1
|
Baniya P, Tebyani M, Asefifeyzabadi N, Nguyen T, Hernandez C, Zhu K, Li H, Selberg J, Hsieh HC, Pansodtee P, Yang HY, Recendez C, Keller G, Hee WS, Aslankoohi E, Isseroff RR, Zhao M, Gomez M, Rolandi M, Teodorescu M. A system for bioelectronic delivery of treatment directed toward wound healing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14766. [PMID: 37679425 PMCID: PMC10485133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of wearable bioelectronic systems is a promising approach for optimal delivery of therapeutic treatments. These systems can provide continuous delivery of ions, charged biomolecules, and an electric field for various medical applications. However, rapid prototyping of wearable bioelectronic systems for controlled delivery of specific treatments with a scalable fabrication process is challenging. We present a wearable bioelectronic system comprised of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) device cast in customizable 3D printed molds and a printed circuit board (PCB), which employs commercially available engineering components and tools throughout design and fabrication. The system, featuring solution-filled reservoirs, embedded electrodes, and hydrogel-filled capillary tubing, is assembled modularly. The PDMS and PCB both contain matching through-holes designed to hold metallic contact posts coated with silver epoxy, allowing for mechanical and electrical integration. This assembly scheme allows us to interchange subsystem components, such as various PCB designs and reservoir solutions. We present three PCB designs: a wired version and two battery-powered versions with and without onboard memory. The wired design uses an external voltage controller for device actuation. The battery-powered PCB design uses a microcontroller unit to enable pre-programmed applied voltages and deep sleep mode to prolong battery run time. Finally, the battery-powered PCB with onboard memory is developed to record delivered currents, which enables us to verify treatment dose delivered. To demonstrate the functionality of the platform, the devices are used to deliver H[Formula: see text] in vivo using mouse models and fluoxetine ex vivo using a simulated wound environment. Immunohistochemistry staining shows an improvement of 35.86% in the M1/M2 ratio of H[Formula: see text]-treated wounds compared with control wounds, indicating the potential of the platform to improve wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Baniya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
| | - Maryam Tebyani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Narges Asefifeyzabadi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Tiffany Nguyen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Cristian Hernandez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Kan Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95816, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Houpu Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - John Selberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Hao-Chieh Hsieh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Pattawong Pansodtee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Hsin-Ya Yang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Cynthia Recendez
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95816, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Gordon Keller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Wan Shen Hee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Elham Aslankoohi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Roslyn Rivkah Isseroff
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95816, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Marcella Gomez
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
| | - Mircea Teodorescu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Seiler ST, Mantalas GL, Selberg J, Cordero S, Torres-Montoya S, Baudin PV, Ly VT, Amend F, Tran L, Hoffman RN, Rolandi M, Green RE, Haussler D, Salama SR, Teodorescu M. Modular automated microfluidic cell culture platform reduces glycolytic stress in cerebral cortex organoids. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20173. [PMID: 36418910 PMCID: PMC9684529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip systems combine microfluidics, cell biology, and tissue engineering to culture 3D organ-specific in vitro models that recapitulate the biology and physiology of their in vivo counterparts. Here, we have developed a multiplex platform that automates the culture of individual organoids in isolated microenvironments at user-defined media flow rates. Programmable workflows allow the use of multiple reagent reservoirs that may be applied to direct differentiation, study temporal variables, and grow cultures long term. Novel techniques in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip fabrication are described here that enable features on the upper and lower planes of a single PDMS substrate. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of automated cerebral cortex organoid cultures shows benefits in reducing glycolytic and endoplasmic reticulum stress compared to conventional in vitro cell cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer T Seiler
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Gary L Mantalas
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - John Selberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Sergio Cordero
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Sebastian Torres-Montoya
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Pierre V Baudin
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Victoria T Ly
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Finn Amend
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Liam Tran
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Ryan N Hoffman
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Marco Rolandi
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Richard E Green
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - David Haussler
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Sofie R Salama
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
| | - Mircea Teodorescu
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hosseini Jafari B, Zlobina K, Marquez G, Jafari M, Selberg J, Jia M, Rolandi M, Gomez M. A feedback control architecture for bioelectronic devices with applications to wound healing. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210497. [PMID: 34847791 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioelectronic devices can provide an interface for feedback control of biological processes in real-time based on sensor information tracking biological response. The main control challenges are guaranteeing system convergence in the presence of saturating inputs into the bioelectronic device and complexities from indirect control of biological systems. In this paper, we first derive a saturated-based robust sliding mode control design for a partially unknown nonlinear system with disturbance. Next, we develop a data informed model of a bioelectronic device for in silico simulations. Our controller is then applied to the model to demonstrate controlled pH of a target area. A modular control architecture is chosen to interface the bioelectronic device and controller with a bistable phenomenological model of wound healing to demonstrate closed-loop biological treatment. External pH is regulated by the bioelectronic device to accelerate wound healing, while avoiding chronic inflammation. Our novel control algorithm for bioelectronic devices is robust and requires minimum information about the device for broad applicability. The control architecture makes it adaptable to any biological system and can be used to enhance automation in bioengineering to improve treatments and patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Hosseini Jafari
- Applied Mathematics, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Ksenia Zlobina
- Applied Mathematics, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Giovanny Marquez
- Applied Mathematics, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Mohammad Jafari
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Columbus State University, Columbus, GA 31907, USA
| | - John Selberg
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Manping Jia
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Marcella Gomez
- Applied Mathematics, Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu C, Selberg J, Nguyen B, Pansodtee P, Jia M, Dechiraju H, Teodorescu M, Rolandi M. A Microfluidic Ion Sensor Array. Small 2020; 16:e1906436. [PMID: 31965738 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A balanced concentration of ions is essential for biological processes to occur. For example, [H+ ] gradients power adenosine triphosphate synthesis, dynamic changes in [K+ ] and [Na+ ] create action potentials in neuronal communication, and [Cl- ] contributes to maintaining appropriate cell membrane voltage. Sensing ionic concentration is thus important for monitoring and regulating many biological processes. This work demonstrates an ion-selective microelectrode array that simultaneously and independently senses [K+ ], [Na+ ], and [Cl- ] in electrolyte solutions. To obtain ion specificity, the required ion-selective membranes are patterned using microfluidics. As a proof of concept, the change in ionic concentration is monitored during cell proliferation in a cell culture medium. This microelectrode array can easily be integrated in lab-on-a-chip approaches to physiology and biological research and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - John Selberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Brian Nguyen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Pattawong Pansodtee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Manping Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Harika Dechiraju
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Mircea Teodorescu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Levin M, Selberg J, Rolandi M. Endogenous Bioelectrics in Development, Cancer, and Regeneration: Drugs and Bioelectronic Devices as Electroceuticals for Regenerative Medicine. iScience 2019; 22:519-533. [PMID: 31837520 PMCID: PMC6920204 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major frontier in the post-genomic era is the investigation of the control of coordinated growth and three-dimensional form. Dynamic remodeling of complex organs in regulative embryogenesis, regeneration, and cancer reveals that cells and tissues make decisions that implement complex anatomical outcomes. It is now essential to understand not only the genetics that specifies cellular hardware but also the physiological software that implements tissue-level plasticity and robust morphogenesis. Here, we review recent discoveries about the endogenous mechanisms of bioelectrical communication among non-neural cells that enables them to cooperate in vivo. We discuss important advances in bioelectronics, as well as computational and pharmacological tools that are enabling the taming of biophysical controls toward applications in regenerative medicine and synthetic bioengineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - John Selberg
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Strakosas X, Selberg J, Pansodtee P, Yonas N, Manapongpun P, Teodorescu M, Rolandi M. A non-enzymatic glucose sensor enabled by bioelectronic pH control. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10844. [PMID: 31350439 PMCID: PMC6659689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring from sweat and tears can improve the quality of life of diabetic patients and provide data for more accurate diagnosis and treatment. Current continuous glucose sensors use enzymes with a one-to-two week lifespan, which forces periodic replacement. Metal oxide sensors are an alternative to enzymatic sensors with a longer lifetime. However, metal oxide sensors do not operate in sweat and tears because they function at high pH (pH > 10), and sweat and tears are neutral (pH = 7). Here, we introduce a non-enzymatic metal oxide glucose sensor that functions in neutral fluids by electronically inducing a reversible and localized pH change. We demonstrate glucose monitoring at physiologically relevant levels in neutral fluids mimicking sweat, and wireless communication with a personal computer via an integrated circuit board.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xenofon Strakosas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - John Selberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Pattawong Pansodtee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Nebyu Yonas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Pattawut Manapongpun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Mircea Teodorescu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Strakosas X, Selberg J, Zhang X, Christie N, Hsu P, Almutairi A, Rolandi M. A Bioelectronic Platform Modulates pH in Biologically Relevant Conditions. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1800935. [PMID: 30989015 PMCID: PMC6446605 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronic devices that modulate pH can affect critical biological processes including enzymatic activity, oxidative phosphorylation, and neuronal excitability. A major challenge in controlling pH is the high buffering capacity of many biological media. To overcome this challenge, devices need to be able to store and deliver a large number of protons on demand. Here, a bioelectronic modulator that controls pH using palladium nanoparticles contacts with high surface area as a proton storage medium is developed. Reversible electronically triggered acidosis (low pH) and alkalosis (high pH) in physiologically relevant buffer conditions are achieved. As a proof of principle, this new platform is used to control the degradation and fluorescence of acid sensitive polymeric microparticles loaded with a pH sensitive fluorescent dye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xenofon Strakosas
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCA95064USA
| | - John Selberg
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCA95064USA
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCA95064USA
| | - Noah Christie
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCA95064USA
| | - Peng‐Hao Hsu
- UCSD Center of ExcellenceDepartment of NanoEngineeringJacobs School of EngineeringUniversity of California San Diego9500 Gilman Dr.La JollaCA92093USA
| | - Adah Almutairi
- UCSD Center of ExcellenceDepartment of NanoEngineeringJacobs School of EngineeringUniversity of California San Diego9500 Gilman Dr.La JollaCA92093USA
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCA95064USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Proton conductivity is important in many natural phenomena including oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and archaea, uncoupling membrane potentials by the antibiotic Gramicidin, and proton actuated bioluminescence in dinoflagellate. In all of these phenomena, the conduction of protons occurs along chains of hydrogen bonds between water and hydrophilic residues. These chains of hydrogen bonds are also present in many hydrated biopolymers and macromolecule including collagen, keratin, chitosan, and various proteins such as reflectin. All of these materials are also proton conductors. Recently, our group has discovered that the jelly found in the Ampullae of Lorenzini- shark’s electro-sensing organs- is the highest naturally occurring proton conducting substance. The jelly has a complex composition, but we proposed that the conductivity is due to the glycosaminoglycan keratan sulfate (KS). Here we measure the proton conductivity of hydrated keratan sulfate purified from Bovine Cornea. PdHx contacts at 0.50 ± 0.11 mS cm -1, which is consistent to that of Ampullae of Lorenzini jelly at 2 ± 1 mS cm -1. Proton conductivity, albeit with lower values, is also shared by other glycosaminoglycans with similar chemical structures including dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate A, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid. This observation supports the relationship between proton conductivity and the chemical structure of biopolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Selberg
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Manping Jia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Patel HA, Selberg J, Salah D, Chen H, Liao Y, Mohan Nalluri SK, Farha OK, Snurr RQ, Rolandi M, Stoddart JF. Proton Conduction in Tröger's Base-Linked Poly(crown ether)s. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:25303-25310. [PMID: 29869495 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exactly 50 years ago, the ground-breaking discovery of dibenzo[18]crown-6 (DB18C6) by Charles Pedersen led to the use of DB18C6 as a receptor in supramolecular chemistry and a host in host-guest chemistry. We have demonstrated proton conductivity in Tröger's base-linked polymers through hydrogen-bonded networks formed from adsorbed water molecules on the oxygen atoms of DB18C6 under humid conditions. Tröger's base-linked polymers-poly(TBL-DB18C6)- t and poly(TBL-DB18C6)- c-synthesized by the in situ alkylation and cyclization of either trans- or cis-di(aminobenzo) [18]crown-6 at room temperature have been isolated as high-molecular-weight polymers. The macromolecular structures of the isomeric poly(TBL-DB18C6)s have been established by spectroscopic techniques and size-exclusion chromatography. The excellent solubility of these polymers in chloroform allows the formation of freestanding membranes, which are thermally stable and also show stability under aqueous conditions. The hydrophilic nature of the DB18C6 building blocks in the polymer facilitates retention of water as confirmed by water vapor adsorption isotherms, which show a 23 wt % water uptake. The adsorbed water is retained even after reducing the relative humidity to 25%. The proton conductivity of poly(TBL-DB18C6)- t, which is found to be 1.4 × 10-4 mS cm-1 in a humid environment, arises from the hydrogen bonding and the associated proton-hopping mechanism, as supported by a modeling study. In addition to proton conductivity, the Tröger's base-linked polymers reported here promise a wide range of applications where the sub-nanometer-sized cavities of the crown ethers and the robust film-forming ability are the governing factors in dictating their properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Selberg
- Department of Electrical Engineering , University of California Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
| | - Dhafer Salah
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) , Riyadh 11442 , Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical Engineering , University of California Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Strakosas X, Selberg J, Hemmatian Z, Rolandi M. Taking Electrons out of Bioelectronics: From Bioprotonic Transistors to Ion Channels. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2017; 4:1600527. [PMID: 28725527 PMCID: PMC5515233 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
From cell-to-cell communication to metabolic reactions, ions and protons (H+) play a central role in many biological processes. Examples of H+ in action include oxidative phosphorylation, acid sensitive ion channels, and pH dependent enzymatic reactions. To monitor and control biological reactions in biology and medicine, it is desirable to have electronic devices with ionic and protonic currents. Here, we summarize our latest efforts on bioprotonic devices that monitor and control a current of H+ in physiological conditions, and discuss future potential applications. Specifically, we describe the integration of these devices with enzymatic logic gates, bioluminescent reactions, and ion channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xenofon Strakosas
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCalifornia95064USA
| | - John Selberg
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCalifornia95064USA
| | - Zahra Hemmatian
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCalifornia95064USA
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCalifornia95064USA
| |
Collapse
|