through a defect in the cell cycle exit by potentially regulating mTERT expression in C2C12 myoblasts. This may provide a new research line for studying muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Division of Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, People's Republic of China
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Xiao H, Yin W, Khan MA, Gulen MF, Zhou H, Sham HP, Jacobson K, Vallance BA, Li X. Loss of single immunoglobulin interlukin-1 receptor-related molecule leads to enhanced colonic polyposis in Apc(min) mice. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:574-85. [PMID: 20416302 PMCID: PMC3261756 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Commensal bacteria can activate signaling by the Toll-like and interleukin-1 receptors (TLR and IL-1R) to mediate pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases and colitis-associated cancer. We investigated the role of the single immunoglobulin IL-1 receptor-related (SIGIRR) molecule, a negative regulator of TLR and IL-1R signaling, as a tumor suppressor to determine whether SIGIRR controls cell-cycle progression, genetic instability, and colon tumor initiation by modulating commensal TLR signaling in the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS We analyzed adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc)min/+/Sigirr-/- mice for polyps, microadenomas, and anaphase bridge index. Commensal bacteria were depleted from mice with antibiotics. Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and beta-catenin pathways were examined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Loss of heterozygosity of Apc and expression of cytokines and proinflammatory mediators were measured by nonquantitative or quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Apcmin/+/Sigirr-/- mice had increased loss of heterozygosity of Apc and microadenoma formation, resulting in spontaneous colonic polyposis, compared with Apcmin/+/Sigirr+/+ mice. The increased colonic tumorigenesis that occurred in the Apcmin/+/Sigirr-/- mice depended on the presence of commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Cell proliferation and chromosomal instability increased in colon crypt cells of the Apcmin/+/Sigirr-/- mice. Akt, mTOR, and their substrates were hyperactivated in colon epithelium of Apcmin/+/Sigirr-/- mice in response to TLR or IL-1R ligands. Inhibition of the mTOR pathway by rapamycin reduced formation of microadenomas and polyps in the Apcmin/+/Sigirr-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS SIGIRR acts as a tumor suppressor in the colon by inhibiting TLR-induced, mTOR-mediated cell-cycle progression and genetic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiao
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., NE 40, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Weiguo Yin
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., NE 40, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mohammed A. Khan
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia and BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC. V6T 1Z4. Canada
| | - Muhammet F. Gulen
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., NE 40, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA,Department of Biology, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115. USA
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106. USA
| | - Ho Pan Sham
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia and BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC. V6T 1Z4. Canada
| | - Kevan Jacobson
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia and BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC. V6T 1Z4. Canada
| | - Bruce A. Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia and BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC. V6T 1Z4. Canada
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., NE 40, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA,Department of Biology, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115. USA,Corresponding Author: Xiaoxia Li, Department of Immunology/Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., NE40, Cleveland, OH 44195, Tel: 216-445-8706, Fax: 216-444-9329,
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47
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Cherfils-Vicini J, Platonova S, Gillard M, Laurans L, Validire P, Caliandro R, Magdeleinat P, Mami-Chouaib F, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Fridman WH, Damotte D, Sautès-Fridman C, Cremer I. Triggering of TLR7 and TLR8 expressed by human lung cancer cells induces cell survival and chemoresistance. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1285-97. [PMID: 20237413 DOI: 10.1172/jci36551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence suggests that inflammation, cell survival, and cancer are linked, with a central role played by NF-kappaB. Recent studies implicate some TLRs in tumor development based on their ability to facilitate tumor growth; however, to our knowledge, involvement of neither TLR7 nor TLR78 has yet been demonstrated. Here we have demonstrated expression of TLR7 and TLR8, the natural receptors for single-stranded RNA, by tumor cells in human lung cancer in situ and in human lung tumor cell lines. Stimulation with TLR7 or TLR8 agonists led to activated NF-kappaB, upregulated expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, increased tumor cell survival, and chemoresistance. Transcriptional analysis performed on human primary lung tumor cells and TLR7- or TLR8-stimulated human lung tumor cell lines revealed a gene expression signature suggestive of chronic stimulation of tumor cells by TLR ligands in situ. Together, these data emphasize that TLR signaling can directly favor tumor development and further suggest that researchers developing anticancer immunotherapy using TLR7 or TLR8 agonists as adjuvants should take into account the expression of these TLRs in lung tumor cells.
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48
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Lee SH, Hong B, Sharabi A, Huang XF, Chen SY. Embryonic stem cells and mammary luminal progenitors directly sense and respond to microbial products. Stem Cells 2009; 27:1604-15. [PMID: 19544467 DOI: 10.1002/stem.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are normally maintained in a quiescent state and proliferate only under certain conditions; however, little is known about the biological stimuli that initiate the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. In this study, we found that functional Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and that TLR ligands stimulate ES cell proliferation and promote their hematopoietic differentiation. TLR ligands activate TLR-mediated signaling pathways, leading to the altered expression of numerous genes in ES cells. Moreover, TLR ligands efficiently stimulate the proliferation and expansion of adult stem cells and progenitors of nonhematopoietic tissues, such as mammary glands and intestine as well. We further found that mammary luminal progenitor cells (Lin(-)CD29(+)CD61(+)) express TLR4-MD2 complex and actively proliferate, resulting in the enhanced growth of mammospheres in response to TLR ligands. Thus, mouse ES cells and adult tissue-specific stem cells/progenitors directly sense and respond to microbial products, which function as a class of foreign, but biological stimuli for stem cell/progenitor proliferation. This finding expands the biological role of TLRs and has implications in understanding stem cell biology, tissue repair/homeostasis, and the role of infection and inflammation in malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyung Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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49
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Xu L, Wang C, Wen Z, Yao X, Liu Z, Li Q, Wu Z, Xu Z, Liang Y, Ren T. Selective up-regulation of CDK2 is critical for TLR9 signaling stimulated proliferation of human lung cancer cell. Immunol Lett 2009; 127:93-9. [PMID: 19854217 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 10/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating data suggested that functional TLR9 was expressed in various tumor cells and TLR9 signaling could enhance the progression of tumor cells. However, the underlying mechanism of TLR9 signaling on the progression of tumors cells remains largely undefined. Our previous study demonstrated that the TLR9 agonist CpG ODNs could significantly enhance the progression of human lung cancer cells in vivo. Here we further evaluated the direct effect of CpG ODNs on the proliferation and cell cycle of human lung cancer cells. Our data showed that TLR9 agonist CpG ODNs could robustly elevate the proliferation and stimulate cell cycle entry of 95D cells in vitro, accompanied by the selectively up-regulated expression of CDK2. Furthermore, we found that down-regulation of CDK2 expression using siRNA against CDK2 could significantly inhibit the enhanced proliferation of 95D cells induced by CpG ODNs. Finally, we investigated that the CpG ODNs could selectively enhance the promoter activity of CDK2. Our findings indicated that TLR9 signaling could selectively up-regulate the expression of CDK2, which was critical for the enhanced proliferation of human lung cancer cells. Our results might provide novel insight into the understanding of functional expression of TLR9 on the progression of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
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50
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Li X, Jiang S, Tapping RI. Toll-like receptor signaling in cell proliferation and survival. Cytokine 2009; 49:1-9. [PMID: 19775907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important sensors of foreign microbial components as well as products of damaged or inflamed self tissues. Upon sensing these molecules, TLRs initiate a series of downstream signaling events that drive cellular responses including the production of cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators. This outcome results from the intracellular assembly of protein complexes that drive phosphorylation and other signaling cascades ultimately leading to chromatin remodeling and transcription factor activation. In addition to driving inflammatory responses, TLRs also regulate cell proliferation and survival which serves to expand useful immune cells and integrate inflammatory responses and tissue repair processes. In this context, central TLR signaling molecules, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), play key roles. In addition, four major groups of transcription factors which are targets of TLR activation also control cell fate. This review focuses on the role of TLR signaling as it relates to cell proliferation and survival. This topic not only has important implications for understanding host defense and tissue repair, but also cancer which is often associated with conditions of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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