1
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Mills AC, Sandhu HK, Ikeno Y, Tanaka A. Heritable thoracic aortic disease: a literature review on genetic aortopathies and current surgical management. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2024; 72:293-304. [PMID: 38480670 DOI: 10.1007/s11748-024-02017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Heritable thoracic aortic disease puts patients at risk for aortic aneurysms, rupture, and dissections. The diagnosis and management of this heterogenous patient population continues to evolve. Last year, the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee published diagnosis and management guidelines for aortic disease, which included those with genetic aortopathies. Additionally, evolving research studying the implications of underlying genetic aberrations with new genetic testing continues to become available. In this review, we evaluate the current literature surrounding the diagnosis and management of heritable thoracic aortic disease, as well as novel therapeutic approaches and future directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Mills
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, 6400 Fannin St., Ste. #2850, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Harleen K Sandhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, 6400 Fannin St., Ste. #2850, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yuki Ikeno
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, 6400 Fannin St., Ste. #2850, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Akiko Tanaka
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, 6400 Fannin St., Ste. #2850, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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2
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Ribbans WJ, September AV, Collins M. Tendon and Ligament Genetics: How Do They Contribute to Disease and Injury? A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050663. [PMID: 35629331 PMCID: PMC9147569 DOI: 10.3390/life12050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of patients requiring musculoskeletal management present with tendon and ligament pathology. Our understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that lead to such disabilities is increasing. However, the complexity underpinning these interactive multifactorial elements is still not fully characterised. Evidence highlighting the genetic components, either reducing or increasing susceptibility to injury, is increasing. This review examines the present understanding of the role genetic variations contribute to tendon and ligament injury risk. It examines the different elements of tendon and ligament structure and considers our knowledge of genetic influence on form, function, ability to withstand load, and undertake repair or regeneration. The role of epigenetic factors in modifying gene expression in these structures is also explored. It considers the challenges to interpreting present knowledge, the requirements, and likely pathways for future research, and whether such information has reached the point of clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Ribbans
- School of Health, The University of Northampton, Northampton NN1 5PH, UK
- The County Clinic, Northampton NN1 5DB, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1604-795414
| | - Alison V. September
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; (A.V.S.); (M.C.)
- Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Malcolm Collins
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; (A.V.S.); (M.C.)
- Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
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3
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Singh M, Becker M, Godwin AR, Baldock C. Structural studies of elastic fibre and microfibrillar proteins. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100078. [PMID: 34355160 PMCID: PMC8322146 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastic tissues owe their functional properties to the composition of their extracellular matrices, particularly the range of extracellular, multidomain extensible elastic fibre and microfibrillar proteins. These proteins include elastin, fibrillin, latent TGFβ binding proteins (LTBPs) and collagens, where their biophysical and biochemical properties not only give the matrix structural integrity, but also play a vital role in the mechanisms that underlie tissue homeostasis. Thus far structural information regarding the structure and hierarchical assembly of these molecules has been challenging and the resolution has been limited due to post-translational modification and their multidomain nature leading to flexibility, which together result in conformational and structural heterogeneity. In this review, we describe some of the matrix proteins found in elastic fibres and the new emerging techniques that can shed light on their structure and dynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukti Singh
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Mark Becker
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Alan R.F. Godwin
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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4
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Alanazi YF, Lockhart-Cairns MP, Cain SA, Jowitt TA, Weiss AS, Baldock C. Autosomal Recessive Cutis Laxa 1C Mutations Disrupt the Structure and Interactions of Latent TGFβ Binding Protein-4. Front Genet 2021; 12:706662. [PMID: 34539739 PMCID: PMC8446450 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.706662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent TGFβ binding protein-4 (LTBP4) is a multi-domain glycoprotein, essential for regulating the extracellular bioavailability of TGFβ and assembly of elastic fibre proteins, fibrillin-1 and tropoelastin. LTBP4 mutations are linked to autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 1C (ARCL1C), a rare congenital disease characterised by high mortality and severely disrupted connective tissues. Despite the importance of LTBP4, the structure and molecular consequences of disease mutations are unknown. Therefore, we analysed the structural and functional consequences of three ARCL1C causing point mutations which effect highly conserved cysteine residues. Our structural and biophysical data show that the LTBP4 N- and C-terminal regions are monomeric in solution and adopt extended conformations with the mutations resulting in subtle changes to their conformation. Similar to LTBP1, the N-terminal region is relatively inflexible, whereas the C-terminal region is flexible. Interaction studies show that one C-terminal mutation slightly decreases binding to fibrillin-1. We also found that the LTBP4 C-terminal region directly interacts with tropoelastin which is perturbed by both C-terminal ARCL1C mutations, whereas an N-terminal mutation increased binding to fibulin-4 but did not affect the interaction with heparan sulphate. Our results suggest that LTBP4 mutations contribute to ARCL1C by disrupting the structure and interactions of LTBP4 which are essential for elastogenesis in a range of mammalian connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmene F Alanazi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Lockhart-Cairns
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A Cain
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Jowitt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Weiss
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Darlington, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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5
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Liu C, Epelman MS, Ten I, Ivsic T. Isolated Coronary Artery Aneurysm in a 12-Year-Old Boy With Marfan Syndrome. Tex Heart Inst J 2021; 48:472189. [PMID: 34665869 DOI: 10.14503/thij-18-6932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cherry Liu
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Monica S Epelman
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.,Department of Pediatric Radiology, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, Florida
| | - Irina Ten
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.,Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, Florida
| | - Tomislav Ivsic
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.,Congenital Heart Center, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, Florida
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6
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Bjelobrk M, Dodic S, Miljkovic T, Samardzija G, Bjeljac I, Dabovic D, Dodic B, Rosic M, Kovacevic M, Redzek A, Fabri M. Asymptomatic Giant Aneurysm of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Tehran Heart Cent 2021; 15:178-182. [PMID: 34178087 PMCID: PMC8217192 DOI: 10.18502/jthc.v15i4.5944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common cause of coronary artery aneurysms is atherosclerosis, which is associated with over 50% of all aneurysms diagnosed in adults. Although patients can be asymptomatic throughout their lives, giant coronary artery aneurysms can manifest themselves as myocardial infarction, aneurysmal rupture, and sudden cardiac death as well. Herein, we describe an asymptomatic patient with numerous risk factors and a positive cardiopulmonary exercise test who was admitted to the cardiology clinic for coronary angiography. A giant coronary artery aneurysm (3.0×2.0 cm in diameter) in the left anterior descending coronary artery and significant stenosis in both left and right coronary arteries were found. After discussing possible treatment options, the hospital's heart team recommended the surgical resection of the aneurysm and double coronary artery bypass graft. Four years after the cardiac surgery, at the time of writing the current manuscript, the patient is still in good condition and with no symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Bjelobrk
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, Clinic of Cardiology, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Dodic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, Clinic of Cardiology, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Miljkovic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, Clinic of Cardiology, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Golub Samardzija
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, Clinic of Cardiology, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Ilija Bjeljac
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, Clinic of Cardiology, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Dragana Dabovic
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, Clinic of Cardiology, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | | | - Milenko Rosic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, Clinic of Cardiology, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Mila Kovacevic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, Clinic of Cardiology, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Redzek
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, Clinic of Cardiology, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Miklos Fabri
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, Clinic of Cardiology, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
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7
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Identification of novel FBN1 variations implicated in congenital scoliosis. J Hum Genet 2019; 65:221-230. [PMID: 31827250 PMCID: PMC6983459 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Congenital scoliosis (CS) is a form of scoliosis caused by congenital vertebral malformations. Genetic predisposition has been demonstrated in CS. We previously reported that TBX6 loss-of-function causes CS in a compound heterozygous model; however, this model can explain only 10% of CS. Many monogenic and polygenic CS genes remain to be elucidated. In this study, we analyzed exome sequencing (ES) data of 615 Chinese CS from the Deciphering Disorders Involving Scoliosis and COmorbidities (DISCO) project. Cosegregation studies for 103 familial CS identified a novel heterozygous nonsense variant, c.2649G>A (p.Trp883Ter) in FBN1. The association between FBN1 and CS was then analyzed by extracting FBN1 variants from ES data of 574 sporadic CS and 828 controls; 30 novel variants were identified and prioritized for further analyses. A mutational burden test showed that the deleterious FBN1 variants were significantly enriched in CS subjects (OR = 3.9, P = 0.03 by Fisher’s exact test). One missense variant, c.2613A>C (p.Leu871Phe) was recurrent in two unrelated CS subjects, and in vitro functional experiments for the variant suggest that FBN1 may contribute to CS by upregulating the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling. Our study expanded the phenotypic spectrum of FBN1, and provided nove insights into the genetic etiology of CS.
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8
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The Fibrillin-1 RGD Integrin Binding Site Regulates Gene Expression and Cell Function through microRNAs. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:401-421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Kielty CM. Fell-Muir Lecture: Fibrillin microfibrils: structural tensometers of elastic tissues? Int J Exp Pathol 2017; 98:172-190. [PMID: 28905442 PMCID: PMC5639267 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrillin microfibrils are indispensable structural elements of connective tissues in multicellular organisms from early metazoans to humans. They have an extensible periodic beaded organization, and support dynamic tissues such as ciliary zonules that suspend the lens. In tissues that express elastin, including blood vessels, skin and lungs, microfibrils support elastin deposition and shape the functional architecture of elastic fibres. The vital contribution of microfibrils to tissue form and function is underscored by the heritable fibrillinopathies, especially Marfan syndrome with severe elastic, ocular and skeletal tissue defects. Research since the early 1990s has advanced our knowledge of biology of microfibrils, yet understanding of their mechanical and homeostatic contributions to tissues remains far from complete. This review is a personal reflection on key insights, and puts forward the conceptual hypothesis that microfibrils are structural 'tensometers' that direct cells to monitor and respond to altered tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cay M Kielty
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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10
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Abou Sherif S, Ozden Tok O, Taşköylü Ö, Goktekin O, Kilic ID. Coronary Artery Aneurysms: A Review of the Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:24. [PMID: 28529940 PMCID: PMC5418231 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) are uncommon and describe a localized dilatation of a coronary artery segment more than 1.5-fold compared with adjacent normal segments. The incidence of CAAs varies from 0.3 to 5.3%. Ever since the dawn of the interventional era, CAAs have been increasingly diagnosed on coronary angiography. Causative factors include atherosclerosis, Takayasu arteritis, congenital disorders, Kawasaki disease (KD), and percutaneous coronary intervention. The natural history of CAAs remains unclear; however, several recent studies have postulated the underlying molecular mechanisms of CAAs, and genome-wide association studies have revealed several genetic predispositions to CAA. Controversies persist regarding the management of CAAs, and emerging findings support the importance of an early diagnosis in patients predisposed to CAAs, such as in children with KD. This review aims to summarize the present knowledge of CAAs and collate the recent advances regarding the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abou Sherif
- Cardiovascular Research Division, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Ozge Ozden Tok
- Department of Cardiology, Memorial Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Omer Goktekin
- Department of Cardiology, Memorial Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Engineered mutations in fibrillin-1 leading to Marfan syndrome act at the protein, cellular and organismal levels. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 765:7-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Ihida-Stansbury K, Ames J, Chokshi M, Aiad N, Sanyal S, Kawabata KC, Levental I, Sundararaghavan HG, Burdick JA, Janmey P, Miyazono K, Wells RG, Jones PL. Role played by Prx1-dependent extracellular matrix properties in vascular smooth muscle development in embryonic lungs. Pulm Circ 2015; 5:382-97. [PMID: 26064466 DOI: 10.1086/681272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are many studies focusing on the molecular pathways underlying lung vascular morphogenesis, the extracellular matrix (ECM)-dependent regulation of mesenchymal cell differentiation in vascular smooth muscle development needs better understanding. In this study, we demonstrate that the paired related homeobox gene transcription factor Prx1 maintains the elastic ECM properties, which are essential for vascular smooth muscle precursor cell differentiation. We have found that Prx1(null) mouse lungs exhibit defective vascular smooth muscle development, downregulated elastic ECM expression, and compromised transforming growth factor (TGF)-β localization and signaling. Further characterization of ECM properties using decellularized lung ECM scaffolds derived from Prx1 mice demonstrated that Prx1 is required to maintain lung ECM stiffness. The results of cell culture using stiffness-controlled 2-D and 3-D synthetic substrates confirmed that Prx1-dependent ECM stiffness is essential for promotion of smooth muscle precursor differentiation for effective TGF-β stimulation. Supporting these results, both decellularized Prx1(null) lung ECM and Prx1(WT) (wild type) ECM scaffolds with blocked TGF-β failed to support mesenchymal cell to 3-D smooth muscle cell differentiation. These results suggest a novel ECM-dependent regulatory pathway of lung vascular development wherein Prx1 regulates lung vascular smooth muscle precursor development by coordinating the ECM biophysical and biochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Ihida-Stansbury
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA ; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Juliana Ames
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mithil Chokshi
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA ; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Norman Aiad
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sonali Sanyal
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kimihito C Kawabata
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ilya Levental
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kohei Miyazono
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rebecca G Wells
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter L Jones
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA ; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Abstract
Elastic fibres are insoluble components of the extracellular matrix of dynamic connective tissues such as skin, arteries, lungs and ligaments. They are laid down during development, and comprise a cross-linked elastin core within a template of fibrillin-based microfibrils. Their function is to endow tissues with the property of elastic recoil, and they also regulate the bioavailability of transforming growth factor β. Severe heritable elastic fibre diseases are caused by mutations in elastic fibre components; for example, mutations in elastin cause supravalvular aortic stenosis and autosomal dominant cutis laxa, mutations in fibrillin-1 cause Marfan syndrome and Weill–Marchesani syndrome, and mutations in fibulins-4 and -5 cause autosomal recessive cutis laxa. Acquired elastic fibre defects include dermal elastosis, whereas inflammatory damage to fibres contributes to pathologies such as pulmonary emphysema and vascular disease. This review outlines the latest understanding of the composition and assembly of elastic fibres, and describes elastic fibre diseases and current therapeutic approaches.
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14
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Kirschner R, Hubmacher D, Iyengar G, Kaur J, Fagotto-Kaufmann C, Brömme D, Bartels R, Reinhardt DP. Classical and neonatal Marfan syndrome mutations in fibrillin-1 cause differential protease susceptibilities and protein function. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:32810-23. [PMID: 21784848 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.221804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in fibrillin-1 give rise to Marfan syndrome (MFS) characterized by vascular, skeletal, and ocular abnormalities. Fibrillins form the backbone of extracellular matrix microfibrils in tissues including blood vessels, bone, and skin. They are crucial for regulating elastic fiber biogenesis and growth factor bioavailability. To compare the molecular consequences of mutations causing the severe neonatal MFS with mutations causing the milder classical MFS, we introduced representative point mutations from each group in a recombinant human fibrillin-1 fragment. Structural effects were analyzed by circular dichroism spectroscopy and analytical gel filtration chromatography. Proteolytic susceptibility was probed with non-physiological and physiological proteases, including plasmin, thrombin, matrix metalloproteinases, and cathepsins. All mutant proteins showed a similar gross secondary structure and no differences in heat stability as compared with the wild-type protein. Proteins harboring neonatal mutations were typically more susceptible to proteolytic cleavage compared with those with classical mutations and the wild-type protein. Proteolytic neo-cleavage sites were found both in close proximity and distant to the mutations, indicating small but significant structural changes exposing cryptic cleavage sites. We also report for the first time that cathepsin K and V cleave non-mutated fibrillin-1 at several domain boundaries. Compared with the classical mutations and the wild type, the group of neonatal mutations more severely affected the ability of fibrillin-1 to interact with heparin/heparan sulfate, which plays a role in microfibril assembly. These results suggest differential molecular pathogenetic concepts for neonatal and classical MFS including enhanced proteolytic susceptibility for physiologically relevant enzymes and loss of function for heparin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kirschner
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B2, Canada
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15
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Jensen SA, Iqbal S, Lowe ED, Redfield C, Handford PA. Structure and interdomain interactions of a hybrid domain: a disulphide-rich module of the fibrillin/LTBP superfamily of matrix proteins. Structure 2009; 17:759-68. [PMID: 19446531 PMCID: PMC2724076 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fibrillins and latent transforming growth factor-β binding proteins (LTBPs) form a superfamily of structurally-related proteins consisting of calcium-binding epidermal growth factor-like (cbEGF) domains interspersed with 8-cysteine-containing transforming growth factor β-binding protein-like (TB) and hybrid (hyb) domains. Fibrillins are the major components of the extracellular 10–12 nm diameter microfibrils, which mediate a variety of cell-matrix interactions. Here we present the crystal structure of a fibrillin-1 cbEGF9-hyb2-cbEGF10 fragment, solved to 1.8 Å resolution. The hybrid domain fold is similar, but not identical, to the TB domain fold seen in previous fibrillin-1 and LTBP-1 fragments. Pairwise interactions with neighboring cbEGF domains demonstrate extensive interfaces, with the hyb2-cbEGF10 interface dependent on Ca2+ binding. These observations provide accurate constraints for models of fibrillin organization within the 10–12 nm microfibrils and provide further molecular insights into how Ca2+ binding influences the intermolecular interactions and biomechanical properties of fibrillin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha A Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Choudhury R, McGovern A, Ridley C, Cain SA, Baldwin A, Wang MC, Guo C, Mironov A, Drymoussi Z, Trump D, Shuttleworth A, Baldock C, Kielty CM. Differential regulation of elastic fiber formation by fibulin-4 and -5. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24553-67. [PMID: 19570982 PMCID: PMC2782046 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.019364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibulin-4 and -5 are extracellular glycoproteins with essential non-compensatory roles in elastic fiber assembly. We have determined how they interact with tropoelastin, lysyl oxidase, and fibrillin-1, thereby revealing how they differentially regulate assembly. Strong binding between fibulin-4 and lysyl oxidase enhanced the interaction of fibulin-4 with tropoelastin, forming ternary complexes that may direct elastin cross-linking. In contrast, fibulin-5 did not bind lysyl oxidase strongly but bound tropoelastin in terminal and central regions and could concurrently bind fibulin-4. Both fibulins differentially bound N-terminal fibrillin-1, which strongly inhibited their binding to lysyl oxidase and tropoelastin. Knockdown experiments revealed that fibulin-5 controlled elastin deposition on microfibrils, although fibulin-4 can also bind fibrillin-1. These experiments provide a molecular account of the distinct roles of fibulin-4 and -5 in elastic fiber assembly and how they act in concert to chaperone cross-linked elastin onto microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawshan Choudhury
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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Zheng J, Chen Y, Pat B, Dell’Italia LA, Tillson M, Dillon AR, Powell P, Shi K, Shah N, Denney T, Husain A, Dell’Italia LJ. Microarray identifies extensive downregulation of noncollagen extracellular matrix and profibrotic growth factor genes in chronic isolated mitral regurgitation in the dog. Circulation 2009; 119:2086-95. [PMID: 19349319 PMCID: PMC3092370 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.826230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The volume overload of isolated mitral regurgitation (MR) in the dog results in left ventricular (LV) dilatation and interstitial collagen loss. To better understand the mechanism of collagen loss, we performed a gene array and overlaid regulated genes into ingenuity pathway analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS Gene arrays from LV tissue were compared in 4 dogs before and 4 months after MR. Cine-magnetic resonance-derived LV end-diastolic volume increased 2-fold (P=0.005), and LV ejection fraction increased from 41% to 53% (P<0.007). LV interstitial collagen decreased 40% (P<0.05) compared with controls, and replacement collagen was in short strands and in disarray. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified Marfan syndrome, aneurysm formation, LV dilatation, and myocardial infarction, all of which have extracellular matrix protein defects and/or degradation. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -9 mRNA increased 5- (P=0.01) and 10-fold (P=0.003), whereas collagen I did not change and collagen III mRNA increased 1.5-fold (P=0.02). However, noncollagen genes important in extracellular matrix structure were significantly downregulated, including decorin, fibulin 1, and fibrillin 1. In addition, connective tissue growth factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor were downregulated, along with multiple genes in the transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway, resulting in decreased LV transforming growth factor-beta1 activity (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS LV collagen loss in isolated, compensated MR is chiefly due to posttranslational processing and degradation. The downregulation of multiple noncollagen genes important in global extracellular matrix structure, coupled with decreased expression of multiple profibrotic factors, explains the failure to replace interstitial collagen in the MR heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Zheng
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, Birmingham
| | - Yuanwen Chen
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, Birmingham
| | - Betty Pat
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, Birmingham
| | - Louis A Dell’Italia
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, Birmingham
| | - Michael Tillson
- Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL
| | - A Ray Dillon
- Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL
| | - Pamela Powell
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, Birmingham
| | - Ke Shi
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, Birmingham
| | - Neil Shah
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, Birmingham
| | | | - Ahsan Husain
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, Birmingham
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, Birmingham
| | - Louis J Dell’Italia
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, Birmingham
- Department of Veteran Affairs, Auburn, AL
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Li D, Yu J, Gu F, Pang X, Ma X, Li R, Liu N, Ma X. The roles of two novel FBN1 gene mutations in the genotype-phenotype correlations of Marfan syndrome and ectopia lentis patients with marfanoid habitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 12:325-30. [PMID: 18471089 DOI: 10.1089/gte.2008.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene have been identified in patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS) and Marfan-like connective tissue disorders. In this study, two Chinese families were recruited. The patients in family 1 were well characterized with MFS, while those in family 2 displayed Marfan-like disorders such as ectopia lentis (EL) and marfanoid habitus, but did not develop cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to analyze the pathogenic mutations and their relationships with phenotypes in these two Chinese families. All participants underwent complete physical, ophthalmic, and cardiovascular examinations. The 65 exons and flanking intronic sequences of FBN1 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and screened for mutations by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and sequencing. One hundred and fifteen unrelated controls were analyzed using the same methods to confirm the mutations. In family 1, we identified the mutation p.C499S in the calcium-binding epidermal growth factor (cbEGF)-like domain 3 of FBN1. In family 2, the mutation p.C908Y was identified in an interdomain region of the hybrid motif 2 linked to the cbEGF-like domain 10. It can be concluded that FBN1 mutations involving cysteine substitutions are usually associated with MFS and EL with some MFS features. Moreover, pathology seemed more serious when the mutations disrupted the three disulfide bridges in the cbEGF-like domains, which was more likely to cause typical MFS than if the mutations occurred in the hybrid motifs. Our data preliminarily establish a genotype-phenotype correlation in the diagnostic process of MFS and predominant EL with Marfan-like features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
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Vakonakis I, Campbell ID. Extracellular matrix: from atomic resolution to ultrastructure. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2007; 19:578-83. [PMID: 17942296 PMCID: PMC4827755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly organized multimolecular structure, essential for life in higher organisms. Although substantial high-resolution structural information is available for relatively small fragments of ECM components, the inherent difficulty in preparing and analyzing samples of large, fibrous polymers impedes structural efforts. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the structure of three important ECM components: collagen, fibrillin and fibronectin. Emphasis is placed on the key role of intermolecular interactions in assembling larger, microm scale, structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Vakonakis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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Bourge JL, Robert AM, Robert L, Renard G. Zonular fibers, multimolecular composition as related to function (elasticity) and pathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 55:347-59. [PMID: 17350767 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zonular fibers (ZF) play an important role in accommodation. With the rapid increase over the last decade of the oldest part of the population in industrialized countries, age-dependent loss of accommodation became an increasingly important problem. It appeared therefore interesting to review old and recent literature on ZF, their composition, structure and pathological alterations. By comparing former and recent reports it appeared to us, that several previous reports were not sufficiently taken in consideration for the understanding of the rheological properties of ZF. Elastin and proteoglycans-glycosaminoglycans were reported previously as constituents of ZF. Their presence besides fibrillin, the major constituent, helps to explain the rheological properties of these fibers, and especially their elasticity and its age- and pathology-dependent decline. Our review points also to some of the major problems, which remain to be addressed by future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Bourge
- Department of ophthalmology, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, University Paris-V, 1, place du Parvis-Notre-Dame, 75181 Paris cedex 04, France
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2006 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:300-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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