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Glycan-to-Glycan Binding: Molecular Recognition through Polyvalent Interactions Mediates Specific Cell Adhesion. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020397. [PMID: 33451117 PMCID: PMC7828597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycan-to-glycan binding was shown by biochemical and biophysical measurements to mediate xenogeneic self-recognition and adhesion in sponges, stage-specific cell compaction in mice embryos, and in vitro tumor cell adhesion in mammals. This intermolecular recognition process is accepted as the new paradigm accompanying high-affinity and low valent protein-to-protein and protein-to-glycan binding in cellular interactions. Glycan structures in sponges have novel species-specific sequences. Their common features are the large size >100 kD, polyvalency >100 repeats of the specific self-binding oligosaccharide, the presence of fucose, and sulfated and/or pyruvylated hexoses. These structural and functional properties, different from glycosaminoglycans, inspired their classification under the glyconectin name. The molecular mechanism underlying homophilic glyconectin-to-glyconectin binding relies on highly polyvalent, strong, and structure-specific interactions of small oligosaccharide motifs, possessing ultra-weak self-binding strength and affinity. Glyconectin localization at the glycocalyx outermost cell surface layer suggests their role in the initial recognition and adhesion event during the complex and multistep process. In mammals, Lex-to-Lex homophilic binding is structure-specific and has ultra-weak affinity. Cell adhesion is achieved through highly polyvalent interactions, enabled by clustering of small low valent structure in plasma membranes.
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Vilanova E, Ciodaro PJ, Bezerra FF, Santos GRC, Valle-Delgado JJ, Anselmetti D, Fernàndez-Busquets X, Mourão PAS. Adhesion of freshwater sponge cells mediated by carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions requires low environmental calcium. Glycobiology 2020; 30:710-721. [PMID: 32080706 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine ancestors of freshwater sponges had to undergo a series of physiological adaptations to colonize harsh and heterogeneous limnic environments. Besides reduced salinity, river-lake systems also have calcium concentrations far lower than seawater. Cell adhesion in sponges is mediated by calcium-dependent multivalent self-interactions of sulfated polysaccharide components of membrane-bound proteoglycans named aggregation factors. Cells of marine sponges require seawater average calcium concentration (10 mM) to sustain adhesion promoted by aggregation factors. We demonstrate here that the freshwater sponge Spongilla alba can thrive in a calcium-poor aquatic environment and that their cells are able to aggregate and form primmorphs with calcium concentrations 40-fold lower than that required by marine sponges cells. We also find that their gemmules need calcium and other micronutrients to hatch and generate new sponges. The sulfated polysaccharide purified from S. alba has sulfate content and molecular size notably lower than those from marine sponges. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses indicated that it is composed of a central backbone of non- and 2-sulfated α- and β-glucose units decorated with branches of α-glucose. Assessments with atomic force microscopy/single-molecule force spectroscopy show that S. alba glucan requires 10-fold less calcium than sulfated polysaccharides from marine sponges to self-interact efficiently. Such an ability to retain multicellular morphology with low environmental calcium must have been a crucial evolutionary step for freshwater sponges to successfully colonize inland waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Vilanova
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Priscilla J Ciodaro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Francisco F Bezerra
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R C Santos
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Juan J Valle-Delgado
- Departament of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona ES-08036, Spain.,Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona ES-08028, Spain
| | - Paulo A S Mourão
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
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Abeyratne-Perera HK, Ogharandukun E, Chandran PL. Complex-type N-glycans on VSV-G pseudotyped HIV exhibit 'tough' sialic and 'brittle' mannose self-adhesions. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4525-4540. [PMID: 31099376 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00579j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The complex-type glycan shields of eukaryotic cells have a core layer of mannose residues buried under tiers of sugars that end with sialic acid (SA) residues. We investigate if the self-latching of mannose residues, earlier reported in pure monolayer studies, also manifests in the setting of a complex-type glycan shield. Would distal SA residues impede access to the mannose core? The interactions of mannobiose-, SA-, and lactose-coated probes with the complex-type VSV-G glycan shield on an HIV pseudovirus were studied with force-spectroscopy and gold-nanoparticle solutions. In force spectroscopy, the sugar probes can be forced to sample the depths of the glycan shield, whereas with sugar-coated nanoparticles, only interactions permitted by freely-diffusive contact occur. Deep-indentation mechanics was performed to verify the inferred structure of the engineered virus and to isolate the glycan shield layer for subsequent interaction studies. The adhesion between the sugar-probes and complex-type glycan shield was deconvoluted by comparing against the cross- and self- adhesions between the sugars in pure monolayers. Results from complementing systems were consistent with mannobiose-coated probes latching to the mannose core in the glycan shield, unhindered by the SA and distal sugars, with a short-range 'brittle' release of adhesion resulting in tightly coated viruses. SA-Coated probes, however, adhere to the terminal SA layer of a glycan shield with long-range and mechanically 'tough' adhesions resulting in large-scale virus aggregation. Lactose-coated probes exhibit ill-defined adherence to sialic residues. The selection and positioning of sugars within a glycan shield can influence how carbohydrate surfaces of different composition adhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashanthi K Abeyratne-Perera
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, College of Medicine, 1011 LK Downing Hall 2300 6th Street, NW, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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Lakshminarayanan A, Richard M, Davis BG. Studying glycobiology at the single-molecule level. Nat Rev Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Linka K, Hillgärtner M, Itskov M. Fatigue of soft fibrous tissues: Multi-scale mechanics and constitutive modeling. Acta Biomater 2018; 71:398-410. [PMID: 29550441 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent experimental studies a possible damage mechanism of collagenous tissues mainly caused by fatigue was disclosed. In this contribution, a multi-scale constitutive model ranging from the tropocollagen (TC) molecule level up to bundles of collagen fibers is proposed and utilized to predict the elastic and inelastic long-term tissue response. Material failure of collagen fibrils is elucidated by a permanent opening of the triple helical collagen molecule conformation, triggered either by overstretching or reaction kinetics of non-covalent bonds. This kinetics is described within a probabilistic framework of adhesive detachments of molecular linkages providing collagen fiber integrity. Both intramolecular and interfibrillar linkages are considered. The final constitutive equations are validated against recent experimental data available in literature for both uniaxial tension to failure and the evolution of fatigue in subsequent loading cycles. All material parameters of the proposed model have a clear physical interpretation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Irreversible changes take place at different length scales of soft fibrous tissues under supra-physiological loading and alter their macroscopic mechanical properties. Understanding the evolution of those histologic pathologies under loading and incorporating them into a continuum mechanical framework appears to be crucial in order to predict long-term evolution of various diseases and to support the development of tissue engineering.
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Abeyratne-Perera HK, Chandran PL. Mannose Surfaces Exhibit Self-Latching, Water Structuring, and Resilience to Chaotropes: Implications for Pathogen Virulence. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:9178-9189. [PMID: 28817934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Several viral and fungal pathogens, including HIV, SARS, Dengue, Ebola, and Cryptococcus neoformans, display a preponderance of mannose residues on their surface, particularly during the infection cycle or in harsh environments. The innate immune system, on the other hand, abounds in mannose receptors which recognize mannose residues on pathogens and trigger their phagocytosis. We pose the question if there is an advantage for pathogens to display mannose on their surface, despite these residues being recognized by the immune system. The surface properties and interactions of opposing monolayers of mannobiose (disaccharide of mannose) were probed using atomic force spectroscopy. Unlike its diastereoisomer lactose, mannobiose molecules exhibited lateral packing interactions that manifest on the surface scale as a self-recognizing latch. A break-in force is required for opposing surfaces to penetrate and a breakout (or self-adhesion force) of similar magnitude is required for penetrated surfaces to separate. A hierarchy of self-adhesion forces was distinguished as occurring at the single residue (∼25 pN), cluster (∼250 pN), monolayer (∼1.1 nN), and supramonolayer level. The break-in force and break-out force appear resilient to the presence of simple chaotropes that attenuate a layer of structured water around the mannose surface. The layer of structured water otherwise extends to distances several times longer than a mannobiose residue, indicating a long-range propagation of the hydrogen bonding imposed by the residues. The span of the structured water increases with the velocity of an approaching surface, similar to shear thickening, but fissures at higher approach velocities. Our studies suggest that mannose residues could guide interpathogen interactions, such as in biofilms, and serve as a moated fortress for pathogens to hide behind to resist detection and harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashanthi K Abeyratne-Perera
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department and ‡Chemical Engineering Department, Howard University , Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Preethi L Chandran
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department and ‡Chemical Engineering Department, Howard University , Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
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7
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Bano F, Banerji S, Howarth M, Jackson DG, Richter RP. A single molecule assay to probe monovalent and multivalent bonds between hyaluronan and its key leukocyte receptor CD44 under force. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34176. [PMID: 27679982 PMCID: PMC5040960 DOI: 10.1038/srep34176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), a category of linear, anionic polysaccharides, are ubiquitous in the extracellular space, and important extrinsic regulators of cell function. Despite the recognized significance of mechanical stimuli in cellular communication, however, only few single molecule methods are currently available to study how monovalent and multivalent GAG·protein bonds respond to directed mechanical forces. Here, we have devised such a method, by combining purpose-designed surfaces that afford immobilization of GAGs and receptors at controlled nanoscale organizations with single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS). We apply the method to study the interaction of the GAG polymer hyaluronan (HA) with CD44, its receptor in vascular endothelium. Individual bonds between HA and CD44 are remarkably resistant to rupture under force in comparison to their low binding affinity. Multiple bonds along a single HA chain rupture sequentially and independently under load. We also demonstrate how strong non-covalent bonds, which are versatile for controlled protein and GAG immobilization, can be effectively used as molecular anchors in SMFS. We thus establish a versatile method for analyzing the nanomechanics of GAG·protein interactions at the level of single GAG chains, which provides new molecular-level insight into the role of mechanical forces in the assembly and function of GAG-rich extracellular matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouzia Bano
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Suneale Banerji
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX39DS, UK
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13QU, UK
| | - David G Jackson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX39DS, UK
| | - Ralf P Richter
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.,Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique (LIPhy), BP 87, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères, France.,University of Leeds, School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Physics and Astronomy, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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8
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Winklbauer R. Cell adhesion strength from cortical tension - an integration of concepts. J Cell Sci 2016; 128:3687-93. [PMID: 26471994 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.174623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenetic mechanisms such as cell movement or tissue separation depend on cell attachment and detachment processes, which involve adhesion receptors as well as the cortical cytoskeleton. The interplay between the two components is of stunning complexity. Most strikingly, the binding energy of adhesion molecules is usually too small for substantial cell-cell attachment, pointing to a main deficit in our present understanding of adhesion. In this Opinion article, I integrate recent findings and conceptual advances in the field into a coherent framework for cell adhesion. I argue that active cortical tension is best viewed as an integral part of adhesion, and propose on this basis a non-arbitrary measure of adhesion strength - the tissue surface tension of cell aggregates. This concept of adhesion integrates heterogeneous molecular inputs into a single mechanical property and simplifies the analysis of attachment-detachment processes. It draws attention to the enormous variation of adhesion strengths among tissues, whose origin and function is little understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
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9
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Vilanova E, Santos GRC, Aquino RS, Valle-Delgado JJ, Anselmetti D, Fernàndez-Busquets X, Mourão PAS. Carbohydrate-Carbohydrate Interactions Mediated by Sulfate Esters and Calcium Provide the Cell Adhesion Required for the Emergence of Early Metazoans. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9425-37. [PMID: 26917726 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Early metazoans had to evolve the first cell adhesion mechanism addressed to maintain a distinctive multicellular morphology. As the oldest extant animals, sponges are good candidates for possessing remnants of the molecules responsible for this crucial evolutionary innovation. Cell adhesion in sponges is mediated by the calcium-dependent multivalent self-interactions of sulfated polysaccharides components of extracellular membrane-bound proteoglycans, namely aggregation factors. Here, we used atomic force microscopy to demonstrate that the aggregation factor of the sponge Desmapsamma anchorata has a circular supramolecular structure and that it thus belongs to the spongican family. Its sulfated polysaccharide units, which were characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, consist preponderantly of a central backbone composed of 3-α-Glc1 units partially sulfated at 2- and 4-positions and branches of Pyr(4,6)α-Gal1→3-α-Fuc2(SO3)1→3-α-Glc4(SO3)1→3-α-Glc→4-linked to the central α-Glc units. Single-molecule force measurements of self-binding forces of this sulfated polysaccharide and their chemically desulfated and carboxyl-reduced derivatives revealed that the sulfate epitopes and extracellular calcium are essential for providing the strength and stability necessary to sustain cell adhesion in sponges. We further discuss these findings within the framework of the role of molecular structures in the early evolution of metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Vilanova
- From the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R C Santos
- From the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Aquino
- From the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Juan J Valle-Delgado
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona 08028, Spain, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain, and
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona 08028, Spain, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain, and
| | - Paulo A S Mourão
- From the Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil,
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10
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Harder A, Möller AK, Milz F, Neuhaus P, Walhorn V, Dierks T, Anselmetti D. Catch bond interaction between cell-surface sulfatase Sulf1 and glycosaminoglycans. Biophys J 2016; 108:1709-1717. [PMID: 25863062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In biological adhesion, the biophysical mechanism of specific biomolecular interaction can be divided in slip and catch bonds, respectively. Conceptually, slip bonds exhibit a reduced bond lifetime under increased external force and catch bonds, in contrast, exhibit an increased lifetime (for a certain force interval). Since 2003, a handful of biological systems have been identified to display catch bond properties. Upon investigating the specific interaction between the unique hydrophilic domain (HD) of the human cell-surface sulfatase Sulf1 against its physiological glycosaminoglycan (GAG) target heparan sulfate (HS) by single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS), we found clear evidence of catch bond behavior in this system. The HD, ∼320 amino acids long with dominant positive charge, and its interaction with sulfated GAG-polymers were quantitatively investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) based force clamp spectroscopy (FCS) and dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS). In FCS experiments, we found that the catch bond character of HD against GAGs could be attributed to the GAG 6-O-sulfation site whereas only slip bond interaction can be observed in a GAG system where this site is explicitly lacking. We interpreted the binding data within the theoretical framework of a two state two path model, where two slip bonds are coupled forming a double-well interaction potential with an energy difference of ΔE ≈ 9 kBT and a compliance length of Δx ≈ 3.2 nm. Additional DFS experiments support this assumption and allow identification of these two coupled slip-bond states that behave consistently within the Kramers-Bell-Evans model of force-mediated dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Harder
- Experimental Biophysics, Physics Faculty, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Möller
- Experimental Biophysics, Physics Faculty, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Fabian Milz
- Biochemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Phillipp Neuhaus
- Biochemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker Walhorn
- Experimental Biophysics, Physics Faculty, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Biochemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Experimental Biophysics, Physics Faculty, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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11
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Bertassoni LE, Swain MV. The contribution of proteoglycans to the mechanical behavior of mineralized tissues. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 38:91-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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A new multiscale model for the mechanical behavior of vein walls. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 23:32-43. [PMID: 23660303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present work is to propose a new multiscale model for the prediction of the mechanical behavior of vein walls. This model is based on one of our previous works which considered scale transitions applied to undulated collagen fibers. In the present work, the scale below was added to take the anisotropy of collagen fibrils into account. One scale above was also added, modeling the global reorientation of collagen fibers inside the vessel wall. The model was verified on experimental data from the literature, leading to a satisfactory agreement. The proposed multiscale approach also allows the extraction of local stresses and strains at each scale. This approach is presented here in the case of vein walls, but can easily be extended to other tissues which contain similar constituents.
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13
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Abstract
The enzymatic activities of commercially prepared glycosidases were verified by direct chemical assays using defined substrates and fixed and live sea urchin (Lytechinus pictus) embryos to determine if a model cellular interaction of interest to developmental biologists for over a century (interaction of archenteron tip and roof of the blastocoel) was mediated by glycans. Glycosidases (active and denatured) were incubated with microdissected archenterons and blastocoel roofs in a direct assay to learn if their enzymatic activities could prevent the normal adhesive interaction. Of the five glycosidases tested only β-amylase (an exoglycosidase) immediately inhibited the interaction at relatively low unit activity. α-Amylase (an endoglycosidase) had no measurable effect, while other glycosidases (α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase) only substantially inhibited adhesion after a 12-h incubation. We demonstrated that the five glycosidases were active (not inhibited) in the presence of embryo materials, and that cleaved sugars could be detected directly after incubation of some enzymes with the embryos. The biochemical purity of the enzymes was examined using gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, and the absence of contaminating proteases was confirmed using Azocoll™ substrate. As we cannot entirely rule out the presence of minor contaminating enzymatic activities, only inhibitions of adhesion after very short incubations with enzyme were considered significant and biologically relevant. Although glycans in indirect experiments have been implicated in mediating the interaction of the tip of the archenteron and roof of the blastocoel, to our knowledge, this is the first study that directly implicates polyglucans with terminal 1,4-linked glucose residues in this adhesive event.
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14
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Lorenz B, de Cienfuegos LÁ, Oelkers M, Kriemen E, Brand C, Stephan M, Sunnick E, Yüksel D, Kalsani V, Kumar K, Werz DB, Janshoff A. Model system for cell adhesion mediated by weak carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3326-9. [PMID: 22296574 PMCID: PMC3288207 DOI: 10.1021/ja210304j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The multivalent carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction between membrane-anchored epitopes derived from the marine sponge Microciona prolifera has been explored by colloidal probe microscopy. An in situ coupling of sulfated and non-sulfated disaccharides to membrane-coated surfaces was employed to mimic native cell-cell contacts.The dynamic strength of the homomeric self-association was measured as a function of calcium ions and loading rate. A deterministic model was used to estimate the basic energy landscape and number of participating bonds in the contact zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel Lorenz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Marieelen Oelkers
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ella Kriemen
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Brand
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Milena Stephan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Sunnick
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Deniz Yüksel
- Department of Chemistry, Pearson Chemistry Laboratory, 62 Talbot Avenue, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Venkateshwarlu Kalsani
- Department of Chemistry, Pearson Chemistry Laboratory, 62 Talbot Avenue, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Pearson Chemistry Laboratory, 62 Talbot Avenue, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Janshoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Harder A, Walhorn V, Dierks T, Fernàndez-Busquets X, Anselmetti D. Single-molecule force spectroscopy of cartilage aggrecan self-adhesion. Biophys J 2011; 99:3498-504. [PMID: 21081100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated self-adhesion between highly negatively charged aggrecan macromolecules extracted from bovine cartilage extracellular matrix by performing atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging and single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) in saline solutions. By controlling the density of aggrecan molecules on both the gold substrate and the gold-coated tip surface at submonolayer densities, we were able to detect and quantify the Ca(2+)-dependent homodimeric interaction between individual aggrecan molecules at the single-molecule level. We found a typical nonlinear sawtooth profile in the AFM force-versus-distance curves with a molecular persistence length of l(p) = 0.31 ± 0.04 nm. This is attributed to the stepwise dissociation of individual glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains in aggrecans, which is very similar to the known force fingerprints of other cell adhesion proteoglycan systems. After studying the GAG-GAG dissociation in a dynamic, loading-rate-dependent manner (dynamic SMFS) and analyzing the data according to the stochastic Bell-Evans model for a thermally activated decay of a metastable state under an external force, we estimated for the single glycan interaction a mean lifetime of τ = 7.9 ± 4.9 s and a reaction bond length of x(β) = 0.31 ± 0.08 nm. Whereas the x(β)-value compares well with values from other cell adhesion carbohydrate recognition motifs in evolutionary distant marine sponge proteoglycans, the rather short GAG interaction lifetime reflects high intermolecular dynamics within aggrecan complexes, which may be relevant for the viscoelastic properties of cartilage tissue.
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Goossens K, Willaert R. Flocculation protein structure and cell–cell adhesion mechanism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 32:1571-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sisquella X, de Pourcq K, Alguacil J, Robles J, Sanz F, Anselmetti D, Imperial S, Fernàndez-Busquets X. A single-molecule force spectroscopy nanosensor for the identification of new antibiotics and antimalarials. FASEB J 2010; 24:4203-17. [PMID: 20634351 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-155507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An important goal of nanotechnology is the application of individual molecule handling techniques to the discovery of potential new therapeutic agents. Of particular interest is the search for new inhibitors of metabolic routes exclusive of human pathogens, such as the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway essential for the viability of most human pathogenic bacteria and of the malaria parasite. Using atomic force microscopy single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS), we have probed at the single-molecule level the interaction of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), which catalyzes the first step of the MEP pathway, with its two substrates, pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The data obtained in this pioneering SMFS analysis of a bisubstrate enzymatic reaction illustrate the substrate sequentiality in DXS activity and allow for the calculation of catalytic parameters with single-molecule resolution. The DXS inhibitor fluoropyruvate has been detected in our SMFS competition experiments at a concentration of 10 μM, improving by 2 orders of magnitude the sensitivity of conventional enzyme activity assays. The binding of DXS to pyruvate is a 2-step process with dissociation constants of k(off) = 6.1 × 10(-4) ± 7.5 × 10(-3) and 1.3 × 10(-2) ± 1.0 × 10(-2) s(-1), and reaction lengths of x(β) = 3.98 ± 0.33 and 0.52 ± 0.23 Å. These results constitute the first quantitative report on the use of nanotechnology for the biodiscovery of new antimalarial enzyme inhibitors and open the field for the identification of compounds represented only by a few dozens of molecules in the sensor chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Sisquella
- Nanotechnology Platform, Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, Spain
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Bizzarri AR, Cannistraro S. Atomic Force Spectroscopy in Biological Complex Formation: Strategies and Perspectives. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:16449-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jp902421r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Bizzarri
- Biophysics and Nanoscience Centre, CNISM, Facoltà di Scienze, Università della Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cannistraro
- Biophysics and Nanoscience Centre, CNISM, Facoltà di Scienze, Università della Tuscia, Largo dell’Università, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Fernandez-Busquets X, Kornig A, Bucior I, Burger MM, Anselmetti D. Self-Recognition and Ca2+-Dependent Carbohydrate-Carbohydrate Cell Adhesion Provide Clues to the Cambrian Explosion. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26:2551-61. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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Caballero D, Samitier J, Bausells J, Errachid A. Direct patterning of anti-human serum albumin antibodies on aldehyde-terminated silicon nitride surfaces for HSA protein detection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:1531-1534. [PMID: 19296562 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Caballero
- Nanobioengineering group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Science Park, c/ Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Oreopoulos J, Yip CM. Combined scanning probe and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Methods 2008; 46:2-10. [PMID: 18602010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining scanning probe and optical microscopy represents a powerful approach for investigating structure-function relationships and dynamics of biomolecules and biomolecular assemblies, often in situ and in real-time. This platform technology allows us to obtain three-dimensional images of individual molecules with nanometer resolution, while simultaneously characterizing their structure and interactions though complementary techniques such as optical microscopy and spectroscopy. We describe herein the practical strategies for the coupling of scanning probe and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy along with challenges and the potential applications of such platforms, with a particular focus on their application to the study of biomolecular interactions at membrane surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Oreopoulos
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College St, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 3E1
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Regina Todeschini A, Hakomori SI. Functional role of glycosphingolipids and gangliosides in control of cell adhesion, motility, and growth, through glycosynaptic microdomains. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2008; 1780:421-33. [PMID: 17991443 PMCID: PMC2312458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 09/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
At cell surface microdomains, glycosyl epitopes, carried either by glycosphingolipids, N- or O-linked oligosaccharides, are recognized by carbohydrate-binding proteins or complementary carbohydrates. In both cases, the carbohydrate epitopes may be clustered with specific signal transducers, tetraspanins, adhesion receptors or growth factor receptors. Through this framework, carbohydrates can mediate cell signaling leading to changes in cellular phenotype. Microdomains involved in carbohydrate-dependent cell adhesion inducing cell activation, motility, and growth are termed "glycosynapse". In this review a historical synopsis of glycosphingolipids-enriched microdomains study leading to the concept of glycosynapse is presented. Examples of glycosynapse as signaling unit controlling the tumor cell phenotype are discussed in three contexts: (i) Cell-to-cell adhesion mediated by glycosphingolipids-to-glycosphingolipids interaction between interfacing glycosynaptic domains, through head-to-head (trans) carbohydrate-to-carbohydrate interaction. (ii) Functional role of GM3 complexed with tetraspanin CD9, and interaction of such complex with integrins, or with fibroblast growth factor receptor, to control tumor cell phenotype and its reversion to normal cell phenotype. (iii) Inhibition of integrin-dependent Met kinase activity by GM2/tetraspanin CD82 complex in glycosynaptic microdomain. Data present here suggest that the organizational status of glycosynapse strongly affects cellular phenotype influencing tumor cell malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Regina Todeschini
- Division of Biomembrane Research, Pacific Northwest Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Fuhrmann A, Anselmetti D, Ros R, Getfert S, Reimann P. Refined procedure of evaluating experimental single-molecule force spectroscopy data. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 77:031912. [PMID: 18517427 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.77.031912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic force spectroscopy is a well-established tool to study molecular recognition in a wide range of binding affinities on the single-molecule level. The theoretical interpretation of these data is still very challenging and the models describe the experimental data only partly. In this paper we reconsider the basic assumptions of the models on the basis of an experimental data set and propose an approach of analyzing and quantitatively evaluating dynamic force spectroscopy data on single ligand-receptor complexes. We present our procedure to process and analyze the force-distance curves, to detect the rupture events in an automated manner, and to calculate quantitative parameters for a biophysical characterization of the investigated interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fuhrmann
- Experimental Biophysics, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Sabella C, Faszewski E, Himic L, Colpitts KM, Kaltenbach J, Burger MM, Fernàndez-Busquets X. Cyclosporin A Suspends Transplantation Reactions in the Marine SpongeMicrociona prolifera. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:5927-35. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.5927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Girard PP, Cavalcanti-Adam EA, Kemkemer R, Spatz JP. Cellular chemomechanics at interfaces: sensing, integration and response. SOFT MATTER 2007; 3:307-326. [PMID: 32900147 DOI: 10.1039/b614008d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Living cells are complex entities whose remarkable, emergent capacity to sense, integrate, and respond to environmental cues relies on an intricate series of interactions among the cell's macromolecular components. Defects in mechanosensing, transduction,or responses underlie many diseases such as cancers, immune disorders, cardiac hypertrophy, genetic malformations, and neuropathies. Here, we highlight micro- and nanotechnology-based tools that have been used to study how chemical and mechanical cues modulate the responses of single cells in contact with the extracellular environment. Understanding the physical aspects of these complex processes at the micro- and nanometer scale could produce profound and fundamental new insights into how the processes of cell migration, metastasis, immune function and other areas which are regulated by mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe P Girard
- Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research, Dept. New Materials and Biosystems, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany and University of Heidelberg, Dept. Biophysical Chemistry, INF 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Elisabetta A Cavalcanti-Adam
- Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research, Dept. New Materials and Biosystems, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany and University of Heidelberg, Dept. Biophysical Chemistry, INF 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ralf Kemkemer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research, Dept. New Materials and Biosystems, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany and University of Heidelberg, Dept. Biophysical Chemistry, INF 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Metals Research, Dept. New Materials and Biosystems, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany and University of Heidelberg, Dept. Biophysical Chemistry, INF 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2006 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:300-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ritort F. Single-molecule experiments in biological physics: methods and applications. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2006; 18:R531-R583. [PMID: 21690856 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/18/32/r01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
I review single-molecule experiments (SMEs) in biological physics. Recent technological developments have provided the tools to design and build scientific instruments of high enough sensitivity and precision to manipulate and visualize individual molecules and measure microscopic forces. Using SMEs it is possible to manipulate molecules one at a time and measure distributions describing molecular properties, characterize the kinetics of biomolecular reactions and detect molecular intermediates. SMEs provide additional information about thermodynamics and kinetics of biomolecular processes. This complements information obtained in traditional bulk assays. In SMEs it is also possible to measure small energies and detect large Brownian deviations in biomolecular reactions, thereby offering new methods and systems to scrutinize the basic foundations of statistical mechanics. This review is written at a very introductory level, emphasizing the importance of SMEs to scientists interested in knowing the common playground of ideas and the interdisciplinary topics accessible by these techniques. The review discusses SMEs from an experimental perspective, first exposing the most common experimental methodologies and later presenting various molecular systems where such techniques have been applied. I briefly discuss experimental techniques such as atomic-force microscopy (AFM), laser optical tweezers (LOTs), magnetic tweezers (MTs), biomembrane force probes (BFPs) and single-molecule fluorescence (SMF). I then present several applications of SME to the study of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA and DNA condensation) and proteins (protein-protein interactions, protein folding and molecular motors). Finally, I discuss applications of SMEs to the study of the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of small systems and the experimental verification of fluctuation theorems. I conclude with a discussion of open questions and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ritort
- Departament de Física Fonamental, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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