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Wątor E, Wilk P, Kochanowski P, Grudnik P. Structural characterization of the (deoxy)hypusination in Trichomonas vaginalis questions the bifunctionality of deoxyhypusine synthase. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38923395 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent of trichomoniasis, is a prevalent anaerobic protozoan parasite responsible for the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection globally. While metronidazole and its derivatives are approved drugs for this infection, rising resistance necessitates the exploration of new antiparasitic therapies. Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play crucial roles in cellular processes, and among them, hypusination, involving eukaryotic translation factor 5A (eIF5A), has profound implications. Despite extensive studies in various organisms, the role of hypusination in T. vaginalis and its potential impact on parasite biology and pathogenicity remain poorly understood. This study aims to unravel the structural basis of the hypusination pathway in T. vaginalis using X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. The results reveal high structural homology between T. vaginalis and human orthologs, providing insights into the molecular architecture of eIF5A and deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) and their interaction. Contrary to previous suggestions of bifunctionality, our analyses indicate that the putative hydroxylation site in tvDHS is nonfunctional, and biochemical assays demonstrate exclusive deoxyhypusination capability. These findings challenge the notion of tvDHS functioning as both deoxyhypusine synthase and hydroxylase. The study enhances understanding of the hypusination pathway in T. vaginalis, shedding light on its functional relevance and potential as a drug target, and contributing to the development of novel therapeutic strategies against trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wątor
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Wilk
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Kochanowski
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemysław Grudnik
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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2
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Katiki M, Sharma M, Neetu N, Rentala M, Kumar P. Biophysical and modeling-based approach for the identification of inhibitors against DOHH from Leishmania donovani. Brief Funct Genomics 2022; 22:217-226. [PMID: 35809341 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino acid hypusine (Nε-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl(lysine)) occurs only in isoforms of eukaryotic translation factor 5A (eIF5A) and has a role in initiating protein translation. Hypusinated eIF5A promotes translation and modulates mitochondrial function and oxygen consumption rates. The hypusination of eIF5A involves two enzymes, deoxyhypusine synthase and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH). DOHH is the second enzyme that completes the synthesis of hypusine and the maturation of eIF5A. Our current study aims to identify inhibitors against DOHH from Leishmania donovani (LdDOHH), an intracellular protozoan parasite causing Leishmaniasis in humans. The LdDOHH protein was produced heterologously in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells and characterized biochemically. The three-dimensional structure was predicted, and the compounds folic acid, scutellarin and homoarbutin were selected as top hits in virtual screening. These compounds were observed to bind in the active site of LdDOHH stabilizing the structure by making hydrogen bonds in the active site, as observed by the docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. These results pave the path for further investigation of these molecules for their anti-leishmanial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudhanarao Katiki
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India, 247667
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India, 247667
| | - Neetu Neetu
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India, 247667
| | | | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India, 247667
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3
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Park MH, Kar RK, Banka S, Ziegler A, Chung WK. Post-translational formation of hypusine in eIF5A: implications in human neurodevelopment. Amino Acids 2022; 54:485-499. [PMID: 34273022 PMCID: PMC9117371 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypusine [Nε-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)lysine] is a derivative of lysine that is formed post-translationally in the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A). Its occurrence at a single site in one cellular protein defines hypusine synthesis as one of the most specific post-translational modifications. Synthesis of hypusine involves two enzymatic steps: first, deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) cleaves the 4-aminobutyl moiety of spermidine and transfers it to the ε-amino group of a specific lysine residue of the eIF5A precursor protein to form an intermediate, deoxyhypusine [Nε-(4-aminobutyl)lysine]. This intermediate is subsequently hydroxylated by deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH) to form hypusine in eIF5A. eIF5A, DHPS, and DOHH are highly conserved in all eukaryotes, and both enzymes exhibit a strict specificity toward eIF5A substrates. eIF5A promotes translation elongation globally by alleviating ribosome stalling and it also facilitates translation termination. Hypusine is required for the activity of eIF5A, mammalian cell proliferation, and animal development. Homozygous knockout of any of the three genes, Eif5a, Dhps, or Dohh, leads to embryonic lethality in mice. eIF5A has been implicated in various human pathological conditions. A recent genetic study reveals that heterozygous germline EIF5A variants cause Faundes-Banka syndrome, a craniofacial-neurodevelopmental malformations in humans. Biallelic variants of DHPS were identified as the genetic basis underlying a rare inherited neurodevelopmental disorder. Furthermore, biallelic DOHH variants also appear to be associated with neurodevelopmental disorder. The clinical phenotypes of these patients include intellectual disability, developmental delay, seizures, microcephaly, growth impairment, and/or facial dysmorphisms. Taken together, these findings underscore the importance of eIF5A and the hypusine modification pathway in neurodevelopment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Hee Park
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Rajesh Kumar Kar
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Alban Ziegler
- Department of Genetics, University of Angers, Angers, France
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4
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Lassak J, Sieber A, Hellwig M. Exceptionally versatile take II: post-translational modifications of lysine and their impact on bacterial physiology. Biol Chem 2022; 403:819-858. [PMID: 35172419 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Among the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, lysine sticks out due to its unparalleled chemical diversity of post-translational modifications. This results in a wide range of possibilities to influence protein function and hence modulate cellular physiology. Concomitantly, lysine derivatives form a metabolic reservoir that can confer selective advantages to those organisms that can utilize it. In this review, we provide examples of selected lysine modifications and describe their role in bacterial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Lassak
- Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Alina Sieber
- Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, D-82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Technische Universität Braunschweig - Institute of Food Chemistry, Schleinitzstraße 20, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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5
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Bekebrede AF, Keijer J, Gerrits WJJ, de Boer VCJ. The Molecular and Physiological Effects of Protein-Derived Polyamines in the Intestine. Nutrients 2020; 12:E197. [PMID: 31940783 PMCID: PMC7020012 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of a high-protein diet increases protein entry into the colon. Colonic microbiota can ferment proteins, which results in the production of protein fermentation end-products, like polyamines. This review describes the effects of polyamines on biochemical, cellular and physiological processes, with a focus on the colon. Polyamines (mainly spermine, spermidine, putrescine and cadaverine) are involved in the regulation of protein translation and gene transcription. In this, the spermidine-derived hypusination modification of EIF5A plays an important role. In addition, polyamines regulate metabolic functions. Through hypusination of EIF5A, polyamines also regulate translation of mitochondrial proteins, thereby increasing their expression. They can also induce mitophagy through various pathways, which helps to remove damaged organelles and improves cell survival. In addition, polyamines increase mitochondrial substrate oxidation by increasing mitochondrial Ca2+-levels. Putrescine can even serve as an energy source for enterocytes in the small intestine. By regulating the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, polyamines help maintain mitochondrial membrane integrity. However, their catabolism may also reduce metabolic functions by depleting intracellular acetyl-CoA levels, or through production of toxic by-products. Lastly, polyamines support gut physiology, by supporting barrier function, inducing gut maturation and increasing longevity. Polyamines thus play many roles, and their impact is strongly tissue- and dose-dependent. However, whether diet-derived increases in colonic luminal polyamine levels also impact intestinal physiology has not been resolved yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna F. Bekebrede
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.F.B.); (J.K.)
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.F.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Walter J. J. Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Vincent C. J. de Boer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.F.B.); (J.K.)
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6
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Wu GQ, Xu YM, Lau ATY. Recent insights into eukaryotic translation initiation factors 5A1 and 5A2 and their roles in human health and disease. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:142. [PMID: 32368188 PMCID: PMC7191727 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A1 (eIF5A1) and its homolog eIF5A2 are the only two human proteins containing the unique post-translational modification-hypusination, which is essential for the function of these two proteins. eIF5A1 was initially identified as a translation initiation factor by promoting the first peptide bond formation of protein during translation; however, recent results suggest that eIF5A1 also functions as a translation elongation factor. It has been shown that eIF5A1 is implicated in certain human diseases, including diabetes, several human cancer types, viral infections and diseases of neural system. Meanwhile, eIF5A2 is overexpressed in many cancers, and plays an important role in the development and progression of cancers. As multiple roles of these two factors were observed among these studies, therefore, it remains unclear whether they act as oncogene or tumor suppressor. In this review, the recent literature of eIF5As and their roles in human diseases, especially in human cancers, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Qi Wu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Andy T. Y. Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
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Liu J, Chang X, Ding B, Zhong S, Peng L, Wei Q, Meng J, Yu Y. PhDHS Is Involved in Chloroplast Development in Petunia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:284. [PMID: 30930919 PMCID: PMC6424912 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) is encoded by a nuclear gene and is the key enzyme involved in the post-translational activation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF5A. DHS plays important roles in plant growth and development. To gain a better understanding of DHS, the petunia (Petunia hybrida) PhDHS gene was isolated, and the role of PhDHS in plant growth was analyzed. PhDHS protein was localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm. Virus-mediated PhDHS silencing caused a sectored chlorotic leaf phenotype. Chlorophyll levels and photosystem II activity were reduced, and chloroplast development was abnormal in PhDHS-silenced leaves. In addition, PhDHS silencing resulted in extended leaf longevity and thick leaves. A proteome assay revealed that 308 proteins are upregulated and 266 proteins are downregulated in PhDHS-silenced plants compared with control, among the latter, 21 proteins of photosystem I and photosystem II and 12 thylakoid (thylakoid lumen and thylakoid membrane) proteins. In addition, the mRNA level of PheIF5A-1 significantly decreased in PhDHS-silenced plants, while that of another three PheIF5As were not significantly affected in PhDHS-silenced plants. Thus, silencing of PhDHS affects photosynthesis presumably as an indirect effect due to reduced expression of PheIF5A-1 in petunia. Significance: PhDHS-silenced plants develop yellow leaves and exhibit a reduced level of photosynthetic pigment in mesophyll cells. In addition, arrested development of chloroplasts is observed in the yellow leaves.
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8
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Liu Z, Teng L, Gao L, Wang H, Su Y, Li J. The role of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1 (eIF5A-1) gene in HPV 16 E6 induces cell growth in human cervical squamous carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:6-12. [PMID: 30170728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is considered as the major risk factor for the development and progression of cervical cancer. The high expression of HPV 16 E6 may be the causative factor for induction and maintenance of the transformed phenotype. These oncoproteins would interact with several intracellular proteins, such as eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1 (eIF5A-1) that is essential for proliferation of eukaryotic cells. Our study explored the expression level of HPV 16 E6 and eIF5A-1 in human cervical squamous carcinoma samples and the adjacent non-cancerous cervix samples. Both C33a cells and SiHa cells transfected with a vector encoding HPV 16 E6 resulted in increase of eIF5A-1 expression level and enhancement of viability, migration and proliferation of these cells, furthermore, these effects in both C33a cells and SiHa cells could be abrogated by treatment with eIF5A-1 small-interfering RNA (siRNA) or the specific inhibitors ciclopirox (CPX) that was used to inhibit the function of eIF5A-1 via blocking the main enzymes deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH). Our results support that the silencing the eIF5A-1 gene or blocking the DOHH could induce the apoptosis of HPV 16 E6-infected cervical carcinoma cells. Thus might provide a new approach to preventing and treating cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Huangdao District, Qingdao, China
| | - Lichen Teng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lingjuan Gao
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital North Branch, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yajuan Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Jingbo Li
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital North Branch, Nanjing, China.
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9
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Park MH, Wolff EC. Hypusine, a polyamine-derived amino acid critical for eukaryotic translation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18710-18718. [PMID: 30257869 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.tm118.003341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural amino acid hypusine (N ϵ-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl(lysine)) is derived from the polyamine spermidine, and occurs only in a single family of cellular proteins, eukaryotic translation factor 5A (eIF5A) isoforms. Hypusine is formed by conjugation of the aminobutyl moiety of spermidine to a specific lysine residue of this protein. The posttranslational synthesis of hypusine involves two enzymatic steps, catalyzed by deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH). Hypusine is essential for eIF5A activity. Inactivation of either the eIF5A or the DHPS gene is lethal in yeast and mouse, underscoring the vital role of eIF5A hypusination in eukaryotic cell growth and animal development. The long and basic side chain of the hypusine residue promotes eIF5A-mediated translation elongation by facilitating peptide bond formation at polyproline stretches and at many other ribosome-pausing sites. It also enhances translation termination by stimulating peptide release. By promoting translation, the hypusine modification of eIF5A provides a key link between polyamines and cell growth regulation. eIF5A has been implicated in several human pathological conditions. Recent genetic data suggest that eIF5A haploinsufficiency or impaired deoxyhypusine synthase activity is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Hee Park
- From the NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Edith C Wolff
- From the NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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10
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Martinez-Rocha AL, Woriedh M, Chemnitz J, Willingmann P, Kröger C, Hadeler B, Hauber J, Schäfer W. Posttranslational hypusination of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor-5A regulates Fusarium graminearum virulence. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24698. [PMID: 27098988 PMCID: PMC4838825 DOI: 10.1038/srep24698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF5A requires a posttranslational modification, forming the unique amino acid hypusine. This activation is mediated by two enzymes, deoxyhypusine synthase, DHS, and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase, DOHH. The impact of this enzymatic complex on the life cycle of a fungal pathogen is unknown. Plant pathogenic ascomycetes possess a single copy of the eIF5A activated by hypusination. We evaluated the importance of imbalances in eIF5A hypusination in Fusarium graminearum, a devastating fungal pathogen of cereals. Overexpression of DHS leads to increased virulence in wheat, elevated production of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol, more infection structures, faster wheat tissue invasion in plants and increases vegetatively produced conidia. In contrast, overexpression of DOHH completely prevents infection structure formation, pathogenicity in wheat and maize, leads to overproduction of ROS, reduced DON production and increased sexual reproduction. Simultaneous overexpression of both genes restores wild type-like phenotypes. Analysis of eIF5A posttranslational modification displayed strongly increased hypusinated eIF5A in DOHH overexpression mutant in comparison to wild type, and the DHS overexpression mutants. These are the first results pointing to different functions of differently modified eIF5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lilia Martinez-Rocha
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Hamburg, D-22609, Germany
| | - Mayada Woriedh
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Hamburg, D-22609, Germany
| | - Jan Chemnitz
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department Antiviral Strategies, Hamburg, D-20251, Germany
| | - Peter Willingmann
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Hamburg, D-22609, Germany
| | - Cathrin Kröger
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Hamburg, D-22609, Germany
| | - Birgit Hadeler
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Hamburg, D-22609, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department Antiviral Strategies, Hamburg, D-20251, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Hamburg, D-22609, Germany
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11
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Lassak J, Wilson DN, Jung K. Stall no more at polyproline stretches with the translation elongation factors EF-P and IF-5A. Mol Microbiol 2015; 99:219-35. [PMID: 26416626 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of polyproline proteins leads to translation arrest. To overcome this ribosome stalling effect, bacteria depend on a specialized translation elongation factor P (EF-P), being orthologous and functionally identical to eukaryotic/archaeal elongation factor e/aIF-5A (recently renamed 'EF5'). EF-P binds to the stalled ribosome between the peptidyl-tRNA binding and tRNA-exiting sites, and stimulates peptidyl-transferase activity, thus allowing translation to resume. In their active form, both EF-P and e/aIF-5A are post-translationally modified at a positively charged residue, which protrudes toward the peptidyl-transferase center when bound to the ribosome. While archaeal and eukaryotic IF-5A strictly depend on (deoxy-) hypusination (hypusinylation) of a conserved lysine, bacteria have evolved diverse analogous modification strategies to activate EF-P. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica a lysine is extended by β-lysinylation and subsequently hydroxylated, whereas in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shewanella oneidensis an arginine in the equivalent position is rhamnosylated. Inactivation of EF-P, or the corresponding modification systems, reduces not only bacterial fitness, but also impairs virulence. Here, we review the function of EF-P and IF-5A and their unusual posttranslational protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Lassak
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel N Wilson
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377, Munich, Germany.,Gene Center, Department for Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kirsten Jung
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biology I, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
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12
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Quintas-Granados LI, Carvajal Gamez BI, Villalpando JL, Ortega-Lopez J, Arroyo R, Azuara-Liceaga E, Álvarez-Sánchez ME. Bifunctional activity of deoxyhypusine synthase/hydroxylase from Trichomonas vaginalis. Biochimie 2015; 123:37-51. [PMID: 26410361 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Trichomonas vaginalis genome analysis suggested the presence of a putative deoxyhypusine synthase (TvDHS) that catalyzes the posttranslational modification of eIF-5A. Herein, we expressed and purified the recombinant TvDHS (rTvDHS) protein (43 kDa) and the recombinant TveIF-5A (rTveIF-5A) precursor protein (46 kDa). A 41 kDa band of the native TvDHS was recognized by western blot analysis in T. vaginalis total protein extract by a mouse polyclonal anti-rTvDHS antibody. The enzymatic activity of rTvDHS was determined by in vitro rTveIF-5A precursor modification. The modification reaction was performed by using ((3)H)-spermidine, and the biochemical analysis showed that rTvDHS exhibited Km value of 0.6 μM. The rTvDHS activity was inhibited by the spermidine analog, N″-guanyl-1,7-diamino-heptane (GC7). Native gel electrophoresis analysis showed two bands corresponding to an rTvDHS-rTveIF-5A complex and an intermediate form of rTveIF-5A. The two forms were subsequently separated by ion exchange chromatography to identify the hypusine residue by MS/MS analysis. Moreover, mutations in TvDHS showed that the putative HE motif present in this enzyme is involved in the hydroxylation of TveIF-5A. We observed that only hypusine-containing TveIF-5A was bound to an RNA hairpin ERE structure from the cox-2 gene, which contains the AAAUGUCACAC consensus sequence. Interestingly, 2DE-WB assays, using parasites that were grown in DAB-culture conditions and transferred to exogenous putrescine, showed the new isoform of TveIF-5A. In summary, our results indicate that T. vaginalis contains an active TvDHS capable of modifying the precursor TveIF-5A protein, which subsequently exhibits RNA binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Itzel Quintas-Granados
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo #290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bertha Isabel Carvajal Gamez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo #290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose Luis Villalpando
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo #290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Ortega-Lopez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elisa Azuara-Liceaga
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo #290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Elizbeth Álvarez-Sánchez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo #290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, Mexico City, Mexico.
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13
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Han Z, Sakai N, Böttger LH, Klinke S, Hauber J, Trautwein AX, Hilgenfeld R. Crystal Structure of the Peroxo-diiron(III) Intermediate of Deoxyhypusine Hydroxylase, an Oxygenase Involved in Hypusination. Structure 2015; 23:882-892. [PMID: 25865244 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH) is a non-heme diiron enzyme involved in the posttranslational modification of a critical lysine residue of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) to yield the unusual amino acid residue hypusine. This modification is essential for the role of eIF-5A in translation and in nuclear export of a group of specific mRNAs. The diiron center of human DOHH (hDOHH) forms a peroxo-diiron(III) intermediate (hDOHHperoxo) when its reduced form reacts with O2. hDOHHperoxo has a lifetime exceeding that of the peroxo intermediates of other diiron enzymes by several orders of magnitude. Here we report the 1.7-Å crystal structures of hDOHHperoxo and a complex with glycerol. The structure of hDOHHperoxo reveals the presence of a μ-1,2-peroxo-diiron(III) species at the active site. Augmented by UV/Vis and Mössbauer spectroscopic studies, the crystal structures offer explanations for the extreme longevity of hDOHHperoxo and illustrate how the enzyme specifically recognizes its only substrate, deoxyhypusine-eIF-5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenggang Han
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Naoki Sakai
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lars H Böttger
- Institute of Physics, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastián Klinke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) c/o Heinrich-Pette-Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alfred X Trautwein
- Institute of Physics, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) c/o Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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14
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Nichol T, Murrell JC, Smith TJ. Controlling the Activities of the Diiron Centre in Bacterial Monooxygenases: Lessons from Mutagenesis and Biodiversity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Nichol
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK, http://www.shu.ac.uk/research/bmrc/staff/professor‐tom‐smith
| | - J. Colin Murrell
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Thomas J. Smith
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK, http://www.shu.ac.uk/research/bmrc/staff/professor‐tom‐smith
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15
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von Koschitzky I, Gerhardt H, Lämmerhofer M, Kohout M, Gehringer M, Laufer S, Pink M, Schmitz-Spanke S, Strube C, Kaiser A. New insights into novel inhibitors against deoxyhypusine hydroxylase from plasmodium falciparum: compounds with an iron chelating potential. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1155-66. [PMID: 25715757 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH) is a dinuclear iron enzyme required for hydroxylation of the aminobutyl side chain of deoxyhypusine in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A), the second step in hypusine biosynthesis. DOHH has been recently identified in P. falciparum and P. vivax. Both enzymes have very peculiar features including E-Z type HEAT-like repeats and a diiron centre in their active site. Both proteins share only 26 % amino acid identity to the human paralogue. Hitherto, no X-ray structure exists from either enzyme. However, structural predictions based on the amino acid sequence of the active site in comparison to the human enzyme show that four conserved histidine and glutamate residues provide the coordination sites for chelating the ferrous iron ions. Recently, we showed that P. vivax DOHH is inhibited by zileuton (N-[1-(1-benzothien-2-yl)ethyl]-N-hydroxyurea), a drug that is known for inhibiting human 5-lipoygenase (5-LOX) by the complexation of ferrous iron. A novel discovery program was launched to identify inhibitors of the P. falciparum DOHH from the Malaria Box, consisting of 400 chemical compounds, which are highly active in the erythrocytic stages of Malaria infections. In a first visual selection for potential ligands of ferrous iron, three compounds from different scaffold classes namely the diazonapthyl benzimidazole MMV666023 (Malaria Box plate A, position A03), the bis-benzimidazole MMV007384 (plate A, position B08), and a 1,2,5,-oxadiazole MMV665805 (plate A, position C03) were selected and subsequently evaluated in silico for their potential to complex iron ions. As a proof of principle, a bioanalytical assay was performed and the inhibition of hypusine biosynthesis was determined by GC-MS. All tested compounds proved to be active in this assay and MMV665805 exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect. Notably, the results were in accordance with the preliminary quantum-mechanical calculations suggesting the strongest iron complexation capacity for MMV665805. This compound might be a useful tool as well as a novel lead structure for inhibitors of P. falciparum DOHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke von Koschitzky
- Institute for Pharmacogenetics, Medical Research Centre, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
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16
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Abstract
In addition to the small and large ribosomal subunits, aminoacyl-tRNAs, and an mRNA, cellular protein synthesis is dependent on translation factors. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) and its bacterial ortholog elongation factor P (EF-P) were initially characterized based on their ability to stimulate methionyl-puromycin (Met-Pmn) synthesis, a model assay for protein synthesis; however, the function of these factors in cellular protein synthesis has been difficult to resolve. Interestingly, a conserved lysine residue in eIF5A is post-translationally modified to hypusine and the corresponding lysine residue in EF-P from at least some bacteria is modified by the addition of a β-lysine moiety. In this review, we provide a summary of recent data that have identified a novel role for the translation factor eIF5A and its hypusine modification in the elongation phase of protein synthesis and more specifically in stimulating the production of proteins containing runs of consecutive proline residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Dever
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erik Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Byung-Sik Shin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Sievert H, Pällmann N, Miller KK, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Venz S, Sendoel A, Preukschas M, Schweizer M, Boettcher S, Janiesch PC, Streichert T, Walther R, Hengartner MO, Manz MG, Brümmendorf TH, Bokemeyer C, Braig M, Hauber J, Duncan KE, Balabanov S. A novel mouse model for inhibition of DOHH-mediated hypusine modification reveals a crucial function in embryonic development, proliferation and oncogenic transformation. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:963-76. [PMID: 24832488 PMCID: PMC4107325 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.014449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The central importance of translational control by post-translational modification has spurred major interest in regulatory pathways that control translation. One such pathway uniquely adds hypusine to eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), and thereby affects protein synthesis and, subsequently, cellular proliferation through an unknown mechanism. Using a novel conditional knockout mouse model and a Caenorhabditis elegans knockout model, we found an evolutionarily conserved role for the DOHH-mediated second step of hypusine synthesis in early embryonic development. At the cellular level, we observed reduced proliferation and induction of senescence in 3T3 Dohh-/- cells as well as reduced capability for malignant transformation. Furthermore, mass spectrometry showed that deletion of DOHH results in an unexpected complete loss of hypusine modification. Our results provide new biological insight into the physiological roles of the second step of the hypusination of eIF5A. Moreover, the conditional mouse model presented here provides a powerful tool for manipulating hypusine modification in a temporal and spatial manner, to analyse both how this unique modification normally functions in vivo as well as how it contributes to different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Sievert
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nora Pällmann
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharine K Miller
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irm Hermans-Borgmeyer
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Venz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ataman Sendoel
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Preukschas
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Boettcher
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Christoph Janiesch
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Streichert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Reinhard Walther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael O Hengartner
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Manz
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tim H Brümmendorf
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Braig
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kent E Duncan
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Balabanov
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumor Zentrum, University Hospital Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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18
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Chawla B, Kumar RR, Tyagi N, Subramanian G, Srinivasan N, Park MH, Madhubala R. A unique modification of the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A shows the presence of the complete hypusine pathway in Leishmania donovani. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33138. [PMID: 22438895 PMCID: PMC3306375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH) catalyzes the final step in the post-translational synthesis of an unusual amino acid hypusine (N(€)-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl) lysine), which is present on only one cellular protein, eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A). We present here the molecular and structural basis of the function of DOHH from the protozoan parasite, Leishmania donovani, which causes visceral leishmaniasis. The L. donovani DOHH gene is 981 bp and encodes a putative polypeptide of 326 amino acids. DOHH is a HEAT-repeat protein with eight tandem repeats of α-helical pairs. Four conserved histidine-glutamate sequences have been identified that may act as metal coordination sites. A ~42 kDa recombinant protein with a His-tag was obtained by heterologous expression of DOHH in Escherichia coli. Purified recombinant DOHH effectively catalyzed the hydroxylation of the intermediate, eIF5A-deoxyhypusine (eIF5A-Dhp), in vitro. L. donovani DOHH (LdDOHH) showed ~40.6% sequence identity with its human homolog. The alignment of L. donovani DOHH with the human homolog shows that there are two significant insertions in the former, corresponding to the alignment positions 159-162 (four amino acid residues) and 174-183 (ten amino acid residues) which are present in the variable loop connecting the N- and C-terminal halves of the protein, the latter being present near the substrate binding site. Deletion of the ten-amino-acid-long insertion decreased LdDOHH activity to 14% of the wild type recombinant LdDOHH. Metal chelators like ciclopirox olamine (CPX) and mimosine significantly inhibited the growth of L. donovani and DOHH activity in vitro. These inhibitors were more effective against the parasite enzyme than the human enzyme. This report, for the first time, confirms the presence of a complete hypusine pathway in a kinetoplastid unlike eubacteria and archaea. The structural differences between the L. donovani DOHH and the human homolog may be exploited for structure based design of selective inhibitors against the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna Chawla
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Ranjan Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Tyagi
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Gowri Subramanian
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - N. Srinivasan
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Myung Hee Park
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rentala Madhubala
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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19
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Abstract
Covalent modifications of proteins often modulate their biological functions or change their subcellular location. Among the many known protein modifications, three are exceptional in that they only occur on single proteins: ethanolamine phosphoglycerol, diphthamide and hypusine. Remarkably, the corresponding proteins carrying these modifications, elongation factor 1A, elongation factor 2 and initiation factor 5A, are all involved in elongation steps of translation. For diphthamide and, in part, hypusine, functional essentiality has been demonstrated, whereas no functional role has been reported so far for ethanolamine phosphoglycerol. We review the biosynthesis, attachment and physiological roles of these unique protein modifications and discuss common and separate features of the target proteins, which represent essential proteins in all organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Greganova
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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20
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Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is the only cellular protein that contains an unusual amino acid, hypusine [N (ε)-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-lysine]. eIF5A and its hypusine/deoxyhypusine modification are vital for eukaryotic cell proliferation. Hypusine is formed posttranslationally by two enzymatic steps catalyzed by deoxyhypusine synthase and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase. Deoxyhypusine hydroxylase catalyzes a stereo-specific hydroxylation of the deoxyhypusine residue in the eIF5A intermediate protein, eIF5A(Dhp). The enzyme is totally specific for this protein and does not act on short peptides (<50 amino acids). The assay measures the conversion of the radiolabeled deoxyhypusine residue to a hypusine residue in eIF5A. Optimum conditions for the reaction and two detection methods for the product, hypusine-containing eIF5A, are described in this chapter. The first, and most reliable, method is the measurement of the amount of [(3)H]hypusine in the protein hydrolysate after its separation from [(3)H]deoxyhypusine, by ion exchange chromatography. This method does require specialized equipment. The second method is based on counting the total TCA soluble radioactivity after sodium periodate oxidation of the reaction mixture, since the radiolabeled 4-amino-2-hydroxy butyl moiety of the hypusine residue is cleaved and is released from protein as radiolabeled β-propionaldehyde and formaldehyde by periodate oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwan Park
- The Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Cano VSP, Medrano FJ, Park MH, Valentini SR. Evidence for conformational changes in the yeast deoxyhypusine hydroxylase Lia1 upon iron displacement from its active site. Amino Acids 2010; 38:479-90. [PMID: 19956996 PMCID: PMC2901987 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The unique amino acid hypusine is formed exclusively in eIF5A by the successive action of deoxyhypusine synthase and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (yeast Lia1, human DOHH). Although the first enzyme has been extensively studied, both Lia1 structure and the mechanism of action remain unclear. Hence, a multi-approach was used to evaluate Lia1 catalysis, metal/substrate binding, structural conformation and stability. Mutational analyses of Lia1 revealed fine differences in the mode of substrate binding between the human and yeast counterparts. Like human DOHH, recombinant Lia1 is an iron metalloenzyme. Iron is essential for enzyme activity since its loss renders the enzyme totally inactive. The separation of iron-free and iron-bound forms by gel filtration and native electrophoresis suggests differences in Lia1 tertiary structure related to the iron binding. The ability of Lia1 to undergo conformational changes prompted us to use a set of complementary spectroscopic approaches and SAXS to obtain detailed information on the processes underlying dissociation of iron from Lia1 at different levels of the protein organization. The additive effect of weak interactions, especially within the metal center, resulted in an active enzyme in a stabilized and compact three-dimensional fold. Loss of tertiary contacts upon iron displacement led to an elongated conformation of Lia1, in which the N- and C-terminal domains are no longer in close proximity to guarantee the proper orientation of the active groups within the active site pocket. Our results demonstrate an essential structural role for iron binding in addition to its contribution to the catalysis of hypusine formation in the eIF-5A precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veridiana S P Cano
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km01, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
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22
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Li C, Wang W, Wang H, Zhong Y, Di J, Lin Y. Proteomic analysis of proteins differentially expressed in uterine lymphocytes obtained from wild-type and NOD mice. J Cell Biochem 2009; 108:447-57. [PMID: 19623579 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice exhibit impaired fertility and decreased litter size when compared to wild type (WT) mice. However, it is unclear why allogeneic pregnant NOD mice are prone to spontaneous embryo loss. Herein, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to detect differentially expressed proteins in the uterine lymphocytes isolated from these mice and WT BALB/c controls. We found 24 differentially expressed proteins. The differential expression of 10 of these proteins was further confirmed by Western blot analysis. Out of the 24 identified proteins, 20 were expressed in uterine lymphocytes of WT mice at a level at least 2 times higher than in NOD mice, whereas 4 were down-regulated. Western blot analysis confirmed that 8 proteins were up-regulated and 2 proteins were down-regulated in WT mice compared with NOD mice, consistent with the results of 2-DE and MS. Additionally, most of the highly expressed proteins in WT uterine lymphocytes were expressed at a significantly lower level in the corresponding splenic group (17/20). These results suggest that up-regulated expression of these proteins may be specific to uterine lymphocytes. Reported functions of the highly expressed proteins affect key functions during pregnancy, including cell movement, cell cycle control, and metabolisms. Finally, we analyzed the constitutional ratio of CD3(+) and CD49b(+) cells in the isolated lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Our results suggest that the differentially expressed proteins may participate in the modulation of embryo implantation and early-stage development of embryos, and subsequently influence pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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23
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Hoque M, Hanauske-Abel HM, Palumbo P, Saxena D, D'Alliessi Gandolfi D, Park MH, Pe'ery T, Mathews MB. Inhibition of HIV-1 gene expression by Ciclopirox and Deferiprone, drugs that prevent hypusination of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A. Retrovirology 2009; 6:90. [PMID: 19825182 PMCID: PMC2770518 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF5A has been implicated in HIV-1 replication. This protein contains the apparently unique amino acid hypusine that is formed by the post-translational modification of a lysine residue catalyzed by deoxyhypusine synthase and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH). DOHH activity is inhibited by two clinically used drugs, the topical fungicide ciclopirox and the systemic medicinal iron chelator deferiprone. Deferiprone has been reported to inhibit HIV-1 replication in tissue culture. RESULTS Ciclopirox and deferiprone blocked HIV-1 replication in PBMCs. To examine the underlying mechanisms, we investigated the action of the drugs on eIF5A modification and HIV-1 gene expression in model systems. At early times after drug exposure, both drugs inhibited substrate binding to DOHH and prevented the formation of mature eIF5A. Viral gene expression from HIV-1 molecular clones was suppressed at the RNA level independently of all viral genes. The inhibition was specific for the viral promoter and occurred at the level of HIV-1 transcription initiation. Partial knockdown of eIF5A-1 by siRNA led to inhibition of HIV-1 gene expression that was non-additive with drug action. These data support the importance of eIF5A and hypusine formation in HIV-1 gene expression. CONCLUSION At clinically relevant concentrations, two widely used drugs blocked HIV-1 replication ex vivo. They specifically inhibited expression from the HIV-1 promoter at the level of transcription initiation. Both drugs interfered with the hydroxylation step in the hypusine modification of eIF5A. These results have profound implications for the potential therapeutic use of these drugs as antiretrovirals and for the development of optimized analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainul Hoque
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Hartmut M Hanauske-Abel
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, NJ 07103, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Paul Palumbo
- Department of Pediatrics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, NJ 07103, USA
- Current Address: Section of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Dartmouth Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Deepti Saxena
- Department of Pediatrics, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, NJ 07103, USA
- Current Address: Section of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Dartmouth Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | | | - Myung Hee Park
- National Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tsafi Pe'ery
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, NJ 07103, USA
- Department of Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Michael B Mathews
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, NJ 07103, USA
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24
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Patel PH, Costa-Mattioli M, Schulze KL, Bellen HJ. The Drosophila deoxyhypusine hydroxylase homologue nero and its target eIF5A are required for cell growth and the regulation of autophagy. J Cell Biol 2009; 185:1181-94. [PMID: 19546244 PMCID: PMC2712966 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200904161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypusination is a unique posttranslational modification by which lysine is transformed into the atypical amino acid hypusine. eIF5A (eukaryotic initiation factor 5A) is the only known protein to contain hypusine. In this study, we describe the identification and characterization of nero, the Drosophila melanogaster deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH) homologue. nero mutations affect cell and organ size, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, and autophagy. Knockdown of the hypusination target eIF5A via RNA interference causes phenotypes similar to nero mutations. However, loss of nero appears to cause milder phenotypes than loss of eIF5A. This is partially explained through a potential compensatory mechanism by which nero mutant cells up-regulate eIF5A levels. The failure of eIF5A up-regulation to rescue nero mutant phenotypes suggests that hypusination is required for eIF5A function. Furthermore, expression of enzymatically impaired forms of DOHH fails to rescue nero clones, indicating that hypusination activity is important for nero function. Our data also indicate that nero and eIF5A are required for cell growth and affect autophagy and protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajal H. Patel
- Program in Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mauro Costa-Mattioli
- Program in Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Karen L. Schulze
- Program in Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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25
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Cano VSP, Jeon GA, Johansson HE, Henderson CA, Park JH, Valentini SR, Hershey JWB, Park MH. Mutational analyses of human eIF5A-1--identification of amino acid residues critical for eIF5A activity and hypusine modification. FEBS J 2008; 275:44-58. [PMID: 18067580 PMCID: PMC2536608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is the only protein that contains hypusine [Nepsilon-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)lysine], which is required for its activity. Hypusine is formed by post-translational modification of one specific lysine (Lys50 for human eIF5A) by deoxyhypusine synthase and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase. To investigate the features of eIF5A required for its activity, we generated 49 mutations in human eIF5A-1, with a single amino acid substitution at the highly conserved residues or with N-terminal or C-terminal truncations, and tested mutant proteins in complementing the growth of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae eIF5A null strain. Growth-supporting activity was abolished in only a few mutant eIF5As (K47D, G49A, K50A, K50D, K50I, K50R, G52A and K55A), with substitutions at or near the hypusine modification site or with truncation of 21 amino acids from either the N-terminus or C-terminus. The inactivity of the Lys50 substitution proteins is obviously due to lack of deoxyhypusine modification. In contrast, K47D and G49A were effective substrates for deoxyhypusine synthase, yet failed to support growth, suggesting critical roles of Lys47 and Gly49 in eIF5A activity, possibly in its interaction with effector(s). By use of a UBHY-R strain harboring genetically engineered unstable eIF5A, we present evidence for the primary function of eIF5A in protein synthesis. When selected eIF5A mutant proteins were tested for their activity in protein synthesis, a close correlation was observed between their ability to enhance protein synthesis and growth, lending further support for a central role of eIF5A in translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veridiana S. P. Cano
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Geoung A Jeon
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | | | | | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | | | | | - Myung Hee Park
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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26
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Goebel T, Ulmer D, Projahn H, Kloeckner J, Heller E, Glaser M, Ponte-Sucre A, Specht S, Sarite SR, Hoerauf A, Kaiser A, Hauber I, Hauber J, Holzgrabe U. In Search of Novel Agents for Therapy of Tropical Diseases and Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Med Chem 2007; 51:238-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jm070763y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Goebel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 29, 53105 Bonn, Germany, FH-Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Ulmer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 29, 53105 Bonn, Germany, FH-Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Projahn
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 29, 53105 Bonn, Germany, FH-Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Kloeckner
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 29, 53105 Bonn, Germany, FH-Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Heller
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 29, 53105 Bonn, Germany, FH-Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Glaser
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 29, 53105 Bonn, Germany, FH-Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alicia Ponte-Sucre
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 29, 53105 Bonn, Germany, FH-Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Specht
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 29, 53105 Bonn, Germany, FH-Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Salem Ramadan Sarite
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 29, 53105 Bonn, Germany, FH-Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 29, 53105 Bonn, Germany, FH-Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annette Kaiser
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 29, 53105 Bonn, Germany, FH-Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilona Hauber
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 29, 53105 Bonn, Germany, FH-Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 29, 53105 Bonn, Germany, FH-Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 29, 53105 Bonn, Germany, FH-Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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27
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Wolff EC, Kang KR, Kim YS, Park MH. Posttranslational synthesis of hypusine: evolutionary progression and specificity of the hypusine modification. Amino Acids 2007; 33:341-50. [PMID: 17476569 PMCID: PMC2572820 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A naturally occurring unusual amino acid, hypusine [N (epsilon)-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-lysine] is a component of a single cellular protein, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A). It is a modified lysine with structural contribution from the polyamine spermidine. Hypusine is formed in a novel posttranslational modification that involves two enzymes, deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH). eIF5A and deoxyhypusine/hypusine modification are essential for growth of eukaryotic cells. The hypusine synthetic pathway has evolved in eukaryotes and eIF5A, DHS and DOHH are highly conserved, suggesting maintenance of a fundamental cellular function of eIF5A through evolution. The unique feature of the hypusine modification is the strict specificity of the enzymes toward its substrate protein, eIF5A. Moreover, DHS exhibits a narrow specificity toward spermidine. In view of the extraordinary specificity and the requirement for hypusine-containing eIF5A for mammalian cell proliferation, eIF5A and the hypusine biosynthetic enzymes present new potential targets for intervention in aberrant cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Wolff
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, USA
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