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van Zwol W, Rimbert A, Wolters JC, Smit M, Bloks VW, Kloosterhuis NJ, Huijkman NCA, Koster MH, Tharehalli U, de Neck SM, Bournez C, Fuh MM, Kuipers J, Rajan S, de Bruin A, Ginsberg HN, van Westen GJP, Hussain MM, Scheja L, Heeren J, Zimmerman P, van de Sluis B, Kuivenhoven JA. Loss of hepatic SMLR1 causes hepatosteatosis and protects against atherosclerosis due to decreased hepatic VLDL secretion. Hepatology 2023; 78:1418-1432. [PMID: 36053190 PMCID: PMC10581432 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The assembly and secretion of VLDL from the liver, a pathway that affects hepatic and plasma lipids, remains incompletely understood. We set out to identify players in the VLDL biogenesis pathway by identifying genes that are co-expressed with the MTTP gene that encodes for microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, key to the lipidation of apolipoprotein B, the core protein of VLDL. Using human and murine transcriptomic data sets, we identified small leucine-rich protein 1 ( SMLR1 ), encoding for small leucine-rich protein 1, a protein of unknown function that is exclusively expressed in liver and small intestine. APPROACH AND RESULTS To assess the role of SMLR1 in the liver, we used somatic CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 gene editing to silence murine Smlr1 in hepatocytes ( Smlr1 -LKO). When fed a chow diet, male and female mice show hepatic steatosis, reduced plasma apolipoprotein B and triglycerides, and reduced VLDL secretion without affecting microsomal triglyceride transfer protein activity. Immunofluorescence studies show that SMLR1 is in the endoplasmic reticulum and Cis-Golgi complex. The loss of hepatic SMLR1 in female mice protects against diet-induced hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis but causes NASH. On a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, insulin and glucose tolerance tests did not reveal differences in male Smlr1 -LKO mice versus controls. CONCLUSIONS We propose a role for SMLR1 in the trafficking of VLDL from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Cis-Golgi complex. While this study uncovers SMLR1 as a player in the VLDL assembly, trafficking, and secretion pathway, it also shows that NASH can occur with undisturbed glucose homeostasis and atheroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemien van Zwol
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Justina C. Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Smit
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W. Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels J. Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolette C. A. Huijkman
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam H. Koster
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Umesh Tharehalli
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Simon M. de Neck
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Colin Bournez
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marceline M. Fuh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg−Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jeroen Kuipers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sujith Rajan
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henry N. Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gerard J. P. van Westen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg−Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg−Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Maiti G, Ashworth S, Choi T, Chakravarti S. Molecular cues for immune cells from small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans in their extracellular matrix-associated and free forms. Matrix Biol 2023; 123:48-58. [PMID: 37793508 PMCID: PMC10841460 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review we highlight emerging immune regulatory functions of lumican, keratocan, fibromodulin, biglycan and decorin, which are members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRP) of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These SLRPs have been studied extensively as collagen-fibril regulatory structural components of the skin, cornea, bone and cartilage in homeostasis. However, SLRPs released from a remodeling ECM, or synthesized by activated fibroblasts and immune cells contribute to an ECM-free pool in tissues and circulation, that may have a significant, but poorly understood foot print in inflammation and disease. Their molecular interactions and the signaling networks they influence also require investigations. Here we present studies on the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs of SLRP core proteins, their evolutionary and functional relationships with other LRR pathogen recognition receptors, such as the toll-like receptors (TLRs) to bring some molecular clarity in the immune regulatory functions of SLRPs. We discuss molecular interactions of fragments and intact SLRPs, and how some of these interactions are likely modulated by glycosaminoglycan side chains. We integrate findings on molecular interactions of these SLRPs together with what is known about their presence in circulation and lymph nodes (LN), which are important sites of immune cell regulation. Recent bulk and single cell RNA sequencing studies have identified subsets of stromal reticular cells that express these SLRPs within LNs. An understanding of the cellular source, molecular interactions and signaling consequences will lead to a fundamental understanding of how SLRPs modulate immune responses, and to therapeutic tools based on these SLRPs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Maiti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sean Ashworth
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tansol Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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Solis-Hernandez MP, Martín C, García B, Pérez-López N, García-Mesa Y, González-Fernández S, García-Suárez O, Merayo J, Fernández-Vega I, Quirós LM. The Genes Encoding Small Leucine-Rich Proteoglycans Undergo Differential Expression Alterations in Colorectal Cancer, Depending on Tumor Location. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082002. [PMID: 34440771 PMCID: PMC8391422 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) regulate different processes and undergo significant alterations in various diseases. Colon carcinomas (CCs) are heterogeneous pathologies with important clinical and molecular differences depending on their location, which makes it interesting to analyze the alterations in SLRPs in right- and left-sided tumors (RS- and LSCCs). SLRP transcription levels were studied in 32 CCs using qPCR compared to healthy colon mucosae samples from the same patients, 20 of them from LSCCs and the remaining 12 from RSCCs. Protein expression of genes with significant differences in their transcriptions was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The alterations observed were related to survival data. The arrangement of transcription of SLRPs was quite similar in ascending and descending colon, but RS- and LSCCs displayed different patterns of alteration, with a greater number of deregulations occurring in the latter. The analysis of protein expression also indicated changes in the location of these molecules, largely moving to the cell interior. While podocan underexpression showed a trend toward better outcomes, no differences were observed in terms of overall survival. In vitro studies using the HT29 tumor cell line suggest that deregulation of SLRPs could affect cell proliferation. SLRPs constitute new differential markers of RS- and LSCCs, showing differences dependent on the anatomical location of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pilar Solis-Hernandez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Av. Roma, s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Carla Martín
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (C.M.); (B.G.); (N.P.-L.); (S.G.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, University of Oviedo, Av. Drs Fernández Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Beatriz García
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (C.M.); (B.G.); (N.P.-L.); (S.G.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, University of Oviedo, Av. Drs Fernández Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Natalia Pérez-López
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (C.M.); (B.G.); (N.P.-L.); (S.G.-F.)
| | - Yolanda García-Mesa
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (Y.G.-M.); (O.G.-S.)
| | - Sara González-Fernández
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (C.M.); (B.G.); (N.P.-L.); (S.G.-F.)
| | - Olivia García-Suárez
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (Y.G.-M.); (O.G.-S.)
| | - Jesús Merayo
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, University of Oviedo, Av. Drs Fernández Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain;
- Department of Surgery, University of Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Iván Fernández-Vega
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, University of Oviedo, Av. Drs Fernández Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain;
- Department of Surgery, University of Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Av. Roma, s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.F.-V.); (L.M.Q.)
| | - Luis M. Quirós
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería, 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (C.M.); (B.G.); (N.P.-L.); (S.G.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, University of Oviedo, Av. Drs Fernández Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain;
- Correspondence: (I.F.-V.); (L.M.Q.)
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Zappia J, Joiret M, Sanchez C, Lambert C, Geris L, Muller M, Henrotin Y. From Translation to Protein Degradation as Mechanisms for Regulating Biological Functions: A Review on the SLRP Family in Skeletal Tissues. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010080. [PMID: 31947880 PMCID: PMC7023458 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix can trigger cellular responses through its composition and structure. Major extracellular matrix components are the proteoglycans, which are composed of a core protein associated with glycosaminoglycans, among which the small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are the largest family. This review highlights how the codon usage pattern can be used to modulate cellular response and discusses the biological impact of post-translational events on SLRPs, including the substitution of glycosaminoglycan moieties, glycosylation, and degradation. These modifications are listed, and their impacts on the biological activities and structural properties of SLRPs are described. We narrowed the topic to skeletal tissues undergoing dynamic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Zappia
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, Center for Interdisciplinary research on Medicines (CIRM) Liège, Liège University, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.Z.); (C.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Marc Joiret
- Biomechanics Research Unit, B34 GIGA-R, In Silico Medicine, Liège University, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.J.); (L.G.)
| | - Christelle Sanchez
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, Center for Interdisciplinary research on Medicines (CIRM) Liège, Liège University, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.Z.); (C.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Cécile Lambert
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, Center for Interdisciplinary research on Medicines (CIRM) Liège, Liège University, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.Z.); (C.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, B34 GIGA-R, In Silico Medicine, Liège University, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.J.); (L.G.)
| | - Marc Muller
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration (LOR), GIGA-Research, Liège University, Avenue de l’Hôpital, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Yves Henrotin
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, Center for Interdisciplinary research on Medicines (CIRM) Liège, Liège University, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.Z.); (C.S.); (C.L.)
- Physical therapy and Rehabilitation department, Princess Paola Hospital, Vivalia, B-6900 Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium
- Artialis SA, GIGA Tower, Level 3, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-4-3665937
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Wang S, Lü D, Zhang Z, Jia X, Yang L. Effects of mechanical stretching on the morphology of extracellular polymers and the mRNA expression of collagens and small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans in vaginal fibroblasts from women with pelvic organ prolapse. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193456. [PMID: 29630675 PMCID: PMC5890965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the effect of mechanical stretching load and the efficacy of postmenopausal estrogen therapy (ET) on pelvic organ prolapse (POP), vaginal fibroblasts isolated from postmenopausal women with or without POP were subjected to 0.1-Hz uniaxial cyclic mechanical stretching (CS) with 10% elongation and 10-8 M 17-β-estradiol (E2) treatment. We investigated the morphological characteristics of extracellular polymers using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and monitored the mRNA expression of type I collagen (COL I) and type III collagen (COL III) as well as the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family members decorin (DCN), biglycan (BGN), fibromodulin (FMO), and lumican (LUM), using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using SEM, certain viscoelastic polymers were found to be randomly distributed among fibroblasts, which for normal fibroblasts formed clusters of plum flower-like patterns under static-culture conditions and resembled stretched strips when stretched in culture, whereas polymers among POP fibroblasts resembled stretched strips under static-cultured conditions and presented broken networks when stretched in culture. RT-PCR revealed that COL I, DCN, BGN, FMO, and LUM mRNA expression was significantly higher in POP than in normal fibroblasts under static-culture condition. Following CS, COL I and BGN mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in normal fibroblasts, and DCN and FMO mRNA expression was down-regulated in POP fibroblasts. Following concomitant CS and E2 treatment, significantly elevated COL I and DCN mRNA expression was observed in normal fibroblasts, and significantly elevated COL I and BGN mRNA expression was observed in POP fibroblasts. COL III mRNA expression was not significantly different between the POP and normal group, and CS did not significantly affect expression in either group, though COL III was down-regulated in normal fibroblasts concomitantly treated with E2 and CS. We conclude that the morphological distribution of extracellular polymers in POP fibroblasts exhibited higher sensitivity and lower tolerance to stretching loads than do normal fibroblasts. These mechanical properties were further reflected in the transcription of COL I. Defects in the compensatory function of BGN for DCN and LUM for FMO exist in POP fibroblasts, which further affect the structure and function of COL I in response to stretching load, ultimately resulting in abnormal reconstruction of pelvic supportive connective tissues and the occurrence of POP. ET can maintain stretching-induced elevations in COL I and DCN transcription in healthy women and improve stretching-induced COL I, DCN, BGN, and FMO transcriptional changes in POP women to prevent and improve POP. Only down-regulated COL III transcription was observed upon concomitant CS and E2 treatment in normal fibroblasts, which suggests that the tensile strength, not the elasticity, of the supportive connective tissues is damaged in POP and that the higher tensile strength induced by ET in healthy fibroblasts prevents POP. These findings confirm the role of higher sensitivity and lower tolerance to mechanical stretching in the pathogenesis of POP and further provide evidence supporting the use of ET to prevent and inhibit POP in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (SW); (XJ)
| | - Dongyuan Lü
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (SW); (XJ)
| | - Xingyuan Jia
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (SW); (XJ)
| | - Lei Yang
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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