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Ghanem S, Keren-Politansky A, Kaplan V, Crispel Y, Nadir Y. Tissue factor-heparanase complex: intracellular nonhemostatic effects. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:102179. [PMID: 37767062 PMCID: PMC10520574 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heparanase, known to be involved in angiogenesis, cancer progression, and inflammation, was shown to form a complex with tissue factor (TF) via its procoagulant domain and to enhance the hemostatic system. Objectives To reveal a potential role of heparanase procoagulant domain in nonhemostatic effects. Methods Effects of peptides 16 and 16AC derived from the heparanase procoagulant domain, discovered by our group, were studied using the XTT proliferation assay, western blot analysis, and immunostaining in vitro and a mouse wound-healing model. Results Procoagulant peptides induced increased proliferation, release of heparanase, and upregulation of heparanase, TF, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and TFPI-2 in U87, T47D, and MCF-7 tumor cell lines and in endothelial cells. These results were reversed by a peptide derived from TFPI-2 that inhibited the heparanse procoagulant domain-TF complex. Thrombin had a similar effect on tumor cell proliferation and heparanase release, although the impact of thrombin on cell proliferation was mediated by the heparanase procoagulant domain. A mouse model of full-thickness skin incision exhibited higher levels of heparanase, TF, TFPI, and TFPI-2 in the healing skin, mainly in the blood vessel wall and lumen in animals injected with the procoagulant peptides compared to controls. The cells transfected to overexpress full-length TF or TF devoid of the cytoplasmic domain demonstrated that the procoagulant domain conveyed intracellular signaling via TF. Conclusion Heparanase procoagulant domain induces nonhemostatic effects via TF. The finding that TF serves as a receptor to heparanase supports the close direct relation between the hemostatic system and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorook Ghanem
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anat Keren-Politansky
- Hematology Laboratory, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Victoria Kaplan
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yonatan Crispel
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Heparanase: A Novel Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203198. [PMID: 36291066 PMCID: PMC9599978 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and its management places a huge burden on healthcare systems through hospitalisation and treatment. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall resulting in the formation of lipid-rich, fibrotic plaques under the subendothelium and is a key contributor to the development of CVD. As such, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis is urgently required for more effective disease treatment and prevention strategies. Heparanase is the only mammalian enzyme known to cleave heparan sulfate of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which is a key component of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. By cleaving heparan sulfate, heparanase contributes to the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes such as wound healing, inflammation, tumour angiogenesis, and cell migration. Recent evidence suggests a multifactorial role for heparanase in atherosclerosis by promoting underlying inflammatory processes giving rise to plaque formation, as well as regulating lesion stability. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the role of heparanase in physiological and pathological processes with a focus on the emerging role of the enzyme in atherosclerosis.
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Vlodavsky I, Barash U, Nguyen HM, Yang SM, Ilan N. Biology of the Heparanase-Heparan Sulfate Axis and Its Role in Disease Pathogenesis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47:240-253. [PMID: 33794549 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface proteoglycans are important constituents of the glycocalyx and participate in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, enzyme activation and inhibition, and multiple signaling routes, thereby regulating cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, migration, and differentiation. Heparanase, the sole mammalian heparan sulfate degrading endoglycosidase, acts as an "activator" of HS proteoglycans, thus regulating tissue hemostasis. Heparanase is a multifaceted enzyme that together with heparan sulfate, primarily syndecan-1, drives signal transduction, immune cell activation, exosome formation, autophagy, and gene transcription via enzymatic and nonenzymatic activities. An important feature is the ability of heparanase to stimulate syndecan-1 shedding, thereby impacting cell behavior both locally and distally from its cell of origin. Heparanase releases a myriad of HS-bound growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines that are sequestered by heparan sulfate in the glycocalyx and ECM. Collectively, the heparan sulfate-heparanase axis plays pivotal roles in creating a permissive environment for cell proliferation, differentiation, and function, often resulting in the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancer, inflammation, endotheliitis, kidney dysfunction, tissue fibrosis, and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uri Barash
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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4
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Khanna M, Parish CR. Heparanase: Historical Aspects and Future Perspectives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:71-96. [PMID: 32274707 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-glucuronidase that cleaves at a limited number of internal sites the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS). Heparanase enzymatic activity was first reported in 1975 and by 1983 evidence was beginning to emerge that the enzyme was a facilitator of tumor metastasis by cleaving HS chains present in blood vessel basement membranes and, thereby, aiding the passage of tumor cells through blood vessel walls. Due to a range of technical difficulties, it took another 16 years before heparanase was cloned and characterized in 1999 and a further 14 years before the crystal structure of the enzyme was solved. Despite these substantial deficiencies, there was steady progress in our understanding of heparanase long before the enzyme was fully characterized. For example, it was found as early as 1984 that activated T cells upregulate heparanase expression, like metastatic tumor cells, and the enzyme aids the entry of T cells and other leukocytes into inflammatory sites. Furthermore, it was discovered in 1989 that heparanase releases pre-existing growth factors and cytokines associated with HS in the extracellular matrix (ECM), the liberated growth factors/cytokines enhancing angiogenesis and wound healing. There were also the first hints that heparanase may have functions other than enzymatic activity, in 1995 it being reported that under certain conditions the enzyme could act as a cell adhesion molecule. Also, in the same year PI-88 (Muparfostat), the first heparanase inhibitor to reach and successfully complete a Phase III clinical trial was patented.Nevertheless, the cloning of heparanase (also known as heparanase-1) in 1999 gave the field an enormous boost and some surprises. The biggest surprise was that there is only one heparanase encoding gene in the mammalian genome, despite earlier research, based on substrate specificity, suggesting that there are at least three different heparanases. This surprising conclusion has remained unchanged for the last 20 years. It also became evident that heparanase is a family 79 glycoside hydrolase that is initially produced as a pro-enzyme that needs to be processed by proteases to form an enzymatically active heterodimer. A related molecule, heparanase-2, was also discovered that is enzymatically inactive but, remarkably, recently has been shown to inhibit heparanase-1 activity as well as acting as a tumor suppressor that counteracts many of the pro-tumor properties of heparanase-1.The early claim that heparanase plays a key role in tumor metastasis, angiogenesis and inflammation has been confirmed by many studies over the last 20 years. In fact, heparanase expression is enhanced in all major cancer types, namely carcinomas, sarcomas, and hematological malignancies, and correlates with increased metastasis and poor prognosis. Also, there is mounting evidence that heparanase plays a central role in the induction of inflammation-associated cancers. The enzymatic activity of heparanase has also emerged in unexpected situations, such as in the spread of HS-binding viruses and in Type-1 diabetes where the destruction of intracellular HS in pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells precipitates diabetes. But the most extraordinary recent discoveries have been with the realization that heparanase can exert a range of biological activities that are independent of its enzymatic function, most notably activation of several signaling pathways and being a transcription factor that controls methylation of histone tails. Collectively, these data indicate that heparanase is a truly multifunctional protein that has the additional property of cleaving HS chains and releasing from ECM and cell surfaces hundreds of HS-binding proteins with a plethora of functional consequences. Clearly, there are many unique features of this intriguing molecule that still remain to be explored and are highlighted in this Chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Khanna
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Christopher R Parish
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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Heparanase: Cloning, Function and Regulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:189-229. [PMID: 32274711 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, we mark the 20th anniversary of the cloning of the human heparanase gene. Heparanase remains the only known enzyme to cleave heparan sulfate, which is an abundant component of the extracellular matrix. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms underlying heparanase expression and activity is critical to understanding its role in healthy and pathological settings. This chapter provides a historical account of the race to clone the human heparanase gene, describes the intracellular and extracellular function of the enzyme, and explores the various mechanisms regulating heparanase expression and activity at the gene, transcript, and protein level.
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Heparanase-The Message Comes in Different Flavors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:253-283. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Simeonovic CJ, Popp SK, Brown DJ, Li FJ, Lafferty ARA, Freeman C, Parish CR. Heparanase and Type 1 Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:607-630. [PMID: 32274728 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in pancreatic islets. The degradation of the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) by the endo-β-D-glycosidase heparanase plays a critical role in multiple stages of the disease process. Heparanase aids (i) migration of inflammatory leukocytes from the vasculature to the islets, (ii) intra-islet invasion by insulitis leukocytes, and (iii) selective destruction of beta cells. These disease stages are marked by the solubilization of HS in the subendothelial basement membrane (BM), HS breakdown in the peri-islet BM, and the degradation of HS inside beta cells, respectively. Significantly, healthy islet beta cells are enriched in highly sulfated HS which is essential for their viability, protection from damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS), beta cell function and differentiation. Consequently, mouse and human beta cells but not glucagon-producing alpha cells (which contain less-sulfated HS) are exquisitely vulnerable to heparanase-mediated damage. In vitro, the death of HS-depleted mouse and human beta cells can be prevented by HS replacement using highly sulfated HS mimetics or analogues. T1D progression in NOD mice and recent-onset T1D in humans correlate with increased expression of heparanase by circulating leukocytes of myeloid origin and heparanase-expressing insulitis leukocytes. Treatment of NOD mice with the heparanase inhibitor and HS replacer, PI-88, significantly reduced T1D incidence by 50%, impaired the development of insulitis and preserved beta cell HS. These outcomes identified heparanase as a novel destructive tool in T1D, distinct from the conventional cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing mechanisms of autoreactive T cells. In contrast to exogenous catalytically active heparanase, endogenous heparanase may function in HS homeostasis, gene expression and insulin secretion in normal beta cells and immune gene expression in leukocytes. In established diabetes, the interplay between hyperglycemia, local inflammatory cells (e.g. macrophages) and heparanase contributes to secondary micro- and macro-vascular disease. We have identified dual activity heparanase inhibitors/HS replacers as a novel class of therapeutic for preventing T1D progression and potentially for mitigating secondary vascular disease that develops with long-term T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine J Simeonovic
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Sarah K Popp
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Debra J Brown
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Fei-Ju Li
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Antony R A Lafferty
- Department of Paediatrics, The Canberra Hospital, Woden, ACT, Australia.,The ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Craig Freeman
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Christopher R Parish
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Abstract
Exosomes are secreted vesicles involved in signaling processes. The biogenesis of a class of these extracellular vesicles depends on syntenin, and on the interaction of this cytosolic protein with syndecans. Heparanase, largely an endosomal enzyme, acts as a regulator of the syndecan-syntenin-exosome biogenesis pathway. The upregulation of syntenin and heparanase in cancers may support the suspected roles of exosomes in tumor biology.
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9
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Vlodavsky I, Sanderson RD, Ilan N. Forty Years of Basic and Translational Heparanase Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:3-59. [PMID: 32274705 PMCID: PMC7142273 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes key developments in the heparanase field obtained 20 years prior to cloning of the HPSE gene and nearly 20 years after its cloning. Of the numerous publications and review articles focusing on heparanase, we have selected those that best reflect the progression in the field as well as those we regard important accomplishments with preference to studies performed by scientists and groups that contributed to this book. Apart from a general 'introduction' and 'concluding remarks', the abstracts of these studies are presented essentially as published along the years. We apologize for not being objective and not being able to include some of the most relevant abstracts and references, due to space limitation. Heparanase research can be divided into two eras. The first, initiated around 1975, dealt with identifying the enzyme, establishing the relevant assay systems and investigating its biological activities and significance in cancer and other pathologies. Studies performed during the first area are briefly introduced in a layman style followed by the relevant abstracts presented chronologically, essentially as appears in PubMed. The second era started in 1999 when the heparanase gene was independently cloned by 4 research groups [1-4]. As expected, cloning of the heparanase gene boosted heparanase research by virtue of the readily available recombinant enzyme, molecular probes, and anti-heparanase antibodies. Studies performed during the second area are briefly introduced followed by selected abstracts of key findings, arranged according to specific topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC) Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Haifa Israel
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC) Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Haifa Israel
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10
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Heparan Sulfate in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1245:147-161. [PMID: 32266657 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40146-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The biology of tumor cells strictly depends on their microenvironment architecture and composition, which controls the availability of growth factors and signaling molecules. Thus, the network of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and proteins known as extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds the cells plays a central role in the regulation of tumor fate. Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are highly versatile ECM components that bind and regulate the activity of growth factors, cell membrane receptors, and other ECM molecules. These HS binding partners modulate cell adhesion, motility, and proliferation that are processes altered during tumor progression. Modification in the expression and activity of HS, HSPGs, and the respective metabolic enzymes results unavoidably in alteration of tumor cell microenvironment. In this light, the targeting of HS structure and metabolism is potentially a new tool in the treatment of different cancer types.
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11
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Coombe DR, Gandhi NS. Heparanase: A Challenging Cancer Drug Target. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1316. [PMID: 31850210 PMCID: PMC6892829 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase has been viewed as a promising anti-cancer drug target for almost two decades, but no anti-heparanase therapy has yet reached the clinic. This endoglycosidase is highly expressed in a variety of malignancies, and its high expression is associated with greater tumor size, more metastases, and a poor prognosis. It was first described as an enzyme cleaving heparan sulfate chains of proteoglycans located in extracellular matrices and on cell surfaces, but this is not its only function. It is a multi-functional protein with activities that are enzymatic and non-enzymatic and which take place both outside of the cell and intracellularly. Knowledge of the crystal structure of heparanase has assisted the interpretation of earlier structure-function studies as well as in the design of potential anti-heparanase agents. This review re-examines the various functions of heparanase in light of the structural data. The functions of the heparanase variant, T5, and structure and functions of heparanase-2 are also examined as these heparanase related, but non-enzymatic, proteins are likely to influence the in vivo efficacy of anti-heparanase drugs. The anti-heparanase drugs currently under development predominately focus on inhibiting the enzymatic activity of heparanase, which, in the absence of inhibitors with high clinical efficacy, prompts a discussion of whether this is the best approach. The diversity of outcomes attributed to heparanase and the difficulties of unequivocally determining which of these are due to its enzymatic activity is also discussed and leads us to the conclusion that heparanase is a valid, but challenging drug target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre R Coombe
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Neha S Gandhi
- School of Mathematical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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12
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Duan T, Xu Z, Sun F, Wang Y, Zhang J, Luo C, Wang M. HPA aptamer functionalized paclitaxel-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for enhanced anticancer therapy through targeted effects and microenvironment modulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109121. [PMID: 31252265 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a fairly common cancer with high mortality in women worldwide. Targeted nano-drug delivery system for breast cancer treatment has achieved encouraging results, because of increased drug concentration at the tumor site, thereby improving biocompatibility and blood half-life while reducing chemoresistance. However, the absence of available target on cancer cells is one of the major obstacles for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Increasing studies have shown that heparanase (HPA) is highly expressed in many cancers, including TNBC. Thus paclitaxel(PTX) -encapsulated PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles were developed and further surface-functionalized with the HPA aptamers (Apt(S1.5)-PTX-NP). Moreover, targeting and cytotoxicity of Apt(S1.5)-PTX-NP to TNBC cells were evaluated with MDA-MB-231 as a model. These nanoparticles bonded to the HPA overexpressed on the surface of TNBC cells and were taken up by these cells, resulting in remarkably enhanced cellular toxicity compared with non-targeted PTX-NP that lack the HPA aptamer (P < 0.01). Furthermore, Apt(S1.5)-PTX-NP significantly exhibited enhanced anti-invasive and superior anti-angiogenesis activity compared with those of other experiment groups at low administration dosage. The Apt(S1.5)-PTX-NP demonstrated the most dramatic efficacy with the final mean tumor sizes of 157.30 ± 41.09 mm3 (mean ± SD; n = 10) in vivo treatment. Thus, the present study indicated that HPA is a promising target for drug delivery to TNBC cells, and nanoparticle-HPA-aptamer bioconjugates can provide new insights for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 24 Tongjia Road, 210009, PR China
| | - Zhuobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 24 Tongjia Road, 210009, PR China
| | - Fumou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 24 Tongjia Road, 210009, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 24 Tongjia Road, 210009, PR China
| | - Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 24 Tongjia Road, 210009, PR China
| | - Chen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 24 Tongjia Road, 210009, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 24 Tongjia Road, 210009, PR China.
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Bres EE, Faissner A. Low Density Receptor-Related Protein 1 Interactions With the Extracellular Matrix: More Than Meets the Eye. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:31. [PMID: 30931303 PMCID: PMC6428713 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a biological substrate composed of collagens, proteoglycans and glycoproteins that ensures proper cell migration and adhesion and keeps the cell architecture intact. The regulation of the ECM composition is a vital process strictly controlled by, among others, proteases, growth factors and adhesion receptors. As it appears, ECM remodeling is also essential for proper neuronal and glial development and the establishment of adequate synaptic signaling. Hence, disturbances in ECM functioning are often present in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, mutations in ECM molecules are found in some forms of epilepsy and malfunctioning of ECM-related genes and pathways can be seen in, for example, cancer or ischemic injury. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (Lrp1) is a member of the low density lipoprotein receptor family. Lrp1 is involved not only in ligand uptake, receptor mediated endocytosis and lipoprotein transport—functions shared by low density lipoprotein receptor family members—but also regulates cell surface protease activity, controls cellular entry and binding of toxins and viruses, protects against atherosclerosis and acts on many cell signaling pathways. Given the plethora of functions, it is not surprising that Lrp1 also impacts the ECM and is involved in its remodeling. This review focuses on the role of Lrp1 and some of its major ligands on ECM function. Specifically, interactions with two Lrp1 ligands, integrins and tissue plasminogen activator are described in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa E Bres
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Shu J, Santulli G. Heparanase in health and disease: The neglected housekeeper of the cell? Atherosclerosis 2019; 283:124-126. [PMID: 30745229 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, New York, NY, USA; "The Norman Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism", Einstein-Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Advanced Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy.
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Ohradanova-Repic A, Machacek C, Donner C, Mühlgrabner V, Petrovčíková E, Zahradníková A, Vičíková K, Hořejší V, Stockinger H, Leksa V. The mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor mediates plasminogen-induced efferocytosis. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:519-530. [PMID: 30657605 PMCID: PMC6392118 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ab0417-160rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen system is harnessed in a wide variety of physiological processes, such as fibrinolysis, cell migration, or efferocytosis; and accordingly, it is essential upon inflammation, tissue remodeling, wound healing, and for homeostatic maintenance in general. Previously, we identified a plasminogen receptor in the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6P/IGF2R, CD222). Here, we demonstrate by means of genetic knockdown, knockout, and rescue approaches combined with functional studies that M6P/IGF2R is up-regulated on the surface of macrophages, recognizes plasminogen exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells, and mediates plasminogen-induced efferocytosis. The level of uptake of plasminogen-coated apoptotic cells inversely correlates with the TNF-α production by phagocytes indicating tissue clearance without inflammation by this mechanism. Our results reveal an up-to-now undetermined function of M6P/IGF2R in clearance of apoptotic cells, which is crucial for tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Machacek
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Donner
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanessa Mühlgrabner
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Petrovčíková
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alexandra Zahradníková
- Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kristína Vičíková
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Václav Hořejší
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Leksa
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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16
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Liu L, Zhao Y, Fan G, Shuai T, Li B, Li Y. Helicobacter pylori infection enhances heparanase leading to cell proliferation via mitogen‑activated protein kinase signalling in human gastric cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5733-5741. [PMID: 30320396 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the most important factor in the development of gastric cancer. Heparanase (HPA) is involved in tissue remodelling and cell migration, which leads to inflammation and tumour metastasis. The current study aimed was to explore whether a H. pylori infection leads to an increase in the level of HPA in gastric cancer and to investigate the specific mechanism underlying this association. Reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to detect HPA mRNA and protein expression, respectively, in MKN‑45 cells infected by H. pylori, MKN‑45 cells treated with the mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580 and MKN‑45 cells transfected with small interfering RNA against HPA. MAPK and nuclear factor (NF)‑κB expression were determined by western blotting in the different cells group. Cell Counting Kit‑8, Transwell method, and Scratch and Clone tests were conducted to detect proliferation, invasion, migration and clone formation ability of gastric cancer cells. It was demonstrated that HPA mRNA expression was highest at 6 h post‑infection, while the expression of the HPA protein was highest at 24 h post‑infection in H. pylori‑infected gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that H. pylori infection significantly enhanced the expression of MAPK and NF‑κB in MKN‑45 cells at the mRNA and protein levels. SB203580 significantly decreased the expression of NF‑κB in MKN‑45 cells infected with H. pylori. Exposure to SB203580 also significantly decreased the expression of HPA. In the present study, the inhibition of HPA significantly lowered H. pylori‑induced cell proliferation, suggesting that H. pylori infection induces the proliferation of gastric cancer cells through the upregulation of HPA. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that HPA serves a critical role in the development of gastric cancer in H. pylori‑infected cells, which may be an important mechanism through which H. pylori infection leads to gastric cancer. In addition, H. pylori infection promotes the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells through the upregulation of HPA expression, and this is likely mediated via the MAPK and NF‑κB signalling pathways. These data suggest that HPA can be used as a therapeutic target in gastric cancer, particularly in cases induced by H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Yongxun Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Guangrui Fan
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Tiankui Shuai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Donggang Branch of The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yumin Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
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17
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Karamanos NK, Piperigkou Z, Theocharis AD, Watanabe H, Franchi M, Baud S, Brézillon S, Götte M, Passi A, Vigetti D, Ricard-Blum S, Sanderson RD, Neill T, Iozzo RV. Proteoglycan Chemical Diversity Drives Multifunctional Cell Regulation and Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9152-9232. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini 47100, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Baud
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire SiRMa, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Stéphane Brézillon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5246, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
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18
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Higashi N, Waki M, Sudo Y, Suzuki S, Oku T, Tsuiji M, Tsuji T, Miyagishi M, Takahashi K, Nakajima M, Irimura T. Incorporation, intracellular trafficking and processing of extracellular heparanase by mast cells: Involvement of syndecan-4-dependent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:3235-3241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Vlodavsky I, Gross-Cohen M, Weissmann M, Ilan N, Sanderson RD. Opposing Functions of Heparanase-1 and Heparanase-2 in Cancer Progression. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 43:18-31. [PMID: 29162390 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase, the sole heparan sulfate (HS)-degrading endoglycosidase, regulates multiple biological activities that enhance tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Heparanase accomplishes this by degrading HS and thereby regulating the bioavailability of heparin-binding proteins; priming the tumor microenvironment; mediating tumor-host crosstalk; and inducing gene transcription, signaling pathways, exosome formation, and autophagy that together promote tumor cell performance and chemoresistance. By contrast, heparanase-2, a close homolog of heparanase, lacks enzymatic activity, inhibits heparanase activity, and regulates selected genes that promote normal differentiation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, tumor fibrosis, and apoptosis, together resulting in tumor suppression. The emerging premise is that heparanase is a master regulator of the aggressive phenotype of cancer, while heparanase-2 functions as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel.
| | - Miriam Gross-Cohen
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Marina Weissmann
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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20
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Heparanase: roles in cell survival, extracellular matrix remodelling and the development of kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 13:201-212. [PMID: 28163306 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase has regulatory roles in various processes, including cell communication, gene transcription and autophagy. In addition, it is the only known mammalian endoglycosidase that is capable of degrading heparan sulfate (HS). HS chains are important constituents and organizers of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and have a key role in maintaining the integrity and function of the glomerular filtration barrier. In addition, HS chains regulate the activity of numerous bioactive molecules, such as cytokines and growth factors, at the cell surface and in the ECM. Given the functional diversity of HS, its degradation by heparanase profoundly affects important pathophysiological processes, including tumour development, neovascularization and inflammation, as well as progression of kidney disease. Heparanase-mediated degradation and subsequent remodelling of HS in the ECM of the glomerulus is a key mechanism in the development of glomerular disease, as exemplified by the complete resistance of heparanase-deficient animals to diabetes and immune-mediated kidney disease. This Review summarizes the role of heparanase in the development of kidney disease, and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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21
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Vlodavsky I, Singh P, Boyango I, Gutter-Kapon L, Elkin M, Sanderson RD, Ilan N. Heparanase: From basic research to therapeutic applications in cancer and inflammation. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 29:54-75. [PMID: 27912844 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase, the sole heparan sulfate degrading endoglycosidase, regulates multiple biological activities that enhance tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Heparanase expression is enhanced in almost all cancers examined including various carcinomas, sarcomas and hematological malignancies. Numerous clinical association studies have consistently demonstrated that upregulation of heparanase expression correlates with increased tumor size, tumor angiogenesis, enhanced metastasis and poor prognosis. In contrast, knockdown of heparanase or treatments of tumor-bearing mice with heparanase-inhibiting compounds, markedly attenuate tumor progression further underscoring the potential of anti-heparanase therapy for multiple types of cancer. Heparanase neutralizing monoclonal antibodies block myeloma and lymphoma tumor growth and dissemination; this is attributable to a combined effect on the tumor cells and/or cells of the tumor microenvironment. In fact, much of the impact of heparanase on tumor progression is related to its function in mediating tumor-host crosstalk, priming the tumor microenvironment to better support tumor growth, metastasis and chemoresistance. The repertoire of the physio-pathological activities of heparanase is expanding. Specifically, heparanase regulates gene expression, activates cells of the innate immune system, promotes the formation of exosomes and autophagosomes, and stimulates signal transduction pathways via enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities. These effects dynamically impact multiple regulatory pathways that together drive inflammatory responses, tumor survival, growth, dissemination and drug resistance; but in the same time, may fulfill some normal functions associated, for example, with vesicular traffic, lysosomal-based secretion, stress response, and heparan sulfate turnover. Heparanase is upregulated in response to chemotherapy in cancer patients and the surviving cells acquire chemoresistance, attributed, at least in part, to autophagy. Consequently, heparanase inhibitors used in tandem with chemotherapeutic drugs overcome initial chemoresistance, providing a strong rationale for applying anti-heparanase therapy in combination with conventional anti-cancer drugs. Heparin-like compounds that inhibit heparanase activity are being evaluated in clinical trials for various types of cancer. Heparanase neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are being evaluated in pre-clinical studies, and heparanase-inhibiting small molecules are being developed based on the recently resolved crystal structure of the heparanase protein. Collectively, the emerging premise is that heparanase expressed by tumor cells, innate immune cells, activated endothelial cells as well as other cells of the tumor microenvironment is a master regulator of the aggressive phenotype of cancer, an important contributor to the poor outcome of cancer patients and a prime target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel.
| | - Preeti Singh
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ilanit Boyango
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Lilach Gutter-Kapon
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
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22
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Chemotherapy induces expression and release of heparanase leading to changes associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype. Matrix Biol 2016; 55:22-34. [PMID: 27016342 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High heparanase expression is associated with enhanced tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis in many types of cancer. However, the mechanisms driving high heparanase expression are not fully understood. In the present study, we discovered that drugs used in the treatment of myeloma upregulate heparanase expression. Frontline anti-myeloma drugs, bortezomib and carfilzomib activate the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway to trigger heparanase expression in tumor cells. Blocking the NF-κB pathway diminished this chemotherapy-induced upregulation of heparanase expression. Activated NF-κB signaling was also found to drive high heparanase expression in drug resistant myeloma cell lines. In addition to enhancing heparanase expression, chemotherapy also caused release of heparanase by tumor cells into the conditioned medium. This soluble heparanase was taken up by macrophages and triggered an increase in TNF-α production. Heparanase is also taken up by tumor cells where it induced expression of HGF, VEGF and MMP-9 and activated ERK and Akt signaling pathways. These changes induced by heparanase are known to be associated with the promotion of an aggressive tumor phenotype. Importantly, the heparanase inhibitor Roneparstat diminished the uptake and the downstream effects of soluble heparanase. Together, these discoveries reveal a novel mechanism whereby chemotherapy upregulates heparanase, a known promoter of myeloma growth, and suggest that therapeutic targeting of heparanase during anti-cancer therapy may improve patient outcome.
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23
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Van Gool B, Dedieu S, Emonard H, Roebroek AJM. The Matricellular Receptor LRP1 Forms an Interface for Signaling and Endocytosis in Modulation of the Extracellular Tumor Environment. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:271. [PMID: 26617523 PMCID: PMC4639618 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane protein low-density lipoprotein receptor related-protein 1 (LRP1) has been attributed a role in cancer. However, its presumably often indirect involvement is far from understood. LRP1 has both endocytic and signaling activities. As a matricellular receptor it is involved in regulation, mostly by clearing, of various extracellular matrix degrading enzymes including matrix metalloproteinases, serine proteases, protease inhibitor complexes, and the endoglycosidase heparanase. Furthermore, by binding extracellular ligands including growth factors and subsequent intracellular interaction with scaffolding and adaptor proteins it is involved in regulation of various signaling cascades. LRP1 expression levels are often downregulated in cancer and some studies consider low LRP1 levels a poor prognostic factor. On the contrary, upregulation in brain cancers has been noted and clinical trials explore the use of LRP1 as cargo receptor to deliver cytotoxic agents. This mini-review focuses on LRP1's role in tumor growth and metastasis especially by modulation of the extracellular tumor environment. In relation to this role its diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Van Gool
- Laboratory for Experimental Mouse Genetics, Department of Human Genetics , KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Dedieu
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Exactes et Naturelles , Reims, France
| | - Hervé Emonard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Exactes et Naturelles , Reims, France
| | - Anton J M Roebroek
- Laboratory for Experimental Mouse Genetics, Department of Human Genetics , KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Rabelink TJ, de Zeeuw D. The glycocalyx--linking albuminuria with renal and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11:667-76. [PMID: 26460356 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2015.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Albuminuria is commonly used as a marker of kidney disease progression, but some evidence suggests that albuminuria also contributes to disease progression by inducing renal injury in specific disease conditions. Studies have confirmed that in patients with cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes and hypertension, endothelial damage drives progression of kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. A key mechanism that contributes to this process is the loss of the glycocalyx--a polysaccharide gel that lines the luminal endothelial surface and that normally acts as a barrier against albumin filtration. Degradation of the glycocalyx in response to endothelial activation can lead to albuminuria and subsequent renal and vascular inflammation, thus providing a pathophysiological framework for the clinical association of albuminuria with renal and cardiovascular disease progression. In this Review, we examine the likely mechanisms by which glycocalyx dysfunction contributes to kidney injury and explains the link between cardiovascular disease and albuminuria. Evidence suggests that glycocalyx dysfunction is reversible, suggesting that these mechanisms could be considered as therapeutic targets to prevent the progression of renal and cardiovascular disease. This possibility enables the use of existing drugs in new ways, provides an opportunity to develop novel therapies, and indicates that albuminuria should be reconsidered as an end point in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden University Medical Centre, Netherlands
| | - Dick de Zeeuw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Netherlands
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25
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Friand V, David G, Zimmermann P. Syntenin and syndecan in the biogenesis of exosomes. Biol Cell 2015; 107:331-41. [PMID: 26032692 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201500010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cells communicate with their environment in various ways, including by secreting vesicles. Secreted vesicles are loaded with proteins, lipids and RNAs that compose 'a signature' of the cell of origin and potentially can reprogram recipient cells. Secreted vesicles recently gained in interest for medicine. They represent potential sources of biomarkers that can be collected from body fluids and, by disseminating pathogenic proteins, might also participate in systemic diseases like cancer, atherosclerosis and neurodegeneration. The mechanisms controlling the biogenesis and the uptake of secreted vesicles are poorly understood. Some of these vesicles originate from endosomes and are called 'exosomes'. In this review, we recapitulate recent insight on the role of the syndecan (SDC) heparan sulphate proteoglycans, the small intracellular adaptor syntenin and associated regulators in the biogenesis and loading of exosomes with cargo. SDC-syntenin-associated regulators include the endosomal sorting complex required for transport accessory component ALG-2-interacting protein X, the small GTPase adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribosylation factor 6, the lipid-modifying enzyme phospholipase D2 and the endoglycosidase heparanase. All these molecules appear to support the budding of SDC-syntenin and associated cargo into the lumen of endosomes. This highlights a major mechanism for the formation of intraluminal vesicles that will be released as exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Friand
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm, U1068-CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Universite', Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, 13009, France.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Guido David
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm, U1068-CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Universite', Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, 13009, France.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Pascale Zimmermann
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm, U1068-CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Universite', Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, 13009, France.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
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26
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Masola V, Zaza G, Onisto M, Lupo A, Gambaro G. Impact of heparanase on renal fibrosis. J Transl Med 2015; 13:181. [PMID: 26040666 PMCID: PMC4467599 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulo-interstitial fibrosis has been recognized as the hallmark of progression of chronic kidney disease, but, despite intensive research studies, there are currently no biomarkers or effective treatments for this condition. In this context, a promising candidate could be heparanase-1 (HPSE), an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate chains and thus takes part in extracellular matrix remodeling. As largely described, it has a central role in the pathogenesis of cancer and inflammation, and it participates in the complex biological machinery involved in the onset of different renal proteinuric diseases (e.g., diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis). Additionally, HPSE may significantly influence the progression of chronic kidney damage trough its major role in the biological pathway of renal fibrogenesis. Here, we briefly summarize data supporting the role of HPSE in renal damage, focusing on recent evidences that demonstrate the capability of this enzyme to modulate the signaling of pro-fibrotic factors such as FGF-2 and TGF-β and consequently to control the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal tubular cells. We also emphasize the need of the research community to undertake studies and clinical trials to assess the potential clinical employment of this enzyme as diagnostic and prognostic tool and/or its role as therapeutic target for new pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Masola
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, 37126, Verona, VR, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, 37126, Verona, VR, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Onisto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | - Antonio Lupo
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Verona University Hospital, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, 37126, Verona, VR, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Columbus-Gemelli Hospital Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.
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27
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Piva MBR, Suarez ER, Melo CM, Cavalheiro RP, Nader HB, Pinhal MAS. Glycosaminoglycans affect heparanase location in CHO cell lines. Glycobiology 2015; 25:976-83. [PMID: 26033936 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) play a ubiquitous role in tissues and cells. In eukaryotic cells, heparan sulfate (HS) is initially degraded by an endo-β-glucuronidase called heparanase-1 (HPSE). HS oligosaccharides generated by the action of HPSE intensify the activity of signaling molecules, activating inflammatory response, tumor metastasis, and angiogenesis. The aim of the present study was to understand if sulfated GAG could modulate HPSE, since the mechanisms that regulate HPSE have not been completely defined. CHO-K1 cells were treated with 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) and sodium chlorate, to promote total inhibition of GAG synthesis, and reduce the sulfation pattern, respectively. The GAG profile of the wild CHO-K1 cells and CHO-745, deficient in xylosyltransferase, was determined after [(35)S]-sulfate labeling. HPSE expression was determined via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Total ablation of GAG with 4-MU in CHO-K1 inhibited HPSE expression, while the lack of sulfation had no effect. Interestingly, 4-MU had no effect in CHO-745 cells for these assays. In addition, a different enzyme location was observed in CHO-K1 wild-type cells, which presents HPSE mainly in the extracellular matrix, in comparison with the CHO-745 mutant cells, which is found in the cytoplasm. In view of our results, we can conclude that GAG are essential modulators of HPSE expression and location. Therefore, GAG profile could impact cell behavior mediated by the regulation of HPSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B R Piva
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Eloah R Suarez
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil Department of Biochemistry, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André 09060-650, Brazil
| | - Carina M Melo
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Renan P Cavalheiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Helena B Nader
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Maria A S Pinhal
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil Department of Biochemistry, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André 09060-650, Brazil
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Heparanase activates the syndecan-syntenin-ALIX exosome pathway. Cell Res 2015; 25:412-28. [PMID: 25732677 PMCID: PMC4387558 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted vesicles of endosomal origin involved in signaling processes. We recently showed that the syndecan heparan sulfate proteoglycans control the biogenesis of exosomes through their interaction with syntenin-1 and the endosomal-sorting complex required for transport accessory component ALIX. Here we investigated the role of heparanase, the only mammalian enzyme able to cleave heparan sulfate internally, in the syndecan-syntenin-ALIX exosome biogenesis pathway. We show that heparanase stimulates the exosomal secretion of syntenin-1, syndecan and certain other exosomal cargo, such as CD63, in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, exosomal CD9, CD81 and flotillin-1 are not affected. Conversely, reduction of endogenous heparanase reduces the secretion of syntenin-1-containing exosomes. The ability of heparanase to stimulate exosome production depends on syntenin-1 and ALIX. Syndecans, but not glypicans, support exosome biogenesis in heparanase-exposed cells. Finally, heparanase stimulates intraluminal budding of syndecan and syntenin-1 in endosomes, depending on the syntenin-ALIX interaction. Taken together, our findings identify heparanase as a modulator of the syndecan-syntenin-ALIX pathway, fostering endosomal membrane budding and the biogenesis of exosomes by trimming the heparan sulfate chains on syndecans. In addition, our data suggest that this mechanism controls the selection of specific cargo to exosomes.
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The function of heparanase in diabetes and its complications. Can J Diabetes 2015; 37:332-8. [PMID: 24500561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are ubiquitous glycoproteins that contain several heparan sulfate polysaccharide side chains attached to a core protein. They function not only as a primary structural component of the extracellular matrix, but also provide a storage depot for bioactive molecules, such as basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and lipoprotein lipase. Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that specifically hydrolyzes heparan sulfate into oligosaccharides. Recent studies have indicated that heparanase is engaged in the initiation and progression of diabetes, in addition to its associated complications. This review focuses on the participation of heparanase in the cleavage of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in pancreatic islets promoting beta cell death, promotion of atherosclerosis, and its role in cardiac metabolic switching in the early stage of cardiomyopathy during diabetes. Understanding the mechanisms by which heparanase is regulated in diabetes could provide a drug target to prevent diabetes and its complications.
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Shteingauz A, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Processing of heparanase is mediated by syndecan-1 cytoplasmic domain and involves syntenin and α-actinin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4457-70. [PMID: 24788042 PMCID: PMC4209210 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase activity plays a decisive role in cell dissemination associated with cancer metastasis. Cellular uptake of heparanase is considered a pre-requisite for the delivery of latent 65-kDa heparanase to lysosomes and its subsequent proteolytic processing and activation into 8- and 50-kDa protein subunits by cathepsin L. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and particularly syndecan, are instrumental for heparanase uptake and activation, through a process that has been shown to occur independent of rafts. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism underlying syndecan-mediated internalization outside of rafts is unclear. Here, we examined the role of syndecan-1 cytoplasmic domain in heparanase processing, utilizing deletion constructs lacking the entire cytoplasmic domain (Delta), the conserved (C1 or C2), or variable (V) regions. Heparanase processing was markedly increased following syndecan-1 over-expression; in contrast, heparanase was retained at the cell membrane and its processing was impaired in cells over-expressing syndecan-1 deleted for the entire cytoplasmic tail. We have next revealed that conserved domain 2 (C2) and variable (V) regions of syndecan-1 cytoplasmic tail mediate heparanase processing. Furthermore, we found that syntenin, known to interact with syndecan C2 domain, and α actinin are essential for heparanase processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shteingauz
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
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31
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Wang Y, Chiu APL, Neumaier K, Wang F, Zhang D, Hussein B, Lal N, Wan A, Liu G, Vlodavsky I, Rodrigues B. Endothelial cell heparanase taken up by cardiomyocytes regulates lipoprotein lipase transfer to the coronary lumen after diabetes. Diabetes 2014; 63:2643-55. [PMID: 24608441 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
After diabetes, the heart has a singular reliance on fatty acid (FA) for energy production, which is achieved by increased coronary lipoprotein lipase (LPL) that breaks down circulating triglycerides. Coronary LPL originates from cardiomyocytes, and to translocate to the vascular lumen, the enzyme requires liberation from myocyte surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), an activity that needs to be sustained after chronic hyperglycemia. We investigated the mechanism by which endothelial cells (EC) and cardiomyocytes operate together to enable continuous translocation of LPL after diabetes. EC were cocultured with myocytes, exposed to high glucose, and uptake of endothelial heparanase into myocytes was determined. Upon uptake, the effect of nuclear entry of heparanase was also investigated. A streptozotocin model of diabetes was used to expand our in vitro observations. In high glucose, EC-derived latent heparanase was taken up by cardiomyocytes by a caveolae-dependent pathway using HSPGs. This latent heparanase was converted into an active form in myocyte lysosomes, entered the nucleus, and upregulated gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9. The net effect was increased shedding of HSPGs from the myocyte surface, releasing LPL for its onwards translocation to the coronary lumen. EC-derived heparanase regulates the ability of the cardiomyocyte to send LPL to the coronary lumen. This adaptation, although acutely beneficial, could be catastrophic chronically because excess FA causes lipotoxicity. Inhibiting heparanase function could offer a new strategy for managing cardiomyopathy observed after diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amy Pei-Ling Chiu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katharina Neumaier
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fulong Wang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dahai Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bahira Hussein
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nathaniel Lal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrea Wan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Novick D, Barak S, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase interacts with resistin and augments its activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85944. [PMID: 24465803 PMCID: PMC3897609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to isolate a heparanase receptor, postulated to mediate non-enzymatic functions of the heparanase protein, we utilized human urine collected from healthy volunteers. Affinity chromatography of this rich protein source on immobilized heparanase revealed resistin as a heparanase binding protein. Co-immunoprecipitation and ELISA further confirmed the interaction between heparanase and resistin. Importantly, we found that heparanase potentiates the bioactivity of resistin in its standard bioassay in which monocytic human leukemia cell line, THP1, differentiates into adherent macrophage-like foam cells. It is thus conceivable that this newly identified complex of heparanase and resistin exerts a stimulatory effect also in various inflammatory conditions known to be affected by the two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Novick
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail: (DN); (IV)
| | - Sara Barak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail: (DN); (IV)
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LRP-1: a checkpoint for the extracellular matrix proteolysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:152163. [PMID: 23936774 PMCID: PMC3723059 DOI: 10.1155/2013/152163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-(LRP-1) is a large endocytic receptor that binds more than 35 ligands and exhibits signaling properties. Proteinases capable of degrading extracellular matrix (ECM), called matrix proteinases in this paper, are mainly serine proteinases: the activators of plasminogen into plasmin, tissue-type (tPA) and urokinase-type (uPA) plasminogen activators, and the members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. LRP-1 is responsible for clearing matrix proteinases, complexed or not with inhibitors. This paper attempts to summarize some aspects on the cellular and molecular bases of endocytic and signaling functions of LRP-1 that modulate extra- and pericellular levels of matrix proteinases.
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Thompson CA, Purushothaman A, Ramani VC, Vlodavsky I, Sanderson RD. Heparanase regulates secretion, composition, and function of tumor cell-derived exosomes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10093-10099. [PMID: 23430739 PMCID: PMC3617250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c112.444562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that exosomes play a key role in tumor-host cross-talk and that exosome secretion, composition, and functional capacity are altered as tumors progress to an aggressive phenotype. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms that regulate these changes. Heparanase is an enzyme whose expression is up-regulated as tumors become more aggressive and is associated with enhanced tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. We have discovered that in human cancer cells (myeloma, lymphoblastoid, and breast cancer), when expression of heparanase is enhanced or when tumor cells are exposed to exogenous heparanase, exosome secretion is dramatically increased. Heparanase enzyme activity is required for robust enhancement of exosome secretion because enzymatically inactive forms of heparanase, even when present in high amounts, do not dramatically increase exosome secretion. Heparanase also impacts exosome protein cargo as reflected by higher levels of syndecan-1, VEGF, and hepatocyte growth factor in exosomes secreted by heparanase-high expressing cells as compared with heparanase-low expressing cells. In functional assays, exosomes from heparanase-high cells stimulated spreading of tumor cells on fibronectin and invasion of endothelial cells through extracellular matrix better than did exosomes secreted by heparanase-low cells. These studies reveal that heparanase helps drive exosome secretion, alters exosome composition, and facilitates production of exosomes that impact both tumor and host cell behavior, thereby promoting tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla A Thompson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, Israel
| | - Anurag Purushothaman
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, Israel; University of Alabama (UAB) Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, Israel
| | - Vishnu C Ramani
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, Israel; University of Alabama (UAB) Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, Israel.
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Riaz A, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I, Li JP, Johansson S. Characterization of heparanase-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT activation and its integrin dependence. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:12366-75. [PMID: 23504323 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.435172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase functions as a heparan sulfate-degrading enzyme and as a ligand for an unidentified signaling receptor(s). Here, several reactions involved in the activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway by latent heparanase were characterized. Protein suppression using specific siRNAs revealed that heparanase-induced phosphorylation of AKT at Ser-473 was RICTOR-mTOR-dependent, whereas ILK and PAK1/2 were dispensable. p110α was the PI3K catalytic isoform preferred by heparanase for AKT activation and cell proliferation because the p110α inhibitor YM024 blocked these processes. Heparanase-induced AKT phosphorylation was low in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells expressing a RAS interaction-defective p110α compared with wild type cells, indicating that RAS has an important role in the PI3K-AKT activation. The response to heparanase was also inefficient in suspension cultures of several cell lines, suggesting a requirement of integrins in this pathway. Adhesion via either αVβ3 or α5β1 promoted heparanase-induced AKT phosphorylation, and a stronger effect was seen when both integrins were engaged. Simultaneous inhibition of FAK and PYK2 using a chemical inhibitor, or suppression of their expression, inhibited heparanase-induced AKT activation and cell proliferation. Stimulation of cells with heparanase enhanced their resistance against oxidative stress- or growth factor starvation-induced apoptosis. These results demonstrate that there is an intimate cross-talk between the heparanase receptor(s) and integrins during induction of the prosurvival PI3K-AKT pathway by heparanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Riaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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36
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Unexpected new roles for heparanase in Type 1 diabetes and immune gene regulation. Matrix Biol 2013; 32:228-33. [PMID: 23499527 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase (Hpse) is an endo-β-d-glucuronidase that degrades the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) in basement membranes (BMs) to facilitate leukocyte migration into tissues. Heparanase activity also releases HS-bound growth factors from the extracellular matrix (ECM), a function that aids wound healing and angiogenesis. In disease states, the degradation of HS in BMs by heparanase is well recognized as an invasive property of metastatic cancer cells. Recent studies by our group, however, have identified unexpected new roles for heparanase and HS. First, we discovered that in Type 1 diabetes (T1D) (i) HS in the pancreatic islet BM acts as a barrier to invading cells and (ii) high levels of HS within the insulin-producing islet beta cells themselves are critical for beta cell survival, protecting the cells from free radical-mediated damage. Furthermore, catalytically active heparanase produced by autoreactive T cells and other insulitis mononuclear cells was shown to degrade intra-islet HS, increasing the susceptibility of islet beta cells to free radical damage and death. This totally novel molecular explanation for the onset of T1D diabetes opens up new therapeutic approaches for preventing disease progression. Indeed, administration of the heparanase inhibitor, PI-88, dramatically reduced T1D incidence in diabetes-prone NOD mice, preserved islet beta cell HS and reduced islet inflammation. Second, in parallel studies it has been shown that heparanase and HS can be transported to the nucleus of cells where they impact directly or indirectly on gene transcription. Based on ChIP-on-chip studies heparanase was found to interact with the promoters and transcribed regions of several hundred genes and micro-RNAs in activated Jurkat T cells and up-regulate transcription, with many of the target genes/micro-RNAs being involved in T cell differentiation. At the molecular level, nuclear heparanase appears to regulate histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation by influencing the recruitment of demethylases to transcriptionally active genes. These studies have unveiled new functions for heparanase produced by T lymphocytes, with the enzyme mediating unexpected intracellular effects on T cell differentiation and insulin-producing beta cell survival in T cell-dependent autoimmune T1D.
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Bhattacharjee PS, Huq TS, Potter V, Young A, Davenport IR, Graves R, Mandal TK, Clement C, McFerrin HE, Muniruzzaman S, Ireland SK, Hill JM. High-glucose-induced endothelial cell injury is inhibited by a Peptide derived from human apolipoprotein E. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52152. [PMID: 23284911 PMCID: PMC3526597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the importance of human apolipoprotein E (apoE) in vascular diseases has clearly been established, most of the research on apoE has focused on its role in cholesterol metabolism. In view of the observation that apoE and its functional domains impact extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, we hypothesized that apoE could also confer protection against ECM degradation by mechanisms independent of its role in cholesterol and lipoprotein transport. The ECM degrading enzyme, heparanase, is secreted by cells as pro-heparanase that is internalized through low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) to become enzymatically active. Both apoE and pro-heparanase bind the LRP-1. We further hypothesized that an apoE mimetic peptide (apoEdp) would inhibit the production of active heparanase by blocking LRP-1-mediated uptake of pro-heparanase and thereby decrease degradation of the ECM. To test this hypothesis, we induced the expression of heparanase by incubating human retinal endothelial cells (hRECs) with high glucose (30 mM) for 72 hours. We found that elevated expression of heparanase by high glucose was associated with increased shedding of heparan sulfate (ΔHS) and the tight junction protein occludin. Treatment of hRECs with 100 µM apoEdp in the presence of high glucose significantly reduced the expression of heparanase, shedding of ΔHS, and loss of occludin as detected by Western blot analysis. Either eye drop treatment of 1% apoEdp topically 4 times a day for 14 consecutive days or intraperitoneal injection (40 mg/kg) of apoEdp daily for 14 consecutive days in an in vivo mouse model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes inhibited the loss of tight junction proteins occludin and zona occludin- 1 (ZO-1). These findings imply a functional relationship between apoE and endothelial cell matrix because the deregulation of these molecules can be inhibited by a short peptide derived from the receptor-binding region of apoE. Thus, strategies targeting ECM-degrading enzymes could be therapeutically beneficial for treating diabetic retinopathy.
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Qin Q, Niu J, Wang Z, Xu W, Qiao Z, Gu Y. Astragalus embranaceus extract activates immune response in macrophages via heparanase. Molecules 2012; 17:7232-40. [PMID: 22695229 PMCID: PMC6268577 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17067232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragalus membranaceus (AM), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has immunoregulatory properties in many diseases. We investigated the effects and mechanism of Astragalus membranaceus extract (AME) in the macrophage migration and immune response mediator release. The viability of Ana-1 macrophages treated with AME was evaluated by the MTT method. The secretion and mRNA levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were measured by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. Macrophage migration was assayed by transwell assay. The activity of heparanase (HPA) was determined by a heparin-degrading enzyme assay. Our results didn’t show any toxicity of AME in macrophages. AME increased the activity of HPA, cell migration, mRNA levels and secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α in macrophages. Pretreatment with anti-HPA antibody reduced cell migration, secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α did not change the mRNA levels of IL-1β and TNF-α significantly in AME-treated macrophages. This suggests that AME may increase the release of immune response mediator and cell migration via HPA to activate immune response in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojing Qin
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Q.Q.); (J.N.)
| | - Jianying Niu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Q.Q.); (J.N.)
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Z.W.); (W.X.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Wangjie Xu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Z.W.); (W.X.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Zhongdong Qiao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Z.W.); (W.X.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Q.Q.); (J.N.)
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +86-021-2428-9005; Fax: +86-021-6430-0477
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Arvatz G, Shafat I, Levy-Adam F, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. The heparanase system and tumor metastasis: is heparanase the seed and soil? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 30:253-68. [PMID: 21308479 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis, the leading cause of cancer patients' death, is still insufficiently understood. While concepts and mechanisms of tumor metastasis are evolving, it is widely accepted that cancer metastasis is accompanied by orchestrated proteolytic activity executed by array of proteases. While matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) attracted much attention, other proteases constitute the tumor milieu, of which a large family consists of cysteine proteases named cathepsins. Like MMPs, some cathepsins are often upregulated in cancer and, once secreted or localized to the cell surface, can degrade components of the extracellular matrix. In addition, cathepsin L is held responsible for processing and activation of heparanase, an endo-β-glucuronidase capable of cleaving heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, activity that is strongly implicated in cell dissemination associated with tumor metastasis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. In this review, we discuss recent progress in heparanase research focusing on heparanase-related molecules namely, cathepsin L and heparanase 2 (Hpa2), a heparanase homolog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Arvatz
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, P. O. Box 9649, Haifa, 31096, Israel
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Purushothaman A, Hurst DR, Pisano C, Mizumoto S, Sugahara K, Sanderson RD. Heparanase-mediated loss of nuclear syndecan-1 enhances histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity to promote expression of genes that drive an aggressive tumor phenotype. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30377-30383. [PMID: 21757697 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.254789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase acts as a master regulator of the aggressive tumor phenotype in part by enhancing expression of proteins known to drive tumor progression (e.g. VEGF, MMP-9, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and RANKL). However, the mechanism whereby this enzyme regulates gene expression remains unknown. We previously reported that elevation of heparanase levels in myeloma cells causes a dramatic reduction in the amount of syndecan-1 in the nucleus. Because syndecan-1 has heparan sulfate chains and because exogenous heparan sulfate has been shown to inhibit the activity of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) enzymes in vitro, we hypothesized that the reduction in nuclear syndecan-1 in cells expressing high levels of heparanase would result in increased HAT activity leading to stimulation of protein transcription. We found that myeloma cells or tumors expressing high levels of heparanase and low levels of nuclear syndecan-1 had significantly higher levels of HAT activity when compared with cells or tumors expressing low levels of heparanase. High levels of HAT activity in heparanase-high cells were blocked by SST0001, an inhibitor of heparanase. Restoration of high syndecan-1 levels in heparanase-high cells diminished nuclear HAT activity, establishing syndecan-1 as a potent inhibitor of HAT. Exposure of heparanase-high cells to anacardic acid, an inhibitor of HAT activity, significantly suppressed their expression of VEGF and MMP-9, two genes known to be up-regulated following elevation of heparanase. These results reveal a novel mechanistic pathway driven by heparanase expression, which leads to decreased nuclear syndecan-1, increased HAT activity, and up-regulation of transcription of multiple genes that drive an aggressive tumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Purushothaman
- Department of Pathology, Center for Metabolic Bone Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Douglas R Hurst
- Department of Pathology, Center for Metabolic Bone Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Claudio Pisano
- sigma-tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.p.A., Pomezia 00040, Italy
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-genomic Science and Technology, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-genomic Science and Technology, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, Center for Metabolic Bone Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294.
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41
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An XF, Zhou L, Jiang PJ, Yan M, Huang YJ, Zhang SN, Niu YF, Ten SC, Yu JY. Advanced glycation end-products induce heparanase expression in endothelial cells by the receptor for advanced glycation end products and through activation of the FOXO4 transcription factor. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 354:47-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Tumorigenic and adhesive properties of heparanase. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 20:153-60. [PMID: 20619346 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-glucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate side chains presumably at sites of low sulfation, activity that is strongly implicated with cell invasion associated with cancer metastasis, a consequence of structural modification that loosens the extracellular matrix barrier. In addition, heparanase exerts pro-adhesive properties, mediated by clustering of membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans (i.e., syndecans) and activation of signaling molecules such as Akt, Src, EGFR, and Rac in a heparan sulfate-dependent and -independent manner. Activation of signaling cascades by enzymatically inactive heparanase and by a peptide corresponding to its substrate binding domain not only increases cell adhesion but also facilitates cancer cell growth. This notion is supported by preclinical and clinical settings, encouraging the development of anti-heparanase therapeutics. Here, we summarize recent progress in heparanase research emphasizing the molecular mechanisms that govern its pro-tumorigenic and pro-adhesive properties. Pro-adhesive properties of the heparanase homolog, heparanase 2 (Hpa2), are also discussed. Enzymatic activity-independent function of proteases (i.e., matrix metalloproteinases) is discussed in the context of cell adhesion and tumor progression. Collectively, these examples suggest that enzyme function exceeds beyond the enzymatic aspect, thus significantly expanding the scope of the functional proteome. Cross-talk with matrix metalloproteinases and the role of heparanase in pathological settings other than cancer are also described.
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Levy-Adam F, Feld S, Cohen-Kaplan V, Shteingauz A, Gross M, Arvatz G, Naroditsky I, Ilan N, Doweck I, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase 2 interacts with heparan sulfate with high affinity and inhibits heparanase activity. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:28010-9. [PMID: 20576607 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.116384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase activity is highly implicated in cell dissemination associated with tumor metastasis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Heparanase expression is induced in many hematological and solid tumors, associated with poor prognosis. Heparanase homolog, termed heparanase 2 (Hpa2), was cloned based on sequence homology. Detailed characterization of Hpa2 at the biochemical, cellular, and clinical levels has not been so far reported, and its role in normal physiology and pathological disorders is obscure. We provide evidence that unlike heparanase, Hpa2 is not subjected to proteolytic processing and exhibits no enzymatic activity typical of heparanase. Notably, the full-length Hpa2c protein inhibits heparanase enzymatic activity, likely due to its high affinity to heparin and heparan sulfate and its ability to associate physically with heparanase. Hpa2 expression was markedly elevated in head and neck carcinoma patients, correlating with prolonged time to disease recurrence (follow-up to failure; p = 0.006) and inversely correlating with tumor cell dissemination to regional lymph nodes (N-stage; p = 0.03). Hpa2 appears to restrain tumor metastasis, likely by attenuating heparanase enzymatic activity, conferring a favorable outcome of head and neck cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flonia Levy-Adam
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Bitan M, Weiss L, Reibstein I, Zeira M, Fellig Y, Slavin S, Zcharia E, Nagler A, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase upregulates Th2 cytokines, ameliorating experimental autoimmune encephalitis. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:1890-8. [PMID: 20399501 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-beta-d-glucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) saccharide chains. The enzyme promotes cell adhesion, migration and invasion and plays a significant role in cancer metastasis, angiogenesis and inflammation. The present study focuses on the involvement of heparanase in autoimmunity, applying the murine experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) model, a T-cell dependent disease often used to investigate the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Intraperitoneal administration of recombinant heparanase ameliorated, in a dose dependent manner, the clinical signs of the disease. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that heparanase inhibited mitogen induced splenocyte proliferation and mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) through modulation of their repertoire of cytokines indicated by a marked increase in the levels of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10, and a parallel decrease in IL-12 and TNF-alpha. Similar results were obtained with active, latent, or point mutated inactive heparanase, indicating that the observed inhibitory effect is attributed to a non-enzymatic activity of the heparanase protein. We suggest that heparanase induces upregulation of Th2 cytokines, resulting in inhibition of the inflammatory lesion of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menachem Bitan
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Bitan M, Weiss L, Zeira M, Zcharia E, Slavin S, Nagler A, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase promotes engraftment and prevents graft versus host disease in stem cell transplantation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10135. [PMID: 20419162 PMCID: PMC2855345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heparanase, endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, plays important roles in cancer metastasis, angiogenesis and inflammation. Design and Methods Applying a mouse model of bone marrow transplantation and transgenic mice over-expressing heparanase, we evaluated the effect of heparanase on the engraftment process and the development of graft-versus-host disease. Results Analysis of F1 mice undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from C57BL/6 mice demonstrated a better and faster engraftment in mice receiving cells from donors that were pretreated with heparanase. Moreover, heparanase treated recipient F1 mice showed only a mild appearance of graft-versus-host disease and died 27 days post transplantation while control mice rapidly developed signs of graft-versus-host disease (i.e., weight loss, hair loss, diarrhea) and died after 12 days, indicating a protective effect of heparanase against graft-versus-host disease. Similarly, we applied transgenic mice over-expressing heparanase in most tissues as the recipients of BMT from C57BL/6 mice. Monitoring clinical parameters of graft-versus-host disease, the transgenic mice showed 100% survival on day 40 post transplantation, compared to only 50% survival on day 14, in the control group. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that heparanase inhibited T cell function and activation through modulation of their cytokine repertoire, indicated by a marked increase in the levels of Interleukin-4, Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10, and a parallel decrease in Interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor-alfa and interferon-gamma. Using point mutated inactive enzyme, we found that the shift in cytokine profile was independent of heparanase enzymatic activity. Conclusions Our results indicate a significant role of heparanase in bone marrow transplantation biology, facilitating engraftment and suppressing graft-versus-host disease, apparently through an effect on T cell activation and cytokine production pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menachem Bitan
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lola Weiss
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Zeira
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Zcharia
- Department of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shimon Slavin
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arnon Nagler
- The Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
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The role of heparanase in diseases of the glomeruli. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:45-56. [PMID: 20049646 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is a kind of net that remains in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are among its most important components. There are much data indicating the significance of these proteoglycans in protecting proteins such as albumins from penetrating to the urine, although some new data indicate that loss of proteoglycans does not always lead to proteinuria. Heparanase is an enzyme which cleaves beta 1,4 D: -glucuronic bonds in sugar groups of HSPGs. Thus it is supposed that heparanase may have an important role in the pathogenesis of proteinuria. Increased heparanase expression and activity in the course of many glomerular diseases was observed. The most widely documented is the significance of heparanase in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Moreover, heparanase acts as a signaling molecule and may influence the concentrations of active growth factors in the GBM. It is being investigated whether heparanase inhibition may cause decreased proteinuria. The heparanase inhibitor PI-88 (phosphomannopentaose sulfate) was effective as an antiproteinuric drug in an experimental model of membranous nephropathy. Nevertheless, this drug is burdened by some toxicity, so further investigations should be considered.
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Fux L, Ilan N, Sanderson RD, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase: busy at the cell surface. Trends Biochem Sci 2009; 34:511-9. [PMID: 19733083 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase activity is strongly implicated in structural remodeling of the extracellular matrix, a process which can lead to invasion by tumor cells. In addition, heparanase augments signaling cascades leading to enhanced phosphorylation of selected protein kinases and increased gene transcription associated with aggressive tumor progression. This function is apparently independent of heparan sulfate and enzyme activity, and is mediated by a novel protein domain localized at the heparanase C-terminus. Moreover, the functional repertoire of heparanase is expanded by its regulation of syndecan clustering, shedding, and mitogen binding. Recent reports indicate that modified glycol-split heparin, which inhibits heparanase activity, can profoundly inhibit the progression of tumor xenografts produced by myeloma and carcinoma cells, thus moving anti-heparanase therapy closer to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Fux
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, P. O. Box 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Chen L, Sanderson RD. Heparanase regulates levels of syndecan-1 in the nucleus. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4947. [PMID: 19305494 PMCID: PMC2654539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndecan-1 is a transmembrane heparan sulfate-bearing proteoglycan known to regulate multiple biological functions at the cell surface and within the extracellular matrix. Its functional activity can be modulated by heparanase, an enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate chains and whose expression has been associated with an aggressive phenotype in many cancers. In addition to remodeling syndecan-1 by cleaving its heparan sulfate chains, heparanase influences syndecan-1 location by upregulating expression of enzymes that accelerate its shedding from the cell surface. In the present study we discovered that heparanase also alters the level of nuclear syndecan-1. Upon upregulation of heparanase expression or following addition of recombinant heparanase to myeloma cells, the nuclear localization of syndecan-1 drops dramatically as revealed by confocal microscopy, western blotting and quantification by ELISA. This effect requires enzymatically active heparanase because cells expressing high levels of mutated, enzymatically inactive heparanase, failed to diminish syndecan-1 levels in the nucleus. Although heparan sulfate function within the nucleus is not well understood, there is emerging evidence that it may act to repress transcriptional activity. The resulting changes in gene expression facilitated by the loss of nuclear syndecan-1 could explain how heparanase enhances expression of MMP-9, VEGF, tissue factor and perhaps other effectors that condition the tumor microenvironment to promote an aggressive cancer phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligong Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fux L, Feibish N, Cohen-Kaplan V, Gingis-Velitski S, Feld S, Geffen C, Vlodavsky I, Ilan N. Structure-function approach identifies a COOH-terminal domain that mediates heparanase signaling. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1758-67. [PMID: 19244131 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-beta-d-glucuronidase capable of cleaving heparan sulfate, activity that is strongly implicated in cellular invasion associated with tumor metastasis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. In addition, heparanase was noted to exert biological functions apparently independent of its enzymatic activity, enhancing the phosphorylation of selected protein kinases and inducing gene transcription. A predicted three-dimensional structure of constitutively active heparanase clearly delineates a TIM-barrel fold previously anticipated for the enzyme. Interestingly, the model also revealed the existence of a COOH-terminal domain (C-domain) that apparently is not an integral part of the TIM-barrel fold. We provide evidence that the C-domain is critical for heparanase enzymatic activity and secretion. Moreover, the C-domain was found to mediate nonenzymatic functions of heparanase, facilitating Akt phosphorylation, cell proliferation, and tumor xenograft progression. These findings support the notion that heparanase exerts enzymatic activity-independent functions, and identify, for the first time, a protein domain responsible for heparanase-mediated signaling. Inhibitors directed against the C-domain, combined with inhibitors of heparanase enzymatic activity, are expected to neutralize heparanase functions and to profoundly affect tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Fux
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Purushothaman A, Chen L, Yang Y, Sanderson RD. Heparanase stimulation of protease expression implicates it as a master regulator of the aggressive tumor phenotype in myeloma. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:32628-36. [PMID: 18812315 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806266200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of heparanase are an indicator of poor prognosis in myeloma patients, and up-regulation of the enzyme enhances tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis in animal models. At least part of the impact of heparanase in driving the aggressive tumor phenotype is due to its effect on increasing the expression and shedding of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-1, a molecule known to promote myeloma progression. The present work demonstrated that elevation in heparanase expression in myeloma cells stimulates sustained ERK phosphorylation that in turn drives MMP-9 expression. In addition, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and uPA receptor expression levels increased, and blocking the proteolytic activation of either MMP-9 or uPA inhibited the heparanase-induced increase in syndecan-1 shedding. Together these data provide a mechanism for heparanase-induced syndecan-1 shedding and, more importantly, demonstrate that heparanase activity in myeloma cells can lead to increased levels of proteases that are known to play important roles in the aggressive behavior of myeloma tumors. This in addition to its other known biological roles, indicates that heparanase acts as a master regulator of the aggressive tumor phenotype by up-regulating protease expression and activity within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Purushothaman
- Department of Pathology, Center for Metabolic Bone Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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