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Gamma Radiation-Induced Damage in the Zinc Finger of the Transcription Factor IIIA. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2016; 2016:1642064. [PMID: 27803644 PMCID: PMC5075647 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1642064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A zinc finger motif is an element of proteins that can specifically recognize and bind to DNA. Because they contain multiple cysteine residues, zinc finger motifs possess redox properties. Ionizing radiation generates a variety of free radicals in organisms. Zinc finger motifs, therefore, may be a target of ionizing radiation. The effect of gamma radiation on the zinc finger motifs in transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA), a zinc finger protein, was investigated. TFIIIA was exposed to different gamma doses from 60Co sources. The dose rates were 0.20 Gy/min and 800 Gy/h, respectively. The binding capacity of zinc finger motifs in TFIIIA was determined using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. We found that 1000 Gy of gamma radiation impaired the function of the zinc finger motifs in TFIIIA. The sites of radiation-induced damage in the zinc finger were the thiol groups of cysteine residues and zinc (II) ions. The thiol groups were oxidized to form disulfide bonds and the zinc (II) ions were indicated to be reduced to zinc atoms. These results indicate that the zinc finger motif is a target domain for gamma radiation, which may decrease 5S rRNA expression via impairment of the zinc finger motifs in TFIIIA.
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Structure, function and regulation of Transcription Factor IIIA: From Xenopus to Arabidopsis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2013; 1829:274-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kim YC, Wu SY, Lim HS, Chiang CM, Kodadek T. Non-proteolytic regulation of p53-mediated transcription through destabilization of the activator.promoter complex by the proteasomal ATPases. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:34522-30. [PMID: 19846554 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.017277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown previously that sub-complexes of the 26 S proteasome can regulate gene expression via non-proteolytic mechanisms. One such mechanism is the disruption of activator.promoter complexes in an ATP-dependent fashion, which was discovered in the context of the yeast Gal4 system. This activity strongly inhibits Gal4-driven gene expression unless the activator is mono-ubiquitylated, which protects it from the ATPases. To address whether this paradigm is also applicable to medically important mammalian transcriptional activators we report here a study of the interaction of the proteasomal ATPases with p53. It is shown that p53 binds directly to the ATPases via its C-terminal tetramerization and regulatory domain and that p53.promoter complexes are indeed vulnerable to ATPase-dependent disruption by the ATPase complex in vitro. Knockdown of one of the ATPases, Rpt6, in living cells results in increased occupancy of the p21(waf1) promoter by p53 and increased expression of the gene, consistent with the idea that the proteasomal ATPases negatively regulate p53 function in a non-proteolytic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chan Kim
- Division of Translational Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-9185, USA
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Iki N, Takahashi M, Takahashi T, Hoshino H. Ligand-Substitution Mode Capillary Electrophoretic Reactor: Extending Capillary Electrophoretic Reactor toward Measurement of Slow Dissociation Kinetics with a Half-Life of Hours. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7849-54. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901296j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Iki
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mariko Takahashi
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hoshino
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Use of a reporter gene assay in yeast for genetic analysis of DNA-protein interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2009. [PMID: 19378169 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-015-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
We describe methods for the genetic analysis of a DNA-protein interaction from any species. The DNA-binding domain of the protein of interest is expressed in yeast cells as a fusion with a known transcriptional activation domain, and the target binding site is used as an artificial upstream activation sequence (UAS) in an engineered promoter driving expression of a reporter gene, such as beta-galactosidase. Expression of the reporter gene is dependent upon specific, high-affinity interaction between the DNA-binding domain of the artificial activator and the synthetic UAS. Error-prone PCR is used to introduce mutations into either member of this interacting pair, and homologous recombination is used to return the mutagenized sequences to their proper sequence contexts in vivo. Altered expression of the reporter gene is then used as a screen or selection for mutations conferring the desired phenotype, such as reductions or increases in the stability of the DNA-protein complex. Following identification of the relevant mutations, the mutant protein or binding site can be subjected to further analyses to confirm the expected biochemical basis of the selected phenotype. This approach has been used extensively in the analysis of the TFIIIA-5S rRNA gene interaction from both Xenopus laevis and Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
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Ferdous A, O’Neal M, Nalley K, Sikder D, Kodadek T, Johnston SA. Phosphorylation of the Gal4 DNA-binding domain is essential for activator mono-ubiquitylation and efficient promoter occupancy. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2008; 4:1116-25. [PMID: 18931787 PMCID: PMC4451857 DOI: 10.1039/b809291e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent analysis of a Gal4 mutant (Gap71) carrying three point mutations (S22D, K23Q and K25F) in its DNA-binding domain (DBD), has demonstrated that it cannot occupy GAL promoters efficiently in cells and that it is not mono-ubiquitylated, suggesting a functional link between this modification and stable DNA binding in cells. The mechanistic underpinning of this phenotype is that this protein is hypersensitive to a newly discovered activity of the proteasomal ATPases--their ability to actively dissociate transcription factor-DNA complexes after direct interaction with the activation domain. In this paper, we examine the roles of each of the three point mutations contained in Gap71 individually. These experiments have revealed that serine 22 is a site of phosphorylation in the Gal4 DBD and that lysine 23 is essential for S22 phosphorylation, possibly acting as part of the kinase recognition site. Mutation of either residue blocks Gal4 DBD phosphorylation, its subsequent ubiquitylation and compromises the ability of the activator to bind promoter DNA in vivo. These data represent the first report of an essential phosphorylation event that is critical for the activity of this paradigmatic transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Ferdous
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8573
| | - Melissa O’Neal
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8573
| | - Kip Nalley
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8573
| | - Devanjan Sikder
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8573
| | - Thomas Kodadek
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8573
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Yu P, Kodadek T. Dynamics of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1-vascular endothelial growth factor promoter complex. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:35035-45. [PMID: 17916562 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707557200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Some transactivator-promoter complexes are highly dynamic due to active disruption of the complex by proteolytic or nonproteolytic mechanisms, and this appears to be an important mechanism by which their activity is governed tightly and eventually terminated. However, the generality of these mechanisms is unclear. In this report, we address the dynamics of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) binding to the vascular endothelial growth factor promoter. HIF-1 is a heterodimeric transcription factor whose activity is triggered by an increase in HIF-1alpha levels in hypoxic cells. A "competition ChIP" assay is employed to demonstrate that HIF-1alpha forms a kinetically stable complex with the native vascular endothelial growth factor promoter that has a half-life in excess of 1 h. Thus, HIF-1 activity does not require rapid proteolytic turnover of the promoter-bound transactivator, nor is the activator-promoter complex constantly disassembled by chaperones. However, we do find that after cessation of the inducing signal, HIF-1 activity is slowly returned to basal levels by proteasome-mediated proteolysis of the promoter-bound HIF-1alpha protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Division of Translational Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-9185, USA
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Rothfels K, Rowland O, Segall J. Zinc fingers 1 and 7 of yeast TFIIIA are essential for assembly of a functional transcription complex on the 5 S RNA gene. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:4869-81. [PMID: 17626045 PMCID: PMC1950542 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding of transcription factor (TF) IIIA to the internal control region of the 5 S RNA gene is the first step in the assembly of a DNA–TFIIIA–TFIIIC– TFIIIB transcription complex, which promotes accurate transcription by RNA polymerase III. With the use of mutations that are predicted to disrupt the folding of a zinc finger, we have examined the roles of zinc fingers 1 through 7 of yeast TFIIIA in the establishment of a functional transcription complex both in vitro and in vivo. Our data indicate that, in addition to their role in DNA binding, the first and seventh zinc fingers contribute other essential roles in the assembly of an active transcription complex. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis identified residues within zinc finger 1 that are not required for DNA binding but are required for incorporation of TFIIIC into the TFIIIA–DNA complex. Although disruption of zinc finger 2 or 3 had a deleterious effect on the activity of TFIIIA both in vitro and in vivo, we found that increasing the level of their in vivo expression allowed these mutant proteins to support cell viability. Disruption of zinc fingers 4, 5 or 6 had minimal effect on the DNA binding and TF activities of TFIIIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rothfels
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Owen Rowland
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Jacqueline Segall
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed.1 416 978 49811 416 978 8548
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Ferdous A, Sikder D, Gillette T, Nalley K, Kodadek T, Johnston SA. The role of the proteasomal ATPases and activator monoubiquitylation in regulating Gal4 binding to promoters. Genes Dev 2006; 21:112-23. [PMID: 17167105 PMCID: PMC1759896 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1493207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the intersection between transcription and proteins involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway encompasses both proteolytic and nonproteolytic functions. Examples of the latter type include evidence that monoubiquitylation of some transcriptional activators stimulates their activity. In addition, the proteasomal ATPases are recruited to many active promoters through binding to activators and play an important, nonproteolytic role in promoter escape and elongation. In this study, we report the discovery of a new nonproteolytic activity of the proteasome (specifically the proteasomal ATPases): the active destabilization of activator-promoter complexes. This reaction depends on the presence of an activation domain and ATP. Destabilization is inhibited in vitro and in vivo if the protein is monoubiquitylated or if ubiquitin is genetically fused to the activator. The fact that monoubiquitylated activator is resistant to the "stripping" activity of the proteasomal ATPases may explain, in part, why some activators require this modification in order to function efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Ferdous
- Center for Biomedical Inventions and Departments of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Internal Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Devanjan Sikder
- Center for Biomedical Inventions and Departments of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Internal Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Thomas Gillette
- Center for Biomedical Inventions and Departments of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Internal Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Kip Nalley
- Center for Biomedical Inventions and Departments of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Internal Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Thomas Kodadek
- Center for Biomedical Inventions and Departments of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Internal Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Corresponding authors.E-MAIL ; FAX (214) 648-4156
| | - Stephen Albert Johnston
- Center for Biomedical Inventions and Departments of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Internal Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- E-MAIL ; FAX (480) 727-0792
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Abstract
Transcriptional activators need to be modulated and eventually switched off after the initial event that triggers their activation. Here, we discuss how ubiquitination of activators and their proteasome-mediated turnover are crucial steps in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kodadek
- Department of Internal Medicine , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, 75390, USA.
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