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Gędaj A, Gregorczyk P, Żukowska D, Chorążewska A, Ciura K, Kalka M, Porębska N, Opaliński Ł. Glycosylation of FGF/FGFR: An underrated sweet code regulating cellular signaling programs. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 77:39-55. [PMID: 38719671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) constitute plasma-membrane localized signaling hubs that transmit signals from the extracellular environment to the cell interior, governing pivotal cellular processes like motility, metabolism, differentiation, division and death. FGF/FGFR signaling is critical for human body development and homeostasis; dysregulation of FGF/FGFR units is observed in numerous developmental diseases and in about 10% of human cancers. Glycosylation is a highly abundant posttranslational modification that is critical for physiological and pathological functions of the cell. Glycosylation is also very common within FGF/FGFR signaling hubs. Vast majority of FGFs (15 out of 22 members) are N-glycosylated and few FGFs are O-glycosylated. Glycosylation is even more abundant within FGFRs; all FGFRs are heavily N-glycosylated in numerous positions within their extracellular domains. A growing number of studies points on the multiple roles of glycosylation in fine-tuning FGF/FGFR signaling. Glycosylation modifies secretion of FGFs, determines their stability and affects interaction with FGFRs and co-receptors. Glycosylation of FGFRs determines their intracellular sorting, constitutes autoinhibitory mechanism within FGFRs and adjusts FGF and co-receptor recognition. Sugar chains attached to FGFs and FGFRs constitute also a form of code that is differentially decrypted by extracellular lectins, galectins, which transform FGF/FGFR signaling at multiple levels. This review focuses on the identified functions of glycosylation within FGFs and FGFRs and discusses their relevance for the cell physiology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gędaj
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Paulina Gregorczyk
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Dominika Żukowska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Chorążewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Ciura
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Marta Kalka
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Natalia Porębska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland.
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Hashimoto U, Fujitani N, Uehara Y, Okamoto H, Saitou A, Ito F, Ariki S, Shiratsuchi A, Hasegawa Y, Takahashi M. N-glycan on N262 of FGFR3 regulates the intracellular localization and phosphorylation of the receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2024; 1868:130565. [PMID: 38244702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2024.130565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
N-glycosylation and proper processing of N-glycans are required for the function of membrane proteins including cell surface receptors. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) is involved in a wide variety of biological processes including embryonic development, osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation. Human FGFR3 contains six potential N-glycosylation sites, however, the roles of glycosylation have not been elucidated. The site-specific profiles of N-glycans of the FGFR3 extracellular domain expressed and secreted by CHO-K1 cells were examined, and glycan occupancies and structures of four sites were determined. The results indicated that most sites were fully occupied by glycans, and the dominant populations were the complex type. By examining single N-glycan deletion mutants of FGFR3, it was found that N262Q mutation significantly increased the population with oligomannose-type N-glycans, which was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Protein stability assay suggested that fraction with oligomannose-type N-glycans in the N262Q mutant is more stable than those in the wild type and other mutants. Furthermore, it was found that ligand-independent phosphorylation was significantly upregulated in N262Q mutants with complex type N-glycans. The findings suggest that N-glycans on N262 of FGFR3 affect the intracellular localization and phosphorylation status of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukichiro Hashimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujitani
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Uehara
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saitou
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fumie Ito
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ariki
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Japan
| | - Akiko Shiratsuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hasegawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Motoko Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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3
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Brandi G, Relli V, Deserti M, Palloni A, Indio V, Astolfi A, Serravalle S, Mattiaccio A, Vasuri F, Malvi D, Deiana C, Pantaleo MA, Cescon M, Rizzo A, Katoh M, Tavolari S. Activated FGFR2 signalling as a biomarker for selection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients candidate to FGFR targeted therapies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3136. [PMID: 38326380 PMCID: PMC10850506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
FGFR inhibitors have been developed to inhibit FGFR activation and signal transduction; notwithstanding, currently the selection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) patients for these drugs only relies on the detection of FGFR2 genetic alterations (GAs) in tumor tissues or circulating tumor DNAs, without concomitant assessment of FGFR2 signalling status. Accordingly, we performed multi-omic analyses of FGFR2 genes and FGFR2 signalling molecules in the tissue samples from 36 iCCA naïve patients. Gain-of-function FGFR2 GAs were detected in 7 patients, including missense mutations (n = 3; p.F276C, p.C382R and p.Y375C), translocations (n = 1) and copy number gain (n = 4; CNV ≥ 4). In contrast, among 29 patients with wild-type FGFR2, 4 cases showed activation of FGFR2 signalling, as they expressed the FGFR2 ligand FGF10 and phosphorylated FGFR2/FRS2α proteins; the remaining 25 cases resulted negative for activated FGFR2 signalling, as they lacked FGFR2 (n = 8) or phosphorylated FRS2α (n = 17) expression. Overall, we found that activation of FGFR2 signalling occurs not only in iCCA naïve patients with FGFR2 GAs, but also in a subgroup carrying wild-type FGFR2. This last finding entails that also this setting of patients could benefit from FGFR targeted therapies, widening indication of these drugs for iCCA patients beyond current approval. Future clinical studies are therefore encouraged to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Brandi
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Valeria Relli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marzia Deserti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Palloni
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Indio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Astolfi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Serravalle
- Division of Pediatrics, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Vasuri
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Deborah Malvi
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Deiana
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Abbondanza Pantaleo
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Cescon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- General Surgery and Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Masaru Katoh
- M & M Precision Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Omics Network, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Simona Tavolari
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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4
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Gregorczyk P, Porębska N, Żukowska D, Chorążewska A, Gędaj A, Malinowska A, Otlewski J, Zakrzewska M, Opaliński Ł. N-glycosylation acts as a switch for FGFR1 trafficking between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:177. [PMID: 37480072 PMCID: PMC10362638 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is a heavily N-glycosylated cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase that transmits signals across the plasma membrane, in response to fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). Balanced FGF/FGFR1 signaling is crucial for the development and homeostasis of the human body, and aberrant FGFR1 is frequently observed in various cancers. In addition to its predominant localization to the plasma membrane, FGFR1 has also been detected inside cells, mainly in the nuclear lumen, where it modulates gene expression. However, the exact mechanism of FGFR1 nuclear transport is still unknown. In this study, we generated a glycosylation-free mutant of FGFR1, FGFR1.GF, and demonstrated that it is localized primarily to the nuclear envelope. We show that reintroducing N-glycans into the D3 domain cannot redirect FGFR1 to the plasma membrane or exclude the receptor from the nuclear envelope. Reestablishment of D2 domain N-glycans largely inhibits FGFR1 accumulation in the nuclear envelope, but the receptor continues to accumulate inside the cell, mainly in the ER. Only the simultaneous presence of N-glycans of the D2 and D3 domains of FGFR1 promotes efficient transport of FGFR1 to the plasma membrane. We demonstrate that while disturbed FGFR1 folding results in partial FGFR1 accumulation in the ER, impaired FGFR1 secretion drives FGFR1 trafficking to the nuclear envelope. Intracellular FGFR1.GF displays a high level of autoactivation, suggesting the presence of nuclear FGFR1 signaling, which is independent of FGF. Using mass spectrometry and proximity ligation assay, we identified novel binding partners of the nuclear envelope-localized FGFR1, providing insights into its cellular functions. Collectively, our data define N-glycosylation of FGFR1 as an important regulator of FGFR1 kinase activity and, most importantly, as a switchable signal for FGFR1 trafficking between the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane, which, due to spatial restrictions, shapes FGFR1 interactome and cellular function. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Gregorczyk
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Porębska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Żukowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Chorążewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gędaj
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Malinowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zakrzewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
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5
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Zukowska D, Gedaj A, Porebska N, Pozniak M, Krzyscik M, Czyrek A, Krowarsch D, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J, Opalinski L. Receptor clustering by a precise set of extracellular galectins initiates FGFR signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:113. [PMID: 37012400 PMCID: PMC10070233 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
FGF/FGFR signaling is critical for the development and homeostasis of the human body and imbalanced FGF/FGFR contributes to the progression of severe diseases, including cancers. FGFRs are N-glycosylated, but the role of these modifications is largely unknown. Galectins are extracellular carbohydrate-binding proteins implicated in a plethora of processes in heathy and malignant cells. Here, we identified a precise set of galectins (galectin-1, -3, -7, and -8) that directly interact with N-glycans of FGFRs. We demonstrated that galectins bind N-glycan chains of the membrane-proximal D3 domain of FGFR1 and trigger differential clustering of FGFR1, resulting in activation of the receptor and initiation of downstream signaling cascades. Using engineered galectins with controlled valency, we provide evidence that N-glycosylation-dependent clustering of FGFR1 constitutes a mechanism for FGFR1 stimulation by galectins. We revealed that the consequences of galectin/FGFR signaling for cell physiology are markedly different from the effects induced by canonical FGF/FGFR units, with galectin/FGFR signaling affecting cell viability and metabolic activity. Furthermore, we showed that galectins are capable of activating an FGFR pool inaccessible for FGF1, enhancing the amplitude of transduced signals. Summarizing, our data identify a novel mechanism of FGFR activation, in which the information stored in the N-glycans of FGFRs provides previously unanticipated information about FGFRs' spatial distribution, which is differentially deciphered by distinct multivalent galectins, affecting signal transmission and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Zukowska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gedaj
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natalia Porebska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Pozniak
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Krzyscik
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Czyrek
- Department of Protein Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Daniel Krowarsch
- Department of Protein Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Zakrzewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lukasz Opalinski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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Xia T, Xiang T, Xie H. Update on the role of C1GALT1 in cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 23:97. [PMID: 35154428 PMCID: PMC8822393 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most difficult diseases to treat. In the quest for early diagnoses to improve patient survival and prognosis, targeted therapies have become a hot research topic in recent years. Glycosylation is the most common posttranslational modification in mammalian cells. Core 1β1,3-galactosyltransferase (C1GALT1) is a key glycosyltransferase in the glycosylation process and is the key enzyme in the formation of the core 1 structure on which most complex and branched O-glycans are formed. A recent study reported that C1GALT1 was aberrantly expressed in tumors. In cancer cells, C1GALT1 is regulated by different factors. In the present review, the expression of C1GALT1 in different tumors and its possible molecular mechanisms of action are described and the role of C1GALT1 in cancer development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xia
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xiang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Xie
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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7
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Genes and Pathways Associated with Skeletal Sagittal Malocclusions: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313037. [PMID: 34884839 PMCID: PMC8657482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal class II and III malocclusions are craniofacial disorders that negatively impact people’s quality of life worldwide. Unfortunately, the growth patterns of skeletal malocclusions and their clinical correction prognoses are difficult to predict largely due to lack of knowledge of their precise etiology. Inspired by the strong inheritance pattern of a specific type of skeletal malocclusion, previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were reanalyzed, resulting in the identification of 19 skeletal class II malocclusion-associated and 53 skeletal class III malocclusion-associated genes. Functional enrichment of these genes created a signal pathway atlas in which most of the genes were associated with bone and cartilage growth and development, as expected, while some were characterized by functions related to skeletal muscle maturation and construction. Interestingly, several genes and enriched pathways are involved in both skeletal class II and III malocclusions, indicating the key regulatory effects of these genes and pathways in craniofacial development. There is no doubt that further investigation is necessary to validate these recognized genes’ and pathways’ specific function(s) related to maxillary and mandibular development. In summary, this systematic review provides initial insight on developing novel gene-based treatment strategies for skeletal malocclusions and paves the path for precision medicine where dental care providers can make an accurate prediction of the craniofacial growth of an individual patient based on his/her genetic profile.
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8
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Role of Glycans on Key Cell Surface Receptors That Regulate Cell Proliferation and Cell Death. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051252. [PMID: 34069424 PMCID: PMC8159107 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells undergo proliferation and apoptosis, migration and differentiation via a number of cell surface receptors, most of which are heavily glycosylated. This review discusses receptor glycosylation and the known roles of glycans on the functions of receptors expressed in diverse cell types. We included growth factor receptors that have an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain, growth factor receptors that have a serine/threonine kinase domain, and cell-death-inducing receptors. N- and O-glycans have a wide range of functions including roles in receptor conformation, ligand binding, oligomerization, and activation of signaling cascades. A better understanding of these functions will enable control of cell survival and cell death in diseases such as cancer and in immune responses.
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9
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Matossian M, Warrier R, Kattar N. Concurrent Presentations of Hereditary Spherocytosis and Craniosynostosis Syndromes in Siblings: A Case Series. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2021; 60:151-153. [PMID: 33480273 DOI: 10.1177/0009922820987110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajasekharan Warrier
- Ochsner Children's Hospital, New Orleans, LA, USA.,University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Febres-Aldana CA, Pelaez L, Wright MS, Maher OM, Febres-Aldana AJ, Sasaki J, Jayakar P, Jayakar A, Diaz-Barbosa M, Janvier M, Totapally B, Salyakina D, Galvez-Silva JR. A Case of UDP-Galactose 4'-Epimerase Deficiency Associated with Dyshematopoiesis and Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway. Mol Syndromol 2020; 11:320-329. [PMID: 33510604 DOI: 10.1159/000511343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The generalized form of UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase (GALE) deficiency causes hypotonia, failure to thrive, cataracts, and liver failure. Individuals with non-generalized forms may remain asymptomatic with uncertain long-term outcomes. We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. Variant pathogenicity was supported by predictive computational tools and decreased GALE activity measured in erythrocytes. GALE function extends to the biosynthesis of glycans by epimerization of UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine and -glucosamine. Interrogation of the Gene Ontology consortium database revealed several putative proteins involved in normal hematopoiesis and atrioventricular valve morphogenesis, requiring N-glycosylation for adequate functionality. We hypothesize that by limiting substrate supply due to GALE deficiency, alterations in N-linked protein glycosylation can explain the patient's phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Febres-Aldana
- AM Rywlin, MD, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Liset Pelaez
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA.,Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Meredith S Wright
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ossama M Maher
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Jun Sasaki
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Cardiology, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Parul Jayakar
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA.,Personalized Medicine Initiative, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Anuj Jayakar
- Personalized Medicine Initiative, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Magaly Diaz-Barbosa
- Personalized Medicine Initiative, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Michelin Janvier
- Personalized Medicine Initiative, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Bala Totapally
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.,Personalized Medicine Initiative, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Daria Salyakina
- Personalized Medicine Initiative, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jorge R Galvez-Silva
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA.,Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
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11
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Zhu DL, Tuo XM, Rong Y, Zhang K, Guo Y. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling as therapeutic targets in female reproductive system cancers. J Cancer 2020; 11:7264-7275. [PMID: 33193890 PMCID: PMC7646179 DOI: 10.7150/jca.44727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, cervical cancer and endometrial cancer are three relatively common malignant cancers of the female reproductive system. Despite improvements in female genital tract cancer detection and development of new therapeutic approaches, there are still poor prognoses and some do not respond to therapeutic patterns, displaying low survival and high frequency of recurrence. In an era of personalized medicine, novel therapeutic approaches with greater efficacy for these cancers represent an unmet need. One of the actionable signaling pathways is the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway. Several mutations and alterations in FGF/FGFR family members have been reported in human cancers. FGF/FGFR signaling pathway has become a new target for cancer therapy. This review will summarize the role of FGFR pathway and the genetic alterations of the FGF/FGFR related to female reproductive system cancer. We will describe the available inhibitors of FGFR pathway for potential treatment of female reproductive system cancer. Furthermore, we will discuss FGFR-targeted therapies under clinical development for treatment of female reproductive system cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Trauma Surgery, Honghui Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.,Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 710054.,Research institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China, 311215
| | - Xiao-Mei Tuo
- Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 710054
| | - Yu Rong
- Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 710054
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Trauma Surgery, Honghui Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Trauma Surgery, Honghui Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.,Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China, 710054
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12
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Genetic background dependent modifiers of craniosynostosis severity. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107629. [PMID: 32976998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis severity varies in patients with identical genetic mutations. To understand causes of this phenotypic variation, we backcrossed the FGFR2+/C342Y mouse model of Crouzon syndrome onto congenic C57BL/6 and BALB/c backgrounds. Coronal suture fusion was observed in C57BL/6 (88% incidence, p < .001 between genotypes) but not in BALB/c FGFR2+/C342Y mutant mice at 3 weeks after birth, establishing that that the two models differ in phenotype severity. To begin identifying pre-existing modifiers of craniosynostosis severity, we compared transcriptome signatures of cranial tissues from C57BL/6 vs. BALB/c FGFR2+/+ mice. We separately analyzed frontal bone with coronal suture tissue from parietal bone with sagittal suture tissues because the coronal suture but not the sagittal suture fuses in FGFR2+/C342Y mice. The craniosynostosis associated Twist and En1 transcription factors were down-regulated, while Runx2 was up-regulated, in C57BL/6 compared to BALB/c tissues, which could predispose to craniosynostosis. Transcriptome analyses under the GO term MAPK cascade revealed that genes associated with calcium ion channels, angiogenesis, protein quality control and cell stress response were central to transcriptome differences associated with genetic background. FGFR2 and HSPA2 protein levels plus ERK1/2 activity were higher in cells isolated from C57BL/6 than BALB/c cranial tissues. Notably, the HSPA2 protein chaperone is central to craniofacial genetic epistasis, and we find that FGFR2 protein is abnormally processed in primary cells from FGFR2+/C342Y but not FGFR2+/+ mice. Therefore, we propose that differences in protein quality control responses may contribute to genetic background influences on craniosynostosis phenotype severity.
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13
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Siismets EM, Hatch NE. Cranial Neural Crest Cells and Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Craniofacial Anomalies and Coronal Craniosynostosis. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8030018. [PMID: 32916911 PMCID: PMC7558351 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial anomalies are among the most common of birth defects. The pathogenesis of craniofacial anomalies frequently involves defects in the migration, proliferation, and fate of neural crest cells destined for the craniofacial skeleton. Genetic mutations causing deficient cranial neural crest migration and proliferation can result in Treacher Collins syndrome, Pierre Robin sequence, and cleft palate. Defects in post-migratory neural crest cells can result in pre- or post-ossification defects in the developing craniofacial skeleton and craniosynostosis (premature fusion of cranial bones/cranial sutures). The coronal suture is the most frequently fused suture in craniosynostosis syndromes. It exists as a biological boundary between the neural crest-derived frontal bone and paraxial mesoderm-derived parietal bone. The objective of this review is to frame our current understanding of neural crest cells in craniofacial development, craniofacial anomalies, and the pathogenesis of coronal craniosynostosis. We will also discuss novel approaches for advancing our knowledge and developing prevention and/or treatment strategies for craniofacial tissue regeneration and craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M. Siismets
- Oral Health Sciences PhD Program, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA;
| | - Nan E. Hatch
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-647-6567
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14
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Xie Y, Su N, Yang J, Tan Q, Huang S, Jin M, Ni Z, Zhang B, Zhang D, Luo F, Chen H, Sun X, Feng JQ, Qi H, Chen L. FGF/FGFR signaling in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:181. [PMID: 32879300 PMCID: PMC7468161 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidences suggest that the fibroblast growth factor/FGF receptor (FGF/FGFR) signaling has crucial roles in a multitude of processes during embryonic development and adult homeostasis by regulating cellular lineage commitment, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of various types of cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of FGF signaling and its roles in organ development, injury repair, and the pathophysiology of spectrum of diseases, which is a consequence of FGF signaling dysregulation, including cancers and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this context, the agonists and antagonists for FGF-FGFRs might have therapeutic benefits in multiple systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangli Xie
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Nan Su
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tan
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenhong Ni
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dali Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianding Sun
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Huabing Qi
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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15
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Tuzon CT, Rigueur D, Merrill AE. Nuclear Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Signaling in Skeletal Development and Disease. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2019; 17:138-146. [PMID: 30982184 PMCID: PMC8221190 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-019-00512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling regulates proliferation and differentiation during development and homeostasis. While membrane-bound FGFRs play a central role in these processes, the function of nuclear FGFRs is also critical. Here, we highlight mechanisms for nuclear FGFR translocation and the effects of nuclear FGFRs on skeletal development and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Full-length FGFRs, internalized by endocytosis, enter the nucleus through β-importin-dependent mechanisms that recognize the nuclear localization signal within FGFs. Alternatively, soluble FGFR intracellular fragments undergo nuclear translocation following their proteolytic release from the membrane. FGFRs enter the nucleus during the cellular transition between proliferation and differentiation. Once nuclear, FGFRs interact with chromatin remodelers to alter the epigenetic state and transcription of their target genes. Dysregulation of nuclear FGFR is linked to the etiology of congenital skeletal disorders and neoplastic transformation. Revealing the activities of nuclear FGFR will advance our understanding of 20 congenital skeletal disorders caused by FGFR mutations, as well as FGFR-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Creighton T Tuzon
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Diana Rigueur
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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16
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Lamberti D, Cristinziano G, Porru M, Leonetti C, Egan JB, Shi CX, Buglioni S, Amoreo CA, Castellani L, Borad MJ, Alemà S, Anastasi S, Segatto O. HSP90 Inhibition Drives Degradation of FGFR2 Fusion Proteins: Implications for Treatment of Cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2019; 69:131-142. [PMID: 30067876 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
About 15% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICCs) express constitutively active fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusion proteins (FFs) generated by chromosomal translocations. FFs have been nominated as oncogenic drivers because administration of FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (F-TKIs) can elicit meaningful objective clinical responses in patients carrying FF-positive ICC. Thus, optimization of FF targeting is a pressing clinical need. Herein, we report that three different FFs, previously isolated from ICC samples, are heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) clients and undergo rapid degradation upon HSP90 pharmacological blockade by the clinically advanced HSP90 inhibitor ganetespib. Combining catalytic suppression by the F-TKI BGJ398 with HSP90 blockade by ganetespib suppressed FGFR2-TACC3 (transforming acidic coiled-coil containing protein 3) signaling in cultured cells more effectively than either BGJ398 or ganetespib in isolation. The BGJ398 + ganetespib combo was also superior to single agents when tested in mice carrying subcutaneous tumors generated by transplantation of FGFR2-TACC3 NIH3T3 transformants. Of note, FF mutants known to enforce clinical resistance to BGJ398 in ICC patients retained full sensitivity to ganetespib in cultured cells. Conclusion: Our data provide a proof of principle that upfront treatment with the BGJ398 + ganetespib combo improves therapeutic targeting of FGFR2 fusions in an experimental setting, which may be relevant to precision medicine approaches to FF-driven ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Lamberti
- Unit of Oncogenomics and Epigenetics, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Cristinziano
- Unit of Oncogenomics and Epigenetics, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Porru
- Animal Facility (SAFU), IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Leonetti
- Animal Facility (SAFU), IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Jan B Egan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Chang-Xin Shi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Simonetta Buglioni
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla A Amoreo
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Loriana Castellani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane, Sociali e della Salute, Università di Cassino, Cassino, Italy.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Mitesh J Borad
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Stefano Alemà
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Sergio Anastasi
- Unit of Oncogenomics and Epigenetics, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Oreste Segatto
- Unit of Oncogenomics and Epigenetics, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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17
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Schliermann A, Nickel J. Unraveling the Connection between Fibroblast Growth Factor and Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103220. [PMID: 30340367 PMCID: PMC6214098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ontogeny of higher organisms as well the regulation of tissue homeostasis in adult individuals requires a fine-balanced interplay of regulating factors that individually trigger the fate of particular cells to either stay undifferentiated or to differentiate towards distinct tissue specific lineages. In some cases, these factors act synergistically to promote certain cellular responses, whereas in other tissues the same factors antagonize each other. However, the molecular basis of this obvious dual signaling activity is still only poorly understood. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are two major signal protein families that have a lot in common: They are both highly preserved between different species, involved in essential cellular functions, and their ligands vastly outnumber their receptors, making extensive signal regulation necessary. In this review we discuss where and how BMP and FGF signaling cross paths. The compiled data reflect that both factors synchronously act in many tissues, and that antagonism and synergism both exist in a context-dependent manner. Therefore, by challenging a generalization of the connection between these two pathways a new chapter in BMP FGF signaling research will be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schliermann
- Lehrstuhl für Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97222 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Joachim Nickel
- Lehrstuhl für Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97222 Würzburg, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institut für Silicatforschung, Translationszentrum TLZ-RT, Röntgenring 11, 97222 Würzburg, Germany.
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18
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Stehbens SJ, Ju RJ, Adams MN, Perry SR, Haass NK, Bryant DM, Pollock PM. FGFR2-activating mutations disrupt cell polarity to potentiate migration and invasion in endometrial cancer cell models. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.213678. [PMID: 30002137 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases that control a diverse range of biological processes during development and in adult tissues. We recently reported that somatic FGFR2 mutations are associated with shorter survival in endometrial cancer. However, little is known about how these FGFR2 mutations contribute to endometrial cancer metastasis. Here, we report that expression of the activating mutations FGFR2N550K and FGFR2Y376C in an endometrial cancer cell model induce Golgi fragmentation, and loss of polarity and directional migration. In mutant FGFR2-expressing cells, this was associated with an inability to polarise intracellular pools of FGFR2 towards the front of migrating cells. Such polarization defects were exacerbated in three-dimensional culture, where FGFR2 mutant cells were unable to form well-organised acini, instead undergoing exogenous ligand-independent invasion. Our findings uncover collective cell polarity and invasion as common targets of disease-associated FGFR2 mutations that lead to poor outcome in endometrial cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Stehbens
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) located at the Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia .,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Robert J Ju
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) located at the Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Mark N Adams
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) located at the Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Samuel R Perry
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) located at the Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Nikolas K Haass
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - David M Bryant
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Pamela M Pollock
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) located at the Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
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19
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Glycosylation-dependent galectin-receptor interactions promote Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6000-E6009. [PMID: 29891717 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802188115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) constitutes the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterium worldwide. Chlamydial infections can lead to severe clinical sequelae including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and tubal infertility. As an obligate intracellular pathogen, Ct has evolved multiple strategies to promote adhesion and invasion of host cells, including those involving both bacterial and host glycans. Here, we show that galectin-1 (Gal1), an endogenous lectin widely expressed in female and male genital tracts, promotes Ct infection. Through glycosylation-dependent mechanisms involving recognition of bacterial glycoproteins and N-glycosylated host cell receptors, Gal1 enhanced Ct attachment to cervical epithelial cells. Exposure to Gal1, mainly in its dimeric form, facilitated bacterial entry and increased the number of infected cells by favoring Ct-Ct and Ct-host cell interactions. These effects were substantiated in vivo in mice lacking Gal1 or complex β1-6-branched N-glycans. Thus, disrupting Gal1-N-glycan interactions may limit the severity of chlamydial infection by inhibiting bacterial invasion of host cells.
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20
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Song KH, Park MS, Nandu TS, Gadad S, Kim SC, Kim MY. GALNT14 promotes lung-specific breast cancer metastasis by modulating self-renewal and interaction with the lung microenvironment. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13796. [PMID: 27982029 PMCID: PMC5171903 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Some polypeptide N-acetyl-galactosaminyltransferases (GALNTs) are associated with cancer, but their function in organ-specific metastasis remains unclear. Here, we report that GALNT14 promotes breast cancer metastasis to the lung by enhancing the initiation of metastatic colonies as well as their subsequent growth into overt metastases. Our results suggest that GALNT14 augments the self-renewal properties of breast cancer cells (BCCs). Furthermore, GALNT14 overcomes the inhibitory effect of lung-derived bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) on self-renewal and therefore facilitates metastasis initiation within the lung microenvironment. In addition, GALNT14 supports continuous growth of BCCs in the lung by not only inducing macrophage infiltration but also exploiting macrophage-derived fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). Finally, we identify KRAS-PI3K-c-JUN signalling as an upstream pathway that accounts for the elevated expression of GALNT14 in lung-metastatic BCCs. Collectively, our findings uncover an unprecedented role for GALNT14 in the pulmonary metastasis of breast cancer and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hoon Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejon 305-701, Korea
| | - Mi So Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejon 305-701, Korea
| | - Tulip S. Nandu
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences and Division of Basic Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Shrikanth Gadad
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences and Division of Basic Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Sang-Cheol Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, KCDC, Choongchung-Buk-do 363-951, Korea
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejon 305-701, Korea
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Cancer Metastasis Control Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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21
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Barnett CP, Nataren NJ, Klingler-Hoffmann M, Schwarz Q, Chong CE, Lee YK, Bruno DL, Lipsett J, McPhee AJ, Schreiber AW, Feng J, Hahn CN, Scott HS. Ectrodactyly and Lethal Pulmonary Acinar Dysplasia Associated with Homozygous FGFR2 Mutations Identified by Exome Sequencing. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:955-63. [PMID: 27323706 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ectrodactyly/split hand-foot malformation is genetically heterogeneous with more than 100 syndromic associations. Acinar dysplasia is a rare congenital lung lesion of unknown etiology, which is frequently lethal postnatally. To date, there have been no reports of combinations of these two phenotypes. Here, we present an infant from a consanguineous union with both ectrodactyly and autopsy confirmed acinar dysplasia. SNP array and whole-exome sequencing analyses of the affected infant identified a novel homozygous Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2) missense mutation (p.R255Q) in the IgIII domain (D3). Expression studies of Fgfr2 in development show localization to the affected limbs and organs. Molecular modeling and genetic and functional assays support that this mutation is at least a partial loss-of-function mutation, and contributes to ectrodactyly and acinar dysplasia only in homozygosity, unlike previously reported heterozygous activating FGFR2 mutations that cause Crouzon, Apert, and Pfeiffer syndromes. This is the first report of mutations in a human disease with ectrodactyly with pulmonary acinar dysplasia and, as such, homozygous loss-of-function FGFR2 mutations represent a unique syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Barnett
- SA Clinical Genetics, Women's and Children's Hospital/SA Pathology, North Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nathalie J Nataren
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Manuela Klingler-Hoffmann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Quenten Schwarz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Chan-Eng Chong
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Young K Lee
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Damien L Bruno
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jill Lipsett
- Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew J McPhee
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital/SA Pathology, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andreas W Schreiber
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, SA, Australia.,ACRF Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, SA, Australia
| | - Jinghua Feng
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, SA, Australia.,ACRF Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, SA, Australia
| | - Christopher N Hahn
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hamish S Scott
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia.,ACRF Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, SA, Australia
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22
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Giacomini A, Chiodelli P, Matarazzo S, Rusnati M, Presta M, Ronca R. Blocking the FGF/FGFR system as a two-compartment antiangiogenic/antitumor approach in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:172-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Twigg SRF, Wilkie AOM. A Genetic-Pathophysiological Framework for Craniosynostosis. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:359-77. [PMID: 26340332 PMCID: PMC4564941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures of the skull, provides a paradigm for investigating the interplay of genetic and environmental factors leading to malformation. Over the past 20 years molecular genetic techniques have provided a new approach to dissect the underlying causes; success has mostly come from investigation of clinical samples, and recent advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing have dramatically enhanced the study of the human as the preferred "model organism." In parallel, however, we need a pathogenetic classification to describe the pathways and processes that lead to cranial suture fusion. Given the prenatal onset of most craniosynostosis, investigation of mechanisms requires more conventional model organisms; principally the mouse, because of similarities in cranial suture development. We present a framework for classifying genetic causes of craniosynostosis based on current understanding of cranial suture biology and molecular and developmental pathogenesis. Of note, few pathologies result from complete loss of gene function. Instead, biochemical mechanisms involving haploinsufficiency, dominant gain-of-function and recessive hypomorphic mutations, and an unusual X-linked cellular interference process have all been implicated. Although few of the genes involved could have been predicted based on expression patterns alone (because the genes play much wider roles in embryonic development or cellular homeostasis), we argue that they fit into a limited number of functional modules active at different stages of cranial suture development. This provides a useful approach both when defining the potential role of new candidate genes in craniosynostosis and, potentially, for devising pharmacological approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R F Twigg
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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24
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Nätynki M, Kangas J, Miinalainen I, Sormunen R, Pietilä R, Soblet J, Boon LM, Vikkula M, Limaye N, Eklund L. Common and specific effects of TIE2 mutations causing venous malformations. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6374-89. [PMID: 26319232 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Venous malformations (VMs) are localized defects in vascular morphogenesis frequently caused by mutations in the gene for the endothelial tyrosine kinase receptor TIE2. Here, we report the analysis of a comprehensive collection of 22 TIE2 mutations identified in patients with VM, either as single amino acid substitutions or as double-mutations on the same allele. Using endothelial cell (EC) cultures, mouse models and ultrastructural analysis of tissue biopsies from patients, we demonstrate common as well as mutation-specific cellular and molecular features, on the basis of which mutations cluster into categories that correlate with data from genetic studies. Comparisons of double-mutants with their constituent single-mutant forms identified the pathogenic contributions of individual changes, and their compound effects. We find that defective receptor trafficking and subcellular localization of different TIE2 mutant forms occur via a variety of mechanisms, resulting in attenuated response to ligand. We also demonstrate, for the first time, that TIE2 mutations cause chronic activation of the MAPK pathway resulting in loss of normal EC monolayer due to extracellular matrix (ECM) fibronectin deficiency and leading to upregulation of plasminogen/plasmin proteolytic pathway. Corresponding EC and ECM irregularities are observed in affected tissues from mouse models and patients. Importantly, an imbalance between plasminogen activators versus inhibitors would also account for high d-dimer levels, a major feature of unknown cause that distinguishes VMs from other vascular anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjut Nätynki
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kangas
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Raija Sormunen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Pathology and Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Riikka Pietilä
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Julie Soblet
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, and
| | - Laurence M Boon
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, and Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Nisha Limaye
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, and
| | - Lauri Eklund
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
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25
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Cota CD, Davidson B. Mitotic Membrane Turnover Coordinates Differential Induction of the Heart Progenitor Lineage. Dev Cell 2015; 34:505-19. [PMID: 26300448 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to microenvironmental cues, embryonic cells form adhesive signaling compartments that influence survival and patterning. Dividing cells detach from the surrounding matrix and initiate extensive membrane remodeling, but the in vivo impact of mitosis on adhesion-dependent signaling remains poorly characterized. We investigate in vivo signaling dynamics using the invertebrate chordate, Ciona intestinalis. In Ciona, matrix adhesion polarizes fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-dependent heart progenitor induction. Here, we show that adhesion inhibits mitotic FGF receptor internalization, leading to receptor enrichment along adherent membranes. Targeted disruption of matrix adhesion promotes uniform FGF receptor internalization and degradation while enhanced adhesion suppresses degradation. Chimeric analysis indicates that integrin β chain-specific impacts on induction are dictated by distinct internalization motifs. We also found that matrix adhesion impacts receptor enrichment through Caveolin-rich membrane domains. These results redefine the relationship between cell division and adhesive signaling, revealing how mitotic membrane turnover orchestrates adhesion-dependent signal polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Cota
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - Brad Davidson
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways are essential regulators of vertebrate skeletal development. FGF signaling regulates development of the limb bud and formation of the mesenchymal condensation and has key roles in regulating chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and bone and mineral homeostasis. This review updates our review on FGFs in skeletal development published in Genes & Development in 2002, examines progress made on understanding the functions of the FGF signaling pathway during critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explores the mechanisms by which mutations in FGF signaling molecules cause skeletal malformations in humans. Links between FGF signaling pathways and other interacting pathways that are critical for skeletal development and could be exploited to treat genetic diseases and repair bone are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hopital Lariboisiere, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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27
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Tanizaki J, Ercan D, Capelletti M, Dodge M, Xu C, Bahcall M, Tricker EM, Butaney M, Calles A, Sholl LM, Hammerman PS, Oxnard GR, Wong KK, Jänne PA. Identification of Oncogenic and Drug-Sensitizing Mutations in the Extracellular Domain of FGFR2. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3139-46. [PMID: 26048680 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of oncogenic driver mutations and the subsequent developments in targeted therapies have led to improved outcomes for subsets of lung cancer patients. The identification of additional oncogenic and drug-sensitive alterations may similarly lead to new therapeutic approaches for lung cancer. We identify and characterize novel FGFR2 extracellular domain insertion mutations and demonstrate that they are both oncogenic and sensitive to inhibition by FGFR kinase inhibitors. We demonstrate that the mechanism of FGFR2 activation and subsequent transformation is mediated by ligand-independent dimerization and activation of FGFR2 kinase activity. Both FGFR2-mutant forms are predominantly located in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi but nevertheless can activate downstream signaling pathways through their interactions with fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2). Our findings provide a rationale for therapeutically targeting this unique subset of FGFR2-mutant cancers as well as insight into their oncogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Tanizaki
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dalia Ercan
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marzia Capelletti
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Dodge
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chunxiao Xu
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Magda Bahcall
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erin M Tricker
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mohit Butaney
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Antonio Calles
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lynette M Sholl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter S Hammerman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts. The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Geoffrey R Oxnard
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts. Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pasi A Jänne
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts. Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
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28
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Dabrowski A, Terauchi A, Strong C, Umemori H. Distinct sets of FGF receptors sculpt excitatory and inhibitory synaptogenesis. Development 2015; 142:1818-30. [PMID: 25926357 PMCID: PMC4440923 DOI: 10.1242/dev.115568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the brain must establish a balanced network of excitatory and inhibitory synapses during development for the brain to function properly. An imbalance between these synapses underlies various neurological and psychiatric disorders. The formation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses requires precise molecular control. In the hippocampus, the structure crucial for learning and memory, fibroblast growth factor 22 (FGF22) and FGF7 specifically promote excitatory or inhibitory synapse formation, respectively. Knockout of either Fgf gene leads to excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in the mouse hippocampus and manifests in an altered susceptibility to epileptic seizures, underscoring the importance of FGF-dependent synapse formation. However, the receptors and signaling mechanisms by which FGF22 and FGF7 induce excitatory and inhibitory synapse differentiation are unknown. Here, we show that distinct sets of overlapping FGF receptors (FGFRs), FGFR2b and FGFR1b, mediate excitatory or inhibitory presynaptic differentiation in response to FGF22 and FGF7. Excitatory presynaptic differentiation is impaired in Fgfr2b and Fgfr1b mutant mice; however, inhibitory presynaptic defects are only found in Fgfr2b mutants. FGFR2b and FGFR1b are required for an excitatory presynaptic response to FGF22, whereas only FGFR2b is required for an inhibitory presynaptic response to FGF7. We further find that FGFRs are required in the presynaptic neuron to respond to FGF22, and that FRS2 and PI3K, but not PLCγ, mediate FGF22-dependent presynaptic differentiation. Our results reveal the specific receptors and signaling pathways that mediate FGF-dependent presynaptic differentiation, and thereby provide a mechanistic understanding of precise excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation in the mammalian brain.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neurogenesis/genetics
- Neurogenesis/physiology
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Synapses/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Dabrowski
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Akiko Terauchi
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Cameron Strong
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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29
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Hung JS, Huang J, Lin YC, Huang MJ, Lee PH, Lai HS, Liang JT, Huang MC. C1GALT1 overexpression promotes the invasive behavior of colon cancer cells through modifying O-glycosylation of FGFR2. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2096-106. [PMID: 24758762 PMCID: PMC4039148 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Core 1 β1,3-galactosyltransferase (C1GALT1) transfers galactose (Gal) to N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to form Galβ1,3GalNAc (T antigen). Aberrant O-glycans, such as T antigen, are commonly found in colorectal cancer. However, the role of C1GALT1 in colorectal cancer remains unclear. Here we showed that C1GALT1 was frequently overexpressed in colorectal tumors and is associated with poor survival. C1GALT1 overexpression promoted cell survival, migration, invasion, and sphere formation as well as tumor growth and metastasis of colon cancer cells. Conversely, knockdown of C1GALT1 with small interference (si) RNA was sufficient to suppress these malignant phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we are the first to show that fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2 carried O-glycans in colon cancer cells. Mechanistic investigations showed that C1GALT1 modified the O-glycans on FGFR2 and enhanced bFGF-triggered activation of FGFR2 as well as increased bFGF-mediated malignant phenotypes. In addition, BGJ398, a selective inhibitor of FGFR, blocked the effects of C1GALT1. These findings suggest that C1GALT1 overexpression modifies O-glycans on FGFR2 and enhances its phosphorylation to promote the invasive behavior and cancer stem-like property in colon cancer cells, indicating a critical role of O-glycosylation in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Shiang Hung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Min-Chuan Huang
- ²Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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30
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Helman SN, Badhey A, Kadakia S, Myers E. Revisiting Crouzon syndrome: reviewing the background and management of a multifaceted disease. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 18:373-379. [PMID: 25245177 DOI: 10.1007/s10006-014-0467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Crouzon syndrome is a complex craniosynostosis of autosomal dominant transfer, with a highly variable phenotypic appearance. Some patients are afflicted with a mild form of the disease and able to live a fully functional lifestyle, whereas many patients suffer from a severe form of the disease causing a significant impact on their quality of life. Although several case reports and genetic studies have been performed, there has been no recent review of the literature to collate the information on this disorder. In this paper, we seek to unify the findings of this disorder to provide the pediatric provider with a succinct, but complete discussion of this disease. METHODS Articles from 1994 to 2014 were queried on PubMed and reviewed for utility by all three researchers involved in the project. Further literature review was done on relevant articles found within references of selected articles. RESULTS Crouzon syndrome, although of variable penetrance, is thought to be caused in part by a mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR2) on chromosome 10. Aside from craniofacial malformations, the disease can also cause hearing loss and airway challenges due to malformations in the nasal cavity and nasopharyngeal airway. Management options from the perspective of the otorhinolaryngologist are diverse and revolve around craniosynostectomy, offsetting midfacial hypoplasia, addressing obstructive sleep apnea and a compromised airway, psychosocial and esthetic interventions, and ultimately requiring a multidisciplinary team approach. CONCLUSION Mutations in the FGFR2 are responsible for 50 % of mutations within this multifaceted syndrome. Crouzon syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder with a number of distinguishing characteristics, including craniosynostosis, maxillary hypoplasia, exophthalmos, and multiple other features. Early intervention, both medically and surgically, as well as disciplined follow-up with the pediatric provider are crucial to the management of this disorder. In particular, management should address cranial suture release, midfacial advancement, evaluation for hearing deficits, and obstructive sleep apnea, with expedient intervention for airway compromise and increased intracranial pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N Helman
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary-Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA,
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31
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Cazet A, Charest J, Bennett DC, Sambrooks CL, Contessa JN. Mannose phosphate isomerase regulates fibroblast growth factor receptor family signaling and glioma radiosensitivity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110345. [PMID: 25314669 PMCID: PMC4196966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparagine-linked glycosylation is an endoplasmic reticulum co- and post-translational modification that enables the transit and function of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) glycoproteins. To gain insight into the regulatory role of glycosylation enzymes on RTK function, we investigated shRNA and siRNA knockdown of mannose phosphate isomerase (MPI), an enzyme required for mature glycan precursor biosynthesis. Loss of MPI activity reduced phosphorylation of FGFR family receptors in U-251 and SKMG-3 malignant glioma cell lines and also resulted in significant decreases in FRS2, Akt, and MAPK signaling. However, MPI knockdown did not affect ligand-induced activation or signaling of EGFR or MET RTKs, suggesting that FGFRs are more susceptible to MPI inhibition. The reductions in FGFR signaling were not caused by loss of FGF ligands or receptors, but instead were caused by interference with receptor dimerization. Investigations into the cellular consequences of MPI knockdown showed that cellular programs driven by FGFR signaling, and integral to the clinical progression of malignant glioma, were impaired. In addition to a blockade of cellular migration, MPI knockdown also significantly reduced glioma cell clonogenic survival following ionizing radiation. Therefore our results suggest that targeted inhibition of enzymes required for cell surface receptor glycosylation can be manipulated to produce discrete and limited consequences for critical client glycoproteins expressed by tumor cells. Furthermore, this work identifies MPI as a potential enzymatic target for disrupting cell surface receptor-dependent survival signaling and as a novel approach for therapeutic radiosensitization.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Glioma/genetics
- Glioma/metabolism
- Glioma/radiotherapy
- Humans
- Mannose-6-Phosphate Isomerase/genetics
- Mannose-6-Phosphate Isomerase/metabolism
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Transport
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Radiation Tolerance/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/chemistry
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Cazet
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Charest
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Bennett
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Lopez Sambrooks
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Joseph N. Contessa
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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32
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Abdelmagid SM, Belcher JY, Moussa FM, Lababidi SL, Sondag GR, Novak KM, Sanyurah AS, Frara NA, Razmpour R, Del Carpio-Cano FE, Safadi FF. Mutation in osteoactivin decreases bone formation in vivo and osteoblast differentiation in vitro. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:697-713. [PMID: 24462663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified osteoactivin (OA), encoded by Gpnmb, as an osteogenic factor that stimulates osteoblast differentiation in vitro. To elucidate the importance of OA in osteogenesis, we characterized the skeletal phenotype of a mouse model, DBA/2J (D2J) with a loss-of-function mutation in Gpnmb. Microtomography of D2J mice showed decreased trabecular mass, compared to that in wild-type mice [DBA/2J-Gpnmb(+)/SjJ (D2J/Gpnmb(+))]. Serum analysis showed decreases in OA and the bone-formation markers alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in D2J mice. Although D2J mice showed decreased osteoid and mineralization surfaces, their osteoblasts were increased in number, compared to D2J/Gpnmb(+) mice. We then examined the ability of D2J osteoblasts to differentiate in culture, where their differentiation and function were decreased, as evidenced by low alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses confirmed the decreased expression of differentiation markers in D2J osteoblasts. In vitro, D2J osteoblasts proliferated and survived significantly less, compared to D2J/Gpnmb(+) osteoblasts. Next, we investigated whether mutant OA protein induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in D2J osteoblasts. Neither endoplasmic reticulum stress markers nor endoplasmic reticulum ultrastructure were altered in D2J osteoblasts. Finally, we assessed underlying mechanisms that might alter proliferation of D2J osteoblasts. Interestingly, TGF-β receptors and Smad-2/3 phosphorylation were up-regulated in D2J osteoblasts, suggesting that OA contributes to TGF-β signaling. These data confirm the anabolic role of OA in postnatal bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir M Abdelmagid
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Joyce Y Belcher
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Fouad M Moussa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, Ohio; School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Suzanne L Lababidi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Gregory R Sondag
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, Ohio; School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Kimberly M Novak
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Afif S Sanyurah
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, Ohio; School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Nagat A Frara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roshanak Razmpour
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fabiola E Del Carpio-Cano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fayez F Safadi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, Ohio; School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.
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Suh YJ, Bae HS, Choi JY, Lee JH, Kim MJ, Kim S, Ryoo HM, Baek SH. A Novel FGFR2 Mutation in Tyrosine Kinase II Domain, L617F, in Crouzon Syndrome. J Cell Biochem 2013; 115:102-10. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jin Suh
- Department of Orthodontics; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sol Bae
- Department of Molecular Genetics; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK21 Program, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sukwha Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery; College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mo Ryoo
- Department of Molecular Genetics; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK21 Program, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Baek
- Department of Orthodontics; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
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Li X, Young NM, Tropp S, Hu D, Xu Y, Hallgrímsson B, Marcucio RS. Quantification of shape and cell polarity reveals a novel mechanism underlying malformations resulting from related FGF mutations during facial morphogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:5160-72. [PMID: 23906837 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling mutations are a frequent contributor to craniofacial malformations including midfacial anomalies and craniosynostosis. FGF signaling has been shown to control cellular mechanisms that contribute to facial morphogenesis and growth such as proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation. We hypothesized that FGF signaling not only controls the magnitude of growth during facial morphogenesis but also regulates the direction of growth via cell polarity. To test this idea, we infected migrating neural crest cells of chicken embryos with replication-competent avian sarcoma virus expressing either FgfR2(C278F), a receptor mutation found in Crouzon syndrome or the ligand Fgf8. Treated embryos exhibited craniofacial malformations resembling facial dysmorphologies in craniosynostosis syndrome. Consistent with our hypothesis, ectopic activation of FGF signaling resulted in decreased cell proliferation, increased expression of the Sprouty class of FGF signaling inhibitors, and repressed phosphorylation of ERK/MAPK. Furthermore, quantification of cell polarity in facial mesenchymal cells showed that while orientation of the Golgi body matches the direction of facial prominence outgrowth in normal cells, in FGF-treated embryos this direction is randomized, consistent with aberrant growth that we observed. Together, these data demonstrate that FGF signaling regulates cell proliferation and cell polarity and that these cell processes contribute to facial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Trauma Institute, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Tsou PS, Ruth JH, Campbell PL, Isozaki T, Lee S, Marotte H, Domino SE, Koch AE, Amin MA. A novel role for inducible Fut2 in angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2013; 16:195-205. [PMID: 23065099 PMCID: PMC4441274 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Angiogenesis plays an important role in wound healing and tumor growth. Fucosyltransferases synthesize fucosylated glycans and may play a major role in vascular biology. OBJECTIVE To examine the role of an alpha(1,2) fucosyltransferase (Fut2) in angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that Fut2 mRNA and protein expression is inducible in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs). After finding that Fut2 is inducible in HMVECs, we examined if Fut2 contributes to angiogenesis. We found that Fut2 null endothelial cell (EC) migration and tube formation were significantly less compared to wild type (wt) ECs. Angiogenesis was impaired in Fut2 null compared to wt mice in the mouse Matrigel plug and the sponge granuloma angiogenesis assays. To assess the characteristics of Fut2 null ECs in vivo, we performed Matrigel plug angiogenesis assays in wt mice using Fut2 null and wt mouse ECs. We found a significant decrease in Fut2 null EC incorporation in neoangiogenesis compared to wt ECs. ERK1/2 activation, fibroblast growth factor receptor2, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression were less in Fut2 null ECs, suggesting a possible mechanism of impaired angiogenesis when Fut2 is lacking. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a novel role for Fut2 as a regulator of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Suen Tsou
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to review and discuss the utility of the Fgfr2 (W290R) mouse mutant as a model of human Crouzon syndrome. METHODS A review of current and past scientific literature on Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-2 (FGFR2) protein domain structure, FGFR mutations associated with human Crouzon syndrome, and phenotypic and molecular changes combined with recent observations and experimental data of the Fgfr2 (W290R) mouse mutant was conducted. A comparison of the Fgfr2 (W290R) mouse mutant with another mouse model of Crouzon syndrome, Fgfr2 (C342R) mouse mutant, was also performed. Finally, possible future research directions using the Fgfr2 (W290R) mutant mice were discussed. RESULTS The Fgfr2 (W290R) heterozygous mouse exhibits defects characteristic of human Crouzon syndrome. At the molecular level, the defects observed in the mouse mutant are due to the dysregulation of signaling of both the IIIb and IIIc isoforms of Fgfr2. The involvement of the IIIb isoform of FGFR2 in the etiopathology of Crouzon syndrome is a novel finding in the craniosynostosis literature field. Dysregulated signaling of both IIIb and IIIc isoforms causes a broad spectrum of changes that explain some of the defects observed clinically in humans. Several of the defects observed in the Fgfr2 (W290R) homozygous mouse mutant are attributable to a loss-of-function mechanism in contrast to the frequently reported gain-of-function receptor function associated with mutated FGF receptors in craniosynostosis. CONCLUSIONS The Fgfr2 ( W290R ) mouse model can be used as a model system to further investigate the cellular, molecular, and biochemical mechanisms of Crouzon syndrome.
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Sharma VP, Wall SA, Lord H, Lester T, Wilkie AO. Atypical Crouzon Syndrome with a Novel Cys62Arg Mutation in FGFR2 Presenting with Sagittal Synostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2012; 49:373-7. [DOI: 10.1597/11-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of a 1-year-old boy with Crouzonoid features is presented with a description of molecular genetic investigations that revealed a previously unreported mutation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene encoding the amino acid substitution p.Cys62Arg within the immunoglobin-like (IgI) domain. The patient presented in atypical fashion with severe sagittal synostosis but only mild exorbitism and hypertelorism. Owing to the progressively increasing size of the cranial occipital bullet, a total calvarial modeling procedure was performed at 8 months of age to correct the craniofacial deformity. Standard genetic testing of the major mutational “hotspots” associated with craniosynostosis was initially negative. However, further testing for atypical sites of mutation revealed a heterozygous nucleotide substitution (c.184T>C) in exon 3 of FGFR2. This mutation has not been previously reported and is only the second to be identified in the IgI domain; it was not present in either parent, indicating that it had arisen de novo. The child remains well 6 months postoperatively but will be monitored more closely compared with the usual protocol for nonsyndromic sagittal synostosis owing to the potential for increased risk of secondary complications. Key learning points from this case include the need for careful phenotypic evaluation of children presenting with apparently isolated sagittal synostosis and genetic testing for atypical mutations if the usual hotspots are negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram P. Sharma
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust (John Radcliffe Hospital), Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A. Wall
- Oxford Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust (John Radcliffe Hospital), Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Lord
- DNA Laboratory, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust (Churchill Hospital), Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Lester
- DNA Laboratory, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust (Churchill Hospital), Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew O.M. Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust (John Radcliffe Hospital), Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are important molecules that control bone formation. FGF act by activating FGF receptors (FGFRs) and downstream signaling pathways that control cells of the osteoblast lineage. Recent advances have been made in the identification of FGF/FGFR signaling pathways that control osteogenesis. Indeed, studies of mouse and human models provided novel insights into the signaling pathways that control bone formation. Genomic studies also highlighted the implication of molecular targets of FGF/FGFR signaling regulating osteoblastogenesis. Recent studies further revealed the important role of crosstalks between FGF/FGFR signaling and other signaling pathways in the regulation of osteogenesis. Finally, the importance of the mechanisms modulating FGFR degradation in the control of osteoblast differentiation has been recently revealed. This short review summarizes the recently described mechanisms underlying FGF/FGFR signaling that are involved in the control of osteoblastogenesis. This knowledge may have potential therapeutic implications in skeletal disorders characterized by abnormal bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre J Marie
- Laboratory of Osteoblast Biology and Pathology, INSERM UMR-606 and University Paris Diderot, Paris F-75475, France.
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Marie PJ. Fibroblast growth factor signaling controlling bone formation: An update. Gene 2012; 498:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Bent bone dysplasia-FGFR2 type, a distinct skeletal disorder, has deficient canonical FGF signaling. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:550-7. [PMID: 22387015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) is a crucial regulator of bone formation during embryonic development. Both gain and loss-of-function studies in mice have shown that FGFR2 maintains a critical balance between the proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells. We have identified de novo FGFR2 mutations in a sporadically occurring perinatal lethal skeletal dysplasia characterized by poor mineralization of the calvarium, craniosynostosis, dysmorphic facial features, prenatal teeth, hypoplastic pubis and clavicles, osteopenia, and bent long bones. Histological analysis of the long bones revealed that the growth plate contained smaller hypertrophic chondrocytes and a thickened hypercellular periosteum. Four unrelated affected individuals were found to be heterozygous for missense mutations that introduce a polar amino acid into the hydrophobic transmembrane domain of FGFR2. Using diseased chondrocytes and a cell-based assay, we determined that these mutations selectively reduced plasma-membrane levels of FGFR2 and markedly diminished the receptor's responsiveness to extracellular FGF. All together, these clinical and molecular findings are separate from previously characterized FGFR2 disorders and represent a distinct skeletal dysplasia.
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Lichtenstein MP, Madrigal JLM, Pujol A, Galea E. JNK/ERK/FAK mediate promigratory actions of basic fibroblast growth factor in astrocytes via CCL2 and COX2. Neurosignals 2011; 20:86-102. [PMID: 22189091 DOI: 10.1159/000330805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While the role of cytokines in causing pro- and anti-inflammatory cascades in the brain and that of chemokines in promoting chemotaxis is well recognized, the immunomodulatory actions of neurotrophins released during brain injury remains largely undetermined. This knowledge gap affects basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2), which in the brain is mainly produced by astrocytes and characteristically upregulated in reactive astrocytes. The goal of this study was to characterize the inflammatory actions of FGF2 in astrocytes using primary cultures. We report that FGF2 induced the upregulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein (CCL2) and cyclo-oxygenase type 2 (COX2), and the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-elicited ICAM1 upregulation. The effects of FGF2 were: (i) dependent on gene transcription as revealed by the concomitant regulation of CCL2 or ICAM1 mRNAs; (ii) mediated by the FGF2 receptor type 2; (iii) dependent on ERK, JNK and FAK, and (iv) NF-κB-independent. FGF2 also caused accelerated wound closure dependent on CCL2, COX2, ERK, JNK and FAK in a scratch assay. We conclude that the signaling network triggered by FGF2 in astrocytes converged into accelerating directed motion. It follows that astrocyte migration to injury sites may be a key factor in the repair mechanisms orchestrated by FGF2.
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Wei K, Xu Y, Tse H, Manolson M, Gong SG. Mouse FLRT2 Interacts with the Extracellular and Intracellular Regions of FGFR2. J Dent Res 2011; 90:1234-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034511415272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) signaling is known to be critical in mediating key developmental events during craniofacial development. Recent evidence suggests that members of the Fibronectin (F) Leucine (L) Rich (R) Transmembrane (T), FLRT, family modulate FGF signaling. FLRT2 has a highly specific pattern of expression during craniofacial development, in close relationship with FGFR2. We therefore characterized FLRT2/FGFR2 interactions in the context of craniofacial development and showed, by co-immunoprecipitation and GST pulldown assays with embryonic craniofacial tissue lysates, that FLRT2 interacted with FGFR2. Yeast two-hybrid assays further showed that the intracellular regions of both proteins interacted in addition to the interactions in the extracellular portions. The extracellular Leucine Rich Repeats domain of FLRT2 contributed to the interactions with the extracellular regions of FGFR2. Interactions in the intracellular regions of the 2 proteins were mediated by the C-tail domain in FLRT2. Furthermore, cells stably transfected with FLRT2 shRNAs or FLRT2 cDNA exhibited a concomitant decrease and increase, respectively, in FGFR2 protein, mRNA, and ERK phosphorylation levels, suggesting a positive feedback regulatory loop of FLRT2 on FGF signaling in craniofacial tissues. We propose that FLRT2-FGFR2 interactions represent a potential mechanism for regulation of FGF signaling by FLRT2 during craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Wei
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1G6
| | - Y. Xu
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1G6
- currently, Faculty of Stomatology, Kunming Medical College, No. 191, West Renming Road, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - H. Tse
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1G6
| | - M.F. Manolson
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1G6
| | - S.-G. Gong
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1G6
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A missense mutation in Fgfr1 causes ear and skull defects in hush puppy mice. Mamm Genome 2011; 22:290-305. [PMID: 21479780 PMCID: PMC3099004 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The hush puppy mouse mutant has been shown previously to have skull and outer, middle, and inner ear defects, and an increase in hearing threshold. The fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (Fgfr1) gene is located in the region of chromosome 8 containing the mutation. Sequencing of the gene in hush puppy heterozygotes revealed a missense mutation in the kinase domain of the protein (W691R). Homozygotes were found to die during development, at approximately embryonic day 8.5, and displayed a phenotype similar to null mutants. Reverse transcription PCR indicated a decrease in Fgfr1 transcript in heterozygotes and homozygotes. Generation of a construct containing the mutation allowed the function of the mutated receptor to be studied. Immunocytochemistry showed that the mutant receptor protein was present at the cell membrane, suggesting normal expression and trafficking. Measurements of changes in intracellular calcium concentration showed that the mutated receptor could not activate the IP3 pathway, in contrast to the wild-type receptor, nor could it initiate activation of the Ras/MAP kinase pathway. Thus, the hush puppy mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 appears to cause a loss of receptor function. The mutant protein appears to have a dominant negative effect, which could be due to it dimerising with the wild-type protein and inhibiting its activity, thus further reducing the levels of functional protein. A dominant modifier, Mhspy, which reduces the effect of the hush puppy mutation on pinna and stapes development, has been mapped to the distal end of chromosome 7 and may show imprinting.
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Li Y, Liu J, Hudson M, Kim S, Hatch NE. FGF2 promotes Msx2 stimulated PC-1 expression via Frs2/MAPK signaling. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111:1346-58. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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45
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play important roles in the control of embryonic and postnatal skeletal development by activating signaling through FGF receptors (FGFRs). Germline gain-of-function mutations in FGFR constitutively activate FGFR signaling, causing chondrocyte and osteoblast dysfunctions that result in skeletal dysplasias. Crosstalk between the FGFR pathway and other signaling cascades controls skeletal precursor cell differentiation. Genetic analyses revealed that the interplay of WNT and FGFR1 determines the fate and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells during mouse craniofacial skeletogenesis. Additionally, interactions between FGFR signaling and other receptor tyrosine kinase networks, such as those mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α, were associated with excessive osteoblast differentiation and bone formation in the human skeletal dysplasia called craniosynostosis, which is a disorder of skull development. We review the roles of FGFR signaling and its crosstalk with other pathways in controlling skeletal cell fate and discuss how this crosstalk could be pharmacologically targeted to correct the abnormal cell phenotype in skeletal dysplasias caused by aberrant FGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Miraoui
- Laboratory of Osteoblast Biology and Pathology, INSERM UMR606 and University Paris Diderot, Paris 75475, Cedex 10, France
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46
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Mai S, Wei K, Flenniken A, Adamson SL, Rossant J, Aubin JE, Gong SG. The missense mutation W290R in Fgfr2 causes developmental defects from aberrant IIIb and IIIc signaling. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1888-900. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Lee KM, Santos-Ruiz L, Ferretti P. A single-point mutation in FGFR2 affects cell cycle and Tgfβ signalling in osteoblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:347-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Schecterson LC, Hudson MP, Ko M, Philippidou P, Akmentin W, Wiley J, Rosenblum E, Chao MV, Halegoua S, Bothwell M. Trk activation in the secretory pathway promotes Golgi fragmentation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 43:403-13. [PMID: 20123019 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of nascent receptor tyrosine kinases within the secretory pathway has been reported, yet the consequences of intracellular activation are largely unexplored. We report that overexpression of the Trk neurotrophin receptors causes accumulation of autoactivated receptors in the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment. Autoactivated receptors exhibit inhibited Golgi-mediated processing and they inhibit Golgi-mediated processing of other co-expressed transmembrane proteins, apparently by inducing fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus. Signaling from G protein-coupled receptors is known to induce Trk transactivation. Transactivation of nascent TrkB in hippocampal neurons resulting from exposure to the neuropeptide PACAP caused Golgi fragmentation, whereas BDNF-dependent activation of TrkB did not. TrkB-mediated Golgi fragmentation employs a MEK-dependent signaling pathway resembling that implicated in regulation of Golgi fragmentation in mitotic cells. Neuronal Golgi fragments, in the form of dendritically localized Golgi outposts, are important determinants of dendritic growth and branching. The capacity of transactivated TrkB to enhance neuronal Golgi fragmentation may represent a novel mechanism regulating neural plasticity.
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49
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Gartside MG, Chen H, Ibrahimi OA, Byron SA, Curtis AV, Wellens CL, Bengston A, Yudt LM, Eliseenkova AV, Ma J, Curtin JA, Hyder P, Harper UL, Riedesel E, Mann GJ, Trent JM, Bastian BC, Meltzer PS, Mohammadi M, Pollock PM. Loss-of-function fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 mutations in melanoma. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:41-54. [PMID: 19147536 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-08-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report that 10% of melanoma tumors and cell lines harbor mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene. These novel mutations include three truncating mutations and 20 missense mutations occurring at evolutionary conserved residues in FGFR2 as well as among all four FGFRs. The mutation spectrum is characteristic of those induced by UV radiation. Mapping of these mutations onto the known crystal structures of FGFR2 followed by in vitro and in vivo studies show that these mutations result in receptor loss of function through several distinct mechanisms, including loss of ligand binding affinity, impaired receptor dimerization, destabilization of the extracellular domains, and reduced kinase activity. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of loss-of-function mutations in a class IV receptor tyrosine kinase in cancer. Taken into account with our recent discovery of activating FGFR2 mutations in endometrial cancer, we suggest that FGFR2 may join the list of genes that play context-dependent opposing roles in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Gartside
- Division of Cancer and Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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50
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Extracellular point mutations in FGFR2 elicit unexpected changes in intracellular signalling. Biochem J 2008; 413:37-49. [PMID: 18373495 DOI: 10.1042/bj20071594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of cellular signalling from a systems-based approach has to be robust to assess the effects of point mutations in component proteins. Outcomes of these perturbations should be predictable in terms of downstream response, otherwise a holistic interpretation of biological processes or disease states cannot be obtained. Two single, proximal point mutations (S252W and P253R) in the extracellular region of FGFR2 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 2) prolong growth factor engagement resulting in dramatically different intracellular phenotypes. Following ligand stimulation, the wild-type receptor undergoes rapid endocytosis into lysosomes, whereas (SW)FGFR2 (the S252W FGFR2 point mutation) and (PR)FGFR2 (the P253R FGFR2 point mutation) remain on the cell membrane for an extended period of time, modifying protein recruitment and elevating downstream ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) phosphorylation. FLIM (fluorescent lifetime imaging microscopy) reveals that direct interaction of FRS2 (FGFR substrate 2) with wild-type receptor occurs primarily at the vesicular membrane, whereas the interaction with the P253R receptor occurs exclusively at the plasma membrane. These observations suggest that the altered FRS2 recruitment by the mutant receptors results in an abnormal cellular signalling mechanism. In the present study these profound intracellular phenotypes resulting from extracellular receptor modification reveal a new level of complexity which will challenge a systems biology interpretation.
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