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Chemistry and Function of Glycosaminoglycans in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:117-162. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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2
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The Interaction between Chondroitin Sulfate and Dermatan Sulfate Tetrasaccharides and Pleiotrophin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063026. [PMID: 35328448 PMCID: PMC8955691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a neurotrophic factor that participates in the development of the embryonic central nervous system (CNS) and neural stem cell regulation by means of an interaction with sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the natural ligand in the CNS. We have previously studied the complexes between the tetrasaccharides used here and MK (Midkine) by ligand-observed NMR techniques. The present work describes the interactions between a tetrasaccharide library of synthetic models of CS-types and mimetics thereof with PTN using the same NMR transient techniques. We have concluded that: (1) global ligand structures do not change upon binding, (2) the introduction of lipophilic substituents in the structure of the ligand improves the strength of binding, (3) binding is weaker than for MK, (4) STD-NMR results are compatible with multiple binding modes, and (5) the replacement of GlcA for IdoA is not relevant for binding. Then we can conclude that the binding of CS derivatives to PTN and MK are similar and compatible with multiple binding modes of the same basic conformation.
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3
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Ryan EO, Jiang Z, Nguyen H, Wang X. Interactions of Pleiotrophin with a Structurally Defined Heparin Hexasaccharide. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010050. [PMID: 35053198 PMCID: PMC8773689 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a potent cytokine that plays an important role in neural generation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and cancers. Its interactions with the polysaccharide glycosaminoglycan (GAG) are crucial to PTN’s biological activities. In this study, we investigated the interaction of selectively protonated PTN with the heparin hexasaccharide ΔUA2S-(GlcNS6S-IdoA2S)2-GlcNS6S using solution NMR. The use of a structurally defined oligosaccharide and selectively protonated PTN enabled us to obtain intermolecular contacts using unfiltered NOESY experiments, significantly increasing the amount of high-resolution structural information obtainable. Our data showed that PTN’s arginines, lysines, and tryptophans in the two structured domains have strong interactions with the 2-O-sulfated uronate protons in the heparin hexasaccharide. Consistent with the NMR data is the observation that 2-O-desulfation and N-desulfation/N-acetylation significantly decreased heparin hexasaccharides’ affinity for PTN, while 6-O-desulfation only modestly affected the interactions with PTN. These results allowed us to hypothesize that PTN has a preference for sulfate clusters centered on the GlcNS6S-IdoA2S disaccharide. Using these data and the fact that PTN domains mostly bind heparin hexasaccharides independently, models of the PTN-heparin complex were constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xu Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-480-7278256
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4
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Nishitsuji K, Ikezaki M, Manabe S, Uchimura K, Ito Y, Ihara Y. Thrombospondin type 1 repeat-derived C-mannosylated peptide attenuates synaptogenesis of cortical neurons induced by primary astrocytes via TGF-β. Glycoconj J 2021; 39:701-710. [PMID: 34791612 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-10030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
C-Mannosylation is a rare type of protein glycosylation and is reportedly critical for the proper folding and secretion of parental proteins. Still, the effects of C-mannosylation on the biological functions of these modified proteins remain to be elucidated. The Trp-x-x-Trp (WxxW) sequences, whose first tryptophan (Trp) can be C-mannosylated, constitute the consensus motifs for this glycosylation modification and are commonly found in thrombospondin type 1 repeats that regulate molecular functions of thrombospondin 1 in binding and activation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). TGF-β plays critical roles in the control of the central nervous system including synaptogenesis. Here, we investigated whether C-mannosylation of the synthetic Trp-Ser-Pro-Trp (WSPW) peptide may confer certain functions to this peptide in TGF-β-mediated synaptogenesis. By using primary cultured rat astrocytes and cortical neurons, we found that the C-mannosylated WSPW (C-Man-WSPW) peptide, but not non-mannosylated WSPW peptide, suppressed astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM)-stimulated synaptogenesis. C-Man-WSPW peptide inhibited both ACM- and recombinant mature TGF-β1-induced activations of Smad 2, an important mediator in TGF-β signaling. Interactions of recombinant mature TGF-β with the C-Man-WSPW peptide were similar to those with non-C-mannosylated WSPW peptide. Taken together, our results reveal a novel function of C-mannosylation of the WxxW motif in signaling and synaptogenesis mediated by TGF-β. Molecular details of how C-mannosylation affects the biological functions of WxxW motifs deserve future study for clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuchika Nishitsuji
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
| | - Midori Ikezaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Shino Manabe
- Laboratory of Functional Molecule Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Department and Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.,Research Center for Pharmaceutical Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale Et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576, CNRS, Université de Lille, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Yukishige Ito
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshito Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
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5
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Ryan E, Shen D, Wang X. Pleiotrophin interacts with glycosaminoglycans in a highly flexible and adaptable manner. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:925-941. [PMID: 33529353 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a potent mitogenic cytokine whose activities are controlled by its interactions with glycosaminoglycan (GAG). We examined the specificity of PTN for several types of GAG oligosaccharides. Our data indicate that the interaction of PTN with GAGs is dependent on the sulfation density of GAGs. Surprisingly, an acidic peptide also had similar interactions with PTN as GAGs. This shows that the interaction of PTN with anionic polymers is flexible and adaptable and that the charge density is the main determinant of the interaction. In addition, we show that PTN can compensate for the loss of its termini in interactions with heparin oligosaccharides, allowing it to maintain its affinity for GAGs in the absence of the termini. Taken together, these data provide valuable insight into the interactions of PTN with its proteoglycan receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eathen Ryan
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Di Shen
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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6
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Wilems T, Vardhan S, Wu S, Sakiyama-Elbert S. The influence of microenvironment and extracellular matrix molecules in driving neural stem cell fate within biomaterials. Brain Res Bull 2019; 148:25-33. [PMID: 30898579 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of stem cells is a promising potential therapy for central nervous system disease and injury. The capacity for self-renewal, proliferation of progenitor cells, and multi-lineage potential underscores the need for controlling stem cell fate. Furthermore, transplantation within a hostile environment can lead to significant cell death and limited therapeutic potential. Tissue-engineered materials have been developed to both regulate stem cell fate, increase transplanted cell viability, and improve therapeutic outcomes. Traditionally, regulation of stem cell differentiation has been driven through soluble signals, such as growth factors. While these signals are important, insoluble factors from the local microenvironment or extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules also contribute to stem cell activity and fate. Understanding the microenvironment factors that influence stem cell fate, such as mechanical properties, topography, and presentation of specific ECM ligands, is necessary for designing improved biomaterials. Here we review some of the microenvironment factors that regulate stem cell fate and how they can be incorporated into biomaterials as part of potential CNS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wilems
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Sangamithra Vardhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Siliang Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Shelly Sakiyama-Elbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
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7
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Shen D, Podolnikova NP, Yakubenko VP, Ardell CL, Balabiyev A, Ugarova TP, Wang X. Pleiotrophin, a multifunctional cytokine and growth factor, induces leukocyte responses through the integrin Mac-1. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18848-18861. [PMID: 28939773 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.773713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a multifunctional, cationic, glycosaminoglycan-binding cytokine and growth factor involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes, including tissue repair and inflammation-related diseases. PTN has been shown to promote leukocyte responses by inducing their migration and expression of inflammatory cytokines. However, the mechanisms through which PTN mediates these responses remain unclear. Here, we identified the integrin Mac-1 (αMβ2, CD11b/CD18) as the receptor mediating macrophage adhesion and migration to PTN. We also found that expression of Mac-1 on the surface of human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells induced their adhesion and migration to PTN. Accordingly, PTN promoted Mac-1-dependent cell spreading and initiated intracellular signaling manifested in phosphorylation of Erk1/2. While binding to PTN, Mac-1 on Mac-1-expressing HEK293 cells appears to cooperate with cell-surface proteoglycans because both anti-Mac-1 function-blocking mAb and heparin were required to block adhesion. Moreover, biolayer interferometry and NMR indicated a direct interaction between the αMI domain, the major ligand-binding region of Mac-1, and PTN. Using peptide libraries, we found that in PTN the αMI domain bound sequences enriched in basic and hydrophobic residues, indicating that PTN conforms to the general principle of ligand-recognition specificity of the αMI domain toward cationic proteins/peptides. Finally, using recombinant PTN-derived fragments, we show that PTN contains two distinct Mac-1-binding sites in each of its constitutive domains. Collectively, these results identify PTN as a ligand for the integrin Mac-1 on the surface of leukocytes and suggest that this interaction may play a role in inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Shen
- From the Schools of Molecular and
| | | | - Valentin P Yakubenko
- Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Christopher L Ardell
- Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Arnat Balabiyev
- Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 and
| | | | - Xu Wang
- From the Schools of Molecular and
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8
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Elahouel R, Blanc C, Carpentier G, Frechault S, Cascone I, Destouches D, Delbé J, Courty J, Hamma-Kourbali Y. Pleiotrophin exerts its migration and invasion effect through the neuropilin-1 pathway. Neoplasia 2016; 17:613-24. [PMID: 26408254 PMCID: PMC4674489 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a pleiotropic growth factor that exhibits angiogenic properties and is involved in tumor growth and metastasis. Although it has been shown that PTN is expressed in tumor cells, few studies have investigated its receptors and their involvement in cell migration and invasion. Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) is a receptor for multiple growth factors that mediates cell motility and plays an important role in angiogenesis and tumor progression. Here we provide evidence for the first time that NRP-1 is crucial for biological activities of PTN. We found that PTN interacted directly with NRP-1 through its thrombospondin type-I repeat domains. Importantly, binding of PTN to NRP-1 stimulated the internalization and recycling of NRP-1 at the cell surface. Invalidation of NRP-1 by RNA interference in human carcinoma cells inhibited PTN-induced intracellular signaling of the serine-threonine kinase, mitogen-activated protein MAP kinase, and focal adhesion kinase pathways. Accordingly, NRP-1 silencing or blocking by antibody inhibited PTN-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell migration and tumor cell invasion. These results suggest that NRP-1/PTN interaction provides a novel mechanism for controlling the response of endothelial and tumoral cells to PTN and may explain, at least in part, how PTN contributes to tumor angiogenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Elahouel
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET), CNRS; Université Paris-Est Créteil, France
| | - Charly Blanc
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 7, 94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, Faculté de médecine, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Gilles Carpentier
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET), CNRS; Université Paris-Est Créteil, France
| | - Sophie Frechault
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET), CNRS; Université Paris-Est Créteil, France
| | - Ilaria Cascone
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET), CNRS; Université Paris-Est Créteil, France
| | - Damien Destouches
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET), CNRS; Université Paris-Est Créteil, France
| | - Jean Delbé
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET), CNRS; Université Paris-Est Créteil, France
| | - José Courty
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET), CNRS; Université Paris-Est Créteil, France
| | - Yamina Hamma-Kourbali
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET), CNRS; Université Paris-Est Créteil, France.
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9
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Ryan E, Shen D, Wang X. Structural studies reveal an important role for the pleiotrophin C-terminus in mediating interactions with chondroitin sulfate. FEBS J 2016; 283:1488-503. [PMID: 26896299 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a potent glycosaminoglycan-binding cytokine that is important in neural development, angiogenesis and tissue regeneration. Much of its activity is attributed to its interactions with the chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan, receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase ζ (PTPRZ). However, there is little high resolution structural information on the interactions between PTN and CS, nor is it clear why the C-terminal tail of PTN is necessary for signaling through PTPRZ, even though it does not contribute to heparin binding. We determined the first structure of PTN and analyzed its interactions with CS. Our structure shows that PTN possesses large basic surfaces on both of its structured domains and also that residues in the hinge segment connecting the domains have significant contacts with the C-terminal domain. Our analysis of PTN-CS interactions showed that the C-terminal tail of PTN is essential for maintaining stable interactions with chondroitin sulfate A, the type of CS commonly found on PTPRZ. These results offer the first possible explanation of why truncated PTN missing the C-terminal tail is unable to signal through PTPRZ. NMR analysis of the interactions of PTN with CS revealed that the C-terminal domain and hinge of PTN make up the major CS-binding site in PTN, and that removal of the C-terminal tail weakened the affinity of the site for CSA but not for other high sulfation density CS. DATABASE Coordinates of the ensemble of ten PTN structures have been deposited in RCSB under accession number 2n6f. Chemical shifts assignments and structural constraints have been deposited in BMRB under accession number 25762.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eathen Ryan
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Di Shen
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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10
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González-Castillo C, Ortuño-Sahagún D, Guzmán-Brambila C, Pallàs M, Rojas-Mayorquín AE. Pleiotrophin as a central nervous system neuromodulator, evidences from the hippocampus. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:443. [PMID: 25620911 PMCID: PMC4287103 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a secreted growth factor, and also a cytokine, associated with the extracellular matrix, which has recently starting to attract attention as a significant neuromodulator with multiple neuronal functions during development. PTN is expressed in several tissues, where its signals are generally related with cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation by acting through different receptors. In Central Nervous System (CNS), PTN exerts post-developmental neurotrophic and -protective effects, and additionally has been involved in neurodegenerative diseases and neural disorders. Studies in Drosophila shed light on some aspects of the different levels of regulatory control of PTN invertebrate homologs. Specifically in hippocampus, recent evidence from PTN Knock-out (KO) mice involves PTN functioning in learning and memory. In this paper, we summarize, discuss, and contrast the most recent advances and results that lead to proposing a PTN as a neuromodulatory molecule in the CNS, particularly in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia González-Castillo
- Doctorwado en Ciencias en Biología Molecular en Medicina (DCBMM), CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco, México
| | - Carolina Guzmán-Brambila
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, División de Biotecnología y Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Campus Guadalajara Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy School of Pharmacy, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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Schwartz NB, Domowicz MS. Chemistry and Function of Glycosaminoglycans in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 9:89-115. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1154-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Venhoranta H, Bauersachs S, Taponen J, Lohi H, Taira T, Andersson M, Kind A, Schnieke A, Flisikowski K. Fetal growth restriction caused by MIMT1 deletion alters brain transcriptome in cattle. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:463-7. [PMID: 23726833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined levels of gene expression in the brains of bovine fetuses carrying a truncated MIMT1 allele, MIMT1(Del), shown to cause late abortion and stillbirth as a result of fetal growth restriction. MIMT1 is a non-protein coding gene that forms part of the imprinted PEG3 (paternally expressed gene 3) domain. Microarray analysis of brain cortex samples from mid-gestation MIMT1(Del/WT) bovine fetuses and wild-type siblings was performed to study the effect of fetal growth restriction on brain gene expression. Statistical analysis revealed 134 genes with increased mRNA levels and 22 with reduced levels in MIMT1(Del/WT) fetuses. Gene set enrichment analysis identified a relatively small number of significant functional clusters representing three major biological processes: response to oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and epithelial cell proliferation. Gene expression microarray analyses identified increased expression of VIPR2, HTRA1, S100A4 and MYH8 in fetuses carrying the deletion and decreased expression of DRD2, ADAM18, miR345, ZNF585A. ADAM18, DRD2 and S100A4 are known to be involved in prenatal brain development. ZNF585A, miR-345, VIPR2, HTRA1, and MYH8 are known to be involved in cell growth and differentiation, but any role in neural developmental has yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Venhoranta
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
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Abstract
RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) is a multi-ligand receptor that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily of transmembrane proteins. RAGE binds AGEs (advanced glycation end products), HMGB1 (high-mobility group box-1; also designated as amphoterin), members of the S100 protein family, glycosaminoglycans and amyloid β peptides. Recent studies using tools of structural biology have started to unravel common molecular patterns in the diverse set of ligands recognized by RAGE. The distal Ig domain (V1 domain) of RAGE has a positively charged patch, the geometry of which fits to anionic surfaces displayed at least in a proportion of RAGE ligands. Association of RAGE to itself, to HSPGs (heparan sulfate proteoglycans), and to Toll-like receptors in the cell membrane plays a key role in cell signaling initiated by RAGE ligation. Ligation of RAGE activates cell signaling pathways that regulate migration of several cell types. Furthermore, RAGE ligation has profound effects on the transcriptional profile of cells. RAGE signaling has been mainly studied as a pathogenetic factor of several diseases, where acute or chronic inflammation plays a role. Recent studies have suggested a physiological role for RAGE in normal lung function and in neuronal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Rouhiainen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Gramage E, Del Olmo N, Fole A, Martín YB, Herradón G. Periadolescent amphetamine treatment causes transient cognitive disruptions and long-term changes in hippocampal LTP depending on the endogenous expression of pleiotrophin. Addict Biol 2013; 18:19-29. [PMID: 21812875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine treatment during adolescence causes long-term cognitive deficits in rats. Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a cytokine with important roles in the modulation of synaptic plasticity, whose levels of expression are significantly regulated by amphetamine administration. To test the possibility that the long-term consequences of periadolescent amphetamine treatment cross species and, furthermore, to test the hypothesis that PTN could be one of the factors involved in the adult cognitive deficits observed after periadolescent amphetamine administrations, we comparatively studied the long-term consequences of periadolescent amphetamine treatment (3 mg/kg intraperitoneal, daily during 10 days) in normal wild-type (PTN+/+) and in PTN genetically deficient (PTN-/-) mice. Within the first week after cessation of treatment, significant deficits in the passive avoidance and Y-maze tests were only observed in amphetamine-pretreated PTN-/- mice. However, 13 and 26 days after the last administration, we did not find significant differences in Y-maze between amphetamine- and saline-pretreated PTN-/- mice. In addition, we did not find any genotype- or treatment-related anxiogenic- or depressive-like behaviour in adult mice. Furthermore, we observed a significantly enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP) in CA1 hippocampal slices from saline-pretreated PTN-/- mice compared with saline-pretreated PTN+/+ mice. Interestingly, amphetamine pre-treatment during adolescence significantly enhanced LTP in adult PTN+/+ mice but did not cause any effect in PTN-/- mice, suggesting LTP mechanisms saturation in naïve PTN-/- mice. The data demonstrate that periadolescent amphetamine treatment causes transient cognitive deficits and long-term alterations of hippocampal LTP depending on the endogenous expression of PTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Gramage
- Laboratory Pharmacology and Toxicology, University San Pablo CEU, Spain
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15
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Howell MD, Torres-Collado AX, Iruela-Arispe ML, Gottschall PE. Selective decline of synaptic protein levels in the frontal cortex of female mice deficient in the extracellular metalloproteinase ADAMTS1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47226. [PMID: 23071766 PMCID: PMC3469530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The chondroitin sulfate-bearing proteoglycans, also known as lecticans, are a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the central nervous system and regulate neural plasticity. Growing evidence indicates that endogenous, extracellular metalloproteinases that cleave lecticans mediate neural plasticity by altering the structure of ECM aggregates. The bulk of this in vivo data examined the matrix metalloproteinases, but another metalloproteinase family that cleaves lecticans, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS), modulates structural plasticity in vitro, although few in vivo studies have tested this concept. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the neurological phenotype of a mouse deficient in ADAMTS1. Adamts1 mRNA was absent in the ADAMTS1 null mouse frontal cortex, but there was no change in the abundance or proteolytic processing of the prominent lecticans brevican and versican V2. However, there was a marked increase in the perinatal lectican neurocan in juvenile ADAMTS1 null female frontal cortex. More prominently, there were declines in synaptic protein levels in the ADAMTS1 null female, but not male, frontal cortex beginning at postnatal day 28. These synaptic marker declines did not affect learning or memory in the adult female ADAMTS1 null mice when tested with the radial-arm water maze. These results indicate that in vivo Adamts1 knockout leads to sexual dimorphism in frontal cortex synaptic protein levels. Since changes in lectican abundance and proteolytic processing did not accompany the synaptic protein declines, ADAMTS1 may play a nonproteolytic role in regulating neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Howell
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Antoni X. Torres-Collado
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - M. Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul E. Gottschall
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Dash-Wagh S, Neumann JR, Veitinger S, Grote-Westrick C, Landgraf P, Pape HC, Kreutz MR, von Holst A, Wahle P. The survival promoting peptide Y-P30 promotes cellular migration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 48:195-204. [PMID: 21820515 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Y-P30, the 30 amino acid N-terminal peptide of the dermcidin gene, has been found to promote neuronal survival and differentiation. Its early presence in development and import to the fetal brain led to the hypothesis that Y-P30 has an influence on proliferation, differentiation and migration. Neurospheres derived from neural stem cells isolated from E13 mouse cortex and striatal ganglionic eminences were treated with Y-P30, however, the proportion of progenitors, neurons and astrocytes generated in differentiation assays was not altered. A short Y-P30 treatment of undifferentiated striatal and cortical neurospheres failed to alter the proportion of BrdU-positive cells. A longer treatment reduced the percentage of BrdU-positive cells and GABA-immunoreactive neurons only in striatal spheres. The presence of Y-P30 enhanced migration of T24 human bladder carcinoma cells in a wound-healing assay in vitro. Further, Y-P30 enhanced migration of T24 cells, rat primary cortical astrocytes and PC12 cells in chemotactic Boyden chamber assays. Together, these findings suggest that a major function of Y-P30 is to promote migration of neural and non-neural cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvarna Dash-Wagh
- AG Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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17
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Muramatsu H, Yokoi K, Chen L, Ichihara-Tanaka K, Kimura T, Muramatsu T. Midkine as a factor to counteract the deposition of amyloid β-peptide plaques: in vitro analysis and examination in knockout mice. Int Arch Med 2011; 4:1. [PMID: 21223602 PMCID: PMC3024247 DOI: 10.1186/1755-7682-4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Midkine is a heparin-binding cytokine involved in cell survival and various inflammatory processes. Midkine accumulates in senile plaques of patients with Alzheimer's disease, while it counteracts the cytotoxic effects of amyloid β-peptide and inhibits its oligomerization. The present study was conducted to understand the role of midkine upon plaque formation of amyloid β-peptide. Methods A surface plasmon assay was performed to determine the affinity of midkine for amyloid β-peptide. The deposition of amyloid β-peptide was compared in the brain of wild-type and midkine-deficient mice. An effect of midkine to microglias was examined by cell migration assay. Results Midkine bound to amyloid β-peptide with the affinity of 160 nM. The C-terminal half bound to the peptide more strongly than the N-terminal half, and heparin inhibited midkine from binding to the peptide. Pleiotrophin, which has about 50% sequence identity with midkine also bound to amyloid β-peptide. The deposition of amyloid β-peptide plaques in the cortex and hippocampus was more intense in 15-month-old midkine-deficient mice, compared to the corresponding wild-type mice. Midkine promoted migration of microglias in culture. Conclusions These results are consistent with the view that midkine attenuates the deposition of amyloid β-peptide plaques, and thus progression of Alzheimer's disease, by direct binding and also by promoting migration of microglias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Muramatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
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18
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Abouzied MM, El-Tahir HM, Gieselmann V, Franken S. Hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein-3: a new neurotrophic and neurite outgrowth-promoting factor for cortical neurons. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:3610-20. [PMID: 20890995 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hepatoma-derived growth factor-related proteins (HRPs) make up a family of six members. Hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein-3 (HRP-3) is the only family member whose expression is almost restricted to nervous tissue. Here we show that soluble HRP-3 acts as a novel neurotrophic factor for cultured primary cortical neurons. Antibody-mediated neutralization of HRP-3 function results in neuronal degeneration. In contrast, HRP-3 as the only addition to a culture medium not supporting neuronal survival rescues neurons to an extent comparable to the addition of FCS. Besides this neuroprotective capability, the protein exerts a neurite outgrowth-promoting effect when it is presented as a coated substrate but not as a soluble factor. This study points to an important role of HRP-3 during the development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekky M Abouzied
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
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19
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Friligou I, Papadimitriou E, Gatos D, Matsoukas J, Tselios T. Microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis of the 60-110 domain of human pleiotrophin on 2-chlorotrityl resin. Amino Acids 2010; 40:1431-40. [PMID: 20872260 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A fast and efficient microwave-assisted solid phase peptide synthesis (MW-SPPS) of a 51mer peptide, the main heparin-binding site (60-110) of human pleiotrophin (hPTN), using 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin (CLTR-Cl) following the 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl/tert-butyl (Fmoc/tBu) methodology and with the standard N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide/1-hydroxybenzotriazole (DIC/HOBt) coupling reagents, is described. An MW-SPPS protocol was for the first time successfully applied to the acid labile CLTR-Cl for the faster synthesis of long peptides (51mer peptide) and with an enhanced purity in comparison to conventional SPPS protocols. The synthesis of such long peptides is not trivial and it is generally achieved by recombinant techniques. The desired linear peptide was obtained in only 30 h of total processing time and in 51% crude yield, in which 60% was the purified product obtained with 99.4% purity. The synthesized peptide was purified by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and identified by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Then, the regioselective formation of the two disulfide bridges of hPTN 60-110 was successfully achieved by a two-step procedure, involving an oxidative folding step in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to form the Cys(77)-Cys(109) bond, followed by iodine oxidation to form the Cys(67)-Cys(99) bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Friligou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 265 04, Patras, Greece
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20
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Li F, Nandini CD, Hattori T, Bao X, Murayama D, Nakamura T, Fukushima N, Sugahara K. Structure of pleiotrophin- and hepatocyte growth factor-binding sulfated hexasaccharide determined by biochemical and computational approaches. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:27673-85. [PMID: 20584902 PMCID: PMC2934635 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.118703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous pleiotrophin and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mediate the neurite outgrowth-promoting activity of chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS) hybrid chains isolated from embryonic pig brain. CS/DS hybrid chains isolated from shark skin have a different disaccharide composition, but also display these activities. In this study, pleiotrophin- and HGF-binding domains in shark skin CS/DS were investigated. A high affinity CS/DS fraction was isolated using a pleiotrophin-immobilized column. It showed marked neurite outgrowth-promoting activity and strong inhibitory activity against the binding of pleiotrophin to immobilized CS/DS chains from embryonic pig brain. The inhibitory activity was abolished by chondroitinase ABC or B, and partially reduced by chondroitinase AC-I. A pentasulfated hexasaccharide with a novel structure was isolated from the chondroitinase AC-I digest using pleiotrophin affinity and anion exchange chromatographies. It displayed a potent inhibitory effect on the binding of HGF to immobilized shark skin CS/DS chains, suggesting that the pleiotrophin- and HGF-binding domains at least partially overlap in the CS/DS chains involved in the neuritogenic activity. Computational chemistry using molecular modeling and calculations of the electrostatic potential of the hexasaccharide and two pleiotrophin-binding octasaccharides previously isolated from CS/DS hybrid chains of embryonic pig brain identified an electronegative zone potentially involved in the molecular recognition of the oligosaccharides by pleiotrophin. Homology modeling of pleiotrophin based on a related midkine protein structure predicted the binding pocket of pleiotrophin for the oligosaccharides and provided new insights into the molecular mechanism of the interactions between the oligosaccharides and pleiotrophin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchuan Li
- From the Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo 001-0021
- the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558
| | | | | | - Xingfeng Bao
- the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558
| | | | - Toshikazu Nakamura
- the Kringle Pharma Joint Research Division, Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- From the Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo 001-0021
- the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558
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21
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Svensson SL, Pasupuleti M, Walse B, Malmsten M, Mörgelin M, Sjögren C, Olin AI, Collin M, Schmidtchen A, Palmer R, Egesten A. Midkine and pleiotrophin have bactericidal properties: preserved antibacterial activity in a family of heparin-binding growth factors during evolution. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:16105-15. [PMID: 20308059 PMCID: PMC2871479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.081232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial peptides of the innate immune system combat pathogenic microbes, but often have additional roles in promoting inflammation and as growth factors during tissue repair. Midkine (MK) and pleiotrophin (PTN) are the only two members of a family of heparin-binding growth factors. They show restricted expression during embryogenesis and are up-regulated in neoplasia. In addition, MK shows constitutive and inflammation-dependent expression in some non-transformed tissues of the adult. In the present study, we show that both MK and PTN display strong antibacterial activity, present at physiological salt concentrations. Electron microscopy of bacteria and experiments using artificial lipid bilayers suggest that MK and PTN exert their antibacterial action via a membrane disruption mechanism. The predicted structure of PTN, employing the previously solved MK structure as a template, indicates that both molecules consist of two domains, each containing three antiparallel beta-sheets. The antibacterial activity was mapped to the unordered C-terminal tails of both molecules and the last beta-sheets of the N-terminals. Analysis of the highly conserved MK and PTN orthologues from the amphibian Xenopus laevis and the fish Danio rerio suggests that they also harbor antibacterial activity in the corresponding domains. In support of an evolutionary conserved function it was found that the more distant orthologue, insect Miple2 from Drosophila melanogaster, also displays strong antibacterial activity. Taken together, the findings suggest that MK and PTN, in addition to their earlier described activities, may have previously unrealized important roles as innate antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Björn Walse
- SARomics AB, P. O. Box 724, SE-220 07 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Malmsten
- the Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden, and
| | - Matthias Mörgelin
- Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Camilla Sjögren
- the Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders I. Olin
- From the Sections for Respiratory Medicine & Allergology
- Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Collin
- Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ruth Palmer
- the Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Arne Egesten
- From the Sections for Respiratory Medicine & Allergology
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22
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Park JS, Woo DG, Yang HN, Na K, Park KH. Transforming growth factor β-3 bound with sulfate polysaccharide in synthetic extracellular matrix enhanced the biological activities for neocartilage formationin vivo. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 91:408-15. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Jin L, Jianghai C, Juan L, Hao K. Pleiotrophin and peripheral nerve injury. Neurosurg Rev 2009; 32:387-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10143-009-0202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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24
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Imai S, Heino TJ, Hienola A, Kurata K, Büki K, Matsusue Y, Väänänen HK, Rauvala H. Osteocyte-derived HB-GAM (pleiotrophin) is associated with bone formation and mechanical loading. Bone 2009; 44:785-94. [PMID: 19442624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
HB-GAM (also known as pleiotrophin) is a cell matrix-associated protein that is highly expressed in bone. It affects osteoblast function, and might therefore play a role in bone development and remodeling. We aimed to investigate the role of HB-GAM in bone in vivo and in vitro. The bones of HB-GAM deficient mice with an inbred mouse background were studied by histological, histomorphometrical, radiological, biomechanical and mu-CT analyses and the effect of immobilization was evaluated. HB-GAM localization in vivo was studied. MLO-Y4 osteocytes were subjected to fluid shear stress in vitro, and gene and protein expression were studied by subtractive hybridization, quantitative PCR and Western blot. Human osteoclasts were cultured in the presence of rhHB-GAM and their formation and resorption activities were assayed. In agreement with previous reports, the skeletal structure of the HB-GAM knockout mice developed normally. However, a growth retardation of the weight-bearing bones was observed by 2 months of age, suggesting a link to physical activity. Adult HB-GAM deficient mice were characterized by low bone formation and osteopenia, as well as resistance to immobilization-dependent bone remodeling. HB-GAM was localized around osteocytes and their processes in vivo and furthermore, osteocytic HB-GAM expression was upregulated by mechanical loading in vitro. HB-GAM did not affect on human osteoclast formation or resorption in vitro. Taken together, our results suggest that HB-GAM is an osteocyte-derived factor that could participate in mediating the osteogenic effects of mechanical loading on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Imai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowa, Otsu, Japan
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25
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Ohgake S, Shimizu E, Hashimoto K, Okamura N, Koike K, Koizumi H, Fujisaki M, Kanahara N, Matsuda S, Sutoh C, Matsuzawa D, Muramatsu H, Muramatsu T, Iyo M. Dopaminergic hypofunctions and prepulse inhibition deficits in mice lacking midkine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:541-6. [PMID: 19217924 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 02/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Midkine is a 13-kDa retinoic acid-induced heparin-binding growth factor involved in various biological phenomena such as cell migration, neurogenesis, and tissue repair. We previously demonstrated that midkine-deficient (Mdk(-/-)) mice exhibited a delayed hippocampal development with impaired working memory and increased anxiety only at the age of 4 weeks. To assess whether midkine gene could play important roles in development and maintenance of central nervous system, we investigated biochemical and behavioral parameters in dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission of Mdk(-/-) mice. The Mdk(-/-) mice exhibited a hypodopaminergic state (i.e., decreased levels of dopamine and its receptors in the striatum) with no alterations of glutamatergic system (i.e., normal level of glutamate, glutamine, glycine, d-serine, l-serine, and NMDA receptors in the frontal cortex and hippocampus). We also found prepulse inhibition deficits reversed by clozapine and haloperidol in the Mdk(-/-) mice. Our results suggested that midkine deficiency may be related to neurochemical and behavioral dysfunctions in dopaminergic system.
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MESH Headings
- Acoustic Stimulation/methods
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
- Cytokines/deficiency
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine Antagonists/metabolism
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Exploratory Behavior/physiology
- Interpersonal Relations
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred DBA/metabolism
- Mice, Knockout
- Midkine
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/genetics
- Neural Inhibition/drug effects
- Neural Inhibition/genetics
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Radioligand Assay/methods
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Reflex, Startle/drug effects
- Reflex, Startle/genetics
- Tritium/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Ohgake
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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26
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Park JS, Park K, Woo DG, Yang HN, Chung HM, Park KH. PLGA Microsphere Construct Coated with TGF-β 3 Loaded Nanoparticles for Neocartilage Formation. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:2162-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800251x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Park
- Pochon CHA University, CHA Stem Cell Institute 606-16, Yeoksam 1-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-081, Korea, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Korea, and Chabiotech Co., Ltd. 606-16, Yeoksam 1-dong, Korea
| | - Kyeongsoon Park
- Pochon CHA University, CHA Stem Cell Institute 606-16, Yeoksam 1-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-081, Korea, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Korea, and Chabiotech Co., Ltd. 606-16, Yeoksam 1-dong, Korea
| | - Dae Gyun Woo
- Pochon CHA University, CHA Stem Cell Institute 606-16, Yeoksam 1-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-081, Korea, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Korea, and Chabiotech Co., Ltd. 606-16, Yeoksam 1-dong, Korea
| | - Han Na Yang
- Pochon CHA University, CHA Stem Cell Institute 606-16, Yeoksam 1-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-081, Korea, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Korea, and Chabiotech Co., Ltd. 606-16, Yeoksam 1-dong, Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Chung
- Pochon CHA University, CHA Stem Cell Institute 606-16, Yeoksam 1-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-081, Korea, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Korea, and Chabiotech Co., Ltd. 606-16, Yeoksam 1-dong, Korea
| | - Keun-Hong Park
- Pochon CHA University, CHA Stem Cell Institute 606-16, Yeoksam 1-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-081, Korea, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Korea, and Chabiotech Co., Ltd. 606-16, Yeoksam 1-dong, Korea
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27
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Landgraf P, Wahle P, Pape HC, Gundelfinger ED, Kreutz MR. The survival-promoting peptide Y-P30 enhances binding of pleiotrophin to syndecan-2 and -3 and supports its neuritogenic activity. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:25036-45. [PMID: 18599487 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800963200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Y-P30 is a polypeptide produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the maternal immune system during pregnancy. The peptide passes the blood-placenta barrier and accumulates in neurons of the developing infant brain, where it enhances survival of thalamic neurons and displays neuritogenic activities. In this study, we identify pleiotrophin (PTN) and syndecan-2 and -3 as direct binding partners of Y-P30. PTN is known to promote neurite outgrowth of thalamic neurons due to its association with the proteoglycan syndecan-3. Via spontaneous oligomerization Y-P30 can capture large macromolecular complexes containing PTN and potentially syndecans. Accordingly, the neuritogenic activity of Y-P30 in thalamic primary cultures requires the presence of PTN in the media and binding to syndecans. Thus, we propose that the neurite outgrowth promoting actions of Y-P30 during brain development are essentially based on its association with the PTN/syndecan signaling complex. This identifies a new mechanism of communication between the nervous and the immune system that might directly affect the wiring of the brain during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Landgraf
- Project Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestrasse 6, Magdeburg 39118, Germany
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28
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Properzi F, Lin R, Kwok J, Naidu M, van Kuppevelt TH, Ten Dam GB, Camargo LM, Raha-Chowdhury R, Furukawa Y, Mikami T, Sugahara K, Fawcett JW. Heparan sulphate proteoglycans in glia and in the normal and injured CNS: expression of sulphotransferases and changes in sulphation. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:593-604. [PMID: 18279312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) have multiple functions relevant to the control of the CNS injury response, particularly in modulating the effects of growth factors and localizing molecules that affect axon growth. We examined the pattern of expression and glycanation of HSPGs in the normal and damaged CNS, and in astrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursors because of their participation in the injury reaction. The composition of HS glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains was analysed by biochemical analysis and by the binding of antibodies that recognize sulphated epitopes. We also measured levels of HS sulphotransferases and syndecans. Compared with oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursors have more 2-O-sulphation in their HS GAG. This is accompanied by higher expression of the enzyme responsible for 2-O-sulphation, HS 2-O-sulphotransferase (HS2ST) and a fall in syndecan-1. Astrocytes treated with tumour growth factor (TGF)alpha or TGFbeta to mimic the injury response showed upregulation of syndecan-1 and HS2ST correlating with an increase in 2-O-sulphate residues in their HS GAGs. This also correlated with increased staining with AO4B08 anti-GAG antibody that recognizes high sulphation, and reduced staining with RB4EA12 recognizing low sulphation. After injury to the adult rat brain there was an overall increase in the quantity of HSPG around the injury site, mRNA for HS2ST was increased, and the changes in staining with sulphation-specific antibodies were consistent with an increase in 2-O-sulphated HS. Syndecan-1 was upregulated in astrocytes. The major injury-related change, seen in injured brain and cultured glia, was an increase in 2-O-sulphated HS and increased syndecan-1, suggesting novel approaches to modulating scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Properzi
- Cambridge University Centre for Brain Repair, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 2PY, UK
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29
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Heparin-Bound Transforming Growth Factor-β3 Enhances Neocartilage Formation by Rabbit Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Transplantation 2008; 85:589-96. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181639b3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Cytokines and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in the Central Nervous System. CYTOKINES AND THE BRAIN 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7443(07)10009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Hamel MG, Ajmo JM, Leonardo CC, Zuo F, Sandy JD, Gottschall PE. Multimodal signaling by the ADAMTSs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) promotes neurite extension. Exp Neurol 2007; 210:428-40. [PMID: 18178186 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aggregating proteoglycans (PG) bearing chondroitin sulfate (CS) side chains associate with hyaluronan and various secreted proteins to form a complex of extracellular matrix (ECM) that inhibits neural plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). Chondroitinase treatment depletes PGs of their CS side chains and enhances neurite extension. Increasing evidence from in vivo models indicates that proteolytic cleavage of the PG core protein by members of the ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) family of glutamyl-endopeptidases also promotes neural plasticity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether proteolytic action of the ADAMTSs influences neurite outgrowth in cultured neurons. Transfection of primary rat neurons with ADAMTS4 cDNA induced longer neurites, whether the neurons were grown on a monolayer of astrocytes that secrete inhibitory PGs or on laminin/poly-L-lysine substrate alone. Similar results were found when neurons were transfected with a construct encoding a proteolytically inactive, point mutant of ADAMTS4. Addition of recombinant ADAMTS4 or ADAMTS5 protein to immature neuronal cultures also enhanced neurite extension in a dose-dependent manner, an effect demonstrated to be dependent on the activation of MAP ERK1/2 kinase. These results suggest that ADAMTS4 enhances neurite outgrowth via a mechanism that does not require proteolysis but is dependent on activation of the MAP kinase cascade. Thus a model to illustrate multimodal ADAMTS activity would entail proteolysis of CS-bearing PGs to create a loosened matrix environment more favorable for neurite outgrowth, and enhanced neurite outgrowth directly stimulated by ADAMTS signaling at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Hamel
- University of South Florida College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33612-4799, USA
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Hamma-Kourbali Y, Bernard-Pierrot I, Heroult M, Dalle S, Caruelle D, Milhiet PE, Fernig DG, Delbé J, Courty J. Inhibition of the mitogenic, angiogenic and tumorigenic activities of pleiotrophin by a synthetic peptide corresponding to its C-thrombospondin repeat-I domain. J Cell Physiol 2007; 214:250-9. [PMID: 17607711 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN), is a heparin-dependent growth factor involved in angiogenesis and tumor growth. PTN contains a thrombospondin repeat-I (TSR-I) motif in its two beta-sheet domains that are involved in its binding to heparin and its neurite outgrowth activity. Based on the importance of the binding of PTN to heparin in its dimerization and biological activities, we have designed two synthetic peptides, P(13-39) and P(65-97) corresponding to a part of the N-terminal and C-terminal TSR-I motif of PTN, respectively. P(65-97) inhibited the mitogenic, tumorigenic and angiogenic activities of PTN, as well as the mitogenic and an angiogenic activity of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). However, P(65-97) had no effect on the mitogenic activity of epidermal growth factor, which does not bind heparin. P(65-97) but not P(13-39) inhibited the binding of PTN and to a lesser extent of FGF-2 to heparin using an immunoassay and an optical biosensor assay and bound directly to heparin with a K(d) of 120 nM. These findings suggest that P(65-97), containing amino acids 65-97 of the TSR-I motif of the C-terminal domain of PTN, inhibits the activities of PTN and FGF-2 by virtue of its ability to bind heparin very effectively and so compete with the growth factors for their polysaccharide co-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamina Hamma-Kourbali
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET), CNRS UMR 7149, Université Paris XII, Créteil Cedex, France
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Hienola A, Tumova S, Kulesskiy E, Rauvala H. N-syndecan deficiency impairs neural migration in brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 174:569-80. [PMID: 16908672 PMCID: PMC2064262 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200602043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
N-syndecan (syndecan-3) is a transmembrane proteoglycan that is abundantly expressed in the major axonal pathways and in the migratory routes of the developing brain. When ligated by heparin-binding (HB) growth-associated molecule (GAM; pleiotrophin), N-syndecan mediates cortactin-Src kinase-dependent neurite outgrowth. However, the functional role of N-syndecan in brain development remains unexplored. In this study, we show that N-syndecan deficiency perturbs the laminar structure of the cerebral cortex as a result of impaired radial migration. In addition, neural migration in the rostral migratory stream is impaired in the N-syndecan-null mice. We suggest that the migration defect depends on impaired HB-GAM-induced Src kinase activation and haptotactic migration. Furthermore, we show that N-syndecan interacts with EGF receptor (EGFR) at the plasma membrane and is required in EGFR-induced neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Hienola
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
We identified 1113 articles (103 reviews, 1010 primary research articles) published in 2005 that describe experiments performed using commercially available optical biosensors. While this number of publications is impressive, we find that the quality of the biosensor work in these articles is often pretty poor. It is a little disappointing that there appears to be only a small set of researchers who know how to properly perform, analyze, and present biosensor data. To help focus the field, we spotlight work published by 10 research groups that exemplify the quality of data one should expect to see from a biosensor experiment. Also, in an effort to raise awareness of the common problems in the biosensor field, we provide side-by-side examples of good and bad data sets from the 2005 literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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