1
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Rennie ML, Lemonidis K, Arkinson C, Chaugule VK, Clarke M, Streetley J, Spagnolo L, Walden H. Differential functions of FANCI and FANCD2 ubiquitination stabilize ID2 complex on DNA. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50133. [PMID: 32510829 PMCID: PMC7332966 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anaemia (FA) pathway is a dedicated pathway for the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks and is additionally activated in response to other forms of replication stress. A key step in the FA pathway is the monoubiquitination of each of the two subunits (FANCI and FANCD2) of the ID2 complex on specific lysine residues. However, the molecular function of these modifications has been unknown for nearly two decades. Here, we find that ubiquitination of FANCD2 acts to increase ID2's affinity for double‐stranded DNA via promoting a large‐scale conformational change in the complex. The resulting complex encircles DNA, by forming a secondary “Arm” ID2 interface. Ubiquitination of FANCI, on the other hand, largely protects the ubiquitin on FANCD2 from USP1‐UAF1 deubiquitination, with key hydrophobic residues of FANCI's ubiquitin being important for this protection. In effect, both of these post‐translational modifications function to stabilize a conformation in which the ID2 complex encircles DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Rennie
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kimon Lemonidis
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Connor Arkinson
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Viduth K Chaugule
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mairi Clarke
- Scottish Centre for Macromolecular Imaging, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - James Streetley
- Scottish Centre for Macromolecular Imaging, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura Spagnolo
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Helen Walden
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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2
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Liu W, Palovcak A, Li F, Zafar A, Yuan F, Zhang Y. Fanconi anemia pathway as a prospective target for cancer intervention. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:39. [PMID: 32190289 PMCID: PMC7075017 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a recessive genetic disorder caused by biallelic mutations in at least one of 22 FA genes. Beyond its pathological presentation of bone marrow failure and congenital abnormalities, FA is associated with chromosomal abnormality and genomic instability, and thus represents a genetic vulnerability for cancer predisposition. The cancer relevance of the FA pathway is further established with the pervasive occurrence of FA gene alterations in somatic cancers and observations of FA pathway activation-associated chemotherapy resistance. In this article we describe the role of the FA pathway in canonical interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair and possible contributions of FA gene alterations to cancer development. We also discuss the perspectives and potential of targeting the FA pathway for cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Building Room 311, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Anna Palovcak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Building Room 311, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Building Room 311, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Alyan Zafar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Building Room 311, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Fenghua Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Building Room 311, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Yanbin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Building Room 311, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
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3
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DNA clamp function of the monoubiquitinated Fanconi anaemia ID complex. Nature 2020; 580:278-282. [PMID: 32269332 PMCID: PMC7398534 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The FANCI-FANCD2 (ID) complex, mutated in the Fanconi Anemia (FA) cancer predisposition syndrome, is required for the repair of interstrand crosslinks (ICL) and related lesions1. The FA pathway is activated when a replication fork stalls at an ICL2, triggering the mono-ubiquitination of the ID complex. ID mono-ubiquitination is essential for ICL repair by excision, translesion synthesis and homologous recombination, but its function was hitherto unknown1,3. Here, the 3.5 Å cryo-EM structure of mono-ubiquitinated ID (IDUb) bound to DNA reveals that it forms a closed ring that encircles the DNA. Compared to the cryo-EM structure of the non-ubiquitinated ID complex bound to ICL DNA, described here as well, mono-ubiquitination triggers a complete re-arrangement of the open, trough-like ID structure through the ubiquitin of one protomer binding to the other protomer in a reciprocal fashion. The structures, in conjunction with biochemical data, indicate the mono-ubiquitinated ID complex looses its preference for ICL and related branched DNA structures, becoming a sliding DNA clamp that can coordinate the subsequent repair reactions. Our findings also reveal how mono-ubiquitination in general can induce an alternate structure with a new function.
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4
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FANCD2 Binding to H4K20me2 via a Methyl-Binding Domain Is Essential for Efficient DNA Cross-Link Repair. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00194-19. [PMID: 31085681 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00194-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited disease characterized by bone marrow failure and increased cancer risk. FA is caused by mutation of any 1 of 22 genes, and the FA proteins function cooperatively to repair DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs). A central step in the activation of the FA pathway is the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2 and FANCI proteins, which occurs within chromatin. How FANCD2 and FANCI are anchored to chromatin remains unknown. In this study, we identify and characterize a FANCD2 histone-binding domain (HBD) and embedded methyl-lysine-binding domain (MBD) and demonstrate binding specificity for H4K20me2. Disruption of the HBD/MBD compromises FANCD2 chromatin binding and nuclear focus formation and its ability to promote error-free DNA interstrand cross-link repair, leading to increased error-prone repair and genome instability. Our study functionally describes the first FA protein chromatin reader domain and establishes an important link between this human genetic disease and chromatin plasticity.
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5
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Feng L, Jin F. Expression and prognostic significance of Fanconi anemia group D2 protein and breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein in familial and sporadic breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3687-3700. [PMID: 30881493 PMCID: PMC6403512 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia group D2 protein (FANCD2) and breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1), within the FA/BRCA pathway, are involved in the regulation of DNA damage repair, which is associated with breast cancer (BC) progression. The present study aimed to investigate BRCA1 and FANCD2 expression in breast cancer, and to highlight the association with patient clinical characteristics and prognoses. The BRCA1 and FANCD2 proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry in 335 tissue samples obtained from patients with BC, including 141 patients with familial BC (FBC), 147 patients with sporadic breast cancer (SBC) and 47 patients with benign breast tumors. Western blotting was used to detect the FANCD2 ubiquitination level in 56 frozen specimens that were randomly selected from the SBC group. Protein expression of BRCA1 in the FBC group was positively associated with tumor size, lymphatic invasion, Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage, estrogen receptor (ER) status and FANCD2 expression. Protein expression of FANCD2 in the SBC group was positively associated with tumor size, TNM stage, ER status and Ki-67 index. Survival analyses revealed that BRCA1 expression was associated with the decreased disease-free survival (DFS) rate of patients with FBC (versus no BRCA1 expression) and that FANCD2 was associated with decreased DFS of patients with SBC (versus no FANCD expression). Univariable and multivariable analyses demonstrated that BRCA1 expression may be an independent prognostic factor in the FBC group. In the SBC group, FANCD2 high expression and low ubiquitination levels were considered as independent prognostic factors. In conclusion, the present study suggested that BRCA1 and FANCD2 expression, and FANCD2 ubiquitination levels, may be considered of novel potential prognostic value in patients with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Feng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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6
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Niraj J, Caron MC, Drapeau K, Bérubé S, Guitton-Sert L, Coulombe Y, Couturier AM, Masson JY. The identification of FANCD2 DNA binding domains reveals nuclear localization sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:8341-8357. [PMID: 28666371 PMCID: PMC5737651 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a recessive genetic disorder characterized by congenital abnormalities, progressive bone-marrow failure, and cancer susceptibility. The FA pathway consists of at least 21 FANC genes (FANCA-FANCV), and the encoded protein products interact in a common cellular pathway to gain resistance against DNA interstrand crosslinks. After DNA damage, FANCD2 is monoubiquitinated and accumulates on chromatin. FANCD2 plays a central role in the FA pathway, using yet unidentified DNA binding regions. By using synthetic peptide mapping and DNA binding screen by electromobility shift assays, we found that FANCD2 bears two major DNA binding domains predominantly consisting of evolutionary conserved lysine residues. Furthermore, one domain at the N-terminus of FANCD2 bears also nuclear localization sequences for the protein. Mutations in the bifunctional DNA binding/NLS domain lead to a reduction in FANCD2 monoubiquitination and increase in mitomycin C sensitivity. Such phenotypes are not fully rescued by fusion with an heterologous NLS, which enable separation of DNA binding and nuclear import functions within this domain that are necessary for FANCD2 functions. Collectively, our results enlighten the importance of DNA binding and NLS residues in FANCD2 to activate an efficient FA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshi Niraj
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Caron
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Karine Drapeau
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Bérubé
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Laure Guitton-Sert
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Yan Coulombe
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Anthony M Couturier
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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7
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Liang CC, Li Z, Lopez-Martinez D, Nicholson WV, Vénien-Bryan C, Cohn MA. The FANCD2-FANCI complex is recruited to DNA interstrand crosslinks before monoubiquitination of FANCD2. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12124. [PMID: 27405460 PMCID: PMC4947157 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anaemia (FA) pathway is important for the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICL). The FANCD2–FANCI complex is central to the pathway, and localizes to ICLs dependent on its monoubiquitination. It has remained elusive whether the complex is recruited before or after the critical monoubiquitination. Here, we report the first structural insight into the human FANCD2–FANCI complex by obtaining the cryo-EM structure. The complex contains an inner cavity, large enough to accommodate a double-stranded DNA helix, as well as a protruding Tower domain. Disease-causing mutations in the Tower domain are observed in several FA patients. Our work reveals that recruitment of the complex to a stalled replication fork serves as the trigger for the activating monoubiquitination event. Taken together, our results uncover the mechanism of how the FANCD2–FANCI complex activates the FA pathway, and explains the underlying molecular defect in FA patients with mutations in the Tower domain. FANCD2 and FANCI are essential components of the Fanconi anaemia DNA damage repair pathway. Here the authors present the cryo-EM structure of the FANCD2-FANCI complex, providing insight into how the complex is recruited to stalled replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chao Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Zhuolun Li
- Institute of Mineralogy, Materials Physics and Cosmochemistry, UMR 7590, UPMC, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, Paris F-75005, France
| | | | | | - Catherine Vénien-Bryan
- Institute of Mineralogy, Materials Physics and Cosmochemistry, UMR 7590, UPMC, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Martin A Cohn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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8
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Zhang P, Sridharan D, Lambert MW. Nuclear α Spectrin Differentially Affects Monoubiquitinated Versus Non-Ubiquitinated FANCD2 Function After DNA Interstrand Cross-Link Damage. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:671-83. [PMID: 26297932 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nonerythroid α spectrin (αIISp) and the Fanconi anemia (FA) protein, FANCD2, play critical roles in DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair during S phase. Both are needed for recruitment of repair proteins, such as XPF, to sites of damage and repair of ICLs. However, the relationship between them in ICL repair and whether αIISp is involved in FANCD2's function in repair is unclear. The present studies show that, after ICL formation, FANCD2 disassociates from αIISp and localizes, before αIISp, at sites of damage in nuclear foci. αIISp and FANCD2 foci do not co-localize, in contrast to our previous finding that αIISp and the ICL repair protein, XPF, co-localize and follow a similar time course for formation. Knock-down of αIISp has no effect on monoubiquitination of FANCD2 (FANCD2-Ub) or its localization to chromatin or foci, though it leads to decreased ICL repair. Studies using cells from FA patients, defective in ICL repair and αIISp, have elucidated an important role for αIISp in the function of non-Ub FANCD2. In FA complementation group A (FA-A) cells, in which FANCD2 is not monoubiquitinated and does not form damage-induced foci, we demonstrate that restoration of αIISp levels to normal, by knocking down the protease μ-calpain, leads to formation of non-Ub FANCD2 foci after ICL damage. Since restoration of αIISp levels in FA-A cells restores DNA repair and cell survival, we propose that αIISp is critical for recruitment of non-Ub FANCD2 to sites of damage, which has an important role in the repair response and ICL repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey, 07103, USA
| | - Deepa Sridharan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey, 07103, USA
| | - Muriel W Lambert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey, 07103, USA
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9
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare recessive genetic disease characterized by congenital abnormalities, bone marrow failure and heightened cancer susceptibility in early adulthood. FA is caused by biallelic germ-line mutation of any one of 16 genes. While several functions for the FA proteins have been ascribed, the prevailing hypothesis is that the FA proteins function cooperatively in the FA-BRCA pathway to repair damaged DNA. A pivotal step in the activation of the FA-BRCA pathway is the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2 and FANCI proteins. Despite their importance for DNA repair, the domain structure, regulation, and function of FANCD2 and FANCI remain poorly understood. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of FANCD2 and FANCI, with an emphasis on their posttranslational modification and common and unique functions.
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Key Words
- AML , acute myeloid leukemia
- APC/C, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome
- APH, aphidicolin
- ARM, armadillo repeat domain
- AT, ataxia-telangiectasia
- ATM, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated
- ATR, ATM and Rad3-related
- BAC, bacterial-artificial-chromosome
- BS, Bloom syndrome
- CUE, coupling of ubiquitin conjugation to endoplasmic reticulum degradation
- ChIP-seq, CHIP sequencing
- CtBP, C-terminal binding protein
- CtIP, CtBP-interacting protein
- DNA interstrand crosslink repair
- DNA repair
- EPS15, epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15
- FA, Fanconi anemia
- FAN1, FANCD2-associated nuclease1
- FANCD2
- FANCI
- FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization
- Fanconi anemia
- HECT, homologous to E6-AP Carboxy Terminus
- HJ, Holliday junction
- HR, homologous recombination
- MCM2-MCM7, minichromosome maintenance 2–7
- MEFs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MRN, MRE11/RAD50/NBS1
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PIKK, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase-like family of protein kinases
- PIP-box, PCNA-interacting protein motif
- POL κ, DNA polymerase κ
- RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA ends
- RING, really interesting new gene
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SCF, Skp1/Cullin/F-box protein complex
- SCKL1, seckel syndrome
- SILAC, stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture
- SLD1/SLD2, SUMO-like domains
- SLIM, SUMO-like domain interacting motif
- TIP60, 60 kDa Tat-interactive protein
- TLS, Translesion DNA synthesis
- UAF1, USP1-associated factor 1
- UBD, ubiquitin-binding domain
- UBZ, ubiquitin-binding zinc finger
- UFB, ultra-fine DNA bridges
- UIM, ubiquitin-interacting motif
- ULD, ubiquitin-like domain
- USP1, ubiquitin-specific protease 1
- VRR-nuc, virus-type replication repair nuclease
- iPOND, isolation of proteins on nascent DNA
- ubiquitin
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Boisvert
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology ; University of Rhode Island ; Kingston , RI USA
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10
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Takahashi D, Sato K, Shimomuki M, Takata M, Kurumizaka H. Expression and purification of human FANCI and FANCD2 using Escherichia coli cells. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 103:8-15. [PMID: 25168188 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) is an extremely deleterious DNA lesion that covalently crosslinks complementary strands and prevents the strand-separation reaction. In higher eukaryotes, the Fanconi anemia proteins, FANCI and FANCD2, form a heterodimer and play essential roles in ICL repair. Human FANCI and FANCD2 are large proteins with molecular masses of 149kDa and 164kDa, respectively, and were reportedly purified using a baculovirus expression system with insect cells. We have established a novel expression and purification procedure for human FANCD2 and FANCI, using Escherichia coli cells. The human FANCD2 and FANCI proteins purified by this bacterial expression method formed a stable heterodimer, and exhibited DNA binding and histone chaperone activities, as previously reported for the proteins purified by the baculovirus system. Therefore, these purification methods for human FANCI and FANCD2 provide novel procedures to facilitate structural and biochemical studies of human FANCI and FANCD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Mayo Shimomuki
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.
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11
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Chen X, Wilson JB, McChesney P, Williams SA, Kwon Y, Longerich S, Marriott AS, Sung P, Jones NJ, Kupfer GM. The Fanconi anemia proteins FANCD2 and FANCJ interact and regulate each other's chromatin localization. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25774-82. [PMID: 25070891 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.552570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia is a genetic disease resulting in bone marrow failure, birth defects, and cancer that is thought to encompass a defect in maintenance of genomic stability. Mutations in 16 genes (FANCA, B, C, D1, D2, E, F, G, I, J, L, M, N, O, P, and Q) have been identified in patients, with the Fanconi anemia subtype J (FA-J) resulting from homozygous mutations in the FANCJ gene. Here, we describe the direct interaction of FANCD2 with FANCJ. We demonstrate the interaction of FANCD2 and FANCJ in vivo and in vitro by immunoprecipitation in crude cell lysates and from fractions after gel filtration and with baculovirally expressed proteins. Mutation of the monoubiquitination site of FANCD2 (K561R) preserves interaction with FANCJ constitutively in a manner that impedes proper chromatin localization of FANCJ. FANCJ is necessary for FANCD2 chromatin loading and focus formation in response to mitomycin C treatment. Our results suggest not only that FANCD2 regulates FANCJ chromatin localization but also that FANCJ is necessary for efficient loading of FANCD2 onto chromatin following DNA damage caused by mitomycin C treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James B Wilson
- the Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9TA, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Youngho Kwon
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Simonne Longerich
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Andrew S Marriott
- the Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom, and
| | - Patrick Sung
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Nigel J Jones
- the Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom, and
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12
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Abstract
A critical step in DNA interstrand cross-link repair is the programmed collapse of replication forks that have stalled at an ICL. This event is regulated by the Fanconi anemia pathway, which suppresses bone marrow failure and cancer. In this perspective, we focus on the structure of forks that have stalled at ICLs, how these structures might be incised by endonucleases, and how incision is regulated by the Fanconi anemia pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Zhang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Johannes C Walter
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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13
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Longerich S, Kwon Y, Tsai MS, Hlaing AS, Kupfer GM, Sung P. Regulation of FANCD2 and FANCI monoubiquitination by their interaction and by DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:5657-70. [PMID: 24623813 PMCID: PMC4027212 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
FANCD2 and FANCI function together in the Fanconi anemia network of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) crosslink repair. These proteins form the dimeric ID2 complex that binds DNA and becomes monoubiquitinated upon exposure of cells to DNA crosslinking agents. The monoubiquitinated ID2 complex is thought to facilitate DNA repair via recruitment of specific nucleases, translesion DNA polymerases and the homologous recombination machinery. Using the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2) UBE2T and ubiquitin ligase (E3) FANCL, monoubiquitination of human FANCD2 and FANCI was examined. The ID2 complex is a poor substrate for monoubiquitination, consistent with the published crystal structure showing the solvent inaccessibility of the target lysines. Importantly, FANCD2 monoubiquitination within the ID2 complex is strongly stimulated by duplex or branched DNA, but unstructured single-stranded DNA or chromatinized DNA is ineffective. Interaction of FANCL with the ID2 complex is indispensable for its E3 ligase efficacy. Interestingly, mutations in FANCI that impair its DNA binding activity compromise DNA-stimulated FANCD2 monoubiquitination. Moreover, we demonstrate that in the absence of FANCD2, DNA also stimulates FANCI monoubiquitination, but in a FANCL-independent manner. These results implicate the role of a proper DNA ligand in FANCD2 and FANCI monoubiquitination, and reveal regulatory mechanisms that are dependent on protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonne Longerich
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Youngho Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Miaw-Sheue Tsai
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Aye Su Hlaing
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gary M Kupfer
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Patrick Sung
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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14
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Abstract
RAD51 is important for restarting stalled replication forks and for repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through a pathway called homology-directed repair (HDR). However, analysis of the consequences of specific RAD51 mutants has been difficult since they are toxic. Here we report on the dominant effects of two human RAD51 mutants defective for ATP binding (K133A) or ATP hydrolysis (K133R) expressed in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells that also expressed normal mouse RAD51 from the other chromosome. These cells were defective for restarting stalled replication forks and repairing breaks. They were also hypersensitive to camptothecin, a genotoxin that generates breaks specifically at the replication fork. In addition, these cells exhibited a wide range of structural chromosomal changes that included multiple breakpoints within the same chromosome. Thus, ATP binding and hydrolysis are essential for chromosomal maintenance. Fusion of RAD51 to a fluorescent tag (enhanced green fluorescent protein [eGFP]) allowed visualization of these proteins at sites of replication and repair. We found very low levels of mutant protein present at these sites compared to normal protein, suggesting that low levels of mutant protein were sufficient for disruption of RAD51 activity and generation of chromosomal rearrangements.
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15
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Ghosh S, Saha T. Central Role of Ubiquitination in Genome Maintenance: DNA Replication and Damage Repair. ISRN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 2012:146748. [PMID: 27398234 PMCID: PMC4908256 DOI: 10.5402/2012/146748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Faithful transmission of genetic information through generations ensures genomic stability and integrity. However, genetic alterations occur every now and then during the course of genome duplication. In order to repair these genetic defects and lesions, nature has devised several repair pathways which function promptly to prevent the cell from accumulating permanent mutations. These repair mechanisms seem to be significantly impacted by posttranslational modifications of proteins like phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Protein ubiquitination is emerging as a critical regulatory mechanism of DNA damage response. Non-proteolytic, proteasome-independent functions of ubiquitin involving monoubiquitination and polyubiquitination of DNA repair proteins contribute significantly to the signaling of DNA repair pathways. In this paper, we will particularly highlight the work on ubiquitin-mediated signaling in the repair processes involving the Fanconi anemia pathway, translesional synthesis, nucleotide excision repair, and repair of double-strand breaks. We will also discuss the role of ubiquitin ligases in regulating checkpoint mechanisms, the role of deubiquitinating enzymes, and the growing possibilities of therapeutic intervention in this ubiquitin-conjugation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Ghosh
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Tapas Saha
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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16
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Constantinou A. Rescue of replication failure by Fanconi anaemia proteins. Chromosoma 2011; 121:21-36. [PMID: 22057367 PMCID: PMC3260432 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-011-0349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal aberrations are often associated with incomplete genome duplication, for instance at common fragile sites, or as a consequence of chemical alterations in the DNA template that block replication forks. Studies of the cancer-prone disease Fanconi anaemia (FA) have provided important insights into the resolution of replication problems. The repair of interstrand DNA crosslinks induced by chemotherapy drugs is coupled with DNA replication and controlled by FA proteins. We discuss here the recent discovery of new FA-associated proteins and the development of new tractable repair systems that have dramatically improved our understanding of crosslink repair. We focus also on how FA proteins protect against replication failure in the context of fragile sites and on the identification of reactive metabolites that account for the development of Fanconi anaemia symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Constantinou
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS UPR 1142, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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17
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Suhasini AN, Brosh RM. Fanconi anemia and Bloom's syndrome crosstalk through FANCJ-BLM helicase interaction. Trends Genet 2011; 28:7-13. [PMID: 22024395 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) and Bloom's syndrome (BS) are rare hereditary chromosomal instability disorders. FA displays bone marrow failure, acute myeloid leukemia, and head and neck cancers, whereas BS is characterized by growth retardation, immunodeficiency, and a wide spectrum of cancers. The BLM gene mutated in BS encodes a DNA helicase that functions in a protein complex to suppress sister-chromatid exchange. Of the 15 FA genetic complementation groups implicated in interstrand crosslink repair, FANCJ encodes a DNA helicase involved in recombinational repair and replication stress response. Based on evidence that BLM and FANCJ interact we suggest that crosstalk between BLM and FA pathways is more complex than previously thought. We propose testable models for how FANCJ and BLM coordinate to help cells deal with stalled replication forks or double-strand breaks (DSB). Understanding how BLM and FANCJ cooperate will help to elucidate an important pathway for maintaining genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avvaru N Suhasini
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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18
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Hovest MG, Krieg T, Herrmann G. Differential roles for Chk1 and FANCD2 in ATR-mediated signalling for psoralen photoactivation-induced senescence. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:883-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Deakyne JS, Mazin AV. Fanconi anemia: at the crossroads of DNA repair. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:36-48. [PMID: 21568838 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal disorder that causes genome instability. FA patients suffer developmental abnormalities, early-onset bone marrow failure, and a predisposition to cancer. The disease is manifested by defects in DNA repair, hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, and a high degree of chromosomal aberrations. The FA pathway comprises 13 disease-causing genes involved in maintaining genomic stability. The fast pace of study of the novel DNA damage network has led to the constant discovery of new FA-like genes involved in the pathway that when mutated lead to similar disorders. A majority of the FA proteins act as signal transducers and scaffolding proteins to employ other pathways to repair DNA. This review discusses what is known about the FA proteins and other recently linked FA-like proteins. The goal is to clarify how the proteins work together to carry out interstrand crosslink repair and homologous recombination-mediated repair of damaged DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Deakyne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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20
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Direct inhibition of TNF-α promoter activity by Fanconi anemia protein FANCD2. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23324. [PMID: 21912593 PMCID: PMC3166142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA), an inherited disease, is associated with progressive bone marrow failure, predisposition to cancer, and genomic instability. Genes corresponding to 15 identified FA complementation groups have been cloned, and each gene product functions in the response to DNA damage induced by cross-linking agents and/or in protection against genome instability. Interestingly, overproduction of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and aberrant activation of NF-κB-dependent transcriptional activity have been observed in FA cells. Here we demonstrated that FANCD2 protein inhibits NF-κB activity in its monoubiquitination-dependent manner. Furthermore, we detected a specific association between FANCD2 and an NF-κB consensus element in the TNF-α promoter by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Therefore, we propose FANCD2 deficiency promotes transcriptional activity of the TNF-α promoter and induces overproduction of TNF-which then sustains prolonged inflammatory responses. These results also suggest that artificial modulation of TNFα production could be a promising therapeutic approach to FA.
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21
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Joo W, Xu G, Persky NS, Smogorzewska A, Rudge DG, Buzovetsky O, Elledge SJ, Pavletich NP. Structure of the FANCI-FANCD2 complex: insights into the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway. Science 2011; 333:312-6. [PMID: 21764741 PMCID: PMC3310437 DOI: 10.1126/science.1205805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia is a cancer predisposition syndrome caused by defects in the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs). Central to this pathway is the Fanconi anemia I-Fanconi anemia D2 (FANCI-FANCD2) (ID) complex, which is activated by DNA damage-induced phosphorylation and monoubiquitination. The 3.4 angstrom crystal structure of the ~300 kilodalton ID complex reveals that monoubiquitination and regulatory phosphorylation sites map to the I-D interface, suggesting that they occur on monomeric proteins or an opened-up complex and that they may serve to stabilize I-D heterodimerization. The 7.8 angstrom electron-density map of FANCI-DNA crystals and in vitro data show that each protein has binding sites for both single- and double-stranded DNA, suggesting that the ID complex recognizes DNA structures that result from the encounter of replication forks with an ICL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Joo
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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22
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Garner E, Smogorzewska A. Ubiquitylation and the Fanconi anemia pathway. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:2853-60. [PMID: 21605559 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway maintains genome stability through co-ordination of DNA repair of interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). Disruption of the FA pathway yields hypersensitivity to interstrand crosslinking agents, bone marrow failure and cancer predisposition. Early steps in DNA damage dependent activation of the pathway are governed by monoubiquitylation of FANCD2 and FANCI by the intrinsic FA E3 ubiquitin ligase, FANCL. Downstream FA pathway components and associated factors such as FAN1 and SLX4 exhibit ubiquitin-binding motifs that are important for their DNA repair function, underscoring the importance of ubiquitylation in FA pathway mediated repair. Importantly, ubiquitylation provides the foundations for cross-talk between repair pathways, which in concert with the FA pathway, resolve interstrand crosslink damage and maintain genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Garner
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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23
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Fanconi anemia protein FANCD2 inhibits TRF1 polyADP-ribosylation through tankyrase1-dependent manner. Genome Integr 2011; 2:4. [PMID: 21314979 PMCID: PMC3048478 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9414-2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by developmental abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure, and predisposition to cancer. The key FA protein FANCD2 crosstalks with members of DNA damage and repair pathways that also play a role at telomeres. Therefore, we investigated whether FANCD2 has a similar involvement at telomeres. Results We reveal that FANCD2 may perform a novel function separate to the FANCD2/BRCA pathway. This function includes FANCD2 interaction with one of the telomere components, the PARP family member tankyrase-1. Moreover, FANCD2 inhibits tankyrase-1 activity in vitro. In turn, FANCD2 deficiency increases the polyADP-ribosylation of telomere binding factor TRF1. Conclusions FANCD2 binding and inhibiting tankyrase-1PARsylation at telomeres may provide an additional step within the FA pathway for the regulation of genomic integrity.
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24
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Reliene R, Yamamoto ML, Rao PN, Schiestl RH. Genomic instability in mice is greater in Fanconi anemia caused by deficiency of Fancd2 than Fancg. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9703-10. [PMID: 21118969 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) results from mutations in the FANC genes and is characterized by bone marrow failure, birth defects, and a high incidence of cancer. FANCG is a part of the FA core complex that is responsible for monoubiquitination of FANCD2 and FANCI. The precise role of the FA pathway is not well understood, although it may be involved in homologous recombination (HR), nonhomologous end joining, and translesion synthesis (TLS). Fancd2(-/-) mice have a more severe phenotype than Fancg(-/-), and other FA core complex-deficient mice, although both Fancg and Fancd2 belong to the same FA pathway. We hypothesized that Fancd2 deficiency results in a more severe phenotype because Fancd2 also has a FA pathway-independent function in the maintenance of genomic integrity. To test this hypothesis, we determined the level of DNA damage and genomic instability in Fancd2(-/-), Fancg(-/-), and wild-type controls. Fancd2(-/-) mice displayed a higher magnitude of chromosomal breakage and micronucleus formation than the wild-type or Fancg(-/-) mice. Also, DNA strand breaks were increased in Fancd2(-/-) but not in Fancg(-/-) mice. In addition, Fancd2(-/-) mice displayed an elevated frequency of DNA deletions, resulting from HR at the endogenous p(un) locus. In contrast, in Fancg(-/-) mice, the frequency of DNA deletions was decreased. Thus, Fancd2 but not Fancg deficiency results in elevated chromosomal/DNA breakage and permanent genome rearrangements. This provides evidence that Fancd2 plays an additional role in the maintenance of genomic stability than Fancg, which might explain the higher predisposition to cancer seen in the Fancd2(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramune Reliene
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
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25
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Adamo A, Collis SJ, Adelman CA, Silva N, Horejsi Z, Ward JD, Martinez-Perez E, Boulton SJ, La Volpe A. Preventing nonhomologous end joining suppresses DNA repair defects of Fanconi anemia. Mol Cell 2010; 39:25-35. [PMID: 20598602 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a complex cancer susceptibility disorder associated with DNA repair defects and infertility, yet the precise function of the FA proteins in genome maintenance remains unclear. Here we report that C. elegans FANCD2 (fcd-2) is dispensable for normal meiotic recombination but is required in crossover defective mutants to prevent illegitimate repair of meiotic breaks by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). In mitotic cells, we show that DNA repair defects of C. elegans fcd-2 mutants and FA-deficient human cells are significantly suppressed by eliminating NHEJ. Moreover, NHEJ factors are inappropriately recruited to sites of replication stress in the absence of FANCD2. Our findings are consistent with the interpretation that FA results from the promiscuous action of NHEJ during DNA repair. We propose that a critical function of the FA pathway is to channel lesions into accurate, as opposed to error-prone, repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Adamo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Napoli, Italy
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26
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Song IY, Palle K, Gurkar A, Tateishi S, Kupfer GM, Vaziri C. Rad18-mediated translesion synthesis of bulky DNA adducts is coupled to activation of the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:31525-36. [PMID: 20675655 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.138206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a cancer susceptibility syndrome characterized by sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. The FA proteins (FANCs) are implicated in DNA repair, although the precise mechanisms by which FANCs process DNA lesions are not fully understood. An epistatic relationship between the FA pathway and translesion synthesis (TLS, a post-replication DNA repair mechanism) has been suggested, but the basis for cross-talk between the FA and TLS pathways is poorly understood. We show here that ectopic overexpression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Rad18 (a central regulator of TLS) induces DNA damage-independent mono-ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (a known Rad18 substrate) and FANCD2. Conversely, DNA damage-induced mono-ubiquitination of both PCNA and FANCD2 is attenuated in Rad18-deficient cells, demonstrating that Rad18 contributes to activation of the FA pathway. WT Rad18 but not an E3 ubiquitin ligase-deficient Rad18 C28F mutant fully complements both PCNA ubiquitination and FANCD2 activation in Rad18-depleted cells. Rad18-induced mono-ubiquitination of FANCD2 is not observed in FA core complex-deficient cells, demonstrating that Rad18 E3 ligase activity alone is insufficient for FANCD2 ubiquitylation. Instead, Rad18 promotes FA core complex-dependent FANCD2 ubiquitination in a manner that is secondary to PCNA mono-ubiquitination. Taken together, these results demonstrate a novel Rad18-dependent mechanism that couples activation of the FA pathway with TLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihn Young Song
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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27
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Pace P, Mosedale G, Hodskinson MR, Rosado IV, Sivasubramaniam M, Patel KJ. Ku70 corrupts DNA repair in the absence of the Fanconi anemia pathway. Science 2010; 329:219-23. [PMID: 20538911 DOI: 10.1126/science.1192277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A conserved DNA repair response is defective in the human genetic illness Fanconi anemia (FA). Mutation of some FA genes impairs homologous recombination and error-prone DNA repair, rendering FA cells sensitive to DNA cross-linking agents. We found a genetic interaction between the FA gene FANCC and the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) factor Ku70. Disruption of both FANCC and Ku70 suppresses sensitivity to cross-linking agents, diminishes chromosome breaks, and reverses defective homologous recombination. Ku70 binds directly to free DNA ends, committing them to NHEJ repair. We show that purified FANCD2, a downstream effector of the FA pathway, might antagonize Ku70 activity by modifying such DNA substrates. These results reveal a function for the FA pathway in processing DNA ends, thereby diverting double-strand break repair away from abortive NHEJ and toward homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Pace
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
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28
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Abstract
The study of rare genetic diseases can lead to insights into the cause and treatment of common diseases. An example is the rare chromosomal instability disorder, Fanconi Anemia (FA). Studies of this disease have elucidated general mechanisms of bone marrow failure, cancer pathogenesis, and resistance to chemotherapy. The principal features of FA are aplastic anemia in childhood, susceptibility to cancer or leukemia, and hypersensitivity of FA cells to DNA cross-linking agents. There are thirteen FA genes, and one of these genes is identical to the well known breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA2. The corresponding FA proteins cooperate in the recognition and repair of damaged DNA. Inactivation of FA genes occurs not only in FA patients but also in a variety of cancers in the general population. These findings have broad implications for predicting the sensitivity and resistance of tumors to conventional anti-cancer agents, to inhibitors of poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1, an enzyme involved in DNA repair, and to other inhibitors of DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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29
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Zhi G, Chen X, Newcomb W, Brown J, Semmes OJ, Kupfer GM. Purification of FANCD2 sub-complexes. Br J Haematol 2010; 150:88-92. [PMID: 20456353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a recessive genetic disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, birth defects and cancer. Cells from FA patients are particularly defective in removing DNA interstrand crosslinks. We have developed a working chromatography purification scheme for FANCD2, a pivotal player in the FA DNA repair pathway, to facilitate identification of FANCD2 interacting partners. In doing so, at least three distinct FANCD2 subcomplexes were found to be present, designated as large, middle, and small complexes. The small complex is composed of tetramer of FANCD2 polypeptides, which may be the building block for other FANCD2 subcomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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30
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Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is an inherited genomic instability disorder, caused by mutations in genes regulating replication-dependent removal of interstrand DNA crosslinks. The Fanconi Anemia pathway is thought to coordinate a complex mechanism that enlists elements of three classic DNA repair pathways, namely homologous recombination, nucleotide excision repair, and mutagenic translesion synthesis, in response to genotoxic insults. To this end, the Fanconi Anemia pathway employs a unique nuclear protein complex that ubiquitinates FANCD2 and FANCI, leading to formation of DNA repair structures. Lack of obvious enzymatic activities among most FA members has made it challenging to unravel its precise modus operandi. Here we review the current understanding of how the Fanconi Anemia pathway components participate in DNA repair and discuss the mechanisms that regulate this pathway to ensure timely, efficient, and correct restoration of chromosomal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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31
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Gari K, Constantinou A. The role of the Fanconi anemia network in the response to DNA replication stress. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 44:292-325. [PMID: 19728769 DOI: 10.1080/10409230903154150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia is a genetically heterogeneous disorder associated with chromosome instability and a highly elevated risk for developing cancer. The mutated genes encode proteins involved in the cellular response to DNA replication stress. Fanconi anemia proteins are extensively connected with DNA caretaker proteins, and appear to function as a hub for the coordination of DNA repair with DNA replication and cell cycle progression. At a molecular level, however, the raison d'être of Fanconi anemia proteins still remains largely elusive. The thirteen Fanconi anemia proteins identified to date have not been embraced into a single and defined biological process. To help put the Fanconi anemia puzzle into perspective, we begin this review with a summary of the strategies employed by prokaryotes and eukaryotes to tolerate obstacles to the progression of replication forks. We then summarize what we know about Fanconi anemia with an emphasis on biochemical aspects, and discuss how the Fanconi anemia network, a late acquisition in evolution, may function to permit the faithful and complete duplication of our very large vertebrate chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Gari
- DNA Damage Response Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, UK
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32
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Roques C, Coulombe Y, Delannoy M, Vignard J, Grossi S, Brodeur I, Rodrigue A, Gautier J, Stasiak AZ, Stasiak A, Constantinou A, Masson JY. MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 is a critical regulator of FANCD2 stability and function during DNA double-strand break repair. EMBO J 2009; 28:2400-13. [PMID: 19609304 PMCID: PMC2735166 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoubiquitination of the Fanconi anaemia protein FANCD2 is a key event leading to repair of interstrand cross-links. It was reported earlier that FANCD2 co-localizes with NBS1. However, the functional connection between FANCD2 and MRE11 is poorly understood. In this study, we show that inhibition of MRE11, NBS1 or RAD50 leads to a destabilization of FANCD2. FANCD2 accumulated from mid-S to G2 phase within sites containing single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) intermediates, or at sites of DNA damage, such as those created by restriction endonucleases and laser irradiation. Purified FANCD2, a ring-like particle by electron microscopy, preferentially bound ssDNA over various DNA substrates. Inhibition of MRE11 nuclease activity by Mirin decreased the number of FANCD2 foci formed in vivo. We propose that FANCD2 binds to ssDNA arising from MRE11-processed DNA double-strand breaks. Our data establish MRN as a crucial regulator of FANCD2 stability and function in the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Roques
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Yan Coulombe
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Delannoy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, BIL Biomedical Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Vignard
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Simona Grossi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, BIL Biomedical Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Brodeur
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Amélie Rodrigue
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Gautier
- Columbia University, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alicja Z Stasiak
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Stasiak
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angelos Constantinou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, BIL Biomedical Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Canada
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33
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Longerich S, San Filippo J, Liu D, Sung P. FANCI binds branched DNA and is monoubiquitinated by UBE2T-FANCL. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:23182-6. [PMID: 19589784 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c109.038075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
FANCI is integral to the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway of DNA damage repair. Upon the occurrence of DNA damage, FANCI becomes monoubiquitinated on Lys-523 and relocalizes to chromatin, where it functions with monoubiquitinated FANCD2 to facilitate DNA repair. We show that FANCI and its C-terminal fragment possess a DNA binding activity that prefers branched structures. We also demonstrate that FANCI can be ubiquitinated on Lys-523 by the UBE2T-FANCL pair in vitro. These findings should facilitate future efforts directed at elucidating molecular aspects of the FA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonne Longerich
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Yuan F, El Hokayem J, Zhou W, Zhang Y. FANCI protein binds to DNA and interacts with FANCD2 to recognize branched structures. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24443-52. [PMID: 19561358 PMCID: PMC2782037 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.016006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report that the purified wild-type FANCI (Fanconi anemia complementation group I) protein directly binds to a variety of DNA substrates. The DNA binding domain roughly encompasses residues 200–1000, as suggested by the truncation study. When co-expressed in insect cells, a small fraction of FANCI forms a stable complex with FANCD2 (Fanconi anemia complementation group D2). Intriguingly, the purified FANCI-FANCD2 complex preferentially binds to the branched DNA structures when compared with either FANCI or FANCD2 alone. Co-immunoprecipitation with purified proteins indicates that FANCI interacts with FANCD2 through its C-terminal amino acid 1001–1328 fragment. Although the C terminus of FANCI is dispensable for direct DNA binding, it seems to be involved in the regulation of DNA binding activity. This notion is further enhanced by two C-terminal point mutations, R1285Q and D1301A, which showed differentiated DNA binding activity. We also demonstrate that FANCI forms discrete nuclear foci in HeLa cells in the absence or presence of exogenous DNA damage. The FANCI foci are colocalized perfectly with FANCD2 and partially with proliferating cell nuclear antigen irrespective of mitomycin C treatment. An increased number of FANCI foci form and become resistant to Triton X extraction in response to mitomycin C treatment. Our data suggest that the FANCI-FANCD2 complex may participate in repair of damaged replication forks through its preferential recognition of branched structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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35
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal and X-linked recessive disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, acute myelogenous leukemia, solid tumors, and developmental abnormalities. Recent years have seen a dramatic improvement in FA patient treatment, resulting in a greater survival of children into adulthood. These improvements have been made despite the fact that a definitive cellular function for the proteins in the FA pathway has yet to be elucidated. Delineating the cellular functions of the FA pathway could help further improve the treatment options for FA patients and further reduce the probability of succumbing to the disease. This article reviews the current clinical aspects of FA including presentation, diagnosis, and treatment followed by a review of the molecular aspects of FA as they are currently understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Green
- Section of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street LMP 2073, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA
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36
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Takata M, Ishiai M, Kitao H. The Fanconi anemia pathway: insights from somatic cell genetics using DT40 cell line. Mutat Res 2009; 668:92-102. [PMID: 19622405 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway is a complex phosphorylation-ubiquitination network in the DNA damage signaling, which is still poorly understood. Defects in the "FA pathway" or in the related DNA repair proteins cause FA, a hereditary disorder that accompanies compromised DNA crosslink repair, poor hematopoetic stem cell survival, genomic instability, and cancer. For molecular dissection of the FA pathway, we have been using chicken B cell line DT40 as a model system. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of the pathway, and discuss how studies using DT40 have contributed to this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effect Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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37
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Cohn MA, D'Andrea AD. Chromatin recruitment of DNA repair proteins: lessons from the fanconi anemia and double-strand break repair pathways. Mol Cell 2008; 32:306-12. [PMID: 18995829 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In response to DNA damage, eukaryotic cells must rapidly load DNA repair proteins onto damaged chromatin. Chromatin recruitment often entails ubiquitination of a damage-specific DNA repair protein, interaction with a ubiquitin binding factor, assembly of a multisubunit DNA repair complex, and eventually a deubiquitination event once the DNA repair reaction has been completed. This review focuses on the recent discoveries in the Fanconi Anemia (FA) and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways, which underscore the importance of regulated chromatin loading in the DNA damage response. Interestingly, these two pathways share several features, suggesting a more general mechanism for DNA-repair regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Cohn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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38
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Rulten SL, Hodder E, Ripley TL, Stephens DN, Mayne LV. Alcohol Induces DNA Damage and the Fanconi Anemia D2 Protein Implicating FANCD2 in the DNA Damage Response Pathways in Brain. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:1186-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disease characterized by congenital abnormalities, bone marrow failure, and cancer susceptibility. A total of 13 FA proteins are involved in regulating genome surveillance and chromosomal stability. The FA core complex, consisting of 8 FA proteins (A/B/C/E/F/G/L/M), is essential for the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 and FANCI. FANCM is a human ortholog of the archaeal DNA repair protein Hef, and it contains a DEAH helicase and a nuclease domain. Here, we examined the effect of FANCM expression on the integrity and localization of the FA core complex. FANCM was exclusively localized to chromatin fractions and underwent cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. FANCM-depleted HeLa cells had an intact FA core complex but were defective in chromatin localization of the complex. Moreover, depletion of the FANCM binding partner, FAAP24, disrupted the chromatin association of FANCM and destabilized FANCM, leading to defective recruitment of the FA core complex to chromatin. Our results suggest that FANCM is an anchor required for recruitment of the FA core complex to chromatin, and that the FANCM/FAAP24 interaction is essential for this chromatin-loading activity. Dysregulated loading of the FA core complex accounts, at least in part, for the characteristic cellular and developmental abnormalities in FA.
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40
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by aplastic anemia, cancer/leukemia susceptibility and cellular hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, such as cisplatin. To date, 12 FA gene products have been identified, which cooperate in a common DNA damage-activated signaling pathway regulating DNA repair (the FA pathway). Eight FA proteins form a nuclear complex harboring E3 ubiquitin ligase activity (the FA core complex) that, in response to DNA damage, mediates the monoubiquitylation of the FA protein FANCD2. Monoubiquitylated FANCD2 colocalizes in nuclear foci with proteins involved in DNA repair, including BRCA1, FANCD1/BRCA2, FANCN/PALB2 and RAD51. All these factors are required for cellular resistance to DNA crosslinking agents. The inactivation of the FA pathway has also been observed in a wide variety of human cancers and is implicated in the sensitivity of cancer cells to DNA crosslinking agents. Drugs that inhibit the FA pathway may be useful chemosensitizers in the treatment of cancer. Publication history: Republished from Current BioData's Targeted Proteins database (TPdb; http://www.targetedproteinsdb.com).
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Jacquemont
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, N, C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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41
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UBE2T, the Fanconi anemia core complex, and FANCD2 are recruited independently to chromatin: a basis for the regulation of FANCD2 monoubiquitination. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:8421-30. [PMID: 17938197 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00504-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) nuclear core complex and the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2T are required for the S phase and DNA damage-restricted monoubiquitination of FANCD2. This constitutes a key step in the FA tumor suppressor pathway, and much attention has been focused on the regulation at this point. Here, we address the importance of the assembly of the FA core complex and the subcellular localization of UBE2T in the regulation of FANCD2 monoubiquitination. We establish three points. First, the stable assembly of the FA core complex can be dissociated of its ability to function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Second, the actual E3 ligase activity is not determined by the assembly of the FA core complex but rather by its DNA damage-induced localization to chromatin. Finally, UBE2T and FANCD2 access this subcellular fraction independently of the FA core complex. FANCD2 monoubiquitination is therefore not regulated by multiprotein complex assembly but by the formation of an active E2/E3 holoenzyme on chromatin.
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42
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Wang W. Emergence of a DNA-damage response network consisting of Fanconi anaemia and BRCA proteins. Nat Rev Genet 2007; 8:735-48. [PMID: 17768402 DOI: 10.1038/nrg2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) has recently become an attractive model to study breast cancer susceptibility (BRCA) genes, as three FA genes, FANCD1, FANCN and FANCJ, are identical to the BRCA genes BRCA2, PALB2 and BRIP1. Increasing evidence shows that FA proteins function as signal transducers and DNA-processing molecules in a DNA-damage response network. This network consists of many proteins that maintain genome integrity, including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related protein (ATR), Bloom syndrome protein (BLM), and BRCA1. Now that the gene that is defective in the thirteenth and last assigned FA complementation group (FANCI) has been identified, I discuss what is known about FA proteins and their interactive network, and what remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wang
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21093, USA.
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43
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Takata M, Kitao H, Ishiai M. Fanconi anemia: genetic analysis of a human disease using chicken system. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 117:346-51. [PMID: 17675877 DOI: 10.1159/000103197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities, bone marrow failure, and an increased incidence of cancer. The basic cellular abnormality in FA has been postulated to lie in the DNA repair mechanisms because cells from FA patients display chromosomal breakage, which is particularly remarkable following induction of DNA crosslinks. However, experimental evidence for this hypothesis has been lacking. To test whether DNA repair is really defective in FA cells, we disrupted several FA genes in chicken B cell line DT40. By measuring efficiency of gene conversion and hypermutation at the Immunoglobulin locus, we have shown that DT40 FA mutant cell lines exhibited defects in homologous DNA recombination, and possibly, translesion synthesis. However, levels of sister chromatid exchange, another important cellular event mediated by HR, were not reduced, possibly indicating the role of FA genes only in a subpathway of HR. Our results indicate that chicken DT40 cells could be highly useful in molecular dissection of basic biochemical processes, which are deficient in a human genetic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takata
- Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan.
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44
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Gupta R, Sharma S, Sommers JA, Kenny MK, Cantor SB, Brosh RM. FANCJ (BACH1) helicase forms DNA damage inducible foci with replication protein A and interacts physically and functionally with the single-stranded DNA-binding protein. Blood 2007; 110:2390-8. [PMID: 17596542 PMCID: PMC1988918 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-11-057273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The BRCA1 associated C-terminal helicase (BACH1, designated FANCJ) is implicated in the chromosomal instability genetic disorder Fanconi anemia (FA) and hereditary breast cancer. A critical role of FANCJ helicase may be to restart replication as a component of downstream events that occur during the repair of DNA cross-links or double-strand breaks. We investigated the potential interaction of FANCJ with replication protein A (RPA), a single-stranded DNA-binding protein implicated in both DNA replication and repair. FANCJ and RPA were shown to coimmunoprecipitate most likely through a direct interaction of FANCJ and the RPA70 subunit. Moreover, dependent on the presence of BRCA1, FANCJ colocalizes with RPA in nuclear foci after DNA damage. Our data are consistent with a model in which FANCJ associates with RPA in a DNA damage-inducible manner and through the protein interaction RPA stimulates FANCJ helicase to better unwind duplex DNA substrates. These findings identify RPA as the first regulatory partner of FANCJ. The FANCJ-RPA interaction is likely to be important for the role of the helicase to more efficiently unwind DNA repair intermediates to maintain genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigu Gupta
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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45
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Wang Y, Wiltshire T, Senft J, Wenger SL, Reed E, Wang W. Fanconi anemia D2 protein confers chemoresistance in response to the anticancer agent, irofulven. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 5:3153-61. [PMID: 17172419 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia-BRCA pathway of genes are frequently mutated or epigenetically repressed in human cancer. The proteins of this pathway play pivotal roles in DNA damage signaling and repair. Irofulven is one of a new class of anticancer agents that are analogues of mushroom-derived illudin toxins. Preclinical studies and clinical trials have shown that irofulven is effective against several tumor cell types. The exact nature of irofulven-induced DNA damage is not completely understood. Previously, we have shown that irofulven activates ATM and its targets, NBS1, SMC1, CHK2, and p53. In this study, we hypothesize that irofulven induces DNA double-strand breaks and FANCD2 may play an important role in modulating cellular responses and chemosensitivity in response to irofulven treatment. By using cells that are proficient or deficient for FANCD2, ATR, or ATM, we showed that irofulven induces FANCD2 monoubiquitination and nuclear foci formation. ATR is important in mediating irofulven-induced FANCD2 monoubiquitination. Furthermore, we showed that FANCD2 plays a critical role in maintaining chromosome integrity and modulating chemosensitivity in response to irofulven-induced DNA damage. Therefore, this study suggests that it might be clinically significant to target irofulven therapy to cancers defective for proteins of the Fanconi anemia-BRCA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Wang
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, 1835 Health Sciences South, P.O. Box 9300, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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46
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Sobeck A, Stone S, Hoatlin ME. DNA structure-induced recruitment and activation of the Fanconi anemia pathway protein FANCD2. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:4283-92. [PMID: 17420278 PMCID: PMC1900049 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.02196-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway proteins are thought to be involved in the repair of irregular DNA structures including those encountered by the moving replication fork. However, the nature of the DNA structures that recruit and activate the FA proteins is not known. Because FA proteins function within an extended network of proteins, some of which are still unknown, we recently established cell-free assays in Xenopus laevis egg extracts to deconstruct the FA pathway in a fully replication-competent context. Here we show that the central FA pathway protein, xFANCD2, is monoubiquitinated (xFANCD2-L) rapidly in the presence of linear and branched double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) structures but not single-stranded or Y-shaped DNA. xFANCD2-L associates with dsDNA structures in an FA core complex-dependent manner but independently of xATRIP, the regulatory subunit of xATR. Formation of xFANCD2-L is also triggered in response to circular dsDNA, suggesting that dsDNA ends are not required to trigger monoubiquitination of FANCD2. The induction of xFANCD2-L in response to circular dsDNA is replication and checkpoint independent. Our results provide new evidence that the FA pathway discriminates among DNA structures and demonstrate that triggering the FA pathway can be uncoupled from DNA replication and ATRIP-dependent activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sobeck
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Medical Research Building, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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47
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Vilcheck SK, Ceryak S, O'Brien TJ, Patierno SR. FANCD2 monoubiquitination and activation by hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] exposure: activation is not required for repair of Cr(VI)-induced DSBs. Mutat Res 2006; 610:21-30. [PMID: 16893675 PMCID: PMC2080350 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure, and cancer susceptibility. FA cells are hypersensitive to DNA crosslinking agents. FA is a genetically heterogeneous disease with at least 11 complementation groups. The eight cloned FA proteins interact in a common pathway with established DNA-damage-response proteins, including BRCA1 and ATM. Six FA proteins (A, C, E, F, G, and L) regulate the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 after DNA damage by crosslinking agents, which targets FANCD2 to BRCA1 nuclear foci containing BRCA2 (FANCD1) and RAD51. Some forms of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] are implicated as respiratory carcinogens and induce several types of DNA lesions, including DNA interstrand crosslinks. We have shown that FA-A fibroblasts are hypersensitive to both Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis and clonogenic lethality. Here we show that Cr(VI) treatment induced monoubiquitination of FANCD2 in normal human fibroblasts, providing the first molecular evidence of Cr(VI)-induced activation of the FA pathway. FA-A fibroblasts demonstrated no FANCD2 monoubiquitination, in keeping with the requirement of FA-A for this modification. We also found that Cr(VI) treatment induced significantly more S-phase-dependent DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), as measured by gamma-H2AX expression, in FA-A fibroblasts compared to normal cells. However, and notably, DSBs were repaired equally in both normal and FA-A fibroblasts during recovery from Cr(VI) treatment. While previous research on FA has defined the genetic causes of this disease, it is critical in terms of individual risk assessment to address how cells from FA patients respond to genotoxic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Vilcheck
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037, United States
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48
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Mirchandani KD, D'Andrea AD. The Fanconi anemia/BRCA pathway: A coordinator of cross-link repair. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:2647-53. [PMID: 16859679 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare inherited disease characterized by genomic instability and markedly increased cancer risk. Efforts to elucidate the molecular basis of FA have unearthed a novel DNA damage response pathway, the integrity of which is critical for cellular resistance to DNA cross-linking agents. Despite significant progress in uncovering the molecular events underlying FA, the precise function of this pathway in DNA repair is unknown. This article will review evidence implicating FA proteins in multiple aspects of DNA cross-link repair and propose a model to explain the selectivity of the FA pathway toward DNA cross-linking agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan D Mirchandani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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49
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Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway consists of a unique, multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that is activated in a replication and DNA-damage dependent mechanism. This FA core complex possesses a putative helicase and an E3 ubiquitin ligase subunit, is assembled in both the nucleoplasm and in chromatin, and is required for the mono-ubiquitination of FANCD2, a downstream FA protein, following genotoxic stress. Clinically, absence of the FA pathway results in congenital defects, bone marrow failure, and cancer predisposition. At the cellular level, this pathway is required for chromosomal stability and cellular resistance to DNA interstrand crosslinkers (ICLs) such as mitomycin C (MMC). A general model has emerged for the FA pathway as an arm of the DNA-damage response following ICLs. This review will summarize the current understanding of the FA core complex and propose a model for its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan M Gurtan
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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50
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Abstract
The process of ubiquitylation is best known for its role in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. However, recent studies of DNA-repair and DNA-damage-response pathways have significantly broadened the scope of the role of ubiquitylation to include non-proteolytic functions of ubiquitin. These pathways involve the monoubiquitylation of key DNA-repair proteins that have regulatory functions in homologous recombination and translesion DNA synthesis, and involve the polyubiquitylation of nucleotide-excision-repair proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony T Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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