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Zhang W, Xu R, Chen J, Xiong H, Wang Y, Pang B, Du G, Kang Z. Advances and challenges in biotechnological production of chondroitin sulfate and its oligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126551. [PMID: 37659488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a member of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and has critical physiological functions. CS is widely applied in medical and clinical fields. Currently, the supply of CS relies on traditional animal tissue extraction methods. From the perspective of medical applications, the biggest drawback of animal-derived CS is its uncontrollable molecular weight and sulfonated patterns, which are key factors affecting CS activities. The advances of cell-free enzyme catalyzed systems and de novo biosynthesis strategies have paved the way to rationally regulate CS sulfonated pattern and molecular weight. In this review, we first present a general overview of biosynthesized CS and its oligosaccharides. Then, the advances in chondroitin biosynthesis, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) synthesis and regeneration, and CS biosynthesis catalyzed by sulfotransferases are discussed. Moreover, the progress of mining and expression of chondroitin depolymerizing enzymes for preparation of CS oligosaccharides is also summarized. Finally, we analyze and discuss the challenges faced in synthesizing CS and its oligosaccharides using microbial and enzymatic methods. In summary, the biotechnological production of CS and its oligosaccharides is a promising method in addressing the drawbacks associated with animal-derived CS and enabling the production of CS oligosaccharides with defined structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ruirui Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haibo Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Bo Pang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhen Kang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; The Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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2
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S. Histories of Dermatan Sulfate Epimerase and Dermatan 4- O-Sulfotransferase from Discovery of Their Enzymes and Genes to Musculocontractural Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:509. [PMID: 36833436 PMCID: PMC9957132 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatan sulfate (DS) and its proteoglycans are essential for the assembly of the extracellular matrix and cell signaling. Various transporters and biosynthetic enzymes for nucleotide sugars, glycosyltransferases, epimerase, and sulfotransferases, are involved in the biosynthesis of DS. Among these enzymes, dermatan sulfate epimerase (DSE) and dermatan 4-O-sulfotranserase (D4ST) are rate-limiting factors of DS biosynthesis. Pathogenic variants in human genes encoding DSE and D4ST cause the musculocontractural type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, characterized by tissue fragility, joint hypermobility, and skin hyperextensibility. DS-deficient mice exhibit perinatal lethality, myopathy-related phenotypes, thoracic kyphosis, vascular abnormalities, and skin fragility. These findings indicate that DS is essential for tissue development as well as homeostasis. This review focuses on the histories of DSE as well as D4ST, and their knockout mice as well as human congenital disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
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3
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Habuchi O. Functions of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate containing GalNAc4,6-disulfate. Glycobiology 2022; 32:664-678. [PMID: 35552694 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) containing GalNAc4,6-disulfate (GalNAc4S6S) were initially discovered in marine animals. Following the discovery, these glycosaminoglycans have been found in various animals including human. In the biosynthesis of CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S, three groups of sulfotransferases are involved; chondroitin 4-sulfotransferases (C4STs), dermatan 4-sulfotransferase-1 (D4ST-1) and GalNAc 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4S-6ST). GalNAc4S-6ST and its products have been shown to play important roles in the abnormal pathological conditions such as central nervous system injury, cancer development, abnormal tissue fibrosis, development of osteoporosis, and infection with viruses or nematodes. CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S has been shown to increase with the functional differentiation of mast cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Genetic approaches using knockout or knockdown of GalNAc4S-6ST, blocking of the epitopes containing GalNAc4S6S by specific antibodies and chemical technology that enabled the synthesis of oligosaccharides with defined sulfation patterns have been applied successfully to these investigations. These studies contributed significantly to the basic understanding of the functional roles of CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S in various abnormal conditions, and appear to provide promising clues to the development of possible measures to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osami Habuchi
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Aichi University of Education, Igayacho, Kariya, Aichi 448-8542, Japan
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Shionoya K, Suzuki T, Takada M, Sato K, Onishi S, Dohmae N, Nishino K, Wada T, Linhardt RJ, Toida T, Higashi K. Comprehensive analysis of chondroitin sulfate and aggrecan in the head cartilage of bony fishes: Identification of proteoglycans in the head cartilage of sturgeon. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:333-342. [PMID: 35339495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage in the head of sturgeon or salmon has been gaining attention as a rich source of functional chondroitin sulfate (CS) or proteoglycans. Although the cartilage was found in the heads of other bony fishes, the structure of CS and its core protein, especially aggrecan, was not fully investigated. In this study, comprehensive analysis of CS and aggrecan in the head cartilage of 10 bony fishes including sturgeon and salmon was performed. The 4-O-sulfation to 6-O-sulfation ratio (4S/6S ratio; S: sulfate residue) of CS in Perciformes was ≧1.0, while the 4S/6S ratios of CS from sturgeons and salmon were less than 0.5. Dot blotting and proteomic analysis revealed that aggrecan was a major core protein in head cartilage of all bony fishes. These results suggest that the head cartilage of bony fishes is a promising source for the preparation of CS or proteoglycans as a health food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Shionoya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mako Takada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shoichi Onishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Koichiro Nishino
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine/Faculty of Agriculture, Center for Animal Disease Control (CADIC), University of Miyazaki 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Wada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kyohei Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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Hosaka YZ, Washie S, Warita K. Preliminary study of the gene expression of sulfation and degradation enzymes for chondroitin sulfate in glycerol-treated C2C12 myoblast cells. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:306-309. [PMID: 35022360 PMCID: PMC8983298 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we induced chemical damage of C2C12 myoblasts that had differentiated into myotubes with glycerol, and four sulfation enzymes for chondroitin sulfate (CS) [carbohydrate
sulfotransferase (Chst) 12, Chst15 and Chst3 and uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (UST)] and two CS degradation enzymes [hyaluronidase (Hyal) 1 and Hyal2] were examined for changes in gene
expression. Treatment of myoblasts with 5% glycerol significantly increased the expression levels of the sulfation enzymes Chst12 and Chst15 and the
degradation enzymes Hyal1 and Hyal2. However, the expression levels of the other two genes (Chst3 and Ust) showed no change. Differences in
the expression levels of these enzymes may help to understand the difference in responsiveness of myoblasts to glycerol after muscle injury in vivo or in
vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Z Hosaka
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Division of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University
| | - Sota Washie
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Katsuhiko Warita
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Division of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University
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Qiao L, Amhare AF, Deng H, Lv Y, Zhao Y, Liu J, Lei J, Wang L, Chilufya MM, Han J. Protective effect of chondroitin sulfate nano-selenium on chondrocyte of patients with Kashin-Beck disease. J Biomater Appl 2021; 35:1347-1354. [PMID: 33487067 DOI: 10.1177/0885328220988427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of chondroitin sulfate nano-selenium (SeCS) on chondrocyte of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD). METHODS Chondrocyte samples were isolated from the cartilage of three male KBD patients (54-57 years old). The chondrocytes were respectively divided into four groups: (a) control group, (b) SeCS supplement group (100 ng/mL SeCS), (c) T-2 + SeCS supplement group (20 ng/mL T-2 + 100 ng/mL SeCS), and (d) T-2 group (20 ng/mL T-2). Live/dead staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe cell viability and ultrastructural changes in chondrocytes respectively. Expressions of Caspase-9, cytochrome C (Cyt-C), and chondroitin sulfate (CS) structure-modifying sulfotransferases including carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3, 15 (CHST-3, CHST-15), and uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (UST) were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS After one- or three-days intervention, the number of living chondrocytes in the SeCS supplement group was higher than that in the control group, while it is opposite in the T-2 + SeCS supplement group and T-2 group. The cellular villi number in the surface increased in the SeCS supplement group compared with the control group. Mitochondrial morphology density was improved in the T-2 + SeCS supplement group compared with the T-2 group. Expressions of CHST-3, CHST-15, UST, Caspase-9, and Cyt-C on the mRNA level significantly increased in the T-2 + SeCS supplement group and T-2 group compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS SeCS supplement increased the number of living chondrocytes, improved the ultrastructure, and altered the expressions of CS structure-modifying sulfotransferases, Caspase-9, and Cyt-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Qiao
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Abebe F Amhare
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huan Deng
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yizhen Lv
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Lei
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liyun Wang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mumba M Chilufya
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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7
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Hussein RK, Mencio CP, Katagiri Y, Brake AM, Geller HM. Role of Chondroitin Sulfation Following Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:208. [PMID: 32848612 PMCID: PMC7419623 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury produces long-term neurological damage, and presents a significant public health problem with nearly 18,000 new cases per year in the U.S. The injury results in both acute and chronic changes in the spinal cord, ultimately resulting in the production of a glial scar, consisting of multiple cells including fibroblasts, macrophages, microglia, and reactive astrocytes. Within the scar, there is an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules—primarily tenascins and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs)—which are considered to be inhibitory to axonal regeneration. In this review article, we discuss the role of CSPGs in the injury response, especially how sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains act to inhibit plasticity and regeneration. This includes how sulfation of GAG chains influences their biological activity and interactions with potential receptors. Comprehending the role of CSPGs in the inhibitory properties of the glial scar provides critical knowledge in the much-needed production of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan K Hussein
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Katagiri
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alexis M Brake
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Wang L, Yin J, Yang B, Qu C, Lei J, Han J, Guo X. Serious Selenium Deficiency in the Serum of Patients with Kashin-Beck Disease and the Effect of Nano-Selenium on Their Chondrocytes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 194:96-104. [PMID: 31175635 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To investigate selenium (Se) concentrations in serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), together with the effect of Se supplement (chondroitin sulfate [CS] nano-Se [SeCS]) on CS structure-modifying sulfotransferases in KBD chondrocyte. Fifty serum samples from each group with aged-matched (40-60 years), normal control (N), RA, OA, and KBD (25 males and females, respectively) were collected to determine Se concentrations. Furthermore, the KBD chondrocytes were divided into two groups following the intervention for 24 h: (a) non-treated KBD group and (b) SeCS-treated KBD group (100 ng/mL SeCS). The ultrastructural changes in chondrocytes were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Live/dead staining was used to observe cell viability. The expression of CS-modifying sulfotransferases including carbohydrate sulfotransferase 12, 13, and 15 (CHST-12, CHST-13, and CHST-15, respectively), and uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (UST) were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis after SeCS intervention. The Se concentrations in serum of KBD, OA, and RA patients were lower than those in control. In OA, RA, and control, Se concentrations were higher in male than in female, while it is opposite in KBD. In the cell experiment, cell survival rate and mitochondrial density were increased in SeCS-treated KBD groups. Expressions of CHST-15, or CHST-12, and CHST-15 on the mRNA or protein level were significantly increased. Expression of UST slightly increased on the mRNA level, but no change was visible on the protein level. Se deficiency in serum of RA, OA, and KBD was observed. SeCS supplemented in KBD chondrocytes improved their survival rate, ameliorated their ultrastructure, and increased the expression of CS structure-modifying sulfotransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Wang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Gene Related Diseases of Ministry Education, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiafeng Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengjuan Qu
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jian Lei
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Gene Related Diseases of Ministry Education, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Gene Related Diseases of Ministry Education, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiong Guo
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Gene Related Diseases of Ministry Education, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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9
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Guo Y, Zhou Y, Yan S, Qu C, Wang L, Guo X, Han J. Decreased Expression of CHST-12, CHST-13, and UST in the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Cartilage of School-Age Children with Kashin-Beck Disease: an Endemic Osteoarthritis in China Caused by Selenium Deficiency. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 191:276-285. [PMID: 30661165 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-1642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate changes in the expression of enzymes involved in chondroitin sulfate (CS) sulfation in distal articular surface of proximal interphalangeal joint isolated from school-age children patients with Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), using normal children as controls. Articular cartilage samples were collected from four normal and four KBD children (7-12 years old), and these children were assigned to control and KBD groups. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), toluidine blue (TB), and immunohistochemical (IHC) stainings were utilized to evaluate changes in joint pathology and expression of enzymes involved in CS sulfation, including carbohydrate sulfotransferase 12 (CHST-12), carbohydrate sulfotransferase 13 (CHST-13), and uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (UST). The correspondence results were examined by semi-quantitative analysis. Compared with the control group, the KBD group showed the following: a significant decrease of total chondrocytes in superficial, middle, and deep layers and deposition of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in extracellular matrix of KBD cartilage were observed; positive staining chondrocytes of CHST-12, CHST-13, and UST were significantly less in superficial zone of KBD cartilage; and CHST-13 positive staining chondrocytes was reduced in deep zone of KBD cartilage. In contrast, the positive staining rates of CHST-12, CHST-13, and UST in KBD were significantly higher than those in the control group. The decreased expression of these enzymes and the physiologic compensatory reaction may be the signs of early-stage KBD. The alterations of CS structure modifying sulfotransferases in finger articular cartilage might play an important role in the onset and pathogenesis of school-age KBD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Guo
- Key laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Key laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjuan Qu
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Liyun Wang
- Key laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Guo
- Key laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Han
- Key laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- College of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Mizumoto S. Defects in Biosynthesis of Glycosaminoglycans Cause Hereditary Bone, Skin, Heart, Immune, and Neurological Disorders. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1812.2j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
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11
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Han J, Li D, Qu C, Wang D, Wang L, Guo X, Lammi MJ. Altered expression of chondroitin sulfate structure modifying sulfotransferases in the articular cartilage from adult osteoarthritis and Kashin-Beck disease. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:1372-1375. [PMID: 28274888 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.02.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of enzymes involved in chondroitin sulfate (CS) sulfation in the articular cartilage isolated from adult patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), using normal adults as controls. METHODS Articular cartilage samples were collected from normal, OA and KBD adults aged 38-60 years old, and divided into three groups with six individual subjects in each group. The morphology and pathology grading of knee joint cartilage was examined by Safranin O staining. The localization and expression of enzymes involved in CS sulfation (CHST-3, CHST-11, CHST-12, CHST-13, carbohydrate (N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O) sulfotransferase 15 - CHST-15, and uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase - UST) were examined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and semi-quantitative analysis. RESULTS Positive staining rates for anabolic enzymes CHST-3, CHST-12, CHST-15, and UST were lower in the KBD and OA groups than those in the control group. Meanwhile, reduced levels of CHST-11, and CHST-13 in KBD group were observed, in contrast to those in OA and control groups. The expressions of all six CS sulfation enzymes were less detected in the superficial and deep zones of KBD cartilage compared with control and OA cartilage. CONCLUSION The reduced expression of the CS structure modifying sulfotransferases in the chondrocytes of both KBD and OA adult patients may provide explanations for their cartilage damages, and therapeutic targets for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Han
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Biomat Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
| | - D Li
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - C Qu
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå 90187, Sweden.
| | - D Wang
- Biomat Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
| | - L Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - X Guo
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - M J Lammi
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå 90187, Sweden.
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12
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Brown DS, Eames BF. Emerging tools to study proteoglycan function during skeletal development. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 134:485-530. [PMID: 27312503 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past 20years, appreciation for the varied roles of proteoglycans (PGs), which are specific types of sugar-coated proteins, has increased dramatically. PGs in the extracellular matrix were long known to impart structural functions to many tissues, especially articular cartilage, which cushions bones and allows mobility at skeletal joints. Indeed, osteoarthritis is a debilitating disease associated with loss of PGs in articular cartilage. Today, however, PGs have a demonstrated role in cell biological processes, such as growth factor signalling, prompting new perspectives on the etiology of PG-associated diseases. Here, we review diseases associated with defects in PG synthesis and sulfation, also highlighting current understanding of the underlying genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology. Since most research has analyzed a class of PGs called heparan sulfate PGs, more attention is paid here to studies of chondroitin sulfate PGs (CSPGs), which are abundant in cartilage. Interestingly, CSPG synthesis is tightly linked to the cell biological processes of secretion and lysosomal degradation, suggesting that these systems may be linked genetically. Animal models of loss of CSPG function have revealed CSPGs to impact skeletal development. Specifically, our work from a mutagenesis screen in zebrafish led to the hypothesis that cartilage PGs normally delay the timing of endochondral ossification. Finally, we outline emerging approaches in zebrafish that may revolutionize the study of cartilage PG function, including transgenic methods and novel imaging techniques. Our recent work with X-ray fluorescent imaging, for example, enables direct correlation of PG function with PG-dependent biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Brown
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B F Eames
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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13
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Shioiri T, Tsuchimoto J, Watanabe H, Sugiura N. Sequence determination of synthesized chondroitin sulfate dodecasaccharides. Glycobiology 2016; 26:592-606. [PMID: 26791444 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a linear acidic polysaccharide composed of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-d-galactosamine. The polysaccharide is modified with sulfate groups at different positions by a variety of sulfotransferases. CS chains exhibit various biological and pathological functions by interacting with cytokines and growth factors and regulating their signal transduction. The fine structure of the CS chain defines its specific biological roles. However, structural analysis of CS has been restricted to disaccharide analysis, hampering the understanding of the structure-function relationship of CS chains. Here, we chemo-enzymatically synthesized CS dodecasaccharides having various sulfate modifications using a bioreactor system of bacterial chondroitin polymerase mutants and various CS sulfotransferases. We developed a sequencing method for CS chains using the CS dodecasaccharides. The method consists of (i) labeling a reducing end with 2-aminopyridine (PA), (ii) partial digestion of CS with testicular hyaluronidase, followed by separation of PA-conjugated oligosaccharides with different chain lengths, (iii) limited digestion of these oligosaccharides with chondroitin lyase AC II into disaccharides, followed by labeling with 2-aminobenzamide, (iv) CS disaccharide analysis using a dual-fluorescence HPLC system (reversed-phase ion-pair and ion-exchange chromatography), and (v) estimation of the composition by calculating individual disaccharide ratios. This CS chain sequencing allows characterization of CS-modifying enzymes and provides a useful tool toward understanding the structure-function relationship of CS chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsumasa Shioiri
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Jun Tsuchimoto
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Nobuo Sugiura
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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14
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Asai A, Karnan S, Ota A, Takahashi M, Damdindorj L, Konishi Y, Hossain E, Konishi H, Nagata A, Yokoo K, Hosokawa Y. High-resolution 400K oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization analysis of neurofibromatosis type 1-associated cutaneous neurofibromas. Gene 2015; 558:220-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Sugiura N, Shioiri T, Chiba M, Sato T, Narimatsu H, Kimata K, Watanabe H. Construction of a chondroitin sulfate library with defined structures and analysis of molecular interactions. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43390-400. [PMID: 23129769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.412676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a linear acidic polysaccharide, composed of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and modified with sulfate residues at different positions, which plays various roles in development and disease. Here, we chemo-enzymatically synthesized various CS species with defined lengths and defined sulfate compositions, from chondroitin hexasaccharide conjugated with hexamethylenediamine at the reducing ends, using bacterial chondroitin polymerase and recombinant CS sulfotransferases, including chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase 1 (C4ST-1), chondroitin-6-sulfotransferase 1 (C6ST-1), N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4S-6ST), and uronosyl 2-sulfotransferase (UA2ST). Sequential modifications of CS with a series of CS sulfotransferases revealed their distinct features, including their substrate specificities. Reactions with chondroitin polymerase generated non-sulfated chondroitin, and those with C4ST-1 and C6ST-1 generated uniformly sulfated CS containing >95% 4S and 6S units, respectively. GalNAc4S-6ST and UA2ST generated highly sulfated CS possessing ∼90% corresponding disulfated disaccharide units. Sequential reactions with UA2ST and GalNAc4S-6ST generated further highly sulfated CS containing a mixed structure of disulfated units. Surprisingly, sequential reactions with GalNAc4S-6ST and UA2ST generated a novel CS molecule containing ∼29% trisulfated disaccharide units. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and surface plasmon resonance analysis using the CS library and natural CS products modified with biotin at the reducing ends, revealed details of the interactions of CS species with anti-CS antibodies, and with CS-binding molecules such as midkine and pleiotrophin. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis enables the generation of CS chains of the desired lengths, compositions, and distinct structures, and the resulting library will be a useful tool for studies of CS functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Sugiura
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
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16
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Hu LL, Chen C, Huang T, Cai YD, Chou KC. Predicting biological functions of compounds based on chemical-chemical interactions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29491. [PMID: 22220213 PMCID: PMC3248422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Given a compound, how can we effectively predict its biological function? It is a fundamentally important problem because the information thus obtained may benefit the understanding of many basic biological processes and provide useful clues for drug design. In this study, based on the information of chemical-chemical interactions, a novel method was developed that can be used to identify which of the following eleven metabolic pathway classes a query compound may be involved with: (1) Carbohydrate Metabolism, (2) Energy Metabolism, (3) Lipid Metabolism, (4) Nucleotide Metabolism, (5) Amino Acid Metabolism, (6) Metabolism of Other Amino Acids, (7) Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism, (8) Metabolism of Cofactors and Vitamins, (9) Metabolism of Terpenoids and Polyketides, (10) Biosynthesis of Other Secondary Metabolites, (11) Xenobiotics Biodegradation and Metabolism. It was observed that the overall success rate obtained by the method via the 5-fold cross-validation test on a benchmark dataset consisting of 3,137 compounds was 77.97%, which is much higher than 10.45%, the corresponding success rate obtained by the random guesses. Besides, to deal with the situation that some compounds may be involved with more than one metabolic pathway class, the method presented here is featured by the capacity able to provide a series of potential metabolic pathway classes ranked according to the descending order of their likelihood for each of the query compounds concerned. Furthermore, our method was also applied to predict 5,549 compounds whose metabolic pathway classes are unknown. Interestingly, the results thus obtained are quite consistent with the deductions from the reports by other investigators. It is anticipated that, with the continuous increase of the chemical-chemical interaction data, the current method will be further enhanced in its power and accuracy, so as to become a useful complementary vehicle in annotating uncharacterized compounds for their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Le Hu
- Institute of Systems Biology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- Institute of Systems Biology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Gordon Life Science Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kuo-Chen Chou
- Gordon Life Science Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
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17
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Gallant NM, Baldwin E, Salamon N, Dipple KM, Quintero-Rivera F. Pontocerebellar hypoplasia in association with de novo 19p13.11p13.12 microdeletion. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:2871-8. [PMID: 21994138 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The pontocerebellar hypoplasias (PCHs) are a group of clinically variable disorders characterized by abnormally small cerebellum and brainstem, generally inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. While PCHs have been grouped into six subtypes, clinical diagnosis is equivocal until a genetic diagnosis is established. We report a patient with PCH, intrauterine growth restriction, ventricular septal defect, rib anomalies, midgut malrotation, and facial dysmorphic features. Using SNP analysis, we identified three de novo deletions of: 1.055 Mb at 6q24.3q25.1 (148174730-149229583); 169 kb at 16p13.2 (6565411-6733934); and 2.530 Mb at 19p13.11p13.12 (13857587-16387798), which were confirmed by FISH. 19p13 deletions are rare aberrations. Of patients previously described with overlapping 19p13.12 deletions and multiple anomalies, only one presented with PCH. Deleted in both that patient and the patient reported here, is DDX39, a DEAD-box RNA helicase. DDX39 is part of the homeostatic machinery that regulates the switch of cellular proliferation and differentiation. It is highly expressed in the developing central nervous system and optic cup of Xenopus laevis. The brain abnormalities in the patient reported here were more severe than the previously reported patient, which may be due to additional deletions or undetected point mutations in the nondeleted allele. Notably, the patient reported here also has a partial deletion of RBFOX1 (A2BP1), which lies within the autism susceptibility locus on 16p13.2. Our findings suggest chromosomal microarray analysis may be useful in determining etiology of syndromic PCH.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnosis
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics
- Fatal Outcome
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies/diagnosis
- Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies/genetics
- Olivopontocerebellar Atrophies/pathology
- Point Mutation
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications/pathology
- RNA Splicing Factors
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Gallant
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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18
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Numakura M, Kusakabe N, Ishige K, Ohtake-Niimi S, Habuchi H, Habuchi O. Preparation of chondroitin sulfate libraries containing disulfated disaccharide units and inhibition of thrombin by these chondroitin sulfates. Glycoconj J 2010; 27:479-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-010-9293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Ohtake-Niimi S, Kondo S, Ito T, Kakehi S, Ohta T, Habuchi H, Kimata K, Habuchi O. Mice deficient in N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-o-sulfotransferase are unable to synthesize chondroitin/dermatan sulfate containing N-acetylgalactosamine 4,6-bissulfate residues and exhibit decreased protease activity in bone marrow-derived mast cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:20793-805. [PMID: 20439988 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.084749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) containing N-acetylgalactosamine 4,6-bissulfate (GalNAc(4,6-SO(4))) show various physiological activities through interacting with numerous functional proteins. N-Acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4S-6ST) transfers sulfate from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to position 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate in CS or DS to yield GalNAc(4,6-SO(4)) residues. We here report generation of transgenic mice that lack GalNAc4S-6ST. GalNAc4S-6ST-null mice were born normally and fertile. In GalNAc4S-6ST-null mice, GalNAc(4,6-SO(4)) residues in CS and DS disappeared completely, indicating that GalNAc4S-6ST should be a sole enzyme responsible for the synthesis of GalNAc(4,6-SO(4)) residues in both CS and DS. IdoA-GalNAc(4,6-SO(4)) units that account for approximately 40% of total disaccharide units of DS in the liver of the wild-type mice disappeared in the liver DS of GalNAc4S-6ST-null mice without reduction of IdoA content. Bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) derived from GalNAc4S-6ST-null mice contained CS without GlcA-GalNAc(4,6-SO(4)) units. Tryptase and carboxypeptidase A activities of BMMCs derived from GalNAc4S-6ST-null mice were lower than those activities of BMMCs derived from wild-type mice, although mRNA expression of these mast cell proteases was not altered. Disaccharide compositions of heparan sulfate/heparin contained in the mast cells derived from BMMCs in the presence of stem cell factor were much different from those of heparan sulfate/heparin in BMMCs but did not differ significantly between wild-type mice and GalNAc4S-6ST-null mice. These observations suggest that CS containing GalNAc(4,6-SO(4)) residues in BMMCs may contribute to retain the active proteases in the granules of BMMCs but not for the maturation of BMMCs into connective tissue-type mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Ohtake-Niimi
- Department of Chemistry, Aichi University of Education, Igaya-cho, Kariya, Aichi 448-8542, Japan
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20
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Inhibition of N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase by ß-D-4-O-sulfo-N-acetylgalactosaminides bearing various hydrophobic aglycons. Glycoconj J 2009; 27:237-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-009-9272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Zamfir AD, Flangea C, Sisu E, Serb AF, Dinca N, Bruckner P, Seidler DG. Analysis of novel over- and under-sulfated glycosaminoglycan sequences by enzyme cleavage and multiple stage MS. Proteomics 2009; 9:3435-44. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Expression of sulfotransferases involved in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate E in the bone marrow derived mast cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:687-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Is human placenta proteoglycan remodeling involved in pre-eclampsia? Glycoconj J 2007; 25:441-50. [PMID: 18161024 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Impaired placento-fetal communication is a coherent symptom of exaggerated pre-eclampsia. The impact of the cellular expression of different glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in this event on the placenta in pre-eclampsia is still obscure. This is the first study aimed at discovering the relationship between structural alterations of different sulfated GAGs at the molecular level and the development of pre-eclampsia in inflicted placenta. Sulfated GAGs were isolated and purified from control and pre-eclampsia placentas. The amount and the molecular weight of GAG in each tissue sample were measured. The polydispersity of the recovered GAG samples were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The disaccharide composition of chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate were deduced by chondroitinase and heparinase depolymerization followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The in vivo sulfo-modulation of GAGs in pre-eclampsia and control placenta were examined using RT-PCR to determine the transcription levels of different sulfotransferases involved in GAG biosynthesis. Marked differences in GAG sulfation patterns and mRNA level of encoding selected GAG O-sulfotransferases were observed in pre-eclampsia. These data suggest a linkage between pre-eclampsia and the observed alterations in placental GAGs and could provide new insights about the modulating role of GAGs in the development and the severity of placental pre-eclampsia.
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24
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Xu D, Song D, Pedersen LC, Liu J. Mutational study of heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase and chondroitin sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:8356-67. [PMID: 17227754 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608062200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are highly sulfated polysaccharides with a wide range of biological functions. Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase (HS-2OST) transfers the sulfo group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to the 2-OH position of the hexauronic acid that is adjacent to N-sulfated glucosamine, whereas chondroitin sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase (CS-2OST) transfers the sulfo group to the hexauronic acid that is adjacent to N-acetylated galactosamine. Here we report a systematic mutagenesis study of HS-2OST and CS-2OST based on their structural homology to estrogen sulfotransferase and HS 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform 3 (3-OST3), for which crystal structures exist. We have identified six residues possibly involved in binding to PAPS. HS-2OST carrying mutations of these residues lacks sulfotransferase activity and the ability to bind 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate, a PAPS analogue, as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. Similar residues involved in binding to PAPS were also identified in CS-2OST. Additional residues that participate in carbohydrate substrate binding were also identified in both enzymes. Mutations at these residues led to the loss of sulfotransferase activity but maintained the ability to bind to phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate. The catalytic function of HS-2OST appears to involve two histidine residues (His140 and His142), whereas only one histidine (His168) of CS 2-OST is likely to be critical. This unique feature of HS 2-OST catalytic residues directed us to characterize the Drosophila heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase. The results from this study provide insight into the differences and similarities various residues play in the biological roles of the HS-2OST and CS-2OST enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Xu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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25
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Yusa A, Kitajima K, Habuchi O. N-linked oligosaccharides on chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase-1 are required for production of the active enzyme, Golgi localization, and sulfotransferase activity toward keratan sulfate. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:20393-403. [PMID: 16720579 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600140200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that purified chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase-1 (C6ST-1) was a glycoprotein abundant in N-linked oligosaccharides and could sulfate both chondroitin (C6ST activity) and keratan sulfate (KSST activity); however, functional roles of the N-glycans have remained unclear. In the present study, we show essential roles of N-glycans attached to C6ST-1 in the generation of the active enzyme and in its KSST activity. Treatment with tunicamycin of COS-7 cells transfected with C6ST-1 cDNA totally abolished production of the active C6ST-1. A nearly complete removal of N-glycans of the recombinant C6ST-1 by peptide N-glycosidase F increased the C6ST activity but decreased the KSST activity. Among six potential N-glycosylation sites, deletion of the fourth or sixth site from the amino terminus inhibited production of the active C6ST-1, whereas deletion of the fifth site resulted in a marked loss of the KSST activity. Wild-type recombinant C6ST-1 showed a typical Golgi localization, whereas M-4 recombinant C6ST-1, in which the fourth N-glycosylation site was deleted, colocalized with calnexin, an endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein. Unlike wildtype recombinant C6ST-1, M-4 recombinant C6ST-1 showed a weak affinity toward wheat germ agglutinin and was converted completely to the nonglycosylated form by endoglycosidase H. These observations suggest that N-glycan attached to the fourth N-glycosylation site may function in the proper processing of N-glycans required for the Golgi localization, thereby causing the production of the active C6ST-1, and that N-glycan attached to the fifth N-glycosylation site may contribute to the KSST activity of C6ST-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yusa
- Department of Chemistry, Aichi University of Education, Igaya-cho, Kariya, Aichi 448-8542, Japan
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