1
|
Inubushi T, Nag P, Sasaki JI, Shiraishi Y, Yamashiro T. The significant role of glycosaminoglycans in tooth development. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae024. [PMID: 38438145 PMCID: PMC11031142 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This review delves into the roles of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), integral components of proteoglycans, in tooth development. Proteoglycans consist of a core protein linked to GAG chains, comprised of repeating disaccharide units. GAGs are classified into several types, such as hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate. Functioning as critical macromolecular components within the dental basement membrane, these GAGs facilitate cell adhesion and aggregation, and play key roles in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, thereby significantly influencing tooth morphogenesis. Notably, our recent research has identified the hyaluronan-degrading enzyme Transmembrane protein 2 (Tmem2) and we have conducted functional analyses using mouse models. These studies have unveiled the essential role of Tmem2-mediated hyaluronan degradation and its involvement in hyaluronan-mediated cell adhesion during tooth formation. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of GAG functions in tooth development, integrating insights from recent research, and discusses future directions in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Inubushi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Priyanka Nag
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Sasaki
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Shiraishi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Takeda-Uchimura Y, Ikezaki M, Akama TO, Ihara Y, Allain F, Nishitsuji K, Uchimura K. GlcNAc6ST2/CHST4 Is Essential for the Synthesis of R-10G-Reactive Keratan Sulfate/Sulfated N-Acetyllactosamine Oligosaccharides in Mouse Pleural Mesothelium. Molecules 2024; 29:764. [PMID: 38398516 PMCID: PMC10893525 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that 6-sulfo sialyl N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) in O-linked glycans recognized by the CL40 antibody is abundant in the pleural mesothelium under physiological conditions and that these glycans undergo complementary synthesis by GlcNAc6ST2 (encoded by Chst4) and GlcNAc6ST3 (encoded by Chst5) in mice. GlcNAc6ST3 is essential for the synthesis of R-10G-positive keratan sulfate (KS) in the brain. The predicted minimum epitope of the R-10G antibody is a dimeric asialo 6-sulfo LacNAc. Whether R-10G-reactive KS/sulfated LacNAc oligosaccharides are also present in the pleural mesothelium was unknown. The question of which GlcNAc6STs are responsible for R-10G-reactive glycans was an additional issue to be clarified. Here, we show that R-10G-reactive glycans are as abundant in the pulmonary pleura as CL40-reactive glycans and that GlcNAc6ST3 is only partially involved in the synthesis of these pleural R-10G glycans, unlike in the adult brain. Unexpectedly, GlcNAc6ST2 is essential for the synthesis of R-10G-positive KS/sulfated LacNAc oligosaccharides in the lung pleura. The type of GlcNAc6ST and the magnitude of its contribution to KS glycan synthesis varied among tissues in vivo. We show that GlcNAc6ST2 is required and sufficient for R-10G-reactive KS synthesis in the lung pleura. Interestingly, R-10G immunoreactivity in KSGal6ST (encoded by Chst1) and C6ST1 (encoded by Chst3) double-deficient mouse lungs was markedly increased. MUC16, a mucin molecule, was shown to be a candidate carrier protein for pleural R-10G-reactive glycans. These results suggest that R-10G-reactive KS/sulfated LacNAc oligosaccharides may play a role in mesothelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Further elucidation of the functions of sulfated glycans synthesized by GlcNAc6ST2 and GlcNAc6ST3, such as R-10G and CL40 glycans, in pathological conditions may lead to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the physiopathology of the lung mesothelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Takeda-Uchimura
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France; (Y.T.-U.); (F.A.); or (K.N.)
| | - Midori Ikezaki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (M.I.); (Y.I.)
| | - Tomoya O. Akama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 570-8506, Japan;
| | - Yoshito Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (M.I.); (Y.I.)
| | - Fabrice Allain
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France; (Y.T.-U.); (F.A.); or (K.N.)
| | - Kazuchika Nishitsuji
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France; (Y.T.-U.); (F.A.); or (K.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (M.I.); (Y.I.)
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France; (Y.T.-U.); (F.A.); or (K.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leal AF, Alméciga-Díaz CJ, Tomatsu S. Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA: Current Disease Models and Drawbacks. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16148. [PMID: 38003337 PMCID: PMC10671113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA) is a rare disorder caused by mutations in the N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate-sulfatase (GALNS) encoding gene. GALNS leads to the lysosomal degradation of the glycosaminoglyccreasans keratan sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate. Impaired GALNS enzymes result in skeletal and non-skeletal complications in patients. For years, the MPS IVA pathogenesis and the assessment of promising drugs have been evaluated using in vitro (primarily fibroblasts) and in vivo (mainly mouse) models. Even though value information has been raised from those studies, these models have several limitations. For instance, chondrocytes have been well recognized as primary cells affected in MPS IVA and responsible for displaying bone development impairment in MPS IVA patients; nonetheless, only a few investigations have used those cells to evaluate basic and applied concepts. Likewise, current animal models are extensively represented by mice lacking GALNS expression; however, it is well known that MPS IVA mice do not recapitulate the skeletal dysplasia observed in humans, making some comparisons difficult. This manuscript reviews the current in vitro and in vivo MPS IVA models and their drawbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Felipe Leal
- Nemours Children’s Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA;
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Carlos Javier Alméciga-Díaz
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours Children’s Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA;
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Maiti G, Ashworth S, Choi T, Chakravarti S. Molecular cues for immune cells from small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans in their extracellular matrix-associated and free forms. Matrix Biol 2023; 123:48-58. [PMID: 37793508 PMCID: PMC10841460 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review we highlight emerging immune regulatory functions of lumican, keratocan, fibromodulin, biglycan and decorin, which are members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRP) of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These SLRPs have been studied extensively as collagen-fibril regulatory structural components of the skin, cornea, bone and cartilage in homeostasis. However, SLRPs released from a remodeling ECM, or synthesized by activated fibroblasts and immune cells contribute to an ECM-free pool in tissues and circulation, that may have a significant, but poorly understood foot print in inflammation and disease. Their molecular interactions and the signaling networks they influence also require investigations. Here we present studies on the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs of SLRP core proteins, their evolutionary and functional relationships with other LRR pathogen recognition receptors, such as the toll-like receptors (TLRs) to bring some molecular clarity in the immune regulatory functions of SLRPs. We discuss molecular interactions of fragments and intact SLRPs, and how some of these interactions are likely modulated by glycosaminoglycan side chains. We integrate findings on molecular interactions of these SLRPs together with what is known about their presence in circulation and lymph nodes (LN), which are important sites of immune cell regulation. Recent bulk and single cell RNA sequencing studies have identified subsets of stromal reticular cells that express these SLRPs within LNs. An understanding of the cellular source, molecular interactions and signaling consequences will lead to a fundamental understanding of how SLRPs modulate immune responses, and to therapeutic tools based on these SLRPs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Maiti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sean Ashworth
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tansol Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brokowska J, Gaffke L, Pierzynowska K, Węgrzyn G. Enhanced Efficiency of the Basal and Induced Apoptosis Process in Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA and IVB Human Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14119. [PMID: 37762422 PMCID: PMC10531891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Morquio disease, also called mucopolysaccharidosis IV (MPS IV), belongs to the group of lysosomal storage diseases (LSD). Due to deficiencies in the activities of galactose-6-sulfate sulfatase (in type A) or β-galactosidase (in type B), arising from mutations in GALNS or GLB1, respectively, keratan sulfate (one of glycosaminoglycans, GAGs) cannot be degraded efficiently and accumulates in lysosomes. This primary defect leads to many cellular dysfunctions which then cause specific disease symptoms. Recent works have indicated that different secondary effects of GAG accumulation might significantly contribute to the pathomechanisms of MPS. Apoptosis is among the cellular processes that were discovered to be affected in MPS cells on the basis of transcriptomic studies and some cell biology experiments. However, Morquio disease is the MPS type which is the least studied in light of apoptosis dysregulation, while RNA-seq analyses suggested considerable changes in the expression of genes involved in apoptosis in MPS IVA and IVB fibroblasts. Here we demonstrate that cytochrome c release from mitochondria is more efficient in MPS IVA and IVB fibroblasts relative to control cells, both under the standard cultivation conditions and after treatment with staurosporine, an apoptosis inducer. This indication of apoptosis stimulation was corroborated by measurements of the levels of caspases 9, 3, 6, and 7, as well as PARP, cleaved at specific sites, in Morquio disease and control fibroblasts. The more detailed analyses of the transcriptomic data revealed which genes related to apoptosis are down- and up-regulated in MPS IVA and IVB fibroblasts. We conclude that apoptosis is stimulated in Morquio disease under both standard cell culture conditions and after induction with staurosporine which may contribute to the pathomechanism of this disorder. Dysregulation of apoptosis in other MPS types is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (J.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (J.B.); (L.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hatami-Marbini H, Emu ME. The relationship between keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycan density and mechanical stiffening of CXL treatment. Exp Eye Res 2023; 234:109570. [PMID: 37454921 PMCID: PMC10530321 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The corneal stroma is primarily composed of collagen fibrils, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). It is known that corneal crosslinking (CXL) treatment improves mechanical properties of the cornea. However, the influence of stromal composition on the strengthening effect of CXL procedure has not been thoroughly investigated. The primary objective of the present research was to characterize the effect of keratan sulfate (KS) GAGs on the efficacy of CXL therapy. To this end, the CXL method was used to crosslink porcine corneal samples from which KS GAGs were enzymatically removed by keratanase II enzyme. Alcian blue staining was done to confirm the successful digestion of GAGs and uniaxial tensile experiments were performed for characterizing corneal mechanical properties. The influence of GAG removal and CXL treatment on resistance of corneal samples against enzymatic pepsin degradation was also quantified. It was found that removal of KS GAGs significantly softened corneal tensile properties (P < 0.05). Moreover, the CXL therapy significantly increased the tensile stiffness of GAG-depleted strips (P < 0.05). GAG-depleted corneal buttons were dissolved in the pepsin digestion solution significantly faster than control samples (P < 0.05). The CXL treatment significantly increased the time needed for complete pepsin digestion of GAG-depleted disks (P < 0.05). Based on these observations, we concluded that KS GAGs play a significant role in defining tensile properties and structural integrity of porcine cornea. Furthermore, the stiffening influence of the CXL treatment does not significantly depend on the density of corneal KS GAGs. The findings of the present study provided new information on the relation between corneal composition and CXL procedure mechanical effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Hatami-Marbini
- Computational Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Department, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Md E Emu
- Computational Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Department, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gesteira TF, Verma S, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Small leucine rich proteoglycans: Biology, function and their therapeutic potential in the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:521-536. [PMID: 37355022 PMCID: PMC11092928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Small leucine rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are the largest family of proteoglycans, with 18 members that are subdivided into five classes. SLRPs are small in size and can be present in tissues as glycosylated and non-glycosylated proteins, and the most studied SLRPs include decorin, biglycan, lumican, keratocan and fibromodulin. SLRPs specifically bind to collagen fibrils, regulating collagen fibrillogenesis and the biomechanical properties of tissues, and are expressed at particularly high levels in fibrous tissues, such as the cornea. However, SLRPs are also very active components of the ECM, interacting with numerous growth factors, cytokines and cell surface receptors. Therefore, SLRPs regulate major cellular processes and have a central role in major fundamental biological processes, such as maintaining corneal homeostasis and transparency and regulating corneal wound healing. Over the years, mutations and/or altered expression of SLRPs have been associated with various corneal diseases, such as congenital stromal corneal dystrophy and cornea plana. Recently, there has been great interest in harnessing the various functions of SLRPs for therapeutic purposes. In this comprehensive review, we describe the structural features and the related functions of SLRPs, and how these affect the therapeutic potential of SLRPs, with special emphasis on the use of SLRPs for treating ocular surface pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudhir Verma
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, USA; Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tachibana K, Ohkawa Y, Kanto N, Maeda K, Ohe S, Isei T, Harada Y, Taniguchi N. The expression of keratan sulfate in malignant melanoma enhances the adhesion and invasion activity of melanoma cells. J Dermatol 2022; 49:1027-1036. [PMID: 35811379 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammals express a wide variety of glycans that include N-glycans, O-glycans, proteoglycans, glycolipids, etc. Glycan expression can modulate the cellular functions, and hence is strongly involved in the onset and progression of numerous diseases. Here, we report the relevance of the ectopic expression of keratan sulfate (KS) glycan chains in human malignant melanomas. Using a human melanoma cell line, we found that the KS enhanced the invasiveness of the cells but caused no change in the growth rate of the cells. The phosphorylation of paxillin, a focal adhesion-associated adaptor protein, was strong at the region where KS was expressed in the melanoma tissues, indicating that KS stimulated the phosphorylation of paxillin. We also observed that KS enhanced the adhesion of melanoma cells and this was accompanied by a greatly increased level of phosphorylation of paxillin. These data suggest that the expression of KS contributes to the development of malignant phenotypes such as strong cell adhesion and the invasiveness of melanoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Tachibana
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohkawa
- Department of Glyco-Oncology and Medical Biochemistry, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriko Kanto
- Department of Glyco-Oncology and Medical Biochemistry, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kento Maeda
- Department of Glyco-Oncology and Medical Biochemistry, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohe
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taiki Isei
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Harada
- Department of Glyco-Oncology and Medical Biochemistry, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Department of Glyco-Oncology and Medical Biochemistry, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gonzalez-Gil A, Porell RN, Fernandes SM, Maenpaa E, Li TA, Li T, Wong PC, Aoki K, Tiemeyer M, Yu ZJ, Orsburn BC, Bumpus NN, Matthews RT, Schnaar RL. Human brain sialoglycan ligand for CD33, a microglial inhibitory Siglec implicated in Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101960. [PMID: 35452678 PMCID: PMC9130525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by accumulation of misfolded proteins. Genetic studies implicate microglia, brain-resident phagocytic immune cells, in AD pathogenesis. As positive effectors, microglia clear toxic proteins, whereas as negative effectors, they release proinflammatory mediators. An imbalance of these functions contributes to AD progression. Polymorphisms of human CD33, an inhibitory microglial receptor, are linked to AD susceptibility; higher CD33 expression correlates with increased AD risk. CD33, also called Siglec-3, is a member of the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (Siglec) family of immune regulatory receptors. Siglec-mediated inhibition is initiated by binding to complementary sialoglycan ligands in the tissue environment. Here, we identify a single sialoglycoprotein in human cerebral cortex that binds CD33 as well as Siglec-8, the most abundant Siglec on human microglia. The ligand, which we term receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta (RPTPζ)S3L, is composed of sialylated keratan sulfate chains carried on a minor isoform/glycoform of RPTPζ (phosphacan) and is found in the extracellular milieu of the human brain parenchyma. Brains from human AD donors had twofold higher levels of RPTPζS3L than age-matched control donors, raising the possibility that RPTPζS3L overexpression limits misfolded protein clearance contributing to AD pathology. Mice express the same structure, a sialylated keratan sulfate RPTPζ isoform, that binds mouse Siglec-F and crossreacts with human CD33 and Siglec-8. Brains from mice engineered to lack RPTPζ, the sialyltransferase St3gal4, or the keratan sulfate sulfotransferase Chst1 lacked Siglec binding, establishing the ligand structure. The unique CD33 and Siglec-8 ligand, RPTPζS3L, may contribute to AD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Gonzalez-Gil
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan N Porell
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steve M Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eila Maenpaa
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - T August Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip C Wong
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Zaikuan J Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin C Orsburn
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Namandjé N Bumpus
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Russell T Matthews
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Ronald L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Canoville A, Zanno LE, Zheng W, Schweitzer MH. Keratan sulfate as a marker for medullary bone in fossil vertebrates. J Anat 2021; 238:1296-1311. [PMID: 33398875 PMCID: PMC8128763 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to determine the sex of extinct dinosaurs by examining the bones they leave behind would revolutionize our understanding of their paleobiology; however, to date, definitive sex-specific skeletal traits remain elusive or controversial. Although living dinosaurs (i.e., extant birds) exhibit a sex-specific tissue called medullary bone that is unique to females, the confident identification of this tissue in non-avian archosaurs has proven a challenge. Tracing the evolution of medullary bone is complicated by existing variation of medullary bone tissues in living species; hypotheses that medullary bone structure or chemistry varied during its evolution; and a lack of studies aimed at distinguishing medullary bone from other types of endosteal tissues with which it shares microstructural and developmental characteristics, such as pathological tissues. A recent study attempted to capitalize on the molecular signature of medullary bone, which, in living birds, contains specific markers such as the sulfated glycosaminoglycan keratan sulfate, to support the proposed identification of medullary bone of a non-avian dinosaur specimen (Tyrannosaurus rex MOR 1125). Purported medullary bone samples of MOR 1125 reacted positively to histochemical analyses and the single pathological control tested (avian osteopetrosis) did not, suggesting the presence of keratan sulfate might serve to definitively discriminate these tissues for future studies. To further test these results, we sampled 20 avian bone pathologies of various etiologies (18 species), and several MB samples. Our new data universally support keratan sulfate as a reliable marker of medullary bone in birds. However, we also find that reactivity varies among pathological bone tissues, with reactivity in some pathologies indistinguishable from MB. In the current sample, some pathologies comprised of chondroid bone (often a major constituent of skeletal pathologies and developing fracture calluses in vertebrates) contain keratan sulfate. We note that beyond chemistry, chondroid bone shares many characteristics with medullary bone (fibrous matrix, numerous and large cell lacunae, potential endosteal origin, trabecular architecture) and medullary bone has even been considered by some to be a type of chondroid bone. Our results suggest that the presence of keratan sulfate is not exclusive evidence for MB, but rather must be used as one in a suite of criteria available for identifying medullary bone (and thus gravid females) in non-avian dinosaur specimens. Future studies should investigate whether there are definite chemical or microstructural differences between medullary bone and reactive chondroid bone that can discriminate these tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Canoville
- PaleontologyNorth Carolina Museum of Natural SciencesRaleighNCUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Lindsay E. Zanno
- PaleontologyNorth Carolina Museum of Natural SciencesRaleighNCUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Wenxia Zheng
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Mary H. Schweitzer
- PaleontologyNorth Carolina Museum of Natural SciencesRaleighNCUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mutoji KN, Sun M, Elliott G, Moreno IY, Hughes C, Gesteira TF, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Extracellular Matrix Deposition and Remodeling after Corneal Alkali Burn in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5708. [PMID: 34071909 PMCID: PMC8199272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal transparency relies on the precise arrangement and orientation of collagen fibrils, made of mostly Type I and V collagen fibrils and proteoglycans (PGs). PGs are essential for correct collagen fibrillogenesis and maintaining corneal homeostasis. We investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and PGs after a chemical injury. The chemical composition of chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS) and heparan sulfate (HS) were characterized in mouse corneas 5 and 14 days after alkali burn (AB), and compared to uninjured corneas. The expression profile and corneal distribution of CS/DSPGs and keratan sulfate (KS) PGs were also analyzed. We found a significant overall increase in CS after AB, with an increase in sulfated forms of CS and a decrease in lesser sulfated forms of CS. Expression of the CSPGs biglycan and versican was increased after AB, while decorin expression was decreased. We also found an increase in KS expression 14 days after AB, with an increase in lumican and mimecan expression, and a decrease in keratocan expression. No significant changes in HS composition were noted after AB. Taken together, our study reveals significant changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix following a corneal chemical injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazadi N. Mutoji
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
| | - Mingxia Sun
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
| | - Garrett Elliott
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
| | - Isabel Y. Moreno
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
| | - Clare Hughes
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Tarsis F. Gesteira
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
- Optimvia, Batavia, OH 45103, USA
| | - Vivien J. Coulson-Thomas
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Van JAD, Clotet-Freixas S, Hauschild AC, Batruch I, Jurisica I, Elia Y, Mahmud FH, Sochett E, Diamandis EP, Scholey JW, Konvalinka A. Urinary proteomics links keratan sulfate degradation and lysosomal enzymes to early type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233639. [PMID: 32453760 PMCID: PMC7250451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Our understanding of the early kidney response to chronic hyperglycemia remains incomplete. To address this, we first investigated the urinary proteomes of otherwise healthy youths with and without type 1 diabetes and subsequently examined the enriched pathways that might be dysregulated in early disease using systems biology approaches. This cross-sectional study included two separate cohorts for the discovery (N = 30) and internal validation (N = 30) of differentially excreted proteins. Discovery proteomics was performed on a Q Exactive Plus hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer. We then searched the pathDIP, KEGG, and Reactome databases to identify enriched pathways in early diabetes; the Integrated Interactions Database to retrieve protein-protein interaction data; and the PubMed database to compare fold changes of our signature proteins with those published in similarly designed studies. Proteins were selected for internal validation based on pathway enrichment and availability of commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Of the 2451 proteins identified, 576 were quantified in all samples from the discovery cohort; 34 comprised the urinary signature for early diabetes after Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment (Q < 0.05). The top pathways associated with this signature included lysosome, glycosaminoglycan degradation, and innate immune system (Q < 0.01). Notably, all enzymes involved in keratan sulfate degradation were significantly elevated in urines from youths with diabetes (|fold change| > 1.6). Increased urinary excretion of monocyte differentiation antigen CD14, hexosaminidase A, and lumican was also observed in the validation cohort (P < 0.05). Twenty-one proteins from our signature have been reported elsewhere as potential mediators of early diabetes. In this study, we identified a urinary proteomic signature for early type 1 diabetes, of which lysosomal enzymes were major constituents. Our findings highlight novel pathways such as keratan sulfate degradation in the early kidney response to hyperglycemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. D. Van
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Sergi Clotet-Freixas
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anne-Christin Hauschild
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ihor Batruch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Yesmino Elia
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Eleftherios P. Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James W. Scholey
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Konvalinka
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sawamoto K, Álvarez González JV, Piechnik M, Otero FJ, Couce ML, Suzuki Y, Tomatsu S. Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1517. [PMID: 32102177 PMCID: PMC7073202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA, or Morquio syndrome type A) is an inherited metabolic lysosomal disease caused by the deficiency of the N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase enzyme. The deficiency of this enzyme accumulates the specific glycosaminoglycans (GAG), keratan sulfate, and chondroitin-6-sulfate mainly in bone, cartilage, and its extracellular matrix. GAG accumulation in these lesions leads to unique skeletal dysplasia in MPS IVA patients. Clinical, radiographic, and biochemical tests are needed to complete the diagnosis of MPS IVA since some clinical characteristics in MPS IVA are overlapped with other disorders. Early and accurate diagnosis is vital to optimizing patient management, which provides a better quality of life and prolonged life-time in MPS IVA patients. Currently, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are available for patients with MPS IVA. However, ERT and HSCT do not have enough impact on bone and cartilage lesions in patients with MPS IVA. Penetrating the deficient enzyme into an avascular lesion remains an unmet challenge, and several innovative therapies are under development in a preclinical study. In this review article, we comprehensively describe the current diagnosis, treatment, and management for MPS IVA. We also illustrate developing future therapies focused on the improvement of skeletal dysplasia in MPS IVA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sawamoto
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (K.S.); (J.V.Á.G.); (M.P.)
| | | | - Matthew Piechnik
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (K.S.); (J.V.Á.G.); (M.P.)
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Francisco J. Otero
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Maria L. Couce
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Pathology, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Pediatrics Neonatology Service, Metabolic Unit, IDIS, CIBERER, MetabERN, University Clinic Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan;
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (K.S.); (J.V.Á.G.); (M.P.)
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan;
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Landry AP, Balas M, Spears J, Zador Z. Microenvironment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms discovered using data driven analysis of gene expression. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220121. [PMID: 31329646 PMCID: PMC6645676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that ruptured intracranial aneurysms are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, yet our understanding of the genetic mechanisms of rupture remains poor. We hypothesize that applying novel techniques to the genetic analysis of aneurysmal tissue will yield key rupture-associated mechanisms and novel drug candidates for the prevention of rupture. METHODS We applied weighted gene co-expression networks (WGCNA) and population-specific gene expression analysis (PSEA) to transcriptomic data from 33 ruptured and unruptured aneurysm domes. Mechanisms were annotated using Gene Ontology, and gene network/population-specific expression levels correlated with rupture state. We then used computational drug repurposing to identify plausible drug candidates for the prevention of aneurysm rupture. RESULTS Network analysis of bulk tissue identified multiple immune mechanisms to be associated with aneurysm rupture. Targeting these processes with computational drug repurposing revealed multiple candidates for preventing rupture including Btk inhibitors and modulators of hypoxia inducible factor. In the macrophage-specific analysis, we identify rupture-associated mechanisms MHCII antigen processing, cholesterol efflux, and keratan sulfate catabolism. These processes map well onto several of highly ranked drug candidates, providing further validation. CONCLUSIONS Our results are the first to demonstrate population-specific expression levels and intracranial aneurysm rupture, and propose novel drug candidates based on network-based transcriptomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Landry
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Balas
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julian Spears
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zsolt Zador
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Narentuya, Takeda-Uchimura Y, Foyez T, Zhang Z, Akama TO, Yagi H, Kato K, Komatsu Y, Kadomatsu K, Uchimura K. GlcNAc6ST3 is a keratan sulfate sulfotransferase for the protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTPRZ in the adult brain. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4387. [PMID: 30867513 PMCID: PMC6416290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) is a carbohydrate side chain covalently attached to extracellular proteoglycans. KS is composed of disaccharide units of 6-sulfated N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and galactose. We have previously shown that GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferase (GlcNAc6ST) 1 encoded by Chst2 is an enzyme necessary for the synthesis of GlcNAc-6-sulfated KS chains that are required for neuronal plasticity in the visual cortex of the mouse brain during the critical period, but not in adulthood. Here, we show that GlcNAc-6-sulfated KS recognized by the R-10G anti-KS antibody, of which the minimum epitope structure is Galß1-4GlcNAc(6S)ß1-3Galß1-4GlcNAc(6S), distributes diffusely in neuropils and presents densely in close proximity to the perineuronal region of the perineuronal net (PNN)-positive neurons in the adult visual cortex. Surprisingly, GlcNAc6ST3, which was discovered as an intestinal GlcNAc6ST encoded by Chst5, is a major brain KS sulfotransferase expressed in oligodendrocytes in adulthood. Moreover, we identified an isoform of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTPRZ as a R-10G-reactive KS proteoglycan. These results indicate that GlcNAc6ST3 may play a role in synthesis of a component of PNN in the adult brain, and that the KS-modified isoform of PTPRZ encoded by Ptprz1 could be an extracellular molecule associated with PNNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narentuya
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Takeda-Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tahmina Foyez
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka-1229, Bashundhara, Bangladesh
| | - Zui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomoya O Akama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 570-8506, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yagi
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yukio Komatsu
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS, Université de Lille, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Proton conductivity is important in many natural phenomena including oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and archaea, uncoupling membrane potentials by the antibiotic Gramicidin, and proton actuated bioluminescence in dinoflagellate. In all of these phenomena, the conduction of protons occurs along chains of hydrogen bonds between water and hydrophilic residues. These chains of hydrogen bonds are also present in many hydrated biopolymers and macromolecule including collagen, keratin, chitosan, and various proteins such as reflectin. All of these materials are also proton conductors. Recently, our group has discovered that the jelly found in the Ampullae of Lorenzini- shark’s electro-sensing organs- is the highest naturally occurring proton conducting substance. The jelly has a complex composition, but we proposed that the conductivity is due to the glycosaminoglycan keratan sulfate (KS). Here we measure the proton conductivity of hydrated keratan sulfate purified from Bovine Cornea. PdHx contacts at 0.50 ± 0.11 mS cm -1, which is consistent to that of Ampullae of Lorenzini jelly at 2 ± 1 mS cm -1. Proton conductivity, albeit with lower values, is also shared by other glycosaminoglycans with similar chemical structures including dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate A, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. This observation supports the relationship between proton conductivity and the chemical structure of biopolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Selberg
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Manping Jia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Caterson B, Melrose J. Keratan sulfate, a complex glycosaminoglycan with unique functional capability. Glycobiology 2018; 28:182-206. [PMID: 29340594 PMCID: PMC5993099 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective keratan sulfate (KS) is the newest glycosaminoglycan (GAG) but the least understood. KS is a sophisticated molecule with a diverse structure, and unique functional roles continue to be uncovered for this GAG. The cornea is the richest tissue source of KS in the human body but the central and peripheral nervous systems also contain significant levels of KS and a diverse range of KS-proteoglycans with essential functional roles. KS also displays important cell regulatory properties in epithelial and mesenchymal tissues and in bone and in tumor development of diagnostic and prognostic utility. Corneal KS-I displays variable degrees of sulfation along the KS chain ranging from non-sulfated polylactosamine, mono-sulfated and disulfated disaccharide regions. Skeletal KS-II is almost completely sulfated consisting of disulfated disaccharides interrupted by occasional mono-sulfated N-acetyllactosamine residues. KS-III also contains highly sulfated KS disaccharides but differs from KS-I and KS-II through 2-O-mannose linkage to serine or threonine core protein residues on proteoglycans such as phosphacan and abakan in brain tissue. Historically, the major emphasis on the biology of KS has focused on its sulfated regions for good reason. The sulfation motifs on KS convey important molecular recognition information and direct cell behavior through a number of interactive proteins. Emerging evidence also suggest functional roles for the poly-N-acetyllactosamine regions of KS requiring further investigation. Thus further research is warranted to better understand the complexities of KS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Caterson
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, School of Biosciences, College of Biological & Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Maccarana M, Svensson RB, Knutsson A, Giannopoulos A, Pelkonen M, Weis M, Eyre D, Warman M, Kalamajski S. Asporin-deficient mice have tougher skin and altered skin glycosaminoglycan content and structure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184028. [PMID: 28859141 PMCID: PMC5578652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The main structural component of connective tissues is fibrillar, cross-linked collagen whose fibrillogenesis can be modulated by Small Leucine-Rich Proteins/Proteoglycans (SLRPs). Not all SLRPs’ effects on collagen and extracellular matrix in vivo have been elucidated; one of the less investigated SLRPs is asporin. Here we describe the successful generation of an Aspn-/- mouse model and the investigation of the Aspn-/- skin phenotype. Functionally, Aspn-/- mice had an increased skin mechanical toughness, although there were no structural changes present on histology or immunohistochemistry. Electron microscopy analyses showed 7% thinner collagen fibrils in Aspn-/- mice (not statistically significant). Several matrix genes were upregulated, including collagens (Col1a1, Col1a2, Col3a1), matrix metalloproteinases (Mmp2, Mmp3) and lysyl oxidases (Lox, Loxl2), while lysyl hydroxylase (Plod2) was downregulated. Intriguingly no differences were observed in collagen protein content or in collagen cross-linking-related lysine oxidation or hydroxylation. The glycosaminoglycan content and structure in Aspn-/- skin was profoundly altered: chondroitin/dermatan sulfate was more than doubled and had an altered composition, while heparan sulfate was halved and had a decreased sulfation. Also, decorin and biglycan were doubled in Aspn-/- skin. Overall, asporin deficiency changes skin glycosaminoglycan composition, and decorin and biglycan content, which may explain the changes in skin mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Maccarana
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - René B. Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anki Knutsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Antonis Giannopoulos
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mea Pelkonen
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - MaryAnn Weis
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Eyre
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matthew Warman
- Children’s Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Kalamajski
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang Z, Takeda-Uchimura Y, Foyez T, Ohtake-Niimi S, Narentuya, Akatsu H, Nishitsuji K, Michikawa M, Wyss-Coray T, Kadomatsu K, Uchimura K. Deficiency of a sulfotransferase for sialic acid-modified glycans mitigates Alzheimer's pathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2947-E2954. [PMID: 28320965 PMCID: PMC5389269 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615036114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that microglial keratan sulfate (KS) was induced in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the functional roles of the glycan and its synthetic enzyme in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive disorder, are unclear. In our study, KS modified with sialic acids having a molecular mass of 125-220 kDa and the carbohydrate sulfotransferase GlcNAc6ST1 were up-regulated in the brains of two transgenic mouse models (J20 and Tg2576) and the brains of patients with AD. GlcNAc6ST1-deficient J20 (J20/GlcNAc6ST1-/-) mice demonstrated a complete absence of the microglial sialylated KS. J20/GlcNAc6ST1-/- primary microglia showed an increased level of amyloid-β phagocytosis and were hyperresponsive to interleukin 4, a potent antiinflammatory cytokine. Moreover, J20/GlcNAc6ST1-/- mice manifested reduced cerebral amyloid-β deposition. GlcNAc6ST1-synthesizing sialylated KS thus modulates AD pathology. Inhibition of KS synthesis by targeting GlcNAc6ST1 may therefore be beneficial for controlling AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Takeda-Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tahmina Foyez
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shiori Ohtake-Niimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Narentuya
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi, 441-8124, Japan
- Department of Community-Based Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuchika Nishitsuji
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Makoto Michikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
- Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan;
- Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, 474-8511, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Foyez T, Takeda-Uchimura Y, Ishigaki S, Narentuya, Zhang Z, Sobue G, Kadomatsu K, Uchimura K. Microglial keratan sulfate epitope elicits in central nervous tissues of transgenic model mice and patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Pathol 2015; 185:3053-65. [PMID: 26362733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The functional role of 5D4 antibody-reactive keratan sulfate (KS) in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is unknown. We therefore studied the expression of 5D4-reactive KS in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a motor neuron-degenerative disease, with the use of SOD1(G93A) ALS model mice and patients with ALS. Histochemical and immunoelectron microscopic characterizations showed that the 5D4-reactive KS is expressed in Mac2/galectin-3-positive activated or proliferating microglia of SOD1(G93A) ALS model mice at disease end stage and that the KS is an O-linked glycan modified with sialic acid and fucose, which was thus far shown to exist in cartilage. Intriguingly, microglial KS was detected in the spinal cord and brainstem but not in the cerebral cortex of SOD1(G93A) mice. We found that KSGal6ST, a galactose-6-sulfotransferase, is required for biosynthesis of the microglial 5D4-reactive KS by generating SOD1(G93A)/KSGal6ST(-/-) mice. The requirement of GlcNAc6ST1 for this synthesis was corroborated by analyzing SOD1(G93A)/GlcNAc6ST1(-/-) mice. These results indicate that both galactose-6- and N acteylglucosamine-6-sulfated KS elicited in the spinal cord and brainstem are associated with the degeneration of spinal and bulbar lower motor neurons in ALS pathology and may play a role in disease progression via microglial activation and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahmina Foyez
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Shinsuke Ishigaki
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Narentuya
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fujimoto H, Ohgomori T, Abe K, Uchimura K, Kadomatsu K, Jinno S. Time-dependent localization of high- and low-sulfated keratan sulfates in the song nuclei of developing zebra finches. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2716-25. [PMID: 26369722 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Keratan sulfate proteoglycans (KSPGs) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) consist of a protein core with covalently attached glycosaminoglycan side chain. Although CSPGs are known to regulate the end of the critical period, the role of KSPGs in brain development remains unclear. Young male zebra finches memorise song templates during development. The brain regions that are responsible for song learning, known as song nuclei, are recognized as a suitable model for the study of brain development. To understand the potential role of KSPGs, here we examined the localization of KSs with different degrees of sulfation in the brain of developing male zebra finches. Exclusively in the song nuclei, an increase in expression of 5-D-4-positive (5-D-4(+)) high-sulfated KS started after hatching, and reached a plateau at the end of the sensory period, during which the young bird listens to and memorises the song of an adult tutor. By contrast, weak and ubiquitous expression of BCD-4(+) low-sulfated KS remained unchanged until the end of the sensory period, and first increased in the song nuclei at the end of the sensorimotor period, during which the young bird produces plastic songs. Immunoblot analysis showed that phosphacan was a common core protein of 5-D-4(+) KS and BCD-4(+) KS. Finally, we confirmed that the sulfotransferase responsible for the synthesis of high-sulfated KS was exclusively localised in the song nuclei. Our observations suggest that time-dependent localization of KSPGs with different sulfation patterns in the song nuclei may underlie song learning in developing male zebra finches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Fujimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ohgomori
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kentaro Abe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shozo Jinno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Keratan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan that has been investigated in the cornea and skeletal tissues for decades. Endoglycosidases and monoclonal antibodies specific for keratan sulfate have been developed. These materials have facilitated the analysis of keratan sulfate biosynthesis and structures. Likewise, they have expedited study of the biological roles of keratan sulfate in vitro and in vivo. It has been shown that keratan sulfate is also expressed in the central nervous system and functions as a regulator of neuronal regeneration/sprouting. Here, we describe methods to determine the enzymatic activity of GlcNAc6ST, which is involved in keratan sulfate biosynthesis, and to extract and prepare ocular keratan sulfate for a disaccharide composition analysis. Immunohistochemistry for an anti-keratan sulfate epitope in the brain is also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li X, Truty MA, Kang Y, Chopin-Laly X, Zhang R, Roife D, Chatterjee D, Lin E, Thomas RM, Wang H, Katz MH, Fleming JB. Extracellular lumican inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth and is associated with prolonged survival after surgery. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6529-40. [PMID: 25336691 PMCID: PMC4268437 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relevance between lumican expression patterns and the clinical course of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and to investigate the role of lumican in PDAC progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN One hundred thirty-one patient tumors were chosen for tissue microarray staining, and Cox regression analysis was used to test the associations between lumican expression and clinical, pathologic, and oncologic outcomes in all patients. Primary PDAC cells and recombinant human lumican protein were used to establish a working model to mimic the in vivo interactions between stromal lumican and PDAC cells. Using this model, we tested the effects of lumican on EGFR signaling via Akt and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) and its subsequent influence on glucose consumption, lactate production, intracellular ATP, and apoptotic cell death. RESULTS Lumican was present in the stroma surrounding PDAC cells in roughly one-half of primary tumors and the direct xenografts. Patients with stromal lumican were associated with a profound reduction in metastatic recurrence after surgery and 3-fold longer survival than patients without stromal lumican. In PDAC cells, extracellular lumican reduced EGFR expression and phosphorylation through enhanced dimerization and internalization of EGFR and the resultant inhibition of Akt kinase activity. Lumican also reduced HIF1α expression and activity via Akt. PDAC cells with enhanced HIF1α activity were resistant to lumican-induced inhibition of glucose consumption, lactate production, intracellular ATP, and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS There is a positive association between stromal lumican in primary PDAC tumors and prolonged survival after tumor resection. Lumican plays a restrictive role in EGFR-expressing pancreatic cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinqun Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark A Truty
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ya'an Kang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xavier Chopin-Laly
- Department of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Edouard Herriot Hospital, HCL, Lyon, France
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David Roife
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Deyali Chatterjee
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - E Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ryan M Thomas
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew H Katz
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Grassot V, Da Silva A, Saliba J, Maftah A, Dupuy F, Petit JM. Highlights of glycosylation and adhesion related genes involved in myogenesis. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:621. [PMID: 25051993 PMCID: PMC4223822 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myogenesis is initiated by myoblast differentiation and fusion to form myotubes and muscle fibres. A population of myoblasts, known as satellite cells, is responsible for post-natal growth of muscle and for its regeneration. This differentiation requires many changes in cell behaviour and its surrounding environment. These modifications are tightly regulated over time and can be characterized through the study of changes in gene expression associated with this process. During the initial myogenesis steps, using the myoblast cell line C2C12 as a model, Janot et al. (2009) showed significant variations in expression for genes involved in pathways of glycolipid synthesis. In this study we used murine satellite cells (MSC) and their ability to differentiate into myotubes or early fat storage cells to select glycosylation related genes whose variation of expression is myogenesis specific. RESULTS The comparison of variant genes in both MSC differentiation pathways identified 67 genes associated with myogenesis. Comparison with data obtained for C2C12 revealed that only 14 genes had similar expression profiles in both cell types and that 17 genes were specifically regulated in MSC. Results were validated statistically by without a priori clustering. Classification according to protein function encoded by these 31 genes showed that the main regulated cellular processes during this differentiation were (i) remodeling of the extracellular matrix, particularly, sulfated structures, (ii) down-regulation of O-mannosyl glycan biosynthesis, and (iii) an increase in adhesion protein expression. A functional study was performed on Itga11 and Chst5 encoding two highly up-regulated proteins. The inactivation of Chst5 by specific shRNA delayed the fusion of MSC. By contrast, the inactivation of Itga11 by specific shRNA dramatically decreased the fusion ability of MSC. This result was confirmed by neutralization of Itga11 product by specific antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Our screening method detected 31 genes specific for myogenic differentiation out of the 383 genes studied. According to their function, interaction networks of the products of these selected genes converged to cell fusion. Functional studies on Itga11 and Chst5 demonstrated the robustness of this screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Grassot
- INRA, UMR 1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123 Avenue A. Thomas, Limoges 87060, France
| | - Anne Da Silva
- INRA, UMR 1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123 Avenue A. Thomas, Limoges 87060, France
| | - James Saliba
- INRA, UMR 1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123 Avenue A. Thomas, Limoges 87060, France
| | - Abderrahman Maftah
- INRA, UMR 1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123 Avenue A. Thomas, Limoges 87060, France
| | - Fabrice Dupuy
- INRA, UMR 1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123 Avenue A. Thomas, Limoges 87060, France
| | - Jean-Michel Petit
- INRA, UMR 1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123 Avenue A. Thomas, Limoges 87060, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hoshino H, Foyez T, Ohtake-Niimi S, Takeda-Uchimura Y, Michikawa M, Kadomatsu K, Uchimura K. KSGal6ST is essential for the 6-sulfation of galactose within keratan sulfate in early postnatal brain. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:145-56. [PMID: 24152993 PMCID: PMC3902094 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413511619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) comprises repeating disaccharides of galactose (Gal) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Residues of Gal and GlcNAc in KS are potentially modified with sulfate at their C-6 positions. The 5D4 monoclonal antibody recognizes KS structures containing Gal and GlcNAc, both 6-sulfated, and has been used most extensively to evaluate KS expression in mammalian brains. We previously showed that GlcNAc6ST1 is an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the 5D4 epitope in developing brain and in the adult brain, where it is induced after injury. It has been unclear which sulfotransferase is responsible for Gal-6-sulfation within the 5D4 KS epitope in developing brains. We produced mice deficient in KSGal6ST, a Gal-6-sulfotransferase. Western blotting and immunoprecipitation revealed that all 5D4-immunoreactivity to proteins, including phosphacan, were abolished in KSGal6ST-deficient postnatal brains. Likewise, the 5D4 epitope, expressed primarily in the cortical marginal zone and subplate and dorsal thalamus, was eliminated in KSGal6ST-deficient mice. Disaccharide analysis showed the loss of Gal-6-sulfate in KS of the KSGal6ST-deficient brains. Transfection studies revealed that GlcNAc6ST1 and KSGal6ST cooperated in the expression of the 5D4 KS epitope in HeLa cells. These results indicate that KSGal6ST is essential for C-6 sulfation of Gal within KS in early postnatal brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Hoshino
- Section of Pathophysiology and Neurobiology, Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, (HH, SO, KU), Obu, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Karamichos D, Funderburgh ML, Hutcheon AEK, Zieske JD, Du Y, Wu J, Funderburgh JL. A role for topographic cues in the organization of collagenous matrix by corneal fibroblasts and stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86260. [PMID: 24465995 PMCID: PMC3897697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human corneal fibroblasts (HCF) and corneal stromal stem cells (CSSC) each secrete and organize a thick stroma-like extracellular matrix in response to different substrata, but neither cell type organizes matrix on tissue-culture polystyrene. This study compared cell differentiation and extracellular matrix secreted by these two cell types when they were cultured on identical substrata, polycarbonate Transwell filters. After 4 weeks in culture, both cell types upregulated expression of genes marking differentiated keratocytes (KERA, CHST6, AQP1, B3GNT7). Absolute expression levels of these genes and secretion of keratan sulfate proteoglycans were significantly greater in CSSC than HCF. Both cultures produced extensive extracellular matrix of aligned collagen fibrils types I and V, exhibiting cornea-like lamellar structure. Unlike HCF, CSSC produced little matrix in the presence of serum. Construct thickness and collagen organization was enhanced by TGF-ß3. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the polycarbonate membrane revealed shallow parallel grooves with spacing of 200–300 nm, similar to the topography of aligned nanofiber substratum which we previously showed to induce matrix organization by CSSC. These results demonstrate that both corneal fibroblasts and stromal stem cells respond to a specific pattern of topographical cues by secreting highly organized extracellular matrix typical of corneal stroma. The data also suggest that the potential for matrix secretion and organization may not be directly related to the expression of molecular markers used to identify differentiated keratocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Karamichos
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martha L. Funderburgh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Audrey E. K. Hutcheon
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James D. Zieske
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yiqin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James L. Funderburgh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yamanaka O, Yuan Y, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Gesteira TF, Call MK, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Chang SH, Xie C, Liu CY, Saika S, Jester JV, Kao WWY. Lumican binds ALK5 to promote epithelium wound healing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82730. [PMID: 24367547 PMCID: PMC3867403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumican (Lum), a small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family member, has multiple matricellular functions both as an extracellular matrix component and as a matrikine regulating cell proliferation, gene expression and wound healing. To date, no cell surface receptor has been identified to mediate the matrikine functions of Lum. This study aimed to identify a perspective receptor that mediates Lum effects on promoting wound healing. Transforming growth factor-β receptor 1 (ALK5) was identified as a potential Lum-interacting protein through in silico molecular docking and molecular dynamics. This finding was verified by biochemical pull-down assays. Moreover, the Lum function on wound healing was abrogated by an ALK5-specific chemical inhibitor as well as by ALK5 shRNAi. Finally, we demonstrated that eukaryote-specific post-translational modifications are not required for the wound healing activity of Lum, as recombinant GST-Lum fusion proteins purified from E. coli and a chemically synthesized LumC13 peptide (the last C-terminal 13 amino acids of Lum) have similar effects on wound healing in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamanaka
- Deparment of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yong Yuan
- Deparment of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Tarsis Ferreira Gesteira
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mindy K. Call
- Deparment of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yujin Zhang
- Deparment of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Deparment of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shao-Hsuan Chang
- Deparment of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Changchun Xie
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chia-Yang Liu
- Deparment of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical College, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Japan
| | - James V. Jester
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Winston W-Y Kao
- Deparment of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hirano K, Ohgomori T, Kobayashi K, Tanaka F, Matsumoto T, Natori T, Matsuyama Y, Uchimura K, Sakamoto K, Takeuchi H, Hirakawa A, Suzumura A, Sobue G, Ishiguro N, Imagama S, Kadomatsu K. Ablation of keratan sulfate accelerates early phase pathogenesis of ALS. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66969. [PMID: 23825599 PMCID: PMC3692529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers consist of three major classes, i.e., polynucleotides (DNA, RNA), polypeptides (proteins) and polysaccharides (sugar chains). It is widely accepted that polynucleotides and polypeptides play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. But, sugar chains have been poorly studied in this process, and their biological/clinical significance remains largely unexplored. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motoneuron-degenerative disease, the pathogenesis of which requires both cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous processes. Here, we investigated the role of keratan sulfate (KS), a sulfated long sugar chain of proteoglycan, in ALS pathogenesis. We employed ALS model SOD1(G93A) mice and GlcNAc6ST-1(-/-) mice, which are KS-deficient in the central nervous system. Unexpectedly, SOD1(G93A)GlcNAc6ST-1(-/-) mice exhibited a significantly shorter lifespan than SOD1(G93A) mice and an accelerated appearance of clinical symptoms (body weight loss and decreased rotarod performance). KS expression was induced exclusively in a subpopulation of microglia in SOD1(G93A) mice, and became detectable around motoneurons in the ventral horn during the early disease phase before body weight loss. During this phase, the expression of M2 microglia markers was transiently enhanced in SOD1(G93A) mice, while this enhancement was attenuated in SOD1(G93A)GlcNAc6ST-1(-/-) mice. Consistent with this, M2 microglia were markedly less during the early disease phase in SOD1(G93A)GlcNAc6ST-1(-/-) mice. Moreover, KS expression in microglia was also detected in some human ALS cases. This study suggests that KS plays an indispensable, suppressive role in the early phase pathogenesis of ALS and may represent a new target for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Hirano
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ohgomori
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Natori
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Yamanashi Gakuin University, Kofu, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Matsuyama
- Department of Orthopedics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sakamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirakawa
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Suzumura
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shiro Imagama
- Department of Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hayes AJ, Mitchell RE, Bashford A, Reynolds S, Caterson B, Hammond CL. Expression of glycosaminoglycan epitopes during zebrafish skeletogenesis. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:778-89. [PMID: 23576310 PMCID: PMC3698701 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zebrafish is an important developmental model. Surprisingly, there are few studies that describe the glycosaminoglycan composition of its extracellular matrix during skeletogenesis. Glycosaminoglycans on proteoglycans contribute to the material properties of musculo skeletal connective tissues, and are important in regulating signalling events during morphogenesis. Sulfation motifs within the chain structure of glycosaminoglycans on cell-associated and extracellular matrix proteoglycans allow them to bind and regulate the sequestration/presentation of bioactive signalling molecules important in musculo-skeletal development. RESULTS We describe the spatio-temporal expression of different glycosaminoglycan moieties during zebrafish skeletogenesis with antibodies recognising (1) native sulfation motifs within chondroitin and keratan sulfate chains, and (2) enzyme-generated neoepitope sequences within the chain structure of chondroitin sulfate (i.e., 0-, 4-, and 6-sulfated isoforms) and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. We show that all the glycosaminoglycan moieties investigated are expressed within the developing skeletal tissues of larval zebrafish. However, subtle changes in their patterns of spatio-temporal expression over the period examined suggest that their expression is tightly and dynamically controlled during development. CONCLUSIONS The subtle differences observed in the domains of expression between different glycosaminoglycan moieties suggest differences in their functional roles during establishment of the primitive analogues of the skeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Hayes
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratory, Cardiff School of Biosciences and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E Mitchell
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Bashford
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratory, Cardiff School of Biosciences and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Reynolds
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Caterson
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratory, Cardiff School of Biosciences and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy L Hammond
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mardinoglu A, Agren R, Kampf C, Asplund A, Nookaew I, Jacobson P, Walley AJ, Froguel P, Carlsson LM, Uhlen M, Nielsen J. Integration of clinical data with a genome-scale metabolic model of the human adipocyte. Mol Syst Biol 2013; 9:649. [PMID: 23511207 PMCID: PMC3619940 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2013.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the presence/absence of proteins encoded by 14 077 genes in adipocytes obtained from different tissue samples using immunohistochemistry. By combining this with previously published adipocyte-specific proteome data, we identified proteins associated with 7340 genes in human adipocytes. This information was used to reconstruct a comprehensive and functional genome-scale metabolic model of adipocyte metabolism. The resulting metabolic model, iAdipocytes1809, enables mechanistic insights into adipocyte metabolism on a genome-wide level, and can serve as a scaffold for integration of omics data to understand the genotype-phenotype relationship in obese subjects. By integrating human transcriptome and fluxome data, we found an increase in the metabolic activity around androsterone, ganglioside GM2 and degradation products of heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate, and a decrease in mitochondrial metabolic activities in obese subjects compared with lean subjects. Our study hereby shows a path to identify new therapeutic targets for treating obesity through combination of high throughput patient data and metabolic modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adil Mardinoglu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Agren
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Caroline Kampf
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Asplund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Jacobson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew J Walley
- Department of Genomics of Common Diseases, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Department of Genomics of Common Diseases, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 8199, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
| | - Lena M Carlsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Department of Proteomics, School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schwend T, Deaton RJ, Zhang Y, Caterson B, Conrad GW. Corneal sulfated glycosaminoglycans and their effects on trigeminal nerve growth cone behavior in vitro: roles for ECM in cornea innervation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:8118-37. [PMID: 23132805 PMCID: PMC3522437 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sensory trigeminal nerve growth cones innervate the cornea in a highly coordinated fashion. The purpose of this study was to determine if extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans (ECM-GAGs), including keratan sulfate (KS), dermatan sulfate (DS), and chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) and C (CSC), polymerized in developing eyefronts, may provide guidance cues to nerves during cornea innervation. METHODS Immunostaining using antineuron-specific-β-tubulin and monoclonal antibodies for KS, DS, and CSA/C was performed on eyefronts from embryonic day (E) 9 to E14 and staining visualized by confocal microscopy. Effects of purified GAGs on trigeminal nerve growth cone behavior were tested using in vitro neuronal explant cultures. RESULTS At E9 to E10, nerves exiting the pericorneal nerve ring grew as tight fascicles, advancing straight toward the corneal stroma. In contrast, upon entering the stroma, nerves bifurcated repeatedly as they extended anteriorly toward the epithelium. KS was localized in the path of trigeminal nerves, whereas DS and CSA/C-rich areas were avoided by growth cones. When E10 trigeminal neurons were cultured on different substrates comprised of purified GAG molecules, their neurite growth cone behavior varied depending on GAG type, concentration, and mode of presentation (immobilized versus soluble). High concentrations of immobilized KS, DS, and CSA/C inhibited neurite growth to varying degrees. Neurites traversing lower, permissive concentrations of immobilized DS and CSA/C displayed increased fasciculation and decreased branching, whereas KS caused decreased fasciculation and increased branching. Enzymatic digestion of sulfated GAGs canceled their effects on trigeminal neurons. CONCLUSIONS Data herein suggest that GAGs may direct the movement of trigeminal nerve growth cones innervating the cornea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Schwend
- From the Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Ryan J. Deaton
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- From the Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Bruce Caterson
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Gary W. Conrad
- From the Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tingbø MG, Pedersen ME, Grøndahl F, Kolset SO, Veiseth-Kent E, Enersen G, Hannesson KO. Type of carbohydrate in feed affects the expression of small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and interleukins in skeletal muscle of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2012; 33:582-589. [PMID: 22789715 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture requires feed that ensures rapid growth and healthy fish. Higher inclusion of plant ingredients is desirable, as marine resources are limited. In this study we investigated the effects of higher starch inclusion in feed on muscular extracellular matrix and interleukin expression in farmed cod. Starch was replaced by complex fibers in the low-starch diet to keep total carbohydrate inclusion similar. Blood glucose and fructosamine levels were elevated in the high-starch group. The group fed a high-starch diet showed up-regulation on mRNA level of proteoglycans biglycan and decorin. ELISA confirmed the real-time PCR results on protein level for biglycan and also showed increase of lumican. For decorin the protein levels were decreased in the high-starch group, in contrast to real-time PCR results. Disaccharide analyses using HPLC showed reduction of glycosaminoglycans. Further, there was up-regulation of interleukin-1β and -10 on mRNA level in muscle. This study shows that the muscular extracellular matrix composition is affected by diet, and that a high-starch diet results in increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes similar to diabetes in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Tingbø
- Nofima AS, Osloveien 1, 1430 Aas, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nakajima A, Nakagawa K, Aoki Y, Sonobe M, Shibata Y, Yamazaki M, Murakami M. Changes in synovial fluid biochemical markers following arthroscopic surgery in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatol Int 2012; 33:209-14. [PMID: 22441960 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-012-2374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although arthroscopic surgery (AS) for knee osteoarthritis has been widely employed, scientific evidence is lacking. The purpose of this study was to investigate temporal changes in synovial fluid levels of biochemical markers associated with cartilage metabolism following AS. Twenty-five knees of 24 patients with medial knee osteoarthritis (mean age 70.5 years) were included in this study. Synovial fluids were sampled immediately before surgery and 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after AS. Levels of the biochemical markers chondroitin 6-sulfate (C6S), chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S), and keratan sulfate (KS) were measured and correlations among the biochemical markers were analyzed before and after surgery. C6S, C4S, and total CS levels were the same before and after surgery; however, the KS level decreased significantly at 2 weeks after AS. A strong, positive correlation was detected between C6S and KS levels at 12 weeks, differing from the weaker correlation seen before surgery. Seven of the patients required total or unicompartmental knee arthroplasties in the 2 years following AS. In this study, the significant reduction in KS levels and the strong correlation between C6S and KS levels were shown, which indicates suppressed cartilage turnover after AS. Exploring predictive factors indicating favorable or unfavorable outcomes from AS will be important future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arata Nakajima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura, Chiba 285-8741, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yoeruek E, Bayyoud T, Maurus C, Hofmann J, Spitzer MS, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Szurman P. Decellularization of porcine corneas and repopulation with human corneal cells for tissue-engineered xenografts. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:e125-31. [PMID: 22136333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the potential use of decellularized porcine corneas (DPCs) as a carrier matrix for cultivating human corneal cells in tissue engineering. METHODS Corneal cells were isolated from human corneoscleral rims. Porcine corneas were decellularized using hypotonic tris buffer, ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA, 0.1%), aprotinin (10 KIU/ml) and 0.3% sodium dodecyl sulphate. Haematoxylin-eosin (HE) and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining were performed to confirm removal of the corneal cells. Quantitative analysis was performed to determine levels of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) using DNA Purification Kit (Fermentas, St. Leon-Rot, Germany). Alcian blue staining was carried out to analyse the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Corneal stromal cells were injected into the DPCs; limbal corneal epithelial cells and corneal endothelial cells were seeded onto the anterior and posterior surfaces of the DPCs, respectively. Evaluation was undertaken at days 14 and 30. The phenotypical properties of the cultivated corneal cells were investigated using Immunolocalization of type I collagen, keratocan, lumican, cytokeratin 3 (AE5) and type VIII collagen. RESULTS Haematoxylin-eosin and DAPI staining showed efficient elimination of porcine corneal cells, whereas alcian blue confirmed gross preservation of the ECM. The quantitative analysis of the DNA content showed a significant reduction (mean before decellularization: 75.45 ± 13.71 ng/mg; mean after decellularization: 9.87 ± 2.04 ng/mg, p < 0.001). All three types of corneal cells were efficiently cultured and expanded on the DPCs. CONCLUSIONS Decellularized porcine corneas might serve as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering of the cornea, possibly providing xenogenic substrate for corneal transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efdal Yoeruek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pan S, Chen R, Stevens T, Bronner MP, May D, Tamura Y, McIntosh MW, Brentnall TA. Proteomics portrait of archival lesions of chronic pancreatitis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27574. [PMID: 22132114 PMCID: PMC3223181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pancreas. The etiology is multi-fold, but all lead to progressive scarring and loss of pancreatic function. Early diagnosis is difficult; and the understanding of the molecular events that underlie this progressive disease is limited. In this study, we investigated differential proteins associated with mild and severe chronic pancreatitis in comparison with normal pancreas and pancreatic cancer. Paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed tissues from five well-characterized specimens each of normal pancreas (NL), mild chronic pancreatitis (MCP), severe chronic pancreatitis (SCP) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) were subjected to proteomic analysis using a “label-free” comparative approach. Our results show that the numbers of differential proteins increase substantially with the disease severity, from mild to severe chronic pancreatitis, while the number of dysregulated proteins is highest in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Important functional groups and biological processes associated with chronic pancreatitis and cancer include acinar cell secretory proteins, pancreatic fibrosis/stellate cell activation, glycoproteins, and inflammatory proteins. Three differential proteins were selected for verification by immunohistochemistry, including collagen 14A1, lumican and versican. Further canonical pathway analysis revealed that acute phase response signal, prothrombin activation pathway, and pancreatic fibrosis/pancreatic stellate cell activation pathway were the most significant pathways involved in chronic pancreatitis, while pathways relating to metabolism were the most significant pathways in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Our study reveals a group of differentially expressed proteins and the related pathways that may shed light on the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis and the common molecular events associated with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Pan
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SP); (TB)
| | - Ru Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tyler Stevens
- Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mary P. Bronner
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Damon May
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Molecular Diagnostics Program, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yasuko Tamura
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Martin W. McIntosh
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Molecular Diagnostics Program, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Teresa A. Brentnall
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SP); (TB)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Background Diaphragmatic dysfunction found in the patients with acute lung injury required prolonged mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation can induce production of inflammatory cytokines and excess deposition of extracellular matrix proteins via up-regulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. Lumican is known to participate in TGF-β1 signaling during wound healing. The mechanisms regulating interactions between mechanical ventilation and diaphragmatic injury are unclear. We hypothesized that diaphragmatic damage by short duration of mechanical stretch caused up-regulation of lumican that modulated TGF-β1 signaling. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice, either wild-type or lumican-null, aged 3 months, weighing between 25 and 30 g, were exposed to normal tidal volume (10 ml/kg) or high tidal volume (30 ml/kg) mechanical ventilation with room air for 2 to 8 hours. Nonventilated mice served as control groups. Results High tidal volume mechanical ventilation induced interfibrillar disassembly of diaphragmatic collagen fiber, lumican activation, type I and III procollagen, fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) mRNA, production of free radical and TGF-β1 protein, and positive staining of lumican in diaphragmatic fiber. Mechanical ventilation of lumican deficient mice attenuated diaphragmatic injury, type I and III procollagen, fibronectin, and α-SMA mRNA, and production of free radical and TGF-β1 protein. No significant diaphragmatic injury was found in mice subjected to normal tidal volume mechanical ventilation. Conclusion Our data showed that high tidal volume mechanical ventilation induced TGF-β1 production, TGF-β1-inducible genes, e.g., collagen, and diaphragmatic dysfunction through activation of the lumican.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fu Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Bao-Xiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Section of Respiratory Care, Department of Integrated Diagno-Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Huang Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Winston W.-Y. Kao
- Crawley Vision Research Center/Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-TY); (P-HC)
| | - Pao-Hsien Chu
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- The First Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-TY); (P-HC)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Maszczak-Seneczko D, Olczak T, Wunderlich L, Olczak M. Comparative analysis of involvement of UGT1 and UGT2 splice variants of UDP-galactose transporter in glycosylation of macromolecules in MDCK and CHO cell lines. Glycoconj J 2011; 28:481-92. [PMID: 21894462 PMCID: PMC3180625 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-011-9348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide sugar transporters deliver nucleotide sugars into the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. This study aimed to further characterize mammalian UDP-galactose transporter (UGT) in MDCK and CHO cell lines. MDCK-RCAr and CHO-Lec8 mutant cell lines are defective in UGT transporter, although they exhibit some level of galactosylation. Previously, only single forms of UGT were identified in both cell lines, UGT1 in MDCK cells and UGT2 in CHO cells. We have identified the second UGT splice variants in CHO (UGT1) and MDCK (UGT2) cells. Compared to UGT1, UGT2 is more abundant in nearly all examined mammalian tissues and cell lines, but MDCK cells exhibit different relative distribution of both splice variants. Complementation analysis demonstrated that both UGT splice variants are necessary for N- and O-glycosylation of proteins. Both mutant cell lines produce chondroitin-4-sulfate at only a slightly lower level compared to wild-type cells. This defect is corrected by overexpression of both UGT splice variants. MDCK-RCAr mutant cells do not produce keratan sulfate and this effect is not corrected by either UGT splice variant, overexpressed either singly or in combination. Here we demonstrate that both UGT splice variants are important for glycosylation of proteins. In contrast to MDCK cells, MDCK-RCAr mutant cells may possess an additional defect within the keratan sulfate biosynthesis pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Maszczak-Seneczko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Livius Wunderlich
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, P.O. Box 91, Hungary
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Shipp C, Watson K, Jones GL. Associations of HSP90 client proteins in human breast cancer. Anticancer Res 2011; 31:2095-2101. [PMID: 21737627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HSP90 has been studied intensively as a therapeutic target, however little is known regarding specific interactions of the large number of HSP90 client proteins. Therefore, this study investigated HSP90 client proteins sensitive to the HSP90 inhibitor geldanamycin in tumour and healthy breast tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Co-immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE were used to investigate protein interactions. Western blotting and LC-MS were used to infer protein identities. RESULTS HSP90 client proteins were observed in 7 out of 11 breast cancer patients. Further experiments inferred HSP40, -56/FKBP52, -60, -70, -105 and lumican to associate with HSP90 and to belong to this group of geldanamycin-sensitive proteins. In one patient, a cancer-specific group of proteins was identified. In all experiments geldanamycin resistance was observed. CONCLUSION HSP90 differentially associated with client proteins and this was patient dependent. Geldanamycin resistance and lack of HSP90 client protein expression may limit clinical applications of HSP90 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Shipp
- Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, McClymont Building, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Akhtar S, Bron AJ, Hayes AJ, Meek KM, Caterson B. Role of keratan sulphate (sulphated poly -N-acetyllactosamine repeats) in keratoconic cornea, histochemical, and ultrastructural analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 249:413-20. [PMID: 20853116 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-010-1512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Keratan sulphate (KS) is the predominant glycosaminoglycan (GAG) present in the corneal stroma where it is thought to regulate collagen fibril diameter. In this study we investigated the distribution of KS in normal and keratoconic corneas. METHODS Four normal, one mild, and four severe keratoconic corneas were used for the study. Distribution of keratan sulphate proteoglycans (KS-PG) was investigated using a primary monoclonal antibody (5-D-4) that recognizes disulphated disaccharides in the poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats of KS. The immuno-reactivity of 5-D-4 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immuno-electron microscopy. RESULTS Immuno-histochemistry showed diffuse 5-D-4 staining in keratoconic cornea compared to the punctuate staining in normal corneas. In the single cornea with mild keratoconus, immunogold microscopy revealed a very high density of KS-PG staining, especially in the posterior stroma, compared to severe keratoconic and normal cornea. The amount of KS-PG in the stroma in severe keratoconus was slightly less compared to the normal cornea. In the mild keratoconic cornea, a higher quantity of KS-PG was present around the keratocytes. In severe keratoconic corneas, a higher quantity of KS-PG was present within the keratocytes compared to normal cornea. CONCLUSIONS The finding of an altered expression of KS in our keratoconic corneas, in particular the strong expression of KS in keratocytes, is in keeping with reports of an altered expression of proteoglycan metabolism in keratoconus. KS-PG plays an important role in stromal collagen fibril assembly and a dysregulation of KS-PG synthesis or catabolism could explain changes in collagen fibril spacing and diameter, which we have reported elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Akhtar
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dvorak-Ewell M, Wendt D, Hague C, Christianson T, Koppaka V, Crippen D, Kakkis E, Vellard M. Enzyme replacement in a human model of mucopolysaccharidosis IVA in vitro and its biodistribution in the cartilage of wild type mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12194. [PMID: 20808938 PMCID: PMC2922370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA; Morquio A syndrome) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase (GALNS), an enzyme that degrades keratan sulfate (KS). Currently no therapy for MPS IVA is available. We produced recombinant human (rh)GALNS as a potential enzyme replacement therapy for MPS IVA. Chinese hamster ovary cells stably overexpressing GALNS and sulfatase modifying factor-1 were used to produce active ( approximately 2 U/mg) and pure (>or=97%) rhGALNS. The recombinant enzyme was phosphorylated and was dose-dependently taken up by mannose-6-phosphate receptor (K(uptake) = 2.5 nM), thereby restoring enzyme activity in MPS IVA fibroblasts. In the absence of an animal model with a skeletal phenotype, we established chondrocytes isolated from two MPS IVA patients as a disease model in vitro. MPS IVA chondrocyte GALNS activity was not detectable and the cells exhibited KS storage up to 11-fold higher than unaffected chondrocytes. MPS IVA chondrocytes internalized rhGALNS into lysosomes, resulting in normalization of enzyme activity and decrease in KS storage. rhGALNS treatment also modulated gene expression, increasing expression of chondrogenic genes Collagen II, Collagen X, Aggrecan and Sox9 and decreasing abnormal expression of Collagen I. Intravenous administration of rhGALNS resulted in biodistribution throughout all layers of the heart valve and the entire thickness of the growth plate in wild-type mice. We show that enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant human GALNS results in clearance of keratan sulfate accumulation, and that such treatment ameliorates aberrant gene expression in human chondrocytes in vitro. Penetration of the therapeutic enzyme throughout poorly vascularized, but clinically relevant tissues, including growth plate cartilage and heart valve, as well as macrophages and hepatocytes in wild-type mouse, further supports development of rhGALNS as enzyme replacement therapy for MPS IVA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Wendt
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Chuck Hague
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Terri Christianson
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Vish Koppaka
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California, United States of America
| | | | - Emil Kakkis
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Michel Vellard
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Di Iorio E, Barbaro V, Volpi N, Bertolin M, Ferrari B, Fasolo A, Arnaldi R, Brusini P, Prosdocimo G, Ponzin D, Ferrari S. Localization and expression of CHST6 and keratan sulfate proteoglycans in the human cornea. Exp Eye Res 2010; 91:293-9. [PMID: 20537995 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Macular corneal dystrophy (MCD; OMIM 217800) is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder caused by mutations in the carbohydrate sulfotransferase 6 (CHST6) and characterised by the presence of unsulfated keratan sulfate proteoglycans (KSPGs) forming abnormal deposits that eventually lead to visual impairment. The aim of this study is to understand in which corneal cells CHST6 and KSPGs are expressed and exert their activity. Expression and localization of CHST6, keratan sulfate (KS) and proteins of the KSPGs, such as mimecan and lumican, were assessed both in human cornea sections and in cultured primary keratinocytes (n = 3) and keratocytes (n = 4). Immunohistochemistry, semiquantitative RT-PCR, in situ RNA hybridization and HPLC analysis of glycosaminoglycans were used as read-outs. In human corneas KS was predominantly found in the stroma, but absent, or barely detectable, in the corneal epithelium. A similar pattern of distribution was found in the epidermis, with KS mainly localised in the derma. As expected, in the cornea CHST6 (the gene encoding the enzyme which transfers sulfate residues onto KSPGs) was found expressed in the suprabasal, but not basal, layers of the epithelium, in the stroma and in the endothelium. Analyses of KS by means of HPLC showed that in vitro cultured stromal keratocytes express and secrete more KS than keratinocytes, thus mirroring results observed in vivo. Similarly expression of the CHST6 gene and of KS proteoglycans such as mimecan, lumican is limited to stromal keratocytes. Unlike keratocytes, corneal keratinocytes do not synthesize mimecan or lumican, and express very little, if none, CHST6. Any drug/gene therapy or surgical intervention aimed at curing this rare genetic disorder must therefore involve and target stromal keratocytes. If coupled to the accuracy of HPLC-based assay that we developed to determine the amount of KS in serum, our findings could lead to more targeted therapeutic treatments of the ocular features in MCD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Di Iorio
- The Veneto Eye Bank Foundation, Via Paccagnella 11, c/o Padiglione Giovanni Rama, 30174 Zelarino-Venice, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liu H, Zhang J, Liu CY, Wang IJ, Sieber M, Chang J, Jester JV, Kao WWY. Cell therapy of congenital corneal diseases with umbilical mesenchymal stem cells: lumican null mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10707. [PMID: 20502663 PMCID: PMC2873411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratoplasty is the most effective treatment for corneal blindness, but suboptimal medical conditions and lack of qualified medical personnel and donated cornea often prevent the performance of corneal transplantation in developing countries. Our study aims to develop alternative treatment regimens for congenital corneal diseases of genetic mutation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Human mesenchymal stem cells isolated from neonatal umbilical cords were transplanted to treat thin and cloudy corneas of lumican null mice. Transplantation of umbilical mesenchymal stem cells significantly improved corneal transparency and increased stromal thickness of lumican null mice, but human umbilical hematopoietic stem cells failed to do the same. Further studies revealed that collagen lamellae were re-organized in corneal stroma of lumican null mice after mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Transplanted umbilical mesenchymal stem cells survived in the mouse corneal stroma for more than 3 months with little or no graft rejection. In addition, these cells assumed a keratocyte phenotype, e.g., dendritic morphology, quiescence, expression of keratocyte unique keratan sulfated keratocan and lumican, and CD34. Moreover, umbilical mesenchymal stem cell transplantation improved host keratocyte functions, which was verified by enhanced expression of keratocan and aldehyde dehydrogenase class 3A1 in lumican null mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Umbilical mesenchymal stem cell transplantation is a promising treatment for congenital corneal diseases involving keratocyte dysfunction. Unlike donated corneas, umbilical mesenchymal stem cells are easily isolated, expanded, stored, and can be quickly recovered from liquid nitrogen when a patient is in urgent need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongshan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chia-Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - I-Jong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - James V. Jester
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California, United States of America
| | - Winston W. Y. Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ito Z, Sakamoto K, Imagama S, Matsuyama Y, Zhang H, Hirano K, Ando K, Yamashita T, Ishiguro N, Kadomatsu K. N-acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase-1-deficient mice show better functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2010; 30:5937-47. [PMID: 20427653 PMCID: PMC6632605 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2570-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the adult CNS do not spontaneously regenerate after injuries. The glycosaminoglycan keratan sulfate is induced after spinal cord injury, but its biological significance is not well understood. Here we investigated the role of keratan sulfate in functional recovery after spinal cord injury, using mice deficient in N-acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 that lack 5D4-reactive keratan sulfate in the CNS. We made contusion injuries at the 10th thoracic level. Expressions of N-acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 and keratan sulfate were induced after injury in wild-type mice, but not in the deficient mice. The wild-type and deficient mice showed similar degrees of chondroitin sulfate induction and of CD11b-positive inflammatory cell recruitment. However, motor function recovery, as assessed by the footfall test, footprint test, and Basso mouse scale locomotor scoring, was significantly better in the deficient mice. Moreover, the deficient mice showed a restoration of neuromuscular system function below the lesion after electrical stimulation at the occipito-cervical area. In addition, axonal regrowth of both the corticospinal and raphespinal tracts was promoted in the deficient mice. In vitro assays using primary cerebellar granule neurons demonstrated that keratan sulfate proteoglycans were required for the proteoglycan-mediated inhibition of neurite outgrowth. These data collectively indicate that keratan sulfate expression is closely associated with functional disturbance after spinal cord injury. N-acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase-1-deficient mice are a good model to investigate the roles of keratan sulfate in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zenya Ito
- Departments of Biochemistry and
- Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | | | - Shiro Imagama
- Departments of Biochemistry and
- Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Matsuyama
- Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | | | - Kenichi Hirano
- Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kei Ando
- Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Orthopedics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Departments of Biochemistry and
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lee J, Park JS, Norwitz ER, Kim BJ, Park CW, Jun JK, Syn HC. Identification and characterization of proteins in amniotic fluid that are differentially expressed before and after antenatal corticosteroid administration. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202:388.e1-388.e10. [PMID: 20350648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2009] [Revised: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to examine changes in the intraamniotic proteomic environment after the administration of antenatal corticosteroids to women with impending preterm delivery. STUDY DESIGN Amniotic fluid samples were collected at the time of clinically indicated amniocentesis before and within 7 days of administration of antenatal corticosteroids for impending preterm delivery (n = 12). Proteins differentially expressed before and after corticosteroids were identified by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. They were isolated, characterized, and quantified by fast protein liquid chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in-gel tryptic digestion, immunodepletion assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Five protein peaks of interest were identified and characterized, all of which were significantly decreased after antenatal corticosteroid administration. These included 2 isoforms of transthyretin, albumin, prothrombin fragment 2, and lumican. CONCLUSION Four proteins, identified and characterized in amniotic fluid, were differentially expressed with antenatal corticosteroid administration. These data may provide additional insight into the molecular mechanisms by which antenatal corticosteroids prevent neonatal complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joonho Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lee S, Bowrin K, Hamad AR, Chakravarti S. Extracellular matrix lumican deposited on the surface of neutrophils promotes migration by binding to beta2 integrin. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:23662-9. [PMID: 19531489 PMCID: PMC2749141 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.026229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During inflammation, circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) receive signals to cross the endothelial barrier and migrate through the extracellular matrix (ECM) to reach the injured site. Migration requires complex and poorly understood interactions of chemokines, chemokine receptors, ECM molecules, integrins, and other receptors. Here we show that the ECM protein lumican regulates PMN migration through interactions with specific integrin receptors. Lumican-deficient (Lum(-/-)) mice manifest connective tissue defects, impaired innate immune response, and poor wound healing with reduced PMN infiltration. Lum(-/-) PMNs exhibit poor chemotactic migration that is restored with exogenous recombinant lumican and inhibited by anti-lumican antibody, confirming a role for lumican in PMN migration. Treatment of PMNs with antibodies that block beta(2), beta(1), and alpha(M) integrin subunits inhibits lumican-mediated migration. Furthermore, immunohistochemical and biochemical approaches indicate binding of lumican to beta(2), alpha(M), and alpha(L) integrin subunits. Thus, lumican may regulate PMN migration mediated by MAC-1 (alpha(M)/beta(2)) and LFA-1 (alpha(L)/beta(2)), the two major PMN surface integrins. We detected lumican on the surface of peritoneal PMNs and not bone marrow or peripheral blood PMNs. This suggests that PMNs must acquire lumican during or after crossing the endothelial barrier as they exit circulation. We also found that peritoneal PMNs do not express lumican, whereas endothelial cells do. Taken together these observations suggest a novel endothelial lumican-mediated paracrine regulation of neutrophils early on in their migration path.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abdel Rahim Hamad
- Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Matsuda Y, Yamamoto T, Kudo M, Kawahara K, Kawamoto M, Nakajima Y, Koizumi K, Nakazawa N, Ishiwata T, Naito Z. Expression and roles of lumican in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2008; 33:1177-1185. [PMID: 19020750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumican is a member of a small leucine-rich proteoglycan family and is highly expressed in several types of cancer cells and/or stromal tissue. Lumican expression in the cytoplasm in advanced colorectal cancer correlates with poor patient prognosis. The expression of lumican in stromal tissues is associated with a high tumor grade, a low estrogen receptor expression level, and young age in breast cancer and is associated with tumor invasion and advanced stage in pancreatic cancer. In this study, we examined the expression and role of lumican in lung cancer including adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC). Immunohistochemically, lumican was weakly expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells, perivascular and peribronchial connective tissues and bronchial epithelium of normal lung tissues. In lung cancer tissues, lumican was localized in the cytoplasm of cancer cells and/or stromal tissues adjacent to cancer cells. In ADC, the expression level of lumican in cancer cells correlated with pleural invasion and larger tumor size, but that of lumican in stromal tissues did not correlate with clinicopathological factors. In SqCC, the expression level of lumican in cancer cells correlated with formation of a keratinized pattern, and stromal lumican expression correlated with vascular invasion. In SqCC and ADC, the expression level of lumican in cancer cells did not correlate with patient prognosis. In lung cancer cell lines, lumican mRNA and protein were expressed in LC-1/Sq and EBC-1 cells established from SqCC, and A549, RERF-LC-KJ and PC-3 cells from ADC. The molecular weight of lumican extracted from the cytoplasm of lung cancer cells differed from that in the culture medium owing to glycosylation of the protein. These findings suggest that the expression pattern and the glycosylated type of lumican in cells and stromal tissues correlate with the aggressiveness of lung SqCC and ADC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Matsuda
- Department of Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hiyama A, Mochida J, Iwashina T, Omi H, Watanabe T, Serigano K, Tamura F, Sakai D. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells in a canine disc degeneration model. J Orthop Res 2008; 26:589-600. [PMID: 18203202 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is effective in decelerating disc degeneration in small animals; much remains unknown about this new therapy in larger animals or humans. Fas-ligand (FasL), which is only found in tissues with isolated immune privilege, is expressed in IVDs, particularly in the nucleus pulposus (NP). Maintaining the FasL level is important for IVD function. This study evaluated whether MSC transplantation has an effect on the suppression of disc degeneration and preservation of immune privilege in a canine model of disc degeneration. Mature beagles were separated into a normal control group (NC), a MSC group, and the disc degeneration (nucleotomy-only) group. In the MSC group, 4 weeks after nucleotomy, MSCs were transplanted into the degeneration-induced discs. The animals were followed for 12 weeks after the initial operation. Subsequently, radiological, histological, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and RT-PCR analyses were performed. MSC transplantation effectively led to the regeneration of degenerated discs. FACS and RT-PCR analyses of MSCs before transplantation demonstrated that the MSCs expressed FasL at the genetic level, not at the protein level. GFP-positive MSCs detected in the NP region 8 weeks after transplantation expressed FasL protein. The results of this study suggest that MSC transplantation may contribute to the maintenance of IVD immune privilege by the differentiation of transplanted MSCs into cells expressing FasL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sharma A, Wood LD, Richardson JB, Roberts S, Kuiper NJ. Glycosaminoglycan profiles of repair tissue formed following autologous chondrocyte implantation differ from control cartilage. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 9:R79. [PMID: 17697352 PMCID: PMC2206378 DOI: 10.1186/ar2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is the most commonly used cell-based therapy for the treatment of isolated femoral condyle lesions of the knee. A small number of centres performing ACI have reported encouraging long-term clinical results, but there is currently a lack of quantitative and qualitative biochemical data regarding the nature of the repair tissue. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) structure influences physiological function and is likely to be important in the long-term stability of the repair tissue. The objective of this study was to use fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE) to both quantitatively and qualitatively analyse the GAG composition of repair tissue biopsies and compare them with age-matched cadaveric controls. We used immunohistochemistry to provide a baseline reference for comparison. Biopsies were taken from eight patients (22 to 52 years old) 1 year after ACI treatment and from four cadavers (20 to 50 years old). FACE quantitatively profiled the GAGs in as little as 5 μg of cartilage. The pattern and intensity of immunostaining were generally comparable with the data obtained with FACE. In the ACI repair tissue, there was a twofold reduction in chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate compared with age-matched control cartilage. By contrast, there was an increase in hyaluronan with significantly shorter chondroitin sulphate chains and less chondroitin 6-sulphate in repair tissue than control cartilage. The composition of the repair tissue thus is not identical to mature articular cartilage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Sharma
- Institute of Science & Technology in Medicine (ISTM), University of Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Lindsay D Wood
- Institute of Science & Technology in Medicine (ISTM), University of Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - James B Richardson
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt (RJAH) Orthopaedic Hospital, ISTM, University of Keele, Oswestry, Shropshire, SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Sally Roberts
- Centre for Spinal Studies, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, ISTM, University of Keele, Oswestry, Shropshire, SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Nicola J Kuiper
- Institute of Science & Technology in Medicine (ISTM), University of Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Scott JE. Cartilage is held together by elastic glycan strings. Physiological and pathological implications. Biorheology 2008; 45:209-217. [PMID: 18836225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Animal shapes are maintained by connective tissue extracellular matrices (ECMs). ECM shapes depend on keeping collagen fibrils in the right places, held by regular frequent proteoglycan (PG) bridges attached at specific sites. The PGs carry anionic glycosaminoglycan (AGAG) 'strings' that span and determine interfibrillar distances, thus holding us together. I called these repeating structures 'shape modules'. The strings are aggregated antiparallel chains of dermochondan, keratan and chondroitan sulphates (DS, KS and CS); stabilised by hydrophobic and H-bonds. Shape modules are elastic. AGAG/AGAG interactions break under stress and reform when the stress is removed and/or they contain an elastic sugar, L-iduronate (in DS). Cartilage ECMs are also based on shape modules. Depots therein of aggrecan, the large PG which carries many chains of CS and KS, imbibe water, thereby exerting swelling pressure. External pressure forces this water into the elastic shape modules, from whence it is returned post compression. Cartilage anisotropic responses (along and at right angles to shape module axes) to compressive and tensile stresses are now interpretable. Degradation of shape modules in osteoarthrosis reduces these responses. Inability to hold collagen fibrils together results in imbibition of excess water, fissuring and erosion, characteristic of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Scott
- Chemical Morphology, Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the corneal biocompatibility of bevacizumab on various cultured human corneal cells. METHODS Cell cultures of corneal keratinocytes (CKs), corneal fibroblasts (CFs), and corneal endothelial cells (CECs) were harvested from human donor eyes and exposed to various concentrations of bevacizumab (0.25-5.0 mg/mL). Cell viability was assessed by using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay at days 1 and 4 after exposure. For cytotoxicity testing, confluent cells were cultured in serum-depleted medium, and the MTT test was performed after 24 hours of incubation. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptors (VEGFR1 and VEGFR2), keratan sulphate (KS), and cytokeratin-3 (AE5) was studied by immunohistochemistry. Live/dead viability/cytotoxicity assay was performed and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy after 24 hours of incubation. Cell morphology was assessed with a phase-contrast microscope after 7 days of exposure with different concentrations of bevacizumab (0.25-5.0 mg/mL), and signs of cellular damage were assessed. RESULTS No cytotoxic effect of bevacizumab on CKs, CFs, and CECs could be observed when used at a concentration of 5.0 mg/mL or lower. Bevacizumab-treated cells showed no signs of cellular damage compared with the control. CKs, CFs, and CECs stained positively for VEGF, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2. CKs and CECs stained positively for AE5, whereas CFs were immunopositive for KS. CONCLUSIONS Bevacizumab is not toxic to corneal cells of human origin in vitro at doses usually used for treatment of corneal neovascularization, which is 20-fold higher than that used for intravitreal application.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/toxicity
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/toxicity
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Bevacizumab
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Serum-Free
- Endothelium, Corneal/cytology
- Endothelium, Corneal/drug effects
- Endothelium, Corneal/metabolism
- Epithelium, Corneal/cytology
- Epithelium, Corneal/drug effects
- Epithelium, Corneal/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Keratan Sulfate/metabolism
- Keratin-3/metabolism
- Tetrazolium Salts
- Thiazoles
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efdal Yoeruek
- Department of Ophthalmology I, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|