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Chemistry and Function of Glycosaminoglycans in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:117-162. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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2
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Ryan E, Shen D, Wang X. Pleiotrophin interacts with glycosaminoglycans in a highly flexible and adaptable manner. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:925-941. [PMID: 33529353 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a potent mitogenic cytokine whose activities are controlled by its interactions with glycosaminoglycan (GAG). We examined the specificity of PTN for several types of GAG oligosaccharides. Our data indicate that the interaction of PTN with GAGs is dependent on the sulfation density of GAGs. Surprisingly, an acidic peptide also had similar interactions with PTN as GAGs. This shows that the interaction of PTN with anionic polymers is flexible and adaptable and that the charge density is the main determinant of the interaction. In addition, we show that PTN can compensate for the loss of its termini in interactions with heparin oligosaccharides, allowing it to maintain its affinity for GAGs in the absence of the termini. Taken together, these data provide valuable insight into the interactions of PTN with its proteoglycan receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eathen Ryan
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Di Shen
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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3
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Investigation of action pattern of a novel chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate 4-O-endosulfatase. Biochem J 2021; 478:281-298. [PMID: 33351063 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a novel CS/DS 4-O-endosulfatase was identified from a marine bacterium and its catalytic mechanism was investigated further (Wang, W., et. al (2015) J. Biol. Chem.290, 7823-7832; Wang, S., et. al (2019) Front. Microbiol.10, 1309). In the study herein, we provide new insight about the structural characteristics of the substrate which determine the activity of this enzyme. The substrate specificities of the 4-O-endosulfatase were probed by using libraries of structure-defined CS/DS oligosaccharides issued from synthetic and enzymatic sources. We found that this 4-O-endosulfatase effectively remove the 4-O-sulfate of disaccharide sequences GlcUAβ1-3GalNAc(4S) or GlcUAβ1-3GalNAc(4S,6S) in all tested hexasaccharides. The sulfated GalNac residue is resistant to the enzyme when adjacent uronic residues are sulfated as shown by the lack of enzymatic desulfation of GlcUAβ1-3GalNAc(4S) connected to a disaccharide GlcUA(2S)β1-3GalNAc(6S) in an octasaccharide. The 3-O-sulfation of GlcUA was also shown to hinder the action of this enzyme. The 4-O-endosulfatase exhibited an oriented action from the reducing to the non-reducing whatever the saturation or not of the non-reducing end. Finally, the activity of the 4-O-endosulfatase decreases with the increase in substrate size. With the deeper understanding of this novel 4-O-endosulfatase, such chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS) sulfatase is a useful tool for exploring the structure-function relationship of CS/DS.
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Feng W, Nguyen H, Shen D, Deng H, Jiang Z, Podolnikova N, Ugarova T, Wang X. Structural Characterization of the Interaction between the α MI-Domain of the Integrin Mac-1 (α Mβ 2) and the Cytokine Pleiotrophin. Biochemistry 2021; 60:182-193. [PMID: 33427449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Integrin Mac-1 (αMβ2) is an adhesion receptor vital to many functions of myeloid leukocytes. It is also the most promiscuous member of the integrin family capable of recognizing a broad range of ligands. In particular, its ligand-binding αMI-domain is known to bind cationic proteins/peptides depleted in acidic residues. This contradicts the canonical ligand-binding mechanism of αI-domains, which requires an acidic amino acid in the ligand to coordinate the divalent cation within the metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) of αI-domains. The lack of acidic amino acids in the αMI-domain-binding sequences suggests the existence of an as-yet uncharacterized interaction mechanism. In the present study, we analyzed interactions of the αMI-domain with a representative Mac-1 ligand, the cationic cytokine pleiotrophin (PTN). Through NMR chemical shift perturbation analysis, cross saturation, NOESY, and mutagenesis studies, we found the interaction between the αMI-domain and PTN is divalent cation-independent and mediated mostly by hydrophobic contacts between the N-terminal domain of PTN and residues in the α5-β5 loop of αMI-domain. The observation that increased ionic strength weakens the interaction between the proteins indicates electrostatic forces may also play a significant role in the binding. On the basis of the results from these experiments, we formulated a model of the interaction between the αMI-domain and PTN.
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Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a potent mitogenic cytokine with a high affinity for the polysaccharide glycosaminoglycan (GAG). Although it is most strongly associated with neural development during embryogenesis and the neonatal period, its expression has also been linked to a plethora of other physiological events including cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, bone development, and inflammation. A considerable amount of research has been carried out to understand the mechanisms by which PTN regulates these events. In particular, PTN has now been shown to bind a diverse collection of receptors including many GAG-containing proteoglycans. These interactions lead to the activation of many intracellular kinases and, ultimately, activation and transformation of cells. Structural studies of PTN in complex with both GAG and domains from its non-proteoglycan receptors reveal a binding mechanism that relies on electrostatic interactions and points to PTN-induced receptor oligomerization as one of the possible ways PTN uses to control cellular functions.
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Pomin VH, Vignovich WP, Gonzales AV, Vasconcelos AA, Mulloy B. Galactosaminoglycans: Medical Applications and Drawbacks. Molecules 2019; 24:E2803. [PMID: 31374852 PMCID: PMC6696379 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactosaminoglycans (GalAGs) are sulfated glycans composed of alternating N-acetylgalactosamine and uronic acid units. Uronic acid epimerization, sulfation patterns and fucosylation are modifications observed on these molecules. GalAGs have been extensively studied and exploited because of their multiple biomedical functions. Chondroitin sulfates (CSs), the main representative family of GalAGs, have been used in alternative therapy of joint pain/inflammation and osteoarthritis. The relatively novel fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS), commonly found in sea cucumbers, has been screened in multiple systems in addition to its widely studied anticoagulant action. Biomedical properties of GalAGs are directly dependent on the sugar composition, presence or lack of fucose branches, as well as sulfation patterns. Although research interest in GalAGs has increased considerably over the three last decades, perhaps motivated by the parallel progress of glycomics, serious questions concerning the effectiveness and potential side effects of GalAGs have recently been raised. Doubts have centered particularly on the beneficial functions of CS-based therapeutic supplements and the potential harmful effects of FCS as similarly observed for oversulfated chondroitin sulfate, as a contaminant of heparin. Unexpected components were also detected in CS-based pharmaceutical preparations. This review therefore aims to offer a discussion on (1) the current and potential therapeutic applications of GalAGs, including those of unique features extracted from marine sources, and (2) the potential drawbacks of this class of molecules when applied to medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pomin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA.
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA.
| | - William P Vignovich
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Alysia V Gonzales
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Ariana A Vasconcelos
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Imperial College, Department of Medicine, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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7
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Kastana P, Choleva E, Poimenidi E, Karamanos N, Sugahara K, Papadimitriou E. Insight into the role of chondroitin sulfate E in angiogenesis. FEBS J 2019; 286:2921-2936. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pinelopi Kastana
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Department of Pharmacy University of Patras Greece
| | - Effrosyni Choleva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Department of Pharmacy University of Patras Greece
| | - Evangelia Poimenidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Department of Pharmacy University of Patras Greece
| | - Nikos Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group Laboratory of Biochemistry Department of Chemistry University of Patras Greece
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pathobiochemistry Meijo University Nagoya Japan
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Glycans and glycosaminoglycans in neurobiology: key regulators of neuronal cell function and fate. Biochem J 2018; 475:2511-2545. [PMID: 30115748 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the roles of l-fucose and the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) keratan sulfate (KS) and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) with selected functional molecules in neural tissues. Cell surface glycans and GAGs have evolved over millions of years to become cellular mediators which regulate fundamental aspects of cellular survival. The glycocalyx, which surrounds all cells, actuates responses to growth factors, cytokines and morphogens at the cellular boundary, silencing or activating downstream signaling pathways and gene expression. In this review, we have focused on interactions mediated by l-fucose, KS and CS/DS in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Fucose makes critical contributions in the area of molecular recognition and information transfer in the blood group substances, cytotoxic immunoglobulins, cell fate-mediated Notch-1 interactions, regulation of selectin-mediated neutrophil extravasation in innate immunity and CD-34-mediated new blood vessel development, and the targeting of neuroprogenitor cells to damaged neural tissue. Fucosylated glycoproteins regulate delivery of synaptic neurotransmitters and neural function. Neural KS proteoglycans (PGs) were examined in terms of cellular regulation and their interactive properties with neuroregulatory molecules. The paradoxical properties of CS/DS isomers decorating matrix and transmembrane PGs and the positive and negative regulatory cues they provide to neurons are also discussed.
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Biodiversity of CS–proteoglycan sulphation motifs: chemical messenger recognition modules with roles in information transfer, control of cellular behaviour and tissue morphogenesis. Biochem J 2018; 475:587-620. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate (CS) glycosaminoglycan chains on cell and extracellular matrix proteoglycans (PGs) can no longer be regarded as merely hydrodynamic space fillers. Overwhelming evidence over recent years indicates that sulphation motif sequences within the CS chain structure are a source of significant biological information to cells and their surrounding environment. CS sulphation motifs have been shown to interact with a wide variety of bioactive molecules, e.g. cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, morphogenetic proteins, enzymes and enzyme inhibitors, as well as structural components within the extracellular milieu. They are therefore capable of modulating a panoply of signalling pathways, thus controlling diverse cellular behaviours including proliferation, differentiation, migration and matrix synthesis. Consequently, through these motifs, CS PGs play significant roles in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, morphogenesis, development, growth and disease. Here, we review (i) the biodiversity of CS PGs and their sulphation motif sequences and (ii) the current understanding of the signalling roles they play in regulating cellular behaviour during tissue development, growth, disease and repair.
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Farrugia BL, Lord MS, Whitelock JM, Melrose J. Harnessing chondroitin sulphate in composite scaffolds to direct progenitor and stem cell function for tissue repair. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:947-957. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm01158j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review details the inclusion of chondroitin sulphate in bioscaffolds for superior functional properties in tissue regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. L. Farrugia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
- UNSW Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - M. S. Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
- UNSW Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - J. M. Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
- UNSW Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - J. Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
- UNSW Sydney 2052
- Australia
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory
- Kolling Institute Northern Sydney Local Health District
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Ryan E, Shen D, Wang X. Structural studies reveal an important role for the pleiotrophin C-terminus in mediating interactions with chondroitin sulfate. FEBS J 2016; 283:1488-503. [PMID: 26896299 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a potent glycosaminoglycan-binding cytokine that is important in neural development, angiogenesis and tissue regeneration. Much of its activity is attributed to its interactions with the chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan, receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase ζ (PTPRZ). However, there is little high resolution structural information on the interactions between PTN and CS, nor is it clear why the C-terminal tail of PTN is necessary for signaling through PTPRZ, even though it does not contribute to heparin binding. We determined the first structure of PTN and analyzed its interactions with CS. Our structure shows that PTN possesses large basic surfaces on both of its structured domains and also that residues in the hinge segment connecting the domains have significant contacts with the C-terminal domain. Our analysis of PTN-CS interactions showed that the C-terminal tail of PTN is essential for maintaining stable interactions with chondroitin sulfate A, the type of CS commonly found on PTPRZ. These results offer the first possible explanation of why truncated PTN missing the C-terminal tail is unable to signal through PTPRZ. NMR analysis of the interactions of PTN with CS revealed that the C-terminal domain and hinge of PTN make up the major CS-binding site in PTN, and that removal of the C-terminal tail weakened the affinity of the site for CSA but not for other high sulfation density CS. DATABASE Coordinates of the ensemble of ten PTN structures have been deposited in RCSB under accession number 2n6f. Chemical shifts assignments and structural constraints have been deposited in BMRB under accession number 25762.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eathen Ryan
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Di Shen
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Anjum F, Lienemann PS, Metzger S, Biernaskie J, Kallos MS, Ehrbar M. Enzyme responsive GAG-based natural-synthetic hybrid hydrogel for tunable growth factor delivery and stem cell differentiation. Biomaterials 2016; 87:104-117. [PMID: 26914701 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We describe an enzymatically formed chondroitin sulfate (CS) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based hybrid hydrogel system, which by tuning the architecture and composition of modular building blocks, allows the application-specific tailoring of growth factor delivery and cellular responses. CS, a negatively charged sulfate-rich glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix (ECM), known for its growth factor binding and stem cell regulatory functions, is used as a starting material for the engineering of this biomimetic materials platform. The functionalization of CS with transglutaminase factor XIII specific substrate sequences is utilized to allow cross-linking of CS with previously described fibrin-mimetic TG-PEG hydrogel precursors. We show that the hydrogel network properties can be tuned by varying the degree of functionalization of CS as well as the ratio and concentrations of PEG and CS precursors. Taking advantage of TG-PEG hydrogel, compatible tagged bio-functional building blocks, including RGD peptides or matrix metalloproteinase sensitive domains, can be incorporated on demand allowing the three-dimensional culture and expansion of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). The binding of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in a CS concentration dependent manner and the BMP-2 release mediated osteogenic differentiation of BM-MSCs indicate the potential of CS-PEG hybrid hydrogels to promote regeneration of bone tissue. Their modular design allows facile incorporation of additional signaling elements, rendering CS-PEG hydrogels a highly flexible platform with potential for multiple biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraz Anjum
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr., Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW., Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Philipp S Lienemann
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstr. 12, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Metzger
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstr. 12, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr., Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr., Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr., Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michael S Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr., Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW., Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Martin Ehrbar
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstr. 12, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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de Paz JL, Nieto PM. Improvement on binding of chondroitin sulfate derivatives to midkine by increasing hydrophobicity. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3506-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00389c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The relative binding affinities of sulfated, fully protected chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides for midkine are much higher than those displayed by the natural deprotected sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. de Paz
- Glycosystems Laboratory
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)
- cicCartuja
- CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla
- 41092 Sevilla
| | - P. M. Nieto
- Glycosystems Laboratory
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)
- cicCartuja
- CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla
- 41092 Sevilla
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Maeda N. Proteoglycans and neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex during development and disease. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:98. [PMID: 25852466 PMCID: PMC4369650 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and heparan sulfate proteoglycans are major constituents of the extracellular matrix and the cell surface in the brain. Proteoglycans bind with many proteins including growth factors, chemokines, axon guidance molecules, and cell adhesion molecules through both the glycosaminoglycan and the core protein portions. The functions of proteoglycans are flexibly regulated due to the structural variability of glycosaminoglycans, which are generated by multiple glycosaminoglycan synthesis and modifying enzymes. Neuronal cell surface proteoglycans such as PTPζ, neuroglycan C and syndecan-3 function as direct receptors for heparin-binding growth factors that induce neuronal migration. The lectican family, secreted chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, forms large aggregates with hyaluronic acid and tenascins, in which many signaling molecules and enzymes including matrix proteases are preserved. In the developing cerebrum, secreted chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans such as neurocan, versican and phosphacan are richly expressed in the areas that are strategically important for neuronal migration such as the striatum, marginal zone, subplate and subventricular zone in the neocortex. These proteoglycans may anchor various attractive and/or repulsive cues, regulating the migration routes of inhibitory neurons. Recent studies demonstrated that the genes encoding proteoglycan core proteins and glycosaminoglycan synthesis and modifying enzymes are associated with various psychiatric and intellectual disorders, which may be related to the defects of neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Maeda
- Neural Network Project, Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Setagaya, Japan
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Koutsioumpa M, Poimenidi E, Pantazaka E, Theodoropoulou C, Skoura A, Megalooikonomou V, Kieffer N, Courty J, Mizumoto S, Sugahara K, Papadimitriou E. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta is a functional binding partner for vascular endothelial growth factor. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:19. [PMID: 25644401 PMCID: PMC4323219 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta (RPTPβ/ζ) is a chondroitin sulphate (CS) transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase and is a receptor for pleiotrophin (PTN). RPTPβ/ζ interacts with ανβ₃ on the cell surface and upon binding of PTN leads to c-Src dephosphorylation at Tyr530, β₃ Tyr773 phosphorylation, cell surface nucleolin (NCL) localization and stimulation of cell migration. c-Src-mediated β₃ Tyr773 phosphorylation is also observed after vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF₁₆₅) stimulation of endothelial cells and is essential for VEGF receptor type 2 (VEGFR2) - ανβ₃ integrin association and subsequent signaling. In the present work, we studied whether RPTPβ/ζ mediates angiogenic actions of VEGF. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial, human glioma U87MG and stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing different β₃ subunits were used. Protein-protein interactions were studied by a combination of immunoprecipitation/Western blot, immunofluorescence and proximity ligation assays, properly quantified as needed. RPTPβ/ζ expression was down-regulated using small interference RNA technology. Migration assays were performed in 24-well microchemotaxis chambers, using uncoated polycarbonate membranes with 8 μm pores. RESULTS RPTPβ/ζ mediates VEGF₁₆₅-induced c-Src-dependent β₃ Tyr773 phosphorylation, which is required for VEGFR2-ανβ₃ interaction and the downstream activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and cell surface NCL localization. RPTPβ/ζ directly interacts with VEGF165, and this interaction is not affected by bevacizumab, while it is interrupted by both CS-E and PTN. Down-regulation of RPTPβ/ζ by siRNA or administration of exogenous CS-E abolishes VEGF₁₆₅-induced endothelial cell migration, while PTN inhibits the migratory effect of VEGF₁₆₅ to the levels of its own effect. CONCLUSIONS These data identify RPTPβ/ζ as a cell membrane binding partner for VEGF that regulates angiogenic functions of endothelial cells and suggest that it warrants further validation as a potential target for development of additive or alternative anti-VEGF therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Koutsioumpa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR, 26504, Patras, Greece. .,Current address: Center for Systems Biomedicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Evangelia Poimenidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR, 26504, Patras, Greece.
| | - Evangelia Pantazaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR, 26504, Patras, Greece.
| | - Christina Theodoropoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR, 26504, Patras, Greece.
| | - Angeliki Skoura
- Computer Engineering and Informatics Department, University of Patras, GR 26504, Patras, Greece.
| | | | - Nelly Kieffer
- Sino-French Research Centre for Life Sciences and Genomics, CNRS/LIA124, Rui Jin Hospital, Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jose Courty
- Laboratoire CRRET, Universite Paris Est Creteil Val de Marne, Paris, France.
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics Research Group, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. .,Current address: Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 463-8503, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics Research Group, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Evangelia Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, GR, 26504, Patras, Greece.
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Wang W, Han W, Cai X, Zheng X, Sugahara K, Li F. Cloning and characterization of a novel chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate 4-O-endosulfatase from a marine bacterium. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7823-32. [PMID: 25648894 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.629154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfatases are potentially useful tools for structure-function studies of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). To date, various GAG exosulfatases have been identified in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. However, endosulfatases that act on GAGs have rarely been reported. Recently, a novel HA and CS lyase (HCLase) was identified for the first time from a marine bacterium (Han, W., Wang, W., Zhao, M., Sugahara, K., and Li, F. (2014) J. Biol. Chem. 289, 27886-27898). In this study, a putative sulfatase gene, closely linked to the hclase gene in the genome, was recombinantly expressed and characterized in detail. The recombinant protein showed a specific N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfatase activity that removes 4-O-sulfate from both disaccharides and polysaccharides of chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS), suggesting that this sulfatase represents a novel endosulfatase. The novel endosulfatase exhibited maximal reaction rate in a phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) at 30 °C and effectively removed 17-65% of 4-O-sulfates from various CS and DS and thus significantly inhibited the interactions of CS and DS with a positively supercharged fluorescent protein. Moreover, this endosulfatase significantly promoted the digestion of CS by HCLase, suggesting that it enhances the digestion of CS/DS by the bacterium. Therefore, this endosulfatase is a potential tool for use in CS/DS-related studies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuang Wang
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China and
| | - Wenjun Han
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China and
| | - Xingya Cai
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China and
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China and
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- the Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics Research Group, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Fuchuan Li
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China and
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Okolicsanyi RK, Buffiere A, Jacinto JME, Chacon-Cortes D, Chambers SK, Youl PH, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR. Association of heparan sulfate proteoglycans SDC1 and SDC4 polymorphisms with breast cancer in an Australian Caucasian population. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:1731-8. [PMID: 25361632 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a common disease in both developing and developed countries with early identification and treatment improving prognosis and survival. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are key components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that mediate cell adhesion, motility, proliferation, invasion and cell signalling. Members of the syndecan family of HSPGs have been identified to be involved in breast cancer progression through their varied interactions with a number of growth factors, ligands and receptors. Specifically, high expression levels of syndecan-1 (SDC1) have been demonstrated in more invasive breast tumours while elevated syndecan-4 (SDC4) levels have been identified to correspond with improved prognosis. With genetic changes in the syndecans and their association with breast cancers plausible, we examined two single nucleotide polymorphisms in SDC1 (rs1131351) and SDC4 (rs67068737) within an Australian Caucasian breast cancer case/control population. No association was found with SDC4 and breast cancer in our population. However, a significant association between SDC1 and breast cancer was identified in both our case/control population and in a replication cohort. When both populations were combined for analysis, this association became more significant (genotype, p = 0.0003; allele, p = 0.0001). This data suggests an increased risk of developing breast cancer associated with the presence of the C allele of the SDC1 rs1131351 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and may provide a marker toward early breast cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Okolicsanyi
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
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18
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Okolicsanyi RK, van Wijnen AJ, Cool SM, Stein GS, Griffiths LR, Haupt LM. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans and human breast cancer epithelial cell tumorigenicity. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:967-76. [PMID: 24357546 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are key components of the extracellular matrix that mediate cell proliferation, invasion, and cellular signaling. The biological functions of HSPGs are linked to their co-stimulatory effects on extracellular ligands (e.g., WNTs) and the resulting activation of transcription factors that control mammalian development but also associated with tumorigenesis. We examined the expression profile of HSPG core protein syndecans (SDC1-4) and glypicans (GPC1-6) along with the enzymes that initiate or modify their glycosaminoglycan chains in human breast cancer (HBC) epithelial cells. Gene expression in relation to cell proliferation was examined in the HBC cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 following treatment with the HS agonist heparin. Heparin increased gene expression of chain initiation and modification enzymes including EXT1 and NDST1, as well as core proteins SDC2 and GPC6. With HS/Wnt interactions established, we next investigated WNT pathway components and observed that increased proliferation of the more invasive MDA-MB-231 cells is associated with activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Specifically, there was substantial upregulation (>5-fold) of AXIN1, WNT4A, and MYC in MDA-MB-231 but not in MCF-7 cells. The changes in gene expression observed for HSPG core proteins and related enzymes along with the associated Wnt signaling components suggest coordinated interactions. The influence of HSPGs on cellular proliferation and invasive potential of breast cancer epithelial cells are cell and niche specific. Further studies on the interactions between HSPGs and WNT ligands may yield clinically relevant molecular targets, as well as new biomarkers for characterization of breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Okolicsanyi
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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19
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Schwartz NB, Domowicz MS. Chemistry and Function of Glycosaminoglycans in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 9:89-115. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1154-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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The ovine newborn and human foetal intervertebral disc contain perlecan and aggrecan variably substituted with native 7D4 CS sulphation motif: spatiotemporal immunolocalisation and co-distribution with Notch-1 in the human foetal disc. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:717-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Mizumoto S, Fongmoon D, Sugahara K. Interaction of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate from various biological sources with heparin-binding growth factors and cytokines. Glycoconj J 2012; 30:619-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Sugiura N, Shioiri T, Chiba M, Sato T, Narimatsu H, Kimata K, Watanabe H. Construction of a chondroitin sulfate library with defined structures and analysis of molecular interactions. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43390-400. [PMID: 23129769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.412676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a linear acidic polysaccharide, composed of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and modified with sulfate residues at different positions, which plays various roles in development and disease. Here, we chemo-enzymatically synthesized various CS species with defined lengths and defined sulfate compositions, from chondroitin hexasaccharide conjugated with hexamethylenediamine at the reducing ends, using bacterial chondroitin polymerase and recombinant CS sulfotransferases, including chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase 1 (C4ST-1), chondroitin-6-sulfotransferase 1 (C6ST-1), N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4S-6ST), and uronosyl 2-sulfotransferase (UA2ST). Sequential modifications of CS with a series of CS sulfotransferases revealed their distinct features, including their substrate specificities. Reactions with chondroitin polymerase generated non-sulfated chondroitin, and those with C4ST-1 and C6ST-1 generated uniformly sulfated CS containing >95% 4S and 6S units, respectively. GalNAc4S-6ST and UA2ST generated highly sulfated CS possessing ∼90% corresponding disulfated disaccharide units. Sequential reactions with UA2ST and GalNAc4S-6ST generated further highly sulfated CS containing a mixed structure of disulfated units. Surprisingly, sequential reactions with GalNAc4S-6ST and UA2ST generated a novel CS molecule containing ∼29% trisulfated disaccharide units. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and surface plasmon resonance analysis using the CS library and natural CS products modified with biotin at the reducing ends, revealed details of the interactions of CS species with anti-CS antibodies, and with CS-binding molecules such as midkine and pleiotrophin. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis enables the generation of CS chains of the desired lengths, compositions, and distinct structures, and the resulting library will be a useful tool for studies of CS functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Sugiura
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
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23
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Franco SJ, Müller U. Extracellular matrix functions during neuronal migration and lamination in the mammalian central nervous system. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 71:889-900. [PMID: 21739613 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) in complex and developmentally regulated patterns. The ECM provides a number of critical functions in the CNS, contributing both to the overall structural organization of the CNS and to control of individual cells. At the cellular level, the ECM affects its functions by a wide range of mechanisms, including providing structural support to cells, regulating the activity of second messenger systems, and controlling the distribution and local concentration of growth and differentiation factors. Perhaps the most well known role of the ECM is as a substrate on which motile cells can migrate. Genetic, cell biological, and biochemical studies provide strong evidence that ECM glycoproteins such as laminins, tenascins, and proteoglycans control neuronal migration and positioning in several regions of the developing and adult brain. Recent findings have also shed important new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which reelin regulates migration. Here we will summarize these findings, emphasizing the emerging concept that ECM glycoproteins promote different modes of neuronal migration such as radial, tangential, and chain migration. We also discuss several studies demonstrating that mutations in ECM glycoproteins can alter neuronal positioning by cell nonautonomous mechanisms that secondarily affect migrating neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santos J Franco
- Department of Cell Biology, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Erlandsen H, Ames JE, Tamkenath A, Mamaeva O, Stidham K, Wilson ME, Perez-Pinera P, Deuel TF, Macdougall M. Pleiotrophin expression during odontogenesis. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:366-75. [PMID: 22382872 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412439316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is an extracellular matrix-associated growth factor and chemokine expressed in mesodermal and ectodermal cells. It plays an important role in osteoblast recruitment and differentiation. There is limited information currently available about PTN expression during odontoblast differentiation and tooth formation, and thus the authors aimed to establish the spatiotemporal expression pattern of PTN during mouse odontogenesis. Immortalized mouse dental pulp (MD10-D3, MD10-A11) and odontoblast-like (M06-G3) and ameloblast-like (EOE-3M) cell lines were grown and samples prepared for immunocytochemistry, Western blot, and conventional and quantitative PCR analysis. Effects of BMP2, BMP4, and BMP7 treatment on PTN expression in odontoblast-like M06-G3 cells were tested by quantitative PCR. Finally, immunohistochemistry of sectioned mice mandibles and maxillaries at developmental stages E16, E18, P1, P6, P10, and P28 was performed. The experiments showed that PTN, at both the mRNA and protein level, was expressed in all tested epithelial and mesenchymal dental cell lines and that the level of PTN mRNA was influenced differentially by the bone morphogenetic proteins. The authors observed initial expression of PTN in the inner enamel epithelium with prolonged expression in the ameloblasts and odontoblasts throughout their stages of maturation and strong expression in the terminally differentiated and enamel matrix-secreting ameloblasts and odontoblasts of the adult mouse incisors and molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Erlandsen
- Institute of Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0007, USA.
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25
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Attia M, Scott A, Duchesnay A, Carpentier G, Soslowsky LJ, Huynh MB, Van Kuppevelt TH, Gossard C, Courty J, Tassoni MC, Martelly I. Alterations of overused supraspinatus tendon: a possible role of glycosaminoglycans and HARP/pleiotrophin in early tendon pathology. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:61-71. [PMID: 21688311 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Supraspinatus tendon overuse injuries lead to significant pain and disability in athletes and workers. Despite the prevalence and high social cost of these injuries, the early pathological events are not well known. We analyzed the potential relation between glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition and phenotypic cellular alteration using a rat model of rotator cuff overuse. Total sulfated GAGs increased after 4 weeks of overuse and remained elevated up to 16 weeks. GAG accumulation was preceded by up-regulation of decorin, versican, and aggrecan proteoglycans (PGs) mRNAs and proteins and biglycan PG mRNA after 2 weeks. At 2 weeks, collagen 1 transcript decreased whereas mRNAs for collagen 2, collagen 3, collagen 6, and the transcription factor Sox9 were increased. Protein levels of heparin affine regulatory peptide (HARP)/pleiotrophin, a cytokine known to regulate developmental chondrocyte formation, were enhanced especially at 4 weeks, without up-regulation of HARP/pleiotrophin mRNA. Further results suggest that the increased GAGs present in early lesions may sequester HARP/pleiotrophin, which could contribute to a loss of tenocyte's phenotype. All these modifications are characteristic of a shift towards the chondrocyte phenotype. Identification of these early changes in the extra-cellular matrix may help to prevent the progression of the pathology to more disabling, degenerative alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Attia
- Laboratoire CRRET CNRS EAC 7149, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Cedex, France
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26
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Maeda N, Ishii M, Nishimura K, Kamimura K. Functions of chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate in the developing brain. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:1228-40. [PMID: 21110089 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate proteoglycans are major components of the cell surface and extracellular matrix in the brain. Both chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate are unbranched highly sulfated polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine, and glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine, respectively. During their biosynthesis in the Golgi apparatus, these glycosaminoglycans are highly modified by sulfation and C5 epimerization of glucuronic acid, leading to diverse heterogeneity in structure. Their structures are strictly regulated in a cell type-specific manner during development partly by the expression control of various glycosaminoglycan-modifying enzymes. It has been considered that specific combinations of glycosaminoglycan-modifying enzymes generate specific functional microdomains in the glycosaminoglycan chains, which bind selectively with various growth factors, morphogens, axon guidance molecules and extracellular matrix proteins. Recent studies have begun to reveal that the molecular interactions mediated by such glycosaminoglycan microdomains play critical roles in the various signaling pathways essential for the development of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maeda
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8526, Japan.
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27
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Ogawa H, Shionyu M, Sugiura N, Hatano S, Nagai N, Kubota Y, Nishiwaki K, Sato T, Gotoh M, Narimatsu H, Shimizu K, Kimata K, Watanabe H. Chondroitin sulfate synthase-2/chondroitin polymerizing factor has two variants with distinct function. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:34155-67. [PMID: 20729547 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.109553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a polysaccharide consisting of repeating disaccharide units of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and d-glucuronic acid residues, modified with sulfated residues at various positions. To date six glycosyltransferases for chondroitin synthesis have been identified, and the complex of chondroitin sulfate synthase-1 (CSS1)/chondroitin synthase-1 (ChSy-1) and chondroitin sulfate synthase-2 (CSS2)/chondroitin polymerizing factor is assumed to play a major role in CS biosynthesis. We found an alternative splice variant of mouse CSS2 in a data base that lacks the N-terminal transmembrane domain, contrasting to the original CSS2. Here, we investigated the roles of CSS2 variants. Both the original enzyme and the splice variant, designated CSS2A and CSS2B, respectively, were expressed at different levels and ratios in tissues. Western blot analysis of cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts confirmed that both enzymes were actually synthesized as proteins and were localized in both the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Pulldown assays revealed that either of CSS2A, CSS2B, and CSS1/ChSy-1 heterogeneously and homogeneously interacts with each other, suggesting that they form a complex of multimers. In vitro glycosyltransferase assays demonstrated a reduced glucuronyltransferase activity in CSS2B and no polymerizing activity in CSS2B co-expressed with CSS1, in contrast to CSS2A co-expressed with CSS1. Radiolabeling analysis of cultured COS-7 cells overexpressing each variant revealed that, whereas CSS2A facilitated CS biosynthesis, CSS2B inhibited it. Molecular modeling of CSS2A and CSS2B provided support for their properties. These findings, implicating regulation of CS chain polymerization by CSS2 variants, provide insight in elucidating the mechanisms of CS biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Ogawa
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, USA
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Nishimura K, Ishii M, Kuraoka M, Kamimura K, Maeda N. Opposing functions of chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate during early neuronal polarization. Neuroscience 2010; 169:1535-47. [PMID: 20600662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Axon-dendrite polarity of neurons is essential for information processing in the nervous system. Here we studied the functions of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS) in neuronal polarization using cultured dissociated hippocampal neurons. Immunohistochemical analyses of early cultured neurons indicated the distribution of these glycosaminoglycans to be quite different. While CS epitopes were accumulated in the focal contacts present in axons and cell bodies, those of HS were detected ubiquitously on the cell surface including on dendrites and axons. Treatment with chondroitinase (CHase) ABC, which degrades CS, and knockdown of a CS sulfotransferase, N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (4,6-ST), which is involved in the biosynthesis of oversulfated structures, induced the formation of multiple axons in hippocampal neurons. Time-lapse recordings revealed the multiple axons of CHase ABC-treated neurons to be highly unstable, extending and retracting, repeatedly. CHase ABC-treatments suggested that CS is involved in the formation of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase-positive focal contacts. Thus, CS may enhance integrin signaling in the nascent axons, supporting axon specification. On the other hand, when neurons were treated with heparitinases that specifically degrade HS, neurons with a single axon increased. The axons of HSase-treated neurons extended steadily and showed almost no retraction. These results suggest that CS stabilizes and HS destabilizes the growth of axons in an opposing manner, contributing to early neuronal polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nishimura
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan
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29
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Conrad AH, Zhang Y, Tasheva ES, Conrad GW. Proteomic analysis of potential keratan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate A, and hyaluronic acid molecular interactions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:4500-15. [PMID: 20375348 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Corneal stroma extracellular matrix (ECM) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) include keratan sulfate (KS), chondroitin sulfate A (CSA), and hyaluronic acid (HA). Embryonic corneal keratocytes and sensory nerve fibers grow and differentiate according to chemical cues they receive from the ECM. This study asked which of the proteins that may regulate keratocytes or corneal nerve growth cone immigration interact with corneal GAGs. METHODS Biotinylated KS (bKS), CSA (bCSA), and HA (bHA) were prepared and used in microarray protocols to assess their interactions with 8268 proteins and a custom microarray of 85 extracellular epitopes of nerve growth-related proteins. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was performed with bKS and SLIT2, and their ka, kd, and KD were determined. RESULTS Highly sulfated KS interacted with 217 microarray proteins, including 75 kinases, several membrane or secreted proteins, many cytoskeletal proteins, and many nerve function proteins. CSA interacted with 24 proteins, including 10 kinases and 2 cell surface proteins. HA interacted with 6 proteins, including several ECM-related structural proteins. Of 85 ECM nerve-related epitopes, KS bound 40 proteins, including SLIT, 2 ROBOs, 9 EPHs, 8 Ephrins (EFNs), 8 semaphorins (SEMAs), and 2 nerve growth factor receptors. CSA bound nine proteins, including ROBO2, 2 EPHs, 1 EFN, two SEMAs, and netrin 4. HA bound no ECM nerve-related epitopes. SPR confirmed that KS binds SLIT2 strongly. The KS core protein mimecan/osteoglycin bound 15 proteins. CONCLUSIONS Corneal stromal GAGs bind, and thus could alter the availability or conformation of, many proteins that may influence keratocyte and nerve growth cone behavior in the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail H Conrad
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-4901, USA.
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30
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Sasaki N, Hirano T, Ichimiya T, Wakao M, Hirano K, Kinoshita-Toyoda A, Toyoda H, Suda Y, Nishihara S. The 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transporters, PAPST1 and 2, contribute to the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8262. [PMID: 20011239 PMCID: PMC2788424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have identified two 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) transporters (PAPST1 and PAPST2), which contribute to PAPS transport into the Golgi, in both human and Drosophila. Mutation and RNA interference (RNAi) of the Drosophila PAPST have shown the importance of PAPST-dependent sulfation of carbohydrates and proteins during development. However, the functional roles of PAPST in mammals are largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether PAPST-dependent sulfation is involved in regulating signaling pathways required for the maintenance of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), differentiation into the three germ layers, and neurogenesis. By using a yeast expression system, mouse PAPST1 and PAPST2 proteins were shown to have PAPS transport activity with an apparent K(m) value of 1.54 microM or 1.49 microM, respectively. RNAi-mediated knockdown of each PAPST induced the reduction of chondroitin sulfate (CS) chain sulfation as well as heparan sulfate (HS) chain sulfation, and inhibited mESC self-renewal due to defects in several signaling pathways. However, we suggest that these effects were due to reduced HS, not CS, chain sulfation, because knockdown of mouse N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase, which catalyzes the first step of HS sulfation, in mESCs gave similar results to those observed in PAPST-knockdown mESCs, but depletion of CS chains did not. On the other hand, during embryoid body formation, PAPST-knockdown mESCs exhibited abnormal differentiation, in particular neurogenesis was promoted, presumably due to the observed defects in BMP, FGF and Wnt signaling. The latter were reduced as a result of the reduction in both HS and CS chain sulfation. We propose that PAPST-dependent sulfation of HS or CS chains, which is regulated developmentally, regulates the extrinsic signaling required for the maintenance and normal differentiation of mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Sasaki
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Hirano
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ichimiya
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Wakao
- Department of Nanostructure and Advanced Materials, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hirano
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kinoshita-Toyoda
- Laboratory of Bio-analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hidenao Toyoda
- Laboratory of Bio-analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Suda
- Department of Nanostructure and Advanced Materials, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) of Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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31
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Ishii M, Maeda N. Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate plays critical roles in the neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:32610-20. [PMID: 18819920 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806331200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans bind with various proteins through CS chains in a CS structure-dependent manner, in which oversulfated structures, such as iB (IdoA(2-O-sulfate)alpha1-3GalNAc(4-O-sulfate)), D (GlcA(2-O-sulfate)beta1-3GalNAc(6-O-sulfate)), and E (GlcAbeta1-3GalNAc(4,6-O-disulfate)) units constitute the critical functional module. In this study, we examined the expression and function of three CS sulfotransferases in the developing neocortex: uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (UST), N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (4,6-ST) and dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase-1 (D4-ST), which are responsible for the synthesis of oversulfated structures. The CS chains of the neocortex of mouse embryos contained significant amounts of D and E units that are generated by UST and 4,6-ST, respectively. UST and 4,6-ST mRNAs were expressed in the ventricular and subventricular zones, and their expression increased during late embryonic development. In utero electroporation experiments indicated that knockdown of UST and 4,6-ST resulted in the disturbed migration of cortical neurons. The neurons electroporated with the short hairpin RNA constructs of UST and 4,6-ST accumulated in the lower intermediate zone and in the subventricular zone, showing a multipolar morphology. The cDNA constructs of UST and 4,6-ST rescued the defects caused by the RNA interference, and the neurons were able to migrate radially. On the other hand, knockdown of D4-ST, which is involved in the biosynthesis of the iB unit, caused no migratory defects. These results revealed that specific oversulfated structures in CS chains play critical roles in the migration of neuronal precursors during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Ishii
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan
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Ishii M, Maeda N. Spatiotemporal expression of chondroitin sulfate sulfotransferases in the postnatal developing mouse cerebellum. Glycobiology 2008; 18:602-14. [PMID: 18480156 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans are major components of the cell surface and the extracellular matrix in the developing brain and bind to various proteins via CS chains in a CS structure-dependent manner. This study demonstrated the expression pattern of three CS sulfotransferase genes, dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase (D4ST), uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (UST), and N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4S-6ST), in the mouse postnatal cerebellum. These sulfotransferases are responsible for the biosynthesis of oversulfated structures in CS chains such as B, D, and E units, which constitute the binding sites for various heparin-binding proteins. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the expression of UST increased remarkably during cerebellar development. The amounts of B and D units, which are generated by UST activity, in the cerebellar CS chains also increased during development. In contrast, the expression of GalNAc4S-6ST and its biosynthetic product, E unit, decreased during postnatal development. In situ hybridization experiments revealed the levels of UST and GalNAc4S-6ST mRNAs to correlate inversely in many cells including Purkinje cells, granule cells in the external granular layer, and inhibitory interneurons. In these neurons, the expression of UST increased and that of GalNAc4S-6ST decreased during development and/or maturation. D4ST was also expressed by many neurons, but its expression was not simply correlated with development, which might contribute to the diversification of CS structures expressed by distinct neurons. These results suggest that the CS structures of various cerebellar neurons change during development and such changes of CS are involved in the regulation of various signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Ishii
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan
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Receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta-pleiotrophin signaling controls endocytic trafficking of DNER that regulates neuritogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:4494-506. [PMID: 18474614 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00074-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta (PTPzeta) is a receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase that uses pleiotrophin as a ligand. Pleiotrophin inactivates the phosphatase activity of PTPzeta, resulting in the increase of tyrosine phosphorylation levels of its substrates. We studied the functional interaction between PTPzeta and DNER, a Notch-related transmembrane protein highly expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. PTPzeta and DNER displayed patchy colocalization in the dendrites of Purkinje cells, and immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that these proteins formed complexes. Several tyrosine residues in and adjacent to the tyrosine-based and the second C-terminal sorting motifs of DNER were phosphorylated and were dephosphorylated by PTPzeta, and phosphorylation of these tyrosine residues resulted in the accumulation of DNER on the plasma membrane. DNER mutants lacking sorting motifs accumulated on the plasma membrane of Purkinje cells and Neuro-2A cells and induced their process extension. While normal DNER was actively endocytosed and inhibited the retinoic-acid-induced neurite outgrowth of Neuro-2A cells, pleiotrophin stimulation increased the tyrosine phosphorylation level of DNER and suppressed the endocytosis of this protein, which led to the reversal of this inhibition, thus allowing neurite extension. These observations suggest that pleiotrophin-PTPzeta signaling controls subcellular localization of DNER and thereby regulates neuritogenesis.
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Sugiura N, Shimokata S, Minamisawa T, Hirabayashi J, Kimata K, Watanabe H. Sequential synthesis of chondroitin oligosaccharides by immobilized chondroitin polymerase mutants. Glycoconj J 2008; 25:521-30. [PMID: 18247116 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli strain K4 expresses a chondroitin (CH)-polymerizing enzyme (K4CP) that contains two glycosyltransferase active domains. K4CP alternately transfers glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) residues using UDP-GlcA and UDP-GalNAc donors to the nonreducing end of a CH chain acceptor. Here we generated two K4CP point mutants substituted at the UDP-sugar binding motif (DXD) in the glycosyltransferase active domains, which showed either glycosyltransferase activity of the intact domain and retained comparable activity after immobilization onto agarose beads. The mutant enzyme-immobilized beads exhibited an addition of GlcA or GalNAc to GalNAc or GlcA residue at the nonreducing end of CH oligosaccharides and sequentially elongated pyridylamine-conjugated CH (PA-CH) chain by the alternate use. The sequential elongation up to 16-mer was successfully achieved as assessed by fluorescent detection on a gel filtration chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and MALDI potential lift tandem TOF mass spectrometry (MALDI-LIFT-TOF/TOF MS/MS) analyses in the negative reflection mode. This method provides exactly defined CH oligosaccharide derivatives, which are useful for studies on glycosaminoglycan functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Sugiura
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Yazako, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
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Sotogaku N, Tully SE, Gama CI, Higashi H, Tanaka M, Hsieh-Wilson LC, Nishi A. Activation of phospholipase C pathways by a synthetic chondroitin sulfate-E tetrasaccharide promotes neurite outgrowth of dopaminergic neurons. J Neurochem 2007; 103:749-60. [PMID: 17680989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In dopaminergic neurons, chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans play important roles in neuronal development and regeneration. However, due to the complexity and heterogeneity of CS, the precise structure of CS with biological activity and the molecular mechanisms underlying its influence on dopaminergic neurons are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the ability of synthetic CS oligosaccharides and natural polysaccharides to promote the neurite outgrowth of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and the signaling pathways activated by CS. CS-E polysaccharide, but not CS-A, -C or -D polysaccharide, facilitated the neurite outgrowth of dopaminergic neurons at CS concentrations within the physiological range. The stimulatory effect of CS-E polysaccharide on neurite outgrowth was completely abolished by its digestion into disaccharide units with chondroitinase ABC. Similarly to CS-E polysaccharide, a synthetic tetrasaccharide displaying only the CS-E sulfation motif stimulated the neurite outgrowth of dopaminergic neurons, whereas a CS-E disaccharide or unsulfated tetrasaccharide had no effect. Analysis of the molecular mechanisms revealed that the action of the CS-E tetrasaccharide was mediated through midkine-pleiotrophin/protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta and brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine kinase B receptor pathways, followed by activation of the two intracellular phospholipase C (PLC) signaling cascades: PLC/protein kinase C and PLC/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor signaling leading to intracellular Ca(2+) concentration-dependent activation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II and calcineurin. These results indicate that a specific sulfation motif, in particular the CS-E tetrasaccharide unit, represents a key structural determinant for activation of midkine, pleiotrophin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated signaling, and is required for the neuritogenic activity of CS in dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sotogaku
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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Johnson WEB, Patterson AM, Eisenstein SM, Roberts S. The presence of pleiotrophin in the human intervertebral disc is associated with increased vascularization: an immunohistologic study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007; 32:1295-302. [PMID: 17515817 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e31805b835d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An immunohistological study of surgical specimens of human intervertebral disc. OBJECTIVE To examine the presence of pleiotrophin in diseased or damaged intervertebral disc tissue and the association between its presence and the extent of tissue vascularization and innervation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Increased levels of pleiotrophin, a growth and differentiation factor that is active in various pathophysiologic processes, including angiogenesis, has been associated with osteoarthritic changes of human articular cartilage. The association between pleiotrophin expression and pathologic conditions of the human intervertebral disc is unknown. METHODS Specimens of human lumbar intervertebral discs, obtained following surgical discectomy, were divided into 3 groups: non-degenerated discs (n = 7), degenerated discs (n = 6), and prolapsed discs (n = 11). Serial tissue sections of each specimen were immunostained to determine the presence of pleiotrophin, blood vessels (CD34-positive endothelial cells), and nerves (neurofilament 200 kDa [NF200]-positive nerve fibers). RESULTS Pleiotrophin immunoreactivity was seen in disc cells, endothelial cells, and in the extracellular matrix in most specimens of intervertebral disc but was most prevalent in vascularized tissue in prolapsed discs. There was a significant correlation between the presence of pleiotrophin-positive disc cells and that of CD34-positive blood vessels. NF200-positive nerves were seen in vascularized areas of more degenerated discs, but nerves did not appear to codistribute with blood vessels or pleiotrophin positivity in prolapsed discs. CONCLUSIONS Pleiotrophin is present in pathologic human intervertebral discs, and its prevalence and distribution suggest that it may play a role in neovascularization of diseased or damaged disc tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E B Johnson
- Centre for Spinal Studies, Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine of Keele University, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom.
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2006 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:300-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Viapiano MS, Matthews RT. From barriers to bridges: chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in neuropathology. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12:488-96. [PMID: 16962376 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging studies have revealed new roles for the neural extracellular matrix in neuropathologies. The structure of this matrix is unusual and uniquely enriched in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, particularly those of the lectican family. Historically, lecticans have attracted considerable interest in the normal and injured brain for their prominent roles as inhibitors of cellular motility, neurite extension and synaptic plasticity. However, these molecules are structurally heterogeneous, have distinct expression patterns and mediate unique interactions, suggesting that they might have other functions in addition to their traditional role as chemorepulsants. Here, we review recent work demonstrating unique modifications and structural microheterogeneity of the lecticans in the diseased CNS, which might relate to novel roles of these molecules in neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano S Viapiano
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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