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Lee SM, Lee JW, Cho J, Choi S, Kim I, Pack CG, Ha CH. Yeast-derived particulate beta-glucan induced angiogenesis via regulating PI3K/Src and ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131884. [PMID: 38685541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The importance of β-glucan from S. cerevisiae in angiogenesis has not been well studied. We investigated whether β-glucan induces angiogenesis through PI3K/Src and ERK1/2 signaling pathway in HUVECs. We identified that β-glucan induced phosphorylation of PI3K, Src, Akt, eNOS, and ERK1/2. Subsequently, we found that this phosphorylation increased the viability of HUVECs. We also observed that stimulation of β-glucan promoted the activity of MEF2 and MEF2-dependent pro-angiogenic genes, including EGR2, EGR3, KLF2, and KLF4. Additionally, the role of β-glucan in angiogenesis was confirmed using in vitro and ex vivo experiments including cell migration, capillary-like tube formation and mouse aorta ring assays. To determine the effect of β-glucan on the PI3K/Akt/eNOS and ERK1/2 signaling pathway, PI3K inhibitor wortmannin and ERK1/2 inhibitor SCH772984 were used. Through the Matrigel plug assay, we confirmed that β-glucan significantly increased angiogenesis in vivo. Taken together, our study demonstrates that β-glucan promotes angiogenesis via through PI3K and ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongin Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Gi Pack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Yegambaram M, Kumar S, Wu X, Lu Q, Sun X, Garcia Flores A, Meadows ML, Barman S, Fulton D, Wang T, Fineman JR, Black SM. Endothelin-1 acutely increases nitric oxide production via the calcineurin mediated dephosphorylation of Caveolin-1. Nitric Oxide 2023; 140-141:50-57. [PMID: 37659679 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin (ET)-1 is an endothelial-derived peptide that exerts biphasic effects on nitric oxide (NO) levels in endothelial cells such that acute exposure stimulates-while sustained exposure attenuates-NO production. Although the mechanism involved in the decrease in NO generation has been identified but the signaling involved in the acute increase in NO is still unresolved. This was the focus of this study. Our data indicate that exposing pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAEC) to ET-1 led to an increase in NO for up to 30min after which levels declined. These effects were attenuated by ET receptor antagonists. The increase in NO correlated with significant increases in pp60Src activity and increases in eNOS phosphorylation at Tyr83 and Ser1177. The ET-1 mediated increase in phosphorylation and NO generation were attenuated by the over-expression of a pp60Src dominant negative mutant. The increase in pp60Src activity correlated with a reduction in the interaction of Caveolin-1 with pp60Src and the calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of caveolin-1 at three previously unidentified sites: Thr91, Thr93, and Thr95. The calcineurin inhibitor, Tacrolimus, attenuated the acute increase in pp60Src activity induced by ET-1 and a calcineurin siRNA attenuated the ET-1 mediated increase in eNOS phosphorylation at Tyr83 and Ser1177 as well as the increase in NO. By using a Caveolin-1 celluSpot peptide array, we identified a peptide targeting a sequence located between aa 41-56 as the pp60Src binding region. This peptide fused to the TAT sequence was found to decrease caveolin-pp60Src interaction, increased pp60Src activity, increased eNOS pSer1177 and NO levels in PAEC and induce vasodilation in isolated aortic rings in wildtype but not eNOS knockout mice. Together, our data identify a novel mechanism by which ET-1 acutely increases NO via a calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of caveolin-1 and the subsequent stimulation of pp60Src activity, leading to increases in phosphorylation of eNOS at Tyr83 and Ser1177.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manivannan Yegambaram
- Center of Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sanjiv Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 33174, USA
| | - Qing Lu
- Center of Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xutong Sun
- Center of Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alejandro Garcia Flores
- Center of Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Scott Barman
- Department of Pharmacology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Center of Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen M Black
- Center of Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Howard Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA.
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3
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Sjöberg E, Melssen M, Richards M, Ding Y, Chanoca C, Chen D, Nwadozi E, Pal S, Love DT, Ninchoji T, Shibuya M, Simons M, Dimberg A, Claesson-Welsh L. Endothelial VEGFR2-PLCγ signaling regulates vascular permeability and antitumor immunity through eNOS/Src. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e161366. [PMID: 37651195 PMCID: PMC10575733 DOI: 10.1172/jci161366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) is essential for vascular development; however, its role in healthy, mature, or pathological vessels is unexplored. Here, we show that PLCγ was prominently expressed in vessels of several human cancer forms, notably in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). High PLCγ expression in clear cell RCC correlated with angiogenic activity and poor prognosis, while low expression correlated with immune cell activation. PLCγ was induced downstream of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) phosphosite Y1173 (pY1173). Heterozygous Vegfr2Y1173F/+ mice or mice lacking endothelial PLCγ (Plcg1iECKO) exhibited a stabilized endothelial barrier and diminished vascular leakage. Barrier stabilization was accompanied by decreased expression of immunosuppressive cytokines, reduced infiltration of B cells, helper T cells and regulatory T cells, and improved response to chemo- and immunotherapy. Mechanistically, pY1173/PLCγ signaling induced Ca2+/protein kinase C-dependent activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), required for tyrosine nitration and activation of Src. Src-induced phosphorylation of VE-cadherin at Y685 was accompanied by disintegration of endothelial junctions. This pY1173/PLCγ/eNOS/Src pathway was detected in both healthy and tumor vessels in Vegfr2Y1173F/+ mice, which displayed decreased activation of PLCγ and eNOS and suppressed vascular leakage. Thus, we believe that we have identified a clinically relevant endothelial PLCγ pathway downstream of VEGFR2 pY1173, which destabilizes the endothelial barrier and results in loss of antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sjöberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marit Melssen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark Richards
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yindi Ding
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Catarina Chanoca
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dongying Chen
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Emmanuel Nwadozi
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sagnik Pal
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dominic T. Love
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Takeshi Ninchoji
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Masabumi Shibuya
- Institute of Physiology and Medicine, Jobu University, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Claesson-Welsh
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Mollace R, Scarano F, Bava I, Carresi C, Maiuolo J, Tavernese A, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Muscoli S, Palma E, Muscoli C, Salvemini D, Federici M, Macrì R, Mollace V. Modulation of the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway in cardiac contraction and relaxation: Potential role in heart failure treatment. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196:106931. [PMID: 37722519 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Evidence exists that heart failure (HF) has an overall impact of 1-2 % in the global population being often associated with comorbidities that contribute to increased disease prevalence, hospitalization, and mortality. Recent advances in pharmacological approaches have significantly improved clinical outcomes for patients with vascular injury and HF. Nevertheless, there remains an unmet need to clarify the crucial role of nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (NO/cGMP) signalling in cardiac contraction and relaxation, to better identify the key mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of myocardial dysfunction both with reduced (HFrEF) as well as preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Indeed, NO signalling plays a crucial role in cardiovascular homeostasis and its dysregulation induces a significant increase in oxidative and nitrosative stress, producing anatomical and physiological cardiac alterations that can lead to heart failure. The present review aims to examine the molecular mechanisms involved in the bioavailability of NO and its modulation of downstream pathways. In particular, we focus on the main therapeutic targets and emphasize the recent evidence of preclinical and clinical studies, describing the different emerging therapeutic strategies developed to counteract NO impaired signalling and cardiovascular disease (CVD) development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Mollace
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Federica Scarano
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Irene Bava
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Veterinary Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Jessica Maiuolo
- Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Annamaria Tavernese
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Saverio Muscoli
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation PTV Polyclinic Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Veterinary Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Roberta Macrì
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy; Renato Dulbecco Institute, Lamezia Terme, Catanzaro 88046, Italy.
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5
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Buxton ILO, Asif H, Barnett SD. β3 Receptor Signaling in Pregnant Human Myometrium Suggests a Role for β3 Agonists as Tocolytics. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1005. [PMID: 37371585 DOI: 10.3390/biom13061005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm labor leading to preterm birth is the leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality. At the present time, nothing can reliably halt labor once it begins. The knowledge that agonists of the β2 adrenergic receptor relax airway smooth muscle and are effective in the treatment of asthma led to the notion that β2 mimetics would prevent preterm birth by relaxing uterine smooth muscle. The activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase by β2 receptors is unable to provide meaningful tocolysis. The failure of β2 agonists such as ritodrine and terbutaline to prevent preterm birth suggests that the regulation of uterine smooth muscle is disparate from that of airway. Other smooth muscle quiescent-mediating molecules, such as nitric oxide, relax vascular smooth muscle in a cGMP-protein kinase G-dependent manner; however, nitric oxide activation of protein kinase G fails to explain the relaxation of the myometrium to nitric oxide. Moreover, nitric oxide-mediated relaxation is blunted in preterm labor, and thus, for this reason and because of the fall in maternal blood pressure, nitric oxide cannot be employed as a tocolytic. The β3 adrenergic receptor-mediated relaxation of the human myometrium is claimed to be cAMP-dependent protein kinase-dependent. This is scientifically displeasing given the failure of β2 agonists as tocolytics and suggests a non-canonical signaling role for β3AR in myometrium. The addition of the β3 agonist mirabegron to pregnant human myometrial strips in the tissue bath relaxes oxytocin-induced contractions. Mirabegron stimulates nitric oxide production in myometrial microvascular endothelial cells, and the relaxation of uterine tissue in vitro is partially blocked by the addition of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase blocker Nω-Nitro-L-arginine. Recent data suggest that both endothelial and smooth muscle cells respond to β3 stimulation and contribute to relaxation through disparate signaling pathways. The repurposing of approved medications such as mirabegron (Mybetriq™) tested in human myometrium as uterine tocolytics can advance the prevention of preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain L O Buxton
- Myometrial Function Group, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Hazik Asif
- Myometrial Function Group, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Scott D Barnett
- Myometrial Function Group, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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6
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Role of c-Src and reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular diseases. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:315-328. [PMID: 36700976 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-023-01992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, caused by the over production of oxidants or inactivity of antioxidants, can modulate the redox state of several target proteins such as tyrosine kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinases and tyrosine phosphatases. c-Src is one such non-receptor tyrosine kinase which activates NADPH oxidases (Noxs) in response to various growth factors and shear stress. Interaction between c-Src and Noxs is influenced by cell type and primary messengers such as angiotensin II, which binds to G-protein coupled receptor and activates the intracellular signaling cascade. c-Src stimulated activation of Noxs results in elevated release of intracellular and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS species disturb vascular homeostasis and cause cardiac hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and hypertension. Interaction between c-Src and ROS in the pathobiology of cardiac fibrosis is hypothesized to be influenced by cell type and stimuli. c-Src and ROS have a bidirectional relationship, thus increased ROS levels due to c-Src mediated activation of Noxs can further activate c-Src by promoting the oxidation and sulfenylation of critical cysteine residues. This review highlights the role of c-Src and ROS in mediating downstream signaling pathways underlying cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, due to the central role of c-Src in activation of various signaling proteins involved in differentiation, migration, proliferation, and cytoskeletal reorganization of vascular cells, it is presented as therapeutic target for treating cardiovascular diseases except cardiac fibrosis.
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7
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The Effects of Acidosis on eNOS in the Systemic Vasculature: A Focus on Early Postnatal Ontogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115987. [PMID: 35682667 PMCID: PMC9180972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of many vasomotor signaling pathways strongly depends on extracellular/intracellular pH. Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most important vasodilators produced by the endothelium. In this review, we present evidence that in most vascular beds of mature mammalian organisms metabolic or respiratory acidosis increases functional endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS) activity, despite the observation that direct effects of low pH on eNOS enzymatic activity are inhibitory. This can be explained by the fact that acidosis increases the activity of signaling pathways that positively regulate eNOS activity. The role of NO in the regulation of vascular tone is greater in early postnatal ontogenesis compared to adulthood. Importantly, in early postnatal ontogenesis acidosis also augments functional eNOS activity and its contribution to the regulation of arterial contractility. Therefore, the effect of acidosis on total peripheral resistance in neonates may be stronger than in adults and can be one of the reasons for an undesirable decrease in blood pressure during neonatal asphyxia. The latter, however, should be proven in future studies.
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Basehore SE, Bohlman S, Weber C, Swaminathan S, Zhang Y, Jang C, Arany Z, Clyne AM. Laminar Flow on Endothelial Cells Suppresses eNOS O-GlcNAcylation to Promote eNOS Activity. Circ Res 2021; 129:1054-1066. [PMID: 34605247 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Basehore
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA (S.E.B., S.S.).,Fischell Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park (S.B., C.W., A.M.C.)
| | - Samantha Bohlman
- Fischell Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park (S.B., C.W., A.M.C.)
| | - Callie Weber
- Fischell Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park (S.B., C.W., A.M.C.)
| | - Swathi Swaminathan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA (S.E.B., S.S.)
| | - Yuji Zhang
- Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (Y.Z.)
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Biological Chemistry, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine (C.J.)
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Z.A.)
| | - Alisa Morss Clyne
- Fischell Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park (S.B., C.W., A.M.C.)
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9
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Wei SY, Shih YT, Wu HY, Wang WL, Lee PL, Lee CI, Lin CY, Chen YJ, Chien S, Chiu JJ. Endothelial Yin Yang 1 Phosphorylation at S118 Induces Atherosclerosis Under Flow. Circ Res 2021; 129:1158-1174. [PMID: 34747636 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale: Disturbed flow occurring in arterial branches and curvatures induces vascular endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction and atherosclerosis. We postulated that disturbed flow plays important roles in modulating phosphoprotein expression profiles to regulate endothelial functions and atherogenesis. Objective: The goal of this study is to discover novel site-specific phosphorylation alterations induced by disturbed flow in ECs to contribute to atherosclerosis. Methods and Results: Quantitative phosphoproteomics analysis of ECs exposed to disturbed flow with low and oscillatory shear stress (OS, 0.5plusminus4 dynes/cm2) vs. pulsatile flow with high shear stress (PS, 124plusminus dynes/cm2) revealed that OS induces serine (S)118 phosphorylation of Yin Yang 1 (phospho-YY1S118) in ECs. Elevated phospho-YY1S118 level in ECs was further confirmed to be present in the disturbed flow regions in experimental animals and human atherosclerotic arteries. This disturbed flow-induced EC phospho-YY1S118 is mediated by casein kinase 2α (CK2α) through its direct interaction with YY1. Yeast two-hybrid library screening and in situ proximity ligation assays demonstrate that phospho-YY1S118 directly binds zinc finger with KRAB and SCAN domains 4 (ZKSCAN4) to induce promoter activity and gene expression of human double minute 2 (HDM2), which consequently induces EC proliferation through down-regulations of p53 and p21CIP1. Administration of apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice with CK2-specific inhibitor tetrabromocinnamic acid or atorvastatin inhibits atherosclerosis formation through down-regulations of EC phospho-YY1S118 and HDM2. Generation of novel transgenic mice bearing EC-specific overexpression of S118-non-phosphorylatable mutant of YY1 in ApoE-/- mice confirms the critical role of phospho-YY1S118 in promoting atherosclerosis through EC HDM2. Conclusions: Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which disturbed flow induces endothelial phospho-YY1S118 to promote atherosclerosis, thus indicating phospho-YY1S118 as a potential molecular target for atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yi Wei
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, TAIWAN
| | - Yu-Tsung Shih
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, TAIWAN
| | - Hsin-Yi Wu
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, TAIWAN
| | - Wei-Li Wang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, TAIWAN
| | - Pei Ling Lee
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, TAIWAN
| | - Chih-I Lee
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, TAIWAN
| | - Chia-Yu Lin
- National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, TAIWAN
| | | | - Shu Chien
- Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, UNITED STATES
| | - Jeng-Jiann Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, TAIWAN
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10
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Muzorewa TT, Buerk DG, Jaron D, Barbee KA. Coordinated regulation of endothelial calcium signaling and shear stress-induced nitric oxide production by PKCβ and PKCη. Cell Signal 2021; 87:110125. [PMID: 34474112 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein Kinase C (PKC) is a promiscuous serine/threonine kinase regulating vasodilatory responses in vascular endothelial cells. Calcium-dependent PKCbeta (PKCβ) and calcium-independent PKCeta (PKCη) have both been implicated in the regulation and dysfunction of endothelial responses to shear stress and agonists. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that PKCβ and PKCη differentially modulate shear stress-induced nitric oxide (NO) production by regulating the transduced calcium signals and the resultant eNOS activation. As such, this study sought to characterize the contribution of PKCη and PKCβ in regulating calcium signaling and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation after exposure of endothelial cells to ATP or shear stress. METHODS Bovine aortic endothelial cells were stimulated in vitro under pharmacological inhibition of PKCβ with LY333531 or PKCη targeting with a pseudosubstrate inhibitor. The participation of PKC isozymes in calcium flux, eNOS phosphorylation and NO production was assessed following stimulation with ATP or shear stress. RESULTS PKCη proved to be a robust regulator of agonist- and shear stress-induced eNOS activation, modulating calcium fluxes and tuning eNOS activity by multi-site phosphorylation. PKCβ showed modest influence in this pathway, promoting eNOS activation basally and in response to shear stress. Both PKC isozymes contributed to the constitutive and induced phosphorylation of eNOS. The observed PKC signaling architecture is intricate, recruiting Src to mediate a portion of PKCη's control on calcium entry and eNOS phosphorylation. Elucidation of the importance of PKCη in this pathway was tempered by evidence of a single stimulus producing concurrent phosphorylation at ser1179 and thr497 which are antagonistic to eNOS activity. CONCLUSIONS We have, for the first time, shown in a single species in vitro that shear stress- and ATP-stimulated NO production are differentially regulated by classical and novel PKCs. This study furthers our understanding of the PKC isozyme interplay that optimizes NO production. These considerations will inform the ongoing design of drugs for the treatment of PKC-sensitive cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenderano T Muzorewa
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Donald G Buerk
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dov Jaron
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth A Barbee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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11
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Kundumani-Sridharan V, Subramani J, Owens C, Das KC. Nrg1β Released in Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Myocardial Perfusion and Decreases Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via ErbB2-Mediated Rescue of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Abrogation of Trx2 Autophagy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2293-2314. [PMID: 34039018 PMCID: PMC8288485 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.315957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is an intervention process where the application of multiple cycles of short ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in a remote vascular bed provides protection against I/R injury. However, the identity of the specific RIPC factor and the mechanism by which RIPC alleviates I/R injury remains unclear. Here, we have investigated the identity and the mechanism by which the RIPC factor provides protection. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Using fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence, we found that RIPC induces Nrg1β expression in the endothelial cells, which is secreted into the serum. Whereas, RIPC protected against myocardial apoptosis and infarction, treatment with neutralizing-Nrg1 antibodies abolished the protective effect of RIPC. Further, increased superoxide anion generated in RIPC is required for Nrg1 expression. Improved myocardial perfusion and nitric oxide production were achieved by RIPC as determined by contrast echocardiography and electron spin resonance. However, treatment with neutralizing-Nrg1β antibody abrogated these effects, suggesting Nrg1β is a RIPC factor. ErbB2 (Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2) is not expressed in the adult murine cardiomyocytes, but expressed in the endothelial cells of heart which is degraded in I/R. RIPC-induced Nrg1β interacts with endothelial ErbB2 and thereby prevents its degradation. Mitochondrial Trx2 (thioredoxin) is degraded in I/R, but rescue of ErbB2 by Nrg1β prevents Trx-2 degradation that decreased myocardial apoptosis in I/R. CONCLUSIONS: Nrg1β is a RIPC factor that interacts with endothelial ErbB2 and prevents its degradation, which in turn prevents Trx2 degradation due to phosphorylation and inactivation of ATG5 (autophagy-related 5) by ErbB2. Nrg1β also restored loss of eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) function in I/R via its interaction with Src.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaganathan Subramani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock
| | - Cade Owens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock
| | - Kumuda C. Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock
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12
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Siragusa M, Oliveira Justo AF, Malacarne PF, Strano A, Buch A, Withers B, Peters KG, Fleming I. VE-PTP inhibition elicits eNOS phosphorylation to blunt endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in diabetes. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:1546-1556. [PMID: 32653904 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Receptor-type vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) dephosphorylates Tie-2 as well as CD31, VE-cadherin, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). The latter form a signal transduction complex that mediates the endothelial cell response to shear stress, including the activation of the endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS). As VE-PTP expression is increased in diabetes, we investigated the consequences of VE-PTP inhibition (using AKB-9778) on blood pressure in diabetic patients and the role of VE-PTP in the regulation of eNOS activity and vascular reactivity. METHODS AND RESULTS In diabetic patients AKB-9778 significantly lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure. This could be linked to elevated NO production, as AKB increased NO generation by cultured endothelial cells and elicited the NOS inhibitor-sensitive relaxation of endothelium-intact rings of mouse aorta. At the molecular level, VE-PTP inhibition increased the phosphorylation of eNOS on Tyr81 and Ser1177 (human sequence). The PIEZO1 activator Yoda1, which was used to mimic the response to shear stress, also increased eNOS Tyr81 phosphorylation, an effect that was enhanced by VE-PTP inhibition. Two kinases, i.e. abelson-tyrosine protein kinase (ABL)1 and Src were identified as eNOS Tyr81 kinases as their inhibition and down-regulation significantly reduced the basal and Yoda1-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and activity of eNOS. VE-PTP, on the other hand, formed a complex with eNOS in endothelial cells and directly dephosphorylated eNOS Tyr81 in vitro. Finally, phosphorylation of eNOS on Tyr80 (murine sequence) was found to be reduced in diabetic mice and diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction (isolated aortic rings) was blunted by VE-PTP inhibition. CONCLUSIONS VE-PTP inhibition enhances eNOS activity to improve endothelial function and decrease blood pressure indirectly, through the activation of Tie-2 and the CD31/VE-cadherin/VEGFR2 complex, and directly by dephosphorylating eNOS Tyr81. VE-PTP inhibition, therefore, represents an attractive novel therapeutic option for diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction and hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Aniline Compounds/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Hypertension/drug therapy
- Hypertension/enzymology
- Hypertension/genetics
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 3/genetics
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Sulfonic Acids/therapeutic use
- Treatment Outcome
- United States
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Siragusa
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alberto Fernando Oliveira Justo
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Anna Strano
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Akshay Buch
- Aerpio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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13
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Ottolini M, Sonkusare SK. The Calcium Signaling Mechanisms in Arterial Smooth Muscle and Endothelial Cells. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1831-1869. [PMID: 33792900 PMCID: PMC10388069 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The contractile state of resistance arteries and arterioles is a crucial determinant of blood pressure and blood flow. Physiological regulation of arterial contractility requires constant communication between endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Various Ca2+ signals and Ca2+ -sensitive targets ensure dynamic control of intercellular communications in the vascular wall. The functional effect of a Ca2+ signal on arterial contractility depends on the type of Ca2+ -sensitive target engaged by that signal. Recent studies using advanced imaging methods have identified the spatiotemporal signatures of individual Ca2+ signals that control arterial and arteriolar contractility. Broadly speaking, intracellular Ca2+ is increased by ion channels and transporters on the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticular membrane. Physiological roles for many vascular Ca2+ signals have already been confirmed, while further investigation is needed for other Ca2+ signals. This article focuses on endothelial and smooth muscle Ca2+ signaling mechanisms in resistance arteries and arterioles. We discuss the Ca2+ entry pathways at the plasma membrane, Ca2+ release signals from the intracellular stores, the functional and physiological relevance of Ca2+ signals, and their regulatory mechanisms. Finally, we describe the contribution of abnormal endothelial and smooth muscle Ca2+ signals to the pathogenesis of vascular disorders. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1831-1869, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ottolini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Swapnil K Sonkusare
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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14
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Justo AFO, Afonso PPL. The role of vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase on nitric oxide synthase function in diabetes: from molecular biology to the clinic. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:467-471. [PMID: 33683570 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and receptor-type vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) are one of the majors signaling pathways related to endothelial health in diabetes. Several reports have shown that the inhibition of VE-PTP can lead the nitric oxide production, although repeated studies showed that VE-PTP regulated the eNOS exclusive at Ser1177 in indirect-manner. A recent, exciting paper (Siragusa et al. in Cardiovasc Res, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa213 ), showing that VE-PTP regulates eNOS in a direct-manner, dephosphorylating eNOS at Tyr81 and indirect at Ser1177 and the effects of a VE-PTP inhibitor, AKB-9778, in the blood pressure from diabetic patients.
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15
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Dao VTV, Elbatreek MH, Fuchß T, Grädler U, Schmidt HHHW, Shah AM, Wallace A, Knowles R. Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors into the Clinic at Last. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 264:169-204. [PMID: 32797331 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 1998 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for the discovery of nitric oxide, a nitrogen containing reactive oxygen species (also termed reactive nitrogen or reactive nitrogen/oxygen species) stirred great hopes. Clinical applications, however, have so far pertained exclusively to the downstream signaling of cGMP enhancing drugs such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors and soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators. All clinical attempts, so far, to inhibit NOS have failed even though preclinical models were strikingly positive and clinical biomarkers correlated perfectly. This rather casts doubt on our current way of target identification in drug discovery in general and our way of patient stratification based on correlating but not causal biomarkers or symptoms. The opposite, NO donors, nitrite and enhancing NO synthesis by eNOS/NOS3 recoupling in situations of NO deficiency, are rapidly declining in clinical relevance or hold promise but need yet to enter formal therapeutic guidelines, respectively. Nevertheless, NOS inhibition in situations of NO overproduction often jointly with enhanced superoxide (or hydrogen peroxide production) still holds promise, but most likely only in acute conditions such as neurotrauma (Stover et al., J Neurotrauma 31(19):1599-1606, 2014) and stroke (Kleinschnitz et al., J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1508-1512, 2016; Casas et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(14):7129-7136, 2019). Conversely, in chronic conditions, long-term inhibition of NOS might be too risky because of off-target effects on eNOS/NOS3 in particular for patients with cardiovascular risks or metabolic and renal diseases. Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and their role in health (green) and disease (red). Only neuronal/type 1 NOS (NOS1) has a high degree of clinical validation and is in late stage development for traumatic brain injury, followed by a phase II safety/efficacy trial in ischemic stroke. The pathophysiology of NOS1 (Kleinschnitz et al., J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1508-1512, 2016) is likely to be related to parallel superoxide or hydrogen peroxide formation (Kleinschnitz et al., J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1508-1512, 2016; Casas et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(46):12315-12320, 2017; Casas et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(14):7129-7136, 2019) leading to peroxynitrite and protein nitration, etc. Endothelial/type 3 NOS (NOS3) is considered protective only and its inhibition should be avoided. The preclinical evidence for a role of high-output inducible/type 2 NOS (NOS2) isoform in sepsis, asthma, rheumatic arthritis, etc. was high, but all clinical development trials in these indications were neutral despite target engagement being validated. This casts doubt on the role of NOS2 in humans in health and disease (hence the neutral, black coloring).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thao-Vi Dao
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mahmoud H Elbatreek
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, MeHNS, FHML, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Thomas Fuchß
- Takeda GmbH (former Nycomed/Altana Pharma), Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Grädler
- Takeda GmbH (former Nycomed/Altana Pharma), Konstanz, Germany
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, MeHNS, FHML, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ajay M Shah
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - Alan Wallace
- Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Richard Knowles
- Knowles Consulting Ltd., The Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, UK.
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16
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Kumar G, Dey SK, Kundu S. Functional implications of vascular endothelium in regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthesis to control blood pressure and cardiac functions. Life Sci 2020; 259:118377. [PMID: 32898526 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium is the innermost vascular lining performing significant roles all over the human body while maintaining the blood pressure at physiological levels. Malfunction of endothelium is thus recognized as a biomarker linked with many vascular diseases including but not limited to atherosclerosis, hypertension and thrombosis. Alternatively, prevention of endothelial malfunctioning or regulating the functions of its associated physiological partners like endothelial nitric oxide synthase can prevent the associated vascular disorders which account for the highest death toll worldwide. While many anti-hypertensive drugs are available commercially, a comprehensive description of the key physiological roles of the endothelium and its regulation by endothelial nitric oxide synthase or vice versa is the need of the hour to understand its contribution in vascular homeostasis. This, in turn, will help in designing new therapeutics targeting endothelial nitric oxide synthase or its interacting partners present in the cellular pool. This review describes the central role of vascular endothelium in the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase while outlining the emerging drug targets present in the vasculature with potential to treat vascular disorders including hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Dey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Suman Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
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17
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The Role of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTP)-1B in Cardiovascular Disease and Its Interplay with Insulin Resistance. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9070286. [PMID: 31319588 PMCID: PMC6680919 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a key feature of cardiovascular disorders associated with obesity and diabetes. Several studies identified protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-1B, a member of the PTP superfamily, as a major negative regulator for insulin receptor signaling and a novel molecular player in endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Unlike other anti-diabetic approaches, genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of PTP1B was found to improve glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling without causing lipid buildup in the liver, which represents an advantage over existing therapies. Furthermore, PTP1B was reported to contribute to cardiovascular disturbances, at various molecular levels, which places this enzyme as a unique single therapeutic target for both diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. Synthesizing selective small molecule inhibitors for PTP1B is faced with multiple challenges linked to its similarity of sequence with other PTPs; however, overcoming these challenges would pave the way for novel approaches to treat diabetes and its concurrent cardiovascular complications. In this review article, we summarized the major roles of PTP1B in cardiovascular disease with special emphasis on endothelial dysfunction and its interplay with insulin resistance. Furthermore, we discussed some of the major challenges hindering the synthesis of selective inhibitors for PTP1B.
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18
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Tejero J, Shiva S, Gladwin MT. Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:311-379. [PMID: 30379623 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small free radical with critical signaling roles in physiology and pathophysiology. The generation of sufficient NO levels to regulate the resistance of the blood vessels and hence the maintenance of adequate blood flow is critical to the healthy performance of the vasculature. A novel paradigm indicates that classical NO synthesis by dedicated NO synthases is supplemented by nitrite reduction pathways under hypoxia. At the same time, reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, are produced in the vascular system for signaling purposes, as effectors of the immune response, or as byproducts of cellular metabolism. NO and ROS can be generated by distinct enzymes or by the same enzyme through alternate reduction and oxidation processes. The latter oxidoreductase systems include NO synthases, molybdopterin enzymes, and hemoglobins, which can form superoxide by reduction of molecular oxygen or NO by reduction of inorganic nitrite. Enzymatic uncoupling, changes in oxygen tension, and the concentration of coenzymes and reductants can modulate the NO/ROS production from these oxidoreductases and determine the redox balance in health and disease. The dysregulation of the mechanisms involved in the generation of NO and ROS is an important cause of cardiovascular disease and target for therapy. In this review we will present the biology of NO and ROS in the cardiovascular system, with special emphasis on their routes of formation and regulation, as well as the therapeutic challenges and opportunities for the management of NO and ROS in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Tejero
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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19
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Garcia V, Sessa WC. Endothelial NOS: perspective and recent developments. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:189-196. [PMID: 30341769 PMCID: PMC6295413 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial NOS (eNOS), and its product NO, are vital components of the control of vasomotor function and cardiovascular homeostasis. In the present review, we will take a deep dive into eNOS enzymology, function and mechanisms regulating endothelial NO. The mechanisms regulating eNOS and NO synthesis discussed here include alterations to transcriptional, post-translational modifications and protein-protein regulations. Also, we will discuss the phenotypes associated with various eNOS mutants and the consequences of a disrupted eNOS/NO cascade, highlighting the importance of eNOS function and vascular homeostasis. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Nitric Oxide 20 Years from the 1998 Nobel Prize. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Garcia
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Department of PharmacologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - William C Sessa
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Department of PharmacologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
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20
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Medina-Carmona E, Rizzuti B, Martín-Escolano R, Pacheco-García JL, Mesa-Torres N, Neira JL, Guzzi R, Pey AL. Phosphorylation compromises FAD binding and intracellular stability of wild-type and cancer-associated NQO1: Insights into flavo-proteome stability. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 125:1275-1288. [PMID: 30243998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over a quarter million of protein phosphorylation sites have been identified so far, although the effects of site-specific phosphorylation on protein function and stability, as well as their possible impact in the phenotypic manifestation in genetic diseases are vastly unknown. We investigated here the effects of phosphorylating S82 in human NADP(H):quinone oxidoreductase 1, a representative example of disease-associated flavoprotein in which protein stability is coupled to the intracellular flavin levels. Additionally, the cancer-associated P187S polymorphism causes inactivation and destabilization of the enzyme. By using extensive in vitro and in silico characterization of phosphomimetic S82D mutations, we showed that S82D locally affected the flavin binding site of the wild-type (WT) and P187S proteins thus altering flavin binding affinity, conformational stability and aggregation propensity. Consequently, the phosphomimetic S82D may destabilize the WT protein intracellularly by promoting the formation of the degradation-prone apo-protein. Noteworthy, WT and P187S proteins respond differently to the phosphomimetic mutation in terms of intracellular stability, further supporting differences in molecular recognition of these two variants by the proteasomal degradation pathway. We propose that phosphorylation could have critical consequences on stability and function of human flavoproteins, important for our understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships in their related genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Rizzuti
- CNR-NANOTEC, Licryl-UOS Cosenza and CEMIF.Cal, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Noel Mesa-Torres
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - José L Neira
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. del Ferrocarril s/n, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de los Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rita Guzzi
- CNR-NANOTEC, Licryl-UOS Cosenza and CEMIF.Cal, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Angel L Pey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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21
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Bibli SI, Zhou Z, Zukunft S, Fisslthaler B, Andreadou I, Szabo C, Brouckaert P, Fleming I, Papapetropoulos A. Tyrosine phosphorylation of eNOS regulates myocardial survival after an ischaemic insult: role of PYK2. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:926-937. [PMID: 28444132 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) is known to play a cardioprotective protective. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating eNOS activity during ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury are incompletely understood. eNOS is a substrate for several kinases that positively or negatively affect its enzymatic activity. Herein, we sought to correlate eNOS phosphorylation status with cardiomyocyte survival and we investigated the contribution of the proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2)/eNOS axis to the regulation of myocardial infarct size in vivo. Methods and results Exposure of H9c2 cardiomyocytes to H2O2 lead to PYK2 phosphorylation on its activator site (Y402) and eNOS phosphorylation on the inhibitor site Y656 and the activator site S1176. Both H2O2-induced eNOS phosphorylation events were abolished by PYK2 pharmacological inhibition or gene knockdown. Activity assays demonstrated that phosphorylation of the tyrosine inhibitory site exerts a dominant effect over S1176. In cardiomyocytes subjected to oxidative stress or oxygen-glucose deprivation, inhibition of PYK2 limited cell injury; this effect was prevented by inhibition of NO production. In vivo, ischaemia-reperfusion induced an early activation of PYK2, leading to eNOS phosphorylation on Y656, which, in turn, reduced NO output, as judged by the low tissue levels of its downstream effector cGMP. Moreover, pharmacological blockade of PYK2 alleviated eNOS inhibition and prevented cardiac damage following I/R injury in wild-type, but not in eNOS KO mice. Conclusion The current studies demonstrate that PYK2 is a pivotal regulator of eNOS function in myocardial infarction and identify PYK2 as a novel therapeutic target for cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia-Iris Bibli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou 15771, Greece.,"George P. Livanos and Marianthi Simou" Laboratories, First Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ipsilantou 45-47, Athens, 10675 Greece.,Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, D-60590, Germany
| | - Zongmin Zhou
- "George P. Livanos and Marianthi Simou" Laboratories, First Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ipsilantou 45-47, Athens, 10675 Greece
| | - Sven Zukunft
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, D-60590, Germany
| | - Beate Fisslthaler
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, D-60590, Germany
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 601 Harborside Drive, Galveston, 77555 TX, USA
| | - Peter Brouckaert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium.,Laboratory for Molecular Pathology and Experimental Therapy, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main, D-60590, Germany
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou 15771, Greece.,"George P. Livanos and Marianthi Simou" Laboratories, First Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ipsilantou 45-47, Athens, 10675 Greece.,Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou 4, Athens 11527, Greece
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Fredette NC, Meyer MR, Prossnitz ER. Role of GPER in estrogen-dependent nitric oxide formation and vasodilation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 176:65-72. [PMID: 28529128 PMCID: PMC5694388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens are potent regulators of vasomotor tone, yet underlying receptor- and ligand-specific signaling pathways remain poorly characterized. The primary physiological estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2), a non-selective agonist of classical nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) as well as the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), stimulates formation of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) in endothelial cells. Here, we studied the contribution of GPER signaling in E2-dependent activation of endothelial NO formation and subsequent vasodilation. Employing E2 and the GPER-selective agonist G-1, we investigated eNOS phosphorylation and NO formation in human endothelial cells, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the aortae of wild-type and Gper-deficient mice. Both E2 and G-1 induced phosphorylation of eNOS at the activation site Ser1177 to similar extents. Endothelial NO production to E2 was comparable to that of G-1, and was substantially reduced after pharmacological inhibition of GPER. Similarly, the clinically used ER-targeting drugs 4OH-tamoxifen, raloxifene, and ICI182,780 (faslodex, fulvestrant™) induced NO formation in part via GPER. We identified c-Src, EGFR, PI3K and ERK signaling pathways to be involved in GPER-dependent NO formation. In line with activation of NO formation in cells, E2 and G-1 induced equally potent vasodilation in the aorta of wild-type mice. Gper deletion completely abrogated the vasodilator response to G-1, while reducing the response to E2 by ∼50%. These findings indicate that a substantial portion of E2-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation and NO formation is mediated by GPER. Thus, selective targeting of vascular GPER may be a suitable approach to activate the endothelial NO pathway, possibly leading to reduced vasomotor tone and inhibition of atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Fredette
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Current address: Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matthias R Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Mistry RK, Brewer AC. Redox regulation of gasotransmission in the vascular system: A focus on angiogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:500-516. [PMID: 28433660 PMCID: PMC5698259 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species have emerged as key participants in a broad range of physiological and pathophysiological processes, not least within the vascular system. Diverse cellular functions which have been attributed to some of these pro-oxidants within the vasculature include the regulation of blood pressure, neovascularisation and vascular inflammation. We here highlight the emerging roles of the enzymatically-generated reaction oxygen species, O2- and H2O2, in the regulation of the functions of the gaseous signalling molecules: nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulphide (H2S). These gasotransmitters are produced on demand from distinct enzymatic sources and in recent years it has become apparent that they are capable of mediating a number of homeostatic processes within the cardiovascular system including enhanced vasodilation, angiogenesis, wound healing and improved cardiac function following myocardial infarction. In common with O2- and/or H2O2 they signal by altering the functions of target proteins, either by the covalent modification of thiol groups or by direct binding to metal centres within metalloproteins, most notably haem proteins. The regulation of the enzymes which generate NO, CO and H2S have been shown to be influenced at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels by redox-dependent mechanisms, while the activity and bioavailability of the gasotransmitters themselves are also subject to oxidative modification. Within vascular cells, the family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NAPDH oxidases/Noxs) have emerged as functionally significant sources of regulated O2- and H2O2 production and accordingly, direct associations between Nox-generated oxidants and the functions of specific gasotransmitters are beginning to be identified. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the redox-dependent mechanisms which regulate the generation and activity of these gases, with particular reference to their roles in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Mistry
- Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, King's College London BHF Centre of Excellence, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Alison C Brewer
- Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, King's College London BHF Centre of Excellence, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK.
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Desjarlais M, Dussault S, Dhahri W, Mathieu R, Rivard A. MicroRNA-150 Modulates Ischemia-Induced Neovascularization in Atherosclerotic Conditions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:900-908. [PMID: 28254813 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypercholesterolemia is an atherosclerotic condition that is associated with impaired neovascularization in response to ischemia. This study sought to define the role of microRNAs in that pathophysiology. APPROACH AND RESULTS Next-generation sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses identified miR-150 as a proangiogenic microRNA, which expression is significantly reduced in the ischemic muscles of hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice, and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Forced expression of miR-150 using a miR mimic could rescue oxidized low-density lipoprotein-mediated impairment of endothelial cell migration and tubule formation in vitro. In a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia, intramuscular injection of miR-150 mimic restored blood flow recuperation, vascular densities in ischemic muscles, and functional mobility in ApoE-/- mice. Treatment of ApoE-/- mice with miR-150 also increased the number and the activities of proangiogenic cells. miR-150 targets SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1, an important regulator of Src (proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src) activity. Here we found that hypercholesterolemia and oxidized low-density lipoprotein exposure are associated with increased SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1 expression and decreased Src activity. However, treatment with miR-150 mimic reduces SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1 expression and restores Src and downstream endothelial nitric oxide synthase and Akt (protein kinase B) activities both in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrate the interrelation between miR-150 and SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1 and their importance for endothelial cell angiogenic activities. CONCLUSIONS Hypercholesterolemia is associated with reduced expression of miR-150, impaired Src signaling, and inefficient neovascularization in response to ischemia. Forced expression of miR-150 using a miR mimic could constitute a novel therapeutic strategy to improve ischemia-induced neovascularization in atherosclerotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Desjarlais
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Dussault
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Wahiba Dhahri
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Raphael Mathieu
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alain Rivard
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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25
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Transcriptional and Posttranslational Regulation of eNOS in the Endothelium. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 77:29-64. [PMID: 27451094 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive free radical gas and these unique properties have been adapted for a surprising number of biological roles. In neurons, NO functions as a neurotransmitter; in immune cells, NO contributes to host defense; and in endothelial cells, NO is a major regulator of blood vessel homeostasis. In the vasculature, NO is synthesized on demand by a specific enzyme, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) that is uniquely expressed in the endothelial cells that form the interface between the circulating blood and the various tissues of the body. NO regulates endothelial and blood vessel function via two distinct pathways, the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and cGMP-dependent signaling and the S-nitrosylation of proteins with reactive thiols (S-nitrosylation). The chemical properties of NO also serve to reduce oxidation and regulate mitochondrial function. Reduced synthesis and/or compromised biological activity of NO precede the development of cardiovascular disease and this has generated a high level of interest in the mechanisms controlling the synthesis and fate of NO in the endothelium. The amount of NO produced results from the expression level of eNOS, which is regulated at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels as well as the acute posttranslational regulation of eNOS. The goal of this chapter is to highlight and integrate past and current knowledge of the mechanisms regulating eNOS expression in the endothelium and the posttranslational mechanisms regulating eNOS activity in both health and disease.
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26
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Siragusa M, Fleming I. The eNOS signalosome and its link to endothelial dysfunction. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1125-1137. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Kennard S, Ruan L, Buffett RJ, Fulton D, Venema RC. TNFα reduces eNOS activity in endothelial cells through serine 116 phosphorylation and Pin1 binding: Confirmation of a direct, inhibitory interaction of Pin1 with eNOS. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 81:61-8. [PMID: 27073025 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Production of NO by the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) has a major role in blood pressure control and suppression of atherosclerosis. In a previous study, we presented evidence implicating the Pin1 prolyl isomerase in negative modulation of eNOS activity in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). Pin1 recognizes phosphoserine/phosphothreonine-proline motifs in target proteins and catalyzes prolyl isomerization at the peptide bond. In the present study, we show, first, with purified proteins, that Pin1 binds to eNOS directly via the Pin1 WW domain. Binding is enhanced by mimicking phosphorylation of eNOS at S116. Interaction of Pin1 with eNOS markedly reduces eNOS enzymatic activity. Second, in BAECs, we show that TNFα induces ERK 1/2-mediated S116 phosphorylation of eNOS, accompanied by Pin1 binding. TNFα treatment of BAECs results in a reduction in NO release from the cells in a manner that depends on the activities of both Pin1 and ERK 1/2. Evidence is also presented that this mechanism of eNOS regulation cannot occur in rat and mouse cells because there is no proline residue in the mouse and rat amino acid sequences adjacent to the putative phosphorylation site. Moreover, we find that phosphorylation of this site is not detectable in mouse eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kennard
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Ling Ruan
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Ryan J Buffett
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - David Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Richard C Venema
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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28
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Shu X, Keller TCS, Begandt D, Butcher JT, Biwer L, Keller AS, Columbus L, Isakson BE. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the microcirculation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4561-75. [PMID: 26390975 PMCID: PMC4628887 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS, NOS3) is responsible for producing nitric oxide (NO)--a key molecule that can directly (or indirectly) act as a vasodilator and anti-inflammatory mediator. In this review, we examine the structural effects of regulation of the eNOS enzyme, including post-translational modifications and subcellular localization. After production, NO diffuses to surrounding cells with a variety of effects. We focus on the physiological role of NO and NO-derived molecules, including microvascular effects on vessel tone and immune response. Regulation of eNOS and NO action is complicated; we address endogenous and exogenous mechanisms of NO regulation with a discussion of pharmacological agents used in clinical and laboratory settings and a proposed role for eNOS in circulating red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Shu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - T C Stevenson Keller
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Daniela Begandt
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Joshua T Butcher
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Lauren Biwer
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Alexander S Keller
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Linda Columbus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA.
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29
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Farrokh S, Brillen AL, Haendeler J, Altschmied J, Schaal H. Critical regulators of endothelial cell functions: for a change being alternative. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1212-29. [PMID: 25203279 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The endothelium regulates vessel dilation and constriction, balances hemostasis, and inhibits thrombosis. In addition, pro- and anti-angiogenic molecules orchestrate proliferation, survival, and migration of endothelial cells. Regulation of all these processes requires fine-tuning of signaling pathways, which can easily be tricked into running the opposite direction when exogenous or endogenous signals get out of hand. Surprisingly, some critical regulators of physiological endothelial functions can turn malicious by mere alternative splicing, leading to the expression of protein isoforms with opposite functions. RECENT ADVANCES While reviewing the evidence of alternative splicing on cellular physiology, it became evident that expression of splice factors and their activities are regulated by externally triggered signaling cascades. Furthermore, genome-wide identification of RNA-binding sites of splicing regulatory proteins now offer a glimpse into the splicing code responsible for alternative splicing of molecules regulating endothelial functions. CRITICAL ISSUES Due to the constantly growing number of transcript and protein isoforms, it will become more and more important to identify and characterize all transcripts and proteins regulating endothelial cell functions. One critical issue will be a non-ambiguous nomenclature to keep consistency throughout different laboratories. FUTURE DIRECTIONS RNA-deep sequencing focusing on exon-exon junction needs to more reliably identify alternative splicing events combined with functional analyses that will uncover more splice variants contributing to or inhibiting proper endothelial functions. In addition, understanding the signals mediating alternative splicing and its regulation might allow us to derive new strategies to preserve endothelial function by suppressing or upregulating specific protein isoforms. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 22, 1212-1229.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Farrokh
- 1 Heisenberg-Group-Environmentally-Induced Cardiovascular Degeneration, IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine , Düsseldorf, Germany
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30
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Heiss EH, Dirsch VM. Regulation of eNOS enzyme activity by posttranslational modification. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:3503-13. [PMID: 24180389 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113196660745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) employs multiple different cellular control mechanisms impinging on level and activity of the enzyme. This review aims at summarizing the current knowledge on the posttranslational modifications of eNOS, including acylation, nitrosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation and glutathionylation. Sites, mediators and impact on enzyme localization and activity of the single modifications will be discussed. Moreover, interdependence, cooperativity and competition between the different posttranslational modifications will be elaborated with special emphasis on the susceptibility of eNOS to metabolic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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31
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32
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Chen F, Kumar S, Yu Y, Aggarwal S, Gross C, Wang Y, Chakraborty T, Verin AD, Catravas JD, Lucas R, Black SM, Fulton DJR. PKC-dependent phosphorylation of eNOS at T495 regulates eNOS coupling and endothelial barrier function in response to G+ -toxins. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99823. [PMID: 25020117 PMCID: PMC4096401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram positive (G+) infections make up ∼50% of all acute lung injury cases which are characterized by extensive permeability edema secondary to disruption of endothelial cell (EC) barrier integrity. A primary cause of increased permeability are cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) of G+-bacteria, such as pneumolysin (PLY) and listeriolysin-O (LLO) which create plasma membrane pores, promoting Ca2+-influx and activation of PKCα. In human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC), pretreatment with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, ETU reduced the ability of LLO to increase microvascular cell permeability suggesting an endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-dependent mechanism. LLO stimulated superoxide production from HLMVEC and this was prevented by silencing PKCα or NOS inhibition suggesting a link between these pathways. Both LLO and PLY stimulated eNOS T495 phosphorylation in a PKC-dependent manner. Expression of a phosphomimetic T495D eNOS (human isoform) resulted in increased superoxide and diminished nitric oxide (NO) production. Transduction of HLMVEC with an active form of PKCα resulted in the robust phosphorylation of T495 and increased peroxynitrite production, indicative of eNOS uncoupling. To determine the mechanisms underlying eNOS uncoupling, HLMVEC were stimulated with LLO and the amount of hsp90 and caveolin-1 bound to eNOS determined. LLO stimulated the dissociation of hsp90, and in particular, caveolin-1 from eNOS. Both hsp90 and caveolin-1 have been shown to influence eNOS uncoupling and a peptide mimicking the scaffolding domain of caveolin-1 blocked the ability of PKCα to stimulate eNOS-derived superoxide. Collectively, these results suggest that the G+ pore-forming toxins promote increased EC permeability via activation of PKCα, phosphorylation of eNOS-T495, loss of hsp90 and caveolin-1 binding which collectively promote eNOS uncoupling and the production of barrier disruptive superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Vascular Biology Center Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sanjiv Kumar
- Vascular Biology Center Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yanfang Yu
- Vascular Biology Center Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Vascular Biology Center Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christine Gross
- Vascular Biology Center Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yusi Wang
- Vascular Biology Center Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander D. Verin
- Vascular Biology Center Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John D. Catravas
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Rudolf Lucas
- Vascular Biology Center Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Black
- Vascular Biology Center Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David J. R. Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hyndman KA, Ho DH, Sega MF, Pollock JS. Histone deacetylase 1 reduces NO production in endothelial cells via lysine deacetylation of NO synthase 3. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H803-9. [PMID: 25015965 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00243.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The lysine acetylation state of nonhistone proteins may be regulated through histone deacetylases (HDACs). Evidence suggests that nitric oxide (NO) synthase 3 (NOS3; endothelial NOS) is posttranslationally lysine acetylated, leading to increased NO production in the endothelium. We tested the hypothesis that NOS3 is lysine acetylated and that upregulated HDAC1-mediated deacetylation leads to reduced NO production in endothelial cells. We determined that NOS3 is basally lysine acetylated in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). In BAECs, HDAC1 is expressed in the nucleus and cytosol and forms a novel protein-protein interaction with NOS3. Overexpression of HDAC1 in BAECs resulted in a significant reduction in NOS3 lysine acetylation (control = 1.0 ± 0.1 and HDAC1 = 0.59 ± 0.08 arbitrary units, P < 0.01) and significantly blunted basal nitrite production (control 287.7 ± 29.1 and HDAC1 172.4 ± 31.7 pmol·mg(-1)·h(-1), P < 0.05) as well as attenuating endothelin-1-stimulated nitrite production (control = 481.8 ± 50.3 and HDAC1 243.1 ± 48.2 pmol·mg(-1)·h(-1), P < 0.05). While HDAC1 knockdown with small-interfering RNA resulted in no change in NOS3 acetylation level, yet increased basal nitrite production (730.6 ± 99.1 pmol·mg(-1)·h(-1)) and further exaggerated increases in endothelin-1 stimulated nitrite production (1276.9 ± 288.2 pmol·mg(-1)·h(-1)) was observed. Moreover, overexpression or knockdown of HDAC1 resulted in no significant effect on NOS3 protein expression or NOS3 phosphorylation sites T497, S635, or S1179. Thus these data indicate that upregulated HDAC1 decreases NOS3 activity, most likely through direct lysine deacetylation of NOS3. We propose that HDAC1-mediated deacetylation of NOS3 may represent a novel target for endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Hyndman
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Dao H Ho
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Martiana F Sega
- Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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Liu S, Premont RT, Rockey DC. Endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) is activated through G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) tyrosine phosphorylation and Src protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18163-74. [PMID: 24764294 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.521203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a critical regulator of vascular tone and plays an especially prominent role in liver by controlling portal blood flow and pressure within liver sinusoids. Synthesis of NO in sinusoidal endothelial cells by endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) is regulated in response to activation of endothelial cells by vasoactive signals such as endothelins. The endothelin B (ETB) receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor, but the mechanisms by which it regulates eNOS activity in sinusoidal endothelial cells are not well understood. In this study, we built on two previous strands of work, the first showing that G-protein βγ subunits mediated activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt to regulate eNOS and the second showing that eNOS directly bound to the G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) scaffold protein, and this association stimulated NO production. Here we investigated the mechanisms by which the GIT1-eNOS complex is formed and regulated. GIT1 was phosphorylated on tyrosine by Src, and Y293F and Y554F mutations reduced GIT1 phosphorylation as well as the ability of GIT1 to bind to and activate eNOS. Akt phosphorylation activated eNOS (at Ser(1177)), and Akt also regulated the ability of Src to phosphorylate GIT1 as well as GIT1-eNOS association. These pathways were activated by endothelin-1 through the ETB receptor; inhibiting receptor-activated G-protein βγ subunits blocked activation of Akt, GIT1 tyrosine phosphorylation, and ET-1-stimulated GIT1-eNOS association but did not affect Src activation. These data suggest a model in which Src and Akt cooperate to regulate association of eNOS with the GIT1 scaffold to facilitate NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songling Liu
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Richard T Premont
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Don C Rockey
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
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Tobin GAM, Zhang J, Goodwin D, Stewart S, Xu L, Knapton A, González C, Bancos S, Zhang L, Lawton MP, Enerson BE, Weaver JL. The role of eNOS phosphorylation in causing drug-induced vascular injury. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:709-24. [PMID: 24705881 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314522885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Previously we found that regulation of eNOS is an important part of the pathogenic process of Drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) for PDE4i. The aims of the current study were to examine the phosphorylation of eNOS in mesentery versus aorta at known regulatory sites across DIVI-inducing drug classes and to compare changes across species. We found that phosphorylation at S615 in rats was elevated 35-fold 2 hr after the last dose of CI-1044 in mesentery versus 3-fold in aorta. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that many of the upstream regulators of eNOS activation were associated with eNOS in 1 or more signalosome complexes. Next rats were treated with drugs from 4 other classes known to cause DIVI. Each drug was given alone and in combination with SIN-1 (NO donor) or L-NAME (eNOS inhibitor), and the level of eNOS phosphorylation in mesentery and aorta tissue was correlated with the extent of vascular injury and measured serum nitrite. Drugs or combinations produced altered serum nitrite levels as well as vascular injury score in the mesentery. The results suggested that phosphorylation of S615 may be associated with DIVI activity. Studies with the species-specific A2A adenosine agonist CI-947 in rats versus primates showed a similar pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grainne A McMahon Tobin
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - David Goodwin
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharron Stewart
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan Knapton
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlos González
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Simona Bancos
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Leshuai Zhang
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Michael P Lawton
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bradley E Enerson
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - James L Weaver
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, CDER, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Billaud M, Lohman AW, Johnstone SR, Biwer LA, Mutchler S, Isakson BE. Regulation of cellular communication by signaling microdomains in the blood vessel wall. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:513-69. [PMID: 24671377 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that the accumulation of proteins in specific regions of the plasma membrane can facilitate cellular communication. These regions, termed signaling microdomains, are found throughout the blood vessel wall where cellular communication, both within and between cell types, must be tightly regulated to maintain proper vascular function. We will define a cellular signaling microdomain and apply this definition to the plethora of means by which cellular communication has been hypothesized to occur in the blood vessel wall. To that end, we make a case for three broad areas of cellular communication where signaling microdomains could play an important role: 1) paracrine release of free radicals and gaseous molecules such as nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species; 2) role of ion channels including gap junctions and potassium channels, especially those associated with the endothelium-derived hyperpolarization mediated signaling, and lastly, 3) mechanism of exocytosis that has considerable oversight by signaling microdomains, especially those associated with the release of von Willebrand factor. When summed, we believe that it is clear that the organization and regulation of signaling microdomains is an essential component to vessel wall function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Billaud
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA 22902.
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Hermida N, Balligand JL. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol-induced endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress: the role of statins. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1216-37. [PMID: 23924077 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent a major public health burden. High low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol is a recognized pathogenic factor for atherosclerosis, and its complications and statins represent the most potent and widely used therapeutic approach to prevent and control these disorders. RECENT ADVANCES A number of clinical and experimental studies concur to identify endothelial dysfunction as a primary step in the development of atherosclerosis, as well as a risk factor for subsequent clinical events. Oxidant stress resulting from chronic elevation of plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-chol) is a major contributor to both endothelial dysfunction and its complications, for example, through alterations of endothelial nitric oxide signaling. CRITICAL ISSUES Statin treatment reduces morbidity and mortality of CVD, but increasing evidence questions that this is exclusively through reduction of plasma LDL-chol. The identification of ancillary effects on (cardio)vascular biology, for example, through their modulation of oxidative stress, will not only increase our understanding of their mechanisms of action, with a potential broadening of their indication(s), but also lead to the identification of new molecular targets for future therapeutic developments in CVD. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further characterization of molecular pathways targeted by statins, for example, not directly mediated by changes in plasma lipid concentrations, should enable a more comprehensive approach to the pathogenesis of (cardio)vascular disease, including, for example, epigenetic regulation and fine tuning of cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Hermida
- 1 Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
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Qian J, Fulton D. Post-translational regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelium. Front Physiol 2013; 4:347. [PMID: 24379783 PMCID: PMC3861784 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived gaseous signaling molecule. In blood vessels, it is synthesized in a dynamic fashion by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and influences vascular function via two distinct mechanisms, the activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent signaling and the S-nitrosylation of proteins with reactive thiols (S-nitrosylation). The regulation of eNOS activity and NO bioavailability is critical to maintain blood vessel function. The activity of eNOS and ability to generate NO is regulated at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels. Post-translational modifications acutely impact eNOS activity and dysregulation of these mechanisms compromise eNOS activity and foster the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review will intergrate past and current literature on the post-translational modifications of eNOS in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qian
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Stanford University/VA Palo Alto Health Care System Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - David Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University Augusta, GA, USA
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Muniyappa R, Yavuz S. Metabolic actions of angiotensin II and insulin: a microvascular endothelial balancing act. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 378:59-69. [PMID: 22684034 PMCID: PMC3478427 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic actions of insulin to promote glucose disposal are augmented by nitric oxide (NO)-dependent increases in microvascular blood flow to skeletal muscle. The balance between NO-dependent vasodilator actions and endothelin-1-dependent vasoconstrictor actions of insulin is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent (PI3K)--and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent signaling in vascular endothelium, respectively. Angiotensin II acting on AT₂ receptor increases capillary blood flow to increase insulin-mediated glucose disposal. In contrast, AT₁ receptor activation leads to reduced NO bioavailability, impaired insulin signaling, vasoconstriction, and insulin resistance. Insulin-resistant states are characterized by dysregulated local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Under insulin-resistant conditions, pathway-specific impairment in PI3K-dependent signaling may cause imbalance between production of NO and secretion of endothelin-1, leading to decreased blood flow, which worsens insulin resistance. Similarly, excess AT₁ receptor activity in the microvasculature may selectively impair vasodilation while simultaneously potentiating the vasoconstrictor actions of insulin. Therapeutic interventions that target pathway-selective impairment in insulin signaling and the imbalance in AT₁ and AT₂ receptor signaling in microvascular endothelium may simultaneously ameliorate endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance. In the present review, we discuss molecular mechanisms in the endothelium underlying microvascular and metabolic actions of insulin and Angiotensin II, the mechanistic basis for microvascular endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance in RAAS dysregulated clinical states, and the rationale for therapeutic strategies that restore the balance in vasodilator and constrictor actions of insulin and Angiotensin II in the microvasculature.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Flow Velocity
- Capillaries/metabolism
- Capillaries/pathology
- Capillaries/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Humans
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Renin-Angiotensin System
- Vasoconstriction
- Vasodilation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganath Muniyappa
- Clinical Endocrine Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Ruan L, Torres CM, Buffett RJ, Kennard S, Fulton D, Venema RC. Calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of eNOS at serine 116 affects eNOS enzymatic activity indirectly by facilitating c-Src binding and tyrosine 83 phosphorylation. Vascul Pharmacol 2013; 59:27-35. [PMID: 23727078 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown previously that phosphorylation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) at serine 116 (S116) under basal conditions suppresses eNOS enzymatic activity in endothelial cells. It has also been shown that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment of endothelial cells produces a rapid S116 dephosphorylation, which is blocked by the calcineurin inhibitor, cyclosporin A (CsA). In this study, we show that activation of eNOS in response to a variety of other eNOS-activating agonists and the cytosolic calcium-elevating agent, thapsigargin also involves CsA-inhibitable S116 dephosphorylation. Studies with the purified eNOS enzyme also demonstrate that neither mimicking phosphorylation at S116 nor phosphorylation of the purified enzyme at S116 in vitro has any effect on enzymatic activity. Phospho-mimicking, however, does interfere with the interaction of eNOS with c-Src, an interaction which is known to activate eNOS by phosphorylation at tyrosine 83 (Y83). Agonist-stimulated eNOS-Src complex formation, as well as agonist-stimulated Y83 phosphorylation, are blocked by calcineurin inhibition by CsA and by a cell-permeable calcineurin inhibitory peptide. Taken together, these data suggest a mechanism of eNOS regulation whereby calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of eNOS at S116 affects eNOS enzymatic activity indirectly, rather than directly, by facilitating c-Src binding and Y83 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ruan
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Barabutis N, Handa V, Dimitropoulou C, Rafikov R, Snead C, Kumar S, Joshi A, Thangjam G, Fulton D, Black SM, Patel V, Catravas JD. LPS induces pp60c-src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of Hsp90 in lung vascular endothelial cells and mouse lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 304:L883-93. [PMID: 23585225 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00419.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors were initially developed as anticancer agents; however, it is becoming increasing clear that they also possess potent anti-inflammatory properties. Posttranslational modifications of Hsp90 have been reported in tumors and have been hypothesized to affect client protein- and inhibitor-binding activities. In the present study we investigated the posttranslational modification of Hsp90 in inflammation. LPS, a prototypical inflammatory agent, induced concentration- and time-dependent tyrosine (Y) phosphorylation of Hsp90α and Hsp90β in bovine pulmonary arterial and human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC). Mass spectrometry identified Y309 as a major site of Y phosphorylation on Hsp90α (Y300 of Hsp90β). LPS-induced Hsp90 phosphorylation was prevented by the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-allyl-amino-demethoxy-geldanamycin (17-AAG) in vitro as well as in lungs from LPS-treated mice, in vivo. Furthermore, 17-AAG prevented LPS-induced pp60src activation. LPS-induced Hsp90 phosphorylation was also prevented by the pp60src inhibitor PP2. Additionally, Hsp90 phosphorylation was induced by infecting cells with a constitutively active pp60src adenovirus, whereas either a dominant-negative pp60src adenovirus or reduced expression of pp60src by a specific siRNA prevented the LPS-induced Y phosphorylation of Hsp90. Transfection of HLMVEC with the nonphosphorylatable Hsp90β Y300F mutant prevented LPS-induced Hsp90β tyrosine phosphorylation but not pp60src activation. Furthermore, the Hsp90β Y300F mutant showed a reduced ability to bind the Hsp90 client proteins eNOS and pp60src and HLMVEC transfected with the mutant exhibited reduced LPS-induced barrier dysfunction. We conclude that inflammatory stimuli cause posttranslational modifications of Hsp90 that are Hsp90-inhibitor sensitive and may be important to the proinflammatory actions of Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nektarios Barabutis
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Critical role of endothelial hydrogen peroxide in post-ischemic neovascularization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57618. [PMID: 23472092 PMCID: PMC3589391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in angiogenesis in endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro and neovascularization in vivo. However, little is known about the role of endogenous vascular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in postnatal neovascularization. Methodology/Principal Findings We used Tie2-driven endothelial specific catalase transgenic mice (Cat-Tg mice) and hindlimb ischemia model to address the role of endogenous H2O2 in ECs in post-ischemic neovascularization in vivo. Here we show that Cat-Tg mice exhibit significant reduction in intracellular H2O2 in ECs, blood flow recovery, capillary formation, collateral remodeling with larger extent of tissue damage after hindlimb ischemia, as compared to wild-type (WT) littermates. In the early stage of ischemia-induced angiogenesis, Cat-Tg mice show a morphologically disorganized microvasculature. Vascular sprouting and tube elongation are significantly impaired in isolated aorta from Cat-Tg mice. Furthermore, Cat-Tg mice show a decrease in myeloid cell recruitment after hindlimb ischemia. Mechanistically, Cat-Tg mice show significant decrease in eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177 as well as expression of redox-sensitive vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in ischemic muscles, which is required for inflammatory cell recruitment to the ischemic tissues. We also observed impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in resistant vessels from Cat-Tg mice. Conclusions/Significance Endogenous ECs-derived H2O2 plays a critical role in reparative neovascularization in response to ischemia by upregulating adhesion molecules and activating eNOS in ECs. Redox-regulation in ECs is a potential therapeutic strategy for angiogenesis-dependent cardiovascular diseases.
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Su J, Laursen BE, Eskildsen-Helmond Y, Horsman MR, Simonsen U. The vascular-disrupting agent, combretastatin-A4-phosphate, enhances neurogenic vasoconstriction in rat small arteries. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 695:104-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yao X, Li G, Lü C, Xu H, Yin Z. Arctigenin promotes degradation of inducible nitric oxide synthase through CHIP-associated proteasome pathway and suppresses its enzyme activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:138-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Rafikov R, Fonseca FV, Kumar S, Pardo D, Darragh C, Elms S, Fulton D, Black SM. eNOS activation and NO function: structural motifs responsible for the posttranslational control of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity. J Endocrinol 2011; 210:271-84. [PMID: 21642378 PMCID: PMC3326601 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rather than being a constitutive enzyme as was first suggested, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is dynamically regulated at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels. This review will focus on how changes in eNOS function are conferred by various posttranslational modifications. The latest knowledge regarding eNOS targeting to the plasma membrane will be discussed as the role of protein phosphorylation as a modulator of catalytic activity. Furthermore, new data are presented that provide novel insights into how disruption of the eNOS dimer prevents eNOS uncoupling and the production of superoxide under conditions of elevated oxidative stress and identifies a novel regulatory region we have termed the 'flexible arm'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Rafikov
- Pulmonary Vascular Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center: CB-3211B, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1459 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Ruan L, Torres CM, Qian J, Chen F, Mintz JD, Stepp DW, Fulton D, Venema RC. Pin1 prolyl isomerase regulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 31:392-8. [PMID: 21051667 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.213181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Pin1 prolyl isomerase acts in concert with proline-directed protein kinases to regulate function of protein substrates through isomerization of peptide bonds that link phosphoserine or phosphothreonine to proline. We sought to determine whether Pin1 interacts with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in endothelial cells in a manner that depends on proline-directed phosphorylation of the eNOS enzyme and whether this interaction influences basal or agonist-stimulated eNOS activity. METHODS AND RESULTS Inhibitors of the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 MAP kinases inhibit proline-directed phosphorylation of eNOS at serine 116 (Ser116) in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). Moreover, eNOS and Pin1 can be coimmunoprecipitated from BAECs only when Ser116 is phosphorylated. In addition, phosphomimetic Ser116Asp eNOS, but not wild-type eNOS, can be coimmunoprecipitated with Pin1 coexpressed in COS-7 cells. Inhibition of Pin1 in BAECs by juglone or by dominant negative Pin1 increases basal and agonist-stimulated NO release from the cells, whereas overexpression of wild-type Pin1 in BAECs suppresses basal and agonist-stimulated NO production. Overexpression of wild-type Pin1 in intact aortae also reduces agonist-induced relaxation of aortic rings. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a novel form of eNOS regulation in endothelial cells and blood vessels through Ser116 phosphorylation-dependent interaction of eNOS with Pin1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ruan
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-2500, USA
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Durán WN, Breslin JW, Sánchez FA. The NO cascade, eNOS location, and microvascular permeability. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 87:254-61. [PMID: 20462865 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The nitric oxide (NO) cascade and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) are best known for their role in endothelium-mediated relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. Activation of eNOS by certain inflammatory stimuli and enhanced NO release have also been shown to promote increased microvascular permeability. However, it is not entirely clear why activation of eNOS by certain vasodilatory agents, like acetylcholine, does not affect microvascular permeability, whereas activation of eNOS by other inflammatory agents that increase permeability, like platelet-activating factor, does not cause vasodilation. In this review, we discuss the evidence demonstrating the role of eNOS in the elevation of microvascular permeability. We also examine the relative importance of eNOS phosphorylation and localization in its function to promote elevated microvascular permeability as well as emerging topics with regard to eNOS and microvascular permeability regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter N Durán
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA.
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Fleming I. Molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of eNOS. Pflugers Arch 2010; 459:793-806. [PMID: 20012875 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-009-0767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells situated at the interface between blood and the vessel wall play a crucial role in controlling vascular tone and homeostasis, particularly in determining the expression of pro- and anti-atherosclerotic genes. Many of these effects are mediated by changes in the generation and release of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) in response to hemodynamic stimuli exerted on the luminal surface of endothelial cells by the streaming blood (shear stress) and the cyclic strain of the vascular wall. The endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is activated in response to fluid shear stress and numerous agonists via cellular events such as; increased intracellular Ca(2+), interaction with substrate and co-factors, as well as adaptor and regulatory proteins, protein phosphorylation, and through shuttling between distinct sub-cellular domains. Dysregulation of these processes leads to attenuated eNOS activity and reduced NO output which is a characteristic feature of numerous patho-physiological disorders such as diabetes and atherosclerosis. This review summarizes some of the recent findings relating to the molecular events regulating eNOS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Shear stress promotes nitric oxide production in endothelial cells by sub-cellular delocalization of eNOS: A basis for shear stress mediated angiogenesis. Nitric Oxide 2010; 22:304-15. [PMID: 20188204 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the role of shear stress in cellular remodeling and angiogenesis with relation to nitric oxide (NO). We observed a 2-fold increase in endothelial cell (EC) migration in relation to actin re-arrangements under 15 dyne/cm(2) shear stress. Blocking NO production inhibited the migration and ring formation of ECs by 6-fold and 5-fold, respectively under shear stress. eNOS-siRNA knockdown technique also ascertained a 3-fold reduction in shear stress mediated ring formation. In ovo artery ligation model with a half and complete flow block for 30 min showed a reduction of angiogenesis by 50% and 70%, respectively. External stimulation with NO donor showed a 2-fold recovery in angiogenesis under both half and complete flow block conditions. NO intensity clustering studies by using Diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2DA) probed endothelial monolayer depicted pattern-changes in NO distribution and cluster formation of ECs under shear stress. Immunofluorescence and live cell studies revealed an altered sub-cellular localization pattern of eNOS and phospho-eNOS under shear stress. In conclusion, shear-induced angiogenesis is mediated by nitric oxide dependent EC migration.
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