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Abay-Nørgaard S, Tapia MC, Zeijdner M, Kim JH, Won KJ, Porse B, Salcini AE. Inter and transgenerational impact of H3K4 methylation in neuronal homeostasis. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301970. [PMID: 37225426 PMCID: PMC10209521 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic marks and associated traits can be transmitted for one or more generations, phenomena known respectively as inter- or transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. It remains unknown if genetically and conditionally induced aberrant epigenetic states can influence the development of the nervous system across generations. Here, we show, using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system, that alteration of H3K4me3 levels in the parental generation, caused by genetic manipulation or changes in parental conditions, has, respectively, trans- and intergenerational effects on H3K4 methylome, transcriptome, and nervous system development. Thus, our study reveals the relevance of H3K4me3 transmission and maintenance in preventing long-lasting deleterious effects in nervous system homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Abay-Nørgaard
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marta Cecylia Tapia
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mandoh Zeijdner
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeonghwan Henry Kim
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kyoung Jae Won
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Porse
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Elisabetta Salcini
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Sun W, Xie G, Jiang X, Khaitovich P, Han D, Liu X. Epigenetic regulation of human-specific gene expression in the prefrontal cortex. BMC Biol 2023; 21:123. [PMID: 37226244 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in gene expression levels during brain development are thought to have played an important role in the evolution of human cognition. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies, changes in brain developmental expression patterns, as well as human-specific brain gene expression, have been characterized. However, interpreting the origin of evolutionarily advanced cognition in human brains requires a deeper understanding of the regulation of gene expression, including the epigenomic context, along the primate genome. Here, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to measure the genome-wide profiles of histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac), both of which are associated with transcriptional activation in the prefrontal cortex of humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. RESULTS We found a discrete functional association, in which H3K4me3HP gain was significantly associated with myelination assembly and signaling transmission, while H3K4me3HP loss played a vital role in synaptic activity. Moreover, H3K27acHP gain was enriched in interneuron and oligodendrocyte markers, and H3K27acHP loss was enriched in CA1 pyramidal neuron markers. Using strand-specific RNA sequencing (ssRNA-seq), we first demonstrated that approximately 7 and 2% of human-specific expressed genes were epigenetically marked by H3K4me3HP and H3K27acHP, respectively, providing robust support for causal involvement of histones in gene expression. We also revealed the co-activation role of epigenetic modification and transcription factors in human-specific transcriptome evolution. Mechanistically, histone-modifying enzymes at least partially contribute to an epigenetic disturbance among primates, especially for the H3K27ac epigenomic marker. In line with this, peaks enriched in the macaque lineage were found to be driven by upregulated acetyl enzymes. CONCLUSIONS Our results comprehensively elucidated a causal species-specific gene-histone-enzyme landscape in the prefrontal cortex and highlighted the regulatory interaction that drove transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifen Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Gangcai Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Philipp Khaitovich
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 121205, Russia.
| | - Dingding Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Xiling Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, CAS, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Phenotypic Variation in Two Siblings Affected with Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome: The Use of Expert Variant Interpreter (eVai) Suggests Clinical Relevance of a Variant in the KMT2A Gene. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081314. [PMID: 35893049 PMCID: PMC9394309 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome (SDS) is an autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by neutropenia, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, skeletal dysplasia, and an increased risk for leukemic transformation. Biallelic mutations in the SBDS gene have been found in about 90% of patients. The clinical spectrum of SDS in patients is wide, and variability has been noticed between different patients, siblings, and even within the same patient over time. Herein, we present two SDS siblings (UPN42 and UPN43) carrying the same SBDS mutations and showing relevant differences in their phenotypic presentation. Study aim. We attempted to understand whether other germline variants, in addition to SBDS, could explain some of the clinical variability noticed between the siblings. Methods. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed. Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) terms were defined for each patient, and the WES data were analyzed using the eVai and DIVAs platforms. Results. In UPN43, we found and confirmed, using Sanger sequencing, a novel de novo variant (c.10663G > A, p.Gly3555Ser) in the KMT2A gene that is associated with autosomal-dominant Wiedemann−Steiner Syndrome. The variant is classified as pathogenic according to different in silico prediction tools. Interestingly, it was found to be related to some of the HPO terms that describe UPN43. Conclusions. We postulate that the KMT2A variant found in UPN43 has a concomitant and co-occurring clinical effect, in addition to SBDS mutation. This dual molecular effect, supported by in silico prediction, could help to understand some of the clinical variations found among the siblings. In the future, these new data are likely to be useful for personalized medicine and therapy for selected cases.
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Gockley J, Montgomery KS, Poehlman WL, Wiley JC, Liu Y, Gerasimov E, Greenwood AK, Sieberts SK, Wingo AP, Wingo TS, Mangravite LM, Logsdon BA. Multi-tissue neocortical transcriptome-wide association study implicates 8 genes across 6 genomic loci in Alzheimer's disease. Genome Med 2021; 13:76. [PMID: 33947463 PMCID: PMC8094491 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00890-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease currently affecting 1.75% of the US population, with projected growth to 3.46% by 2050. Identifying common genetic variants driving differences in transcript expression that confer AD risk is necessary to elucidate AD mechanism and develop therapeutic interventions. We modify the FUSION transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) pipeline to ingest gene expression values from multiple neocortical regions. METHODS A combined dataset of 2003 genotypes clustered to 1000 Genomes individuals from Utah with Northern and Western European ancestry (CEU) was used to construct a training set of 790 genotypes paired to 888 RNASeq profiles from temporal cortex (TCX = 248), prefrontal cortex (FP = 50), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG = 41), superior temporal gyrus (STG = 34), parahippocampal cortex (PHG = 34), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC = 461). Following within-tissue normalization and covariate adjustment, predictive weights to impute expression components based on a gene's surrounding cis-variants were trained. The FUSION pipeline was modified to support input of pre-scaled expression values and support cross validation with a repeated measure design arising from the presence of multiple transcriptome samples from the same individual across different tissues. RESULTS Cis-variant architecture alone was informative to train weights and impute expression for 6780 (49.67%) autosomal genes, the majority of which significantly correlated with gene expression; FDR < 5%: N = 6775 (99.92%), Bonferroni: N = 6716 (99.06%). Validation of weights in 515 matched genotype to RNASeq profiles from the CommonMind Consortium (CMC) was (72.14%) in DLPFC profiles. Association of imputed expression components from all 2003 genotype profiles yielded 8 genes significantly associated with AD (FDR < 0.05): APOC1, EED, CD2AP, CEACAM19, CLPTM1, MTCH2, TREM2, and KNOP1. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence of cis-genetic variation conferring AD risk through 8 genes across six distinct genomic loci. Moreover, we provide expression weights for 6780 genes as a valuable resource to the community, which can be abstracted across the neocortex and a wide range of neuronal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yue Liu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ekaterina Gerasimov
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | | | - Aliza P Wingo
- Division of Mental Health, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas S Wingo
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Benjamin A Logsdon
- Cajal Neuroscience, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 208, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
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Fallah MS, Szarics D, Robson CM, Eubanks JH. Impaired Regulation of Histone Methylation and Acetylation Underlies Specific Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Genet 2021; 11:613098. [PMID: 33488679 PMCID: PMC7820808 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.613098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic processes are critical for governing the complex spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression in neurodevelopment. One such mechanism is the dynamic network of post-translational histone modifications that facilitate recruitment of transcription factors or even directly alter chromatin structure to modulate gene expression. This is a tightly regulated system, and mutations affecting the function of a single histone-modifying enzyme can shift the normal epigenetic balance and cause detrimental developmental consequences. In this review, we will examine select neurodevelopmental conditions that arise from mutations in genes encoding enzymes that regulate histone methylation and acetylation. The methylation-related conditions discussed include Wiedemann-Steiner, Kabuki, and Sotos syndromes, and the acetylation-related conditions include Rubinstein-Taybi, KAT6A, genitopatellar/Say-Barber-Biesecker-Young-Simpson, and brachydactyly mental retardation syndromes. In particular, we will discuss the clinical/phenotypic and genetic basis of these conditions and the model systems that have been developed to better elucidate cellular and systemic pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrick S Fallah
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dora Szarics
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clara M Robson
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James H Eubanks
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Park K, Kim JA, Kim J. Transcriptional regulation by the KMT2 histone H3K4 methyltransferases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Fontana P, Passaretti FF, Maioli M, Cantalupo G, Scarano F, Lonardo F. Clinical and molecular spectrum of Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome, an emerging member of the chromatinopathy family. World J Med Genet 2020; 9:1-11. [DOI: 10.5496/wjmg.v9.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome (OMIM #605130) is a rare congenital malformation syndrome characterized by hypertrichosis cubiti associated with short stature; consistent facial features, including long eyelashes, thick or arched eyebrows with a lateral flare, wide nasal bridge, and downslanting and vertically narrow palpebral fissures; mild to moderate intellectual disability; behavioral difficulties; and hypertrichosis on the back. It is caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in KMT2A. This gene has an established role in histone methylation, which explains the overlap of Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome with other chromatinopathies, a heterogeneous group of syndromic conditions that share a common trigger: The disruption of one of the genes involved in chromatin modification, leading to dysfunction of the epigenetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fontana
- Medical Genetics Unit, San Pio Hospital, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | | | - Marianna Maioli
- Medical Genetics Unit, San Pio Hospital, Benevento 82100, Italy
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Wang Z, Liu H. Lysine methylation regulates nervous system diseases. Neuropeptides 2019; 76:101929. [PMID: 31076097 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysine methylation is an important dynamic modification which is essential in the epigenetic regulation of gene transcription. Unlike acetylation markers, lysine methylation signals at gene promoters could be viewed as markers that either activate or silence gene expression in different contexts or states. This article briefly reviews lysine methylation sites involved in nervous system diseases. The methyltransferases and demethylases which cause abnormal methylation signals in nervous system diseases are also discussed. Methylated proteins correlated with nervous system biological processes are extracted from databases and known writer-code-eraser patterns are analyzed, which could provide insight into the design of methylation-based interference peptides for the investigation of nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Huadong Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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Huang TL, Hsieh MT, Lin CC. Increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor exon IV histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation in patients with schizophrenia. TAIWANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/tpsy.tpsy_18_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Zhang H, Wang J, Huang J, Shi T, Ma X, Luo X, Li X, Li M. Inhibiting Jumoji domain containing protein 3 (JMJD3) prevent neuronal apoptosis from stroke. Exp Neurol 2018; 308:132-142. [PMID: 30028997 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Control of p53 by histone methylation is closely related in the neuronal apoptosis following ischemic stroke. In mammalian cells, demethylation of methylated lysine residue of histones is catalyzed by Jumonji domain-containing proteins (JMJD) family. Among them, JMJD3 is reported to be a hypoxic target gene and expressed in all cell types of brain including neurons. However, the role of JMJD3 on process of neuronal apoptosis after ischemic stroke is still largely unknown. PCR, immunostaining and Western blotting results indicated that JMJD3 expression was upregulated in cultured neurons upon oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) injury. Jmjd3-/- neurons exhibited inhibited cell apoptosis and tolerance to the OGD injury. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and promoter reporter assays showed that the underlying mechanism was through transcriptional activation of p53, thus altering the downstream Bax and Caspase-3 genes. Silencing Jmjd3 improved neurological deficit and reduced infarct volume following ischemic injury in vivo. The present study suggested that JMJD3 was a critical promoter of neuronal apoptosis by regulating the expression of Bax and Caspase-3, and inhibition of JMJD3 might provide a new therapeutic intervention for treating cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Outpatient, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tingyu Shi
- Basic Medical Academy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoxing Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Mingkai Li
- Department of Pharmacology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Wen C, Xu M, Mo C, Cheng Z, Guo Q, Zhu X. JMJD6 exerts function in neuropathic pain by regulating NF‑κB following peripheral nerve injury in rats. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:633-642. [PMID: 29620141 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of neuropathic pain (NPP) continues to be a major challenge, and the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Previous studies have demonstrated that histone methylation is important in synaptic plasticity of the nervous system and may affect nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) signaling through epigenetic mechanisms. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Jumonji C domain 6 (JMJD6), a histone demethylase, in a chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of NPP. On the third day post‑CCI surgery, a JMJD6 overexpressing lentiviral vector (LV‑JMJD6) was intrathecally injected in the rats. Mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency were assessed prior surgery and on days 3, 7, 10 and 14 post‑CCI. The results showed that intrathecal injection with the LV‑JMJD6 attenuated CCI‑induced pain facilitation. The expression of JMJD6 was lower following CCI surgery, and its expression was significantly increased following intrathecal injection with LV‑JMJD6, compared with levels in normal saline (NS)‑ and negative control lentiviral vector (NC)‑treated rats. The expression of spinal NF‑κB phosphorylated (p‑)p65 subunit and its downstream pain‑associated effectors, including interleukin 1β (IL‑1β), tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were increased following CCI surgery. Intrathecal injection with LV‑JMJD6 suppressed activation of the p‑p65 subunit in CCI rats. In addition, expression levels of its downstream effectors IL‑1β, TNF‑α and VEGF were attenuated by intrathecal treatment with LV‑JMJD6, compared with those in the NS‑ and NC‑treated CCI rats. Furthermore, the JMJD6‑ and p65‑immunoreactive cells overlapped in the spinal dorsal horn, however, co‑immunoprecipitation showed that JMJD6 and the NF‑κB p65 subunit did not directly interact, indicating other functional connections may exist between these factors following CCI surgery. Collectively, these findings indicated an important mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of NPP. JMJD6 may exert its therapeutic function in NPP by regulating NF‑κB following CCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Mengyuan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Mo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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12
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Marasca F, Bodega B, Orlando V. How Polycomb-Mediated Cell Memory Deals With a Changing Environment. Bioessays 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Marasca
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare (INGM) “Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi”; Milan 20122 Italy
| | - Beatrice Bodega
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare (INGM) “Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi”; Milan 20122 Italy
| | - Valerio Orlando
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Environmental Epigenetics Research Program; Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division; Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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Józefczuk J, Kasprzycka W, Czarnecki R, Graczyk A, Józefczuk P, Magda K, Lampart U. Homocysteine as a Diagnostic and Etiopathogenic Factor in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Med Food 2017; 20:744-749. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Józefczuk
- The Paediatric Ward with the Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Specialist Hospital of the Holy Spirit, Sandomierz, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Kasprzycka
- The Department of Biochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy, The Institute of Optoelectronics–The Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Czarnecki
- The Paediatric Ward with the Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Specialist Hospital of the Holy Spirit, Sandomierz, Poland
| | - Alfreda Graczyk
- The Department of Biochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy, The Institute of Optoelectronics–The Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Józefczuk
- The Foundation for Protection of the Immunological System “Immuno,” Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Magda
- Marian Smoluchowski's Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Urszula Lampart
- The Paediatric Ward with the Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Specialist Hospital of the Holy Spirit, Sandomierz, Poland
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14
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Kim JH, Lee JH, Lee IS, Lee SB, Cho KS. Histone Lysine Methylation and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071404. [PMID: 28665350 PMCID: PMC5535897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylation of several lysine residues of histones is a crucial mechanism for relatively long-term regulation of genomic activity. Recent molecular biological studies have demonstrated that the function of histone methylation is more diverse and complex than previously thought. Moreover, studies using newly available genomics techniques, such as exome sequencing, have identified an increasing number of histone lysine methylation-related genes as intellectual disability-associated genes, which highlights the importance of accurate control of histone methylation during neurogenesis. However, given the functional diversity and complexity of histone methylation within the cell, the study of the molecular basis of histone methylation-related neurodevelopmental disorders is currently still in its infancy. Here, we review the latest studies that revealed the pathological implications of alterations in histone methylation status in the context of various neurodevelopmental disorders and propose possible therapeutic application of epigenetic compounds regulating histone methylation status for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hoon Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Jang Ho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Im-Soon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea.
| | - Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Bell CG. Insights in human epigenomic dynamics through comparative primate analysis. Genomics 2016; 108:115-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Varadinova M, Boyadjieva N. Epigenetic mechanisms: A possible link between autism spectrum disorders and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Pharmacol Res 2015; 102:71-80. [PMID: 26408203 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) still remains unclear and seems to involve a considerable overlap between polygenic, epigenetic and environmental factors. We have summarized the current understanding of the interplay between gene expression dysregulation via epigenetic modifications and the potential epigenetic impact of environmental factors in neurodevelopmental deficits. Furthermore, we discuss the scientific controversies of the relationship between prenatal exposure to alcohol and alcohol-induced epigenetic dysregulations, and gene expression alterations which are associated with disrupted neural plasticity and causal pathways for ASDs. The review of the literature suggests that a better understanding of developmental epigenetics should contribute to furthering our comprehension of the etiology and pathogenesis of ASDs and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Varadinova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Nadka Boyadjieva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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17
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Munawar N, Olivero G, Jerman E, Doyle B, Streubel G, Wynne K, Bracken A, Cagney G. Native gel analysis of macromolecular protein complexes in cultured mammalian cells. Proteomics 2015. [PMID: 26223664 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Native gel electrophoresis enables separation of cellular proteins in their non-denatured state. In experiments aimed at analysing proteins in higher order or multimeric assemblies (i.e. protein complexes) it offers some advantages over rival approaches, particularly as an interface technology with mass spectrometry. Here we separated fractions from HEK293 cells by native electrophoresis in order to survey protein complexes in the cytoplasmic, nuclear and chromatin environments, finding 689 proteins distributed among 217 previously described complexes. As expected, different fractions contained distinct combinations of macromolecular complexes, with subunits of the same complex tending to co-migrate. Exceptions to this observation could often be explained by the presence of subunits shared among different complexes. We investigated one identified complex, the Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 (PRC2), in more detail following affinity purification of the EZH2 subunit. This approach resulted in the identification of all previously reported members of PRC2. Overall, this work demonstrates that the use of native gel electrophoresis as an upstream separating step is an effective approach for analysis of the components and cellular distribution of protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayla Munawar
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Giorgio Olivero
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Emilia Jerman
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Benjamin Doyle
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | | | - Kieran Wynne
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Adrian Bracken
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard Cagney
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
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18
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Munawar N, Olivero G, Jerman E, Doyle B, Streubel G, Wynne K, Bracken A, Cagney G. Native gel analysis of macromolecular protein complexes in cultured mammalian cells. Proteomics 2015. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201500045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nayla Munawar
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research; University College Dublin; Belfield Ireland
| | - Giorgio Olivero
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research; University College Dublin; Belfield Ireland
| | - Emilia Jerman
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics; Trinity College; Dublin Ireland
| | - Benjamin Doyle
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research; University College Dublin; Belfield Ireland
| | | | - Kieran Wynne
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research; University College Dublin; Belfield Ireland
| | - Adrian Bracken
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics; Trinity College; Dublin Ireland
| | - Gerard Cagney
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research; University College Dublin; Belfield Ireland
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Neuronal Kmt2a/Mll1 histone methyltransferase is essential for prefrontal synaptic plasticity and working memory. J Neurosci 2015; 35:5097-108. [PMID: 25834037 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3004-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal histone H3-lysine 4 methylation landscapes are defined by sharp peaks at gene promoters and other cis-regulatory sequences, but molecular and cellular phenotypes after neuron-specific deletion of H3K4 methyl-regulators remain largely unexplored. We report that neuronal ablation of the H3K4-specific methyltransferase, Kmt2a/Mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (Mll1), in mouse postnatal forebrain and adult prefrontal cortex (PFC) is associated with increased anxiety and robust cognitive deficits without locomotor dysfunction. In contrast, only mild behavioral phenotypes were observed after ablation of the Mll1 ortholog Kmt2b/Mll2 in PFC. Impaired working memory after Kmt2a/Mll1 ablation in PFC neurons was associated with loss of training-induced transient waves of Arc immediate early gene expression critical for synaptic plasticity. Medial prefrontal layer V pyramidal neurons, a major output relay of the cortex, demonstrated severely impaired synaptic facilitation and temporal summation, two forms of short-term plasticity essential for working memory. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing in Mll1-deficient cortical neurons revealed downregulated expression and loss of the transcriptional mark, trimethyl-H3K4, at <50 loci, including the homeodomain transcription factor Meis2. Small RNA-mediated Meis2 knockdown in PFC was associated with working memory defects similar to those elicited by Mll1 deletion. Therefore, mature prefrontal neurons critically depend on maintenance of Mll1-regulated H3K4 methylation at a subset of genes with an essential role in cognition and emotion.
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20
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Shen E, Shulha H, Weng Z, Akbarian S. Regulation of histone H3K4 methylation in brain development and disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0514. [PMID: 25135975 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing list of mutations implicated in monogenic disorders of the developing brain includes at least seven genes (ARX, CUL4B, KDM5A, KDM5C, KMT2A, KMT2C, KMT2D) with loss-of-function mutations affecting proper regulation of histone H3 lysine 4 methylation, a chromatin mark which on a genome-wide scale is broadly associated with active gene expression, with its mono-, di- and trimethylated forms differentially enriched at promoter and enhancer and other regulatory sequences. In addition to these rare genetic syndromes, dysregulated H3K4 methylation could also play a role in the pathophysiology of some cases diagnosed with autism or schizophrenia, two conditions which on a genome-wide scale are associated with H3K4 methylation changes at hundreds of loci in a subject-specific manner. Importantly, the reported alterations for some of the diseased brain specimens included a widespread broadening of H3K4 methylation profiles at gene promoters, a process that could be regulated by the UpSET(KMT2E/MLL5)-histone deacetylase complex. Furthermore, preclinical studies identified maternal immune activation, parental care and monoaminergic drugs as environmental determinants for brain-specific H3K4 methylation. These novel insights into the epigenetic risk architectures of neurodevelopmental disease will be highly relevant for efforts aimed at improved prevention and treatment of autism and psychosis spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hennady Shulha
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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21
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Reynolds JP, Miller-Delaney SFC, Jimenez-Mateos EM, Sano T, McKiernan RC, Simon RP, Henshall DC. Transcriptional Response of Polycomb Group Genes to Status Epilepticus in Mice is Modified by Prior Exposure to Epileptic Preconditioning. Front Neurol 2015; 6:46. [PMID: 25806020 PMCID: PMC4354380 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of the brain to brief, non-harmful seizures can activate protective mechanisms that temporarily generate a damage-refractory state. This process, termed epileptic tolerance, is associated with large-scale down-regulation of gene expression. Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are master controllers of gene silencing during development that are re-activated by injury to the brain. Here, we explored the transcriptional response of genes associated with polycomb repressive complex (PRC) 1 (Ring1A, Ring1B, and Bmi1) and PRC2 (Ezh1, Ezh2, and Suz12), as well as additional transcriptional regulators Sirt1, Yy1, and Yy2, in a mouse model of status epilepticus (SE). Findings were contrasted to changes after SE in mice previously given brief seizures to evoke tolerance. Real-time quantitative PCR showed SE prompted an early (1 h) increase in expression of several genes in PRC1 and PRC2 in the hippocampus, followed by down-regulation of many of the same genes at later times points (4, 8, and 24 h). Spatio-temporal differences were found among PRC2 genes in epileptic tolerance, including increased expression of Ezh2, Suz12, and Yy2 relative to the normal injury response to SE. In contrast, PRC1 complex genes including Ring 1B and Bmi1 displayed differential down-regulation in epileptic tolerance. The present study characterizes PcG gene expression following SE and shows prior seizure exposure produces select changes to PRC1 and PRC2 composition that may influence differential gene expression in epileptic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Reynolds
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
| | | | - Eva M Jimenez-Mateos
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Takanori Sano
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland ; Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University School of Medicine , Tsu, Mie , Japan
| | - Ross C McKiernan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
| | | | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
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22
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Aguilar-Valles A, Vaissière T, Griggs EM, Mikaelsson MA, Takács IF, Young EJ, Rumbaugh G, Miller CA. Methamphetamine-associated memory is regulated by a writer and an eraser of permissive histone methylation. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:57-65. [PMID: 24183790 PMCID: PMC4024089 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memories associated with drugs of abuse, such as methamphetamine (METH), increase relapse vulnerability to substance use disorder by triggering craving. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is essential to these drug-associated memories, but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Posttranslational chromatin modifications, such as histone methylation, modulate gene transcription; thus, we investigated the role of the associated epigenetic modifiers in METH-associated memory. METHODS Conditioned place preference was used to assess the epigenetic landscape in the NAc supporting METH-associated memory (n = 79). The impact of histone methylation (H3K4me2/3) on the formation and expression of METH-associated memory was determined by focal, intra-NAc knockdown (KD) of a writer, the methyltransferase mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (Mll1) (n = 26), and an eraser, the histone lysine (K)-specific demethylase 5C (Kdm5c) (n = 38), of H3K4me2/3. RESULTS A survey of chromatin modifications in the NAc of animals forming a METH-associated memory revealed the global induction of several modifications associated with active transcription. This correlated with a pattern of gene activation, as revealed by microarray analysis, including upregulation of oxytocin receptor (Oxtr) and FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene (Fos), the promoters of which also had increased H3K4me3. KD of Mll1 reduced H3K4me3, Fos and Oxtr levels and disrupted METH-associated memory. KD of Kdm5c resulted in hypermethylation of H3K4 and prevented the expression of METH-associated memory. CONCLUSIONS The development and expression of METH-associated memory are supported by regulation of H3K4me2/3 levels by MLL1 and KDM5C, respectively, in the NAc. These data indicate that permissive histone methylation, and the associated epigenetic writers and erasers, represent potential targets for the treatment of substance abuse relapse, a psychiatric condition perpetuated by unwanted associative memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argel Aguilar-Valles
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida
| | - Thomas Vaissière
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida
| | - Erica M. Griggs
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida
| | - Mikael A. Mikaelsson
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida
| | - Irma F. Takács
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida
| | - Erica J. Young
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida
| | - Courtney A. Miller
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida, Corresponding author: Dr. Courtney A. Miller 130 Scripps Way Jupiter, Florida 33458 Telephone: 561-228-2958 Fax: 561-228-3059
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23
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury results from an insult inflicted on the spinal cord that usually encompasses its 4 major functions (motor, sensory, autonomic, and reflex). The type of deficits resulting from spinal cord injury arise from primary insult, but their long-term severity is due to a multitude of pathophysiological processes during the secondary phase of injury. The failure of the mammalian spinal cord to regenerate and repair is often attributed to the very feature that makes the central nervous system special-it becomes so highly specialized to perform higher functions that it cannot effectively reactivate developmental programs to re-build novel circuitry to restore function after injury. Added to this is an extensive gliotic and immune response that is essential for clearance of cellular debris, but also lays down many obstacles that are detrimental to regeneration. Here, we discuss how the mature chromatin state of different central nervous system cells (neural, glial, and immune) may contribute to secondary pathophysiology, and how restoring silenced developmental gene expression by altering histone acetylation could stall secondary damage and contribute to novel approaches to stimulate endogenous repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M. York
- Department of Zoology (Life Sciences Institute), Brain Research Institute and International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (iCORD), University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Blvd, V6T 1Z3 Vancouver, Canada
| | - Audrey Petit
- Department of Zoology (Life Sciences Institute), Brain Research Institute and International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (iCORD), University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Blvd, V6T 1Z3 Vancouver, Canada
| | - A. Jane Roskams
- Department of Zoology (Life Sciences Institute), Brain Research Institute and International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (iCORD), University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Blvd, V6T 1Z3 Vancouver, Canada
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24
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Parkel S, Lopez-Atalaya JP, Barco A. Histone H3 lysine methylation in cognition and intellectual disability disorders. Learn Mem 2013; 20:570-9. [PMID: 24045506 DOI: 10.1101/lm.029363.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent research indicates that epigenetic mechanisms and, in particular, the post-translational modification (PTM) of histones may contribute to memory encoding and storage. Among the dozens of possible histone PTMs, the methylation/demethylation of lysines in the N-terminal tail of histone H3 exhibits particularly strong links with cognitive abilities. First, the persistence and tight association with distinct transcriptional states of the gene make these modifications particularly suitable for being part of the molecular underpinnings of memory storage. Second, correlative evidence indicates that the methylation/demethylation of lysines in histone H3 is actively regulated during memory processes. Third, several enzymes regulating these PTMs are associated with intellectual disability disorders. We review here these three lines of evidence and discuss the potential role of epigenetic mechanisms centered on the methylation of lysine residues on histone H3 in neuroplasticity and neurodevelopmental disorders associated with intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Parkel
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Alicante, Spain
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25
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Akbarian S, Beeri MS, Haroutunian V. Epigenetic determinants of healthy and diseased brain aging and cognition. JAMA Neurol 2013; 70:711-8. [PMID: 23571692 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of normal and diseased brain aging and cognition will have a significant public health impact, given that the oldest-old persons older than 85 years of age represent the fastest-growing segment in the population in developed countries, with more than 30 million new cases of dementia predicted to occur worldwide each year by 2040. Dysregulation of gene expression and, more generally, genome organization and function are thought to contribute to age-related declines in cognition. Remarkably, nearly all neuronal nuclei that reside in an aged brain had permanently exited from the cell cycle during prenatal development, and DNA methylation and histone modifications and other molecular constituents of the epigenome are likely to play a critical role in the maintenance of neuronal health and function throughout the entire lifespan. Here, we provide an overview of age-related changes in the brain's chromatin structures, highlight potential epigenetic drug targets for cognitive decline and age-related neurodegenerative disease, and discuss opportunities and challenges when studying epigenetic biomarkers in aging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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26
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Tushir JS, Akbarian S. Chromatin-bound RNA and the neurobiology of psychiatric disease. Neuroscience 2013; 264:131-41. [PMID: 23831425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A large, and still rapidly expanding literature on epigenetic regulation in the nervous system has provided fundamental insights into the dynamic regulation of DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications in the context of neuronal plasticity in health and disease. Remarkably, however, very little is known about the potential role of chromatin-bound RNAs, including many long non-coding transcripts and various types of small RNAs. Here, we provide an overview on RNA-mediated regulation of chromatin structure and function, with focus on histone lysine methylation and psychiatric disease. Examples of recently discovered chromatin-bound long non-coding RNAs important for neuronal health and function include the brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense transcript (Bdnf-AS) which regulates expression of the corresponding sense transcript, and LOC389023 which is associated with human-specific histone methylation signatures at the chromosome 2q14.1 neurodevelopmental risk locus by regulating expression of DPP10, an auxillary subunit for voltage-gated K(+) channels. We predict that the exploration of chromatin-bound RNA will significantly advance our current knowledge base in neuroepigenetics and biological psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Tushir
- Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - S Akbarian
- Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
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27
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Qi L, Cao JL, Hu Y, Yang JG, Ji Y, Huang J, Zhang Y, Sun DG, Xia HF, Ma X. The dynamics of polycomb group proteins in early embryonic nervous system in mouse and human. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:487-95. [PMID: 23727134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are transcription regulatory proteins that control the expression of a variety of genes and the antero-posterior neural patterning from early embryogenesis. Although expression of PcG genes in the nervous system has been noticed, but the expression pattern of PcG proteins in early embryonic nervous system is still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the expression pattern of PRC1 complex members (BMI-1 and RING1B) and PRC2 complex members (EED, SUZ12 and EZH2) in early embryonic nervous system in mouse and human by Western blot and Immunohistochemistry. The results of Western blot showed that EED protein was significantly up-regulated with the increase of the day of pregnancy during the early embryogenesis in mouse. BMI-1 protein level was significantly increased from the day 10 of pregnancy, when compared with the day 9 of pregnancy. But the SUZ12, EZH2 and RING1B protein level did not change significantly. From the results of Immunohistochemistry, we found that the four PcG proteins were all expressed in the fetal brain and fetal spinal cord in mouse. In human, the expression of EED, SUZ12, and EZH2 was not significantly different in cerebral cortex and sacral spinal cord, but BMI-1 and RING1B expression was enhanced with the development of embryos in early pregnancy. Collectively, our findings showed that PRC1 and PRC2 were spatiotemporally expressed in brain and spinal cord of early embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing, China; Graduate Schools, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
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28
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Chandrasekar R. Alcohol and NMDA receptor: current research and future direction. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:14. [PMID: 23754976 PMCID: PMC3664776 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is one of the major targets of alcohol actions. Most of the excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system is mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. However, one of the most devastating effects of alcohol leads to brain shrinkage, loss of nerve cells at specific regions through a mechanism involving excitotoxicity, oxidative stress. Earlier studies have indicated that chronic exposure to ethanol both in vivo and in vitro, increases NR1 and NR2B gene expression and their polypeptide levels. The effect of alcohol and molecular changes on the regulatory process, which modulates NMDAR functions including factors altering transcription, translation, post-translational modifications, and protein expression, as well as those influencing their interactions with different regulatory proteins (downstream effectors) are incessantly increasing at the cellular level. Further, I discuss the various genetically altered mice approaches that have been used to study NMDA receptor subunits and their functional implication. In a recent countable review, epigenetic dimension (i.e., histone modification-induced chromatin remodeling and DNA methylation, in the process of alcohol related neuroadaptation) is one of the key molecular mechanisms in alcohol mediated NMDAR alteration. Here, I provide a recount on what has already been achieved, current trends and how the future research/studies of the NMDA receptor might lead to even greater engagement with many possible new insights into the neurobiology and treatment of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Chandrasekar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Core Facility, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS, USA
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29
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Jarome TJ, Helmstetter FJ. The ubiquitin-proteasome system as a critical regulator of synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 105:107-16. [PMID: 23623827 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have supported the idea that de novo protein synthesis is critical for synaptic plasticity and normal long-term memory formation. This requirement for protein synthesis has been shown for several different types of fear memories, exists in multiple brain regions and circuits, and is necessary for different stages of memory creation and storage. However, evidence has recently begun to accumulate suggesting that protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system is an equally important regulator of memory formation. Here we review those recent findings on protein degradation and memory formation and stability and propose a model explaining how protein degradation may be contributing to various aspects of memory and synaptic plasticity. We conclude that protein degradation may be the major factor regulating many of the molecular processes that we know are important for fear memory formation and stability in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Jarome
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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30
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De Cegli R, Iacobacci S, Flore G, Gambardella G, Mao L, Cutillo L, Lauria M, Klose J, Illingworth E, Banfi S, di Bernardo D. Reverse engineering a mouse embryonic stem cell-specific transcriptional network reveals a new modulator of neuronal differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2012. [PMID: 23180766 PMCID: PMC3553984 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiles can be used to infer previously unknown transcriptional regulatory interaction among thousands of genes, via systems biology ‘reverse engineering’ approaches. We ‘reverse engineered’ an embryonic stem (ES)-specific transcriptional network from 171 gene expression profiles, measured in ES cells, to identify master regulators of gene expression (‘hubs’). We discovered that E130012A19Rik (E13), highly expressed in mouse ES cells as compared with differentiated cells, was a central ‘hub’ of the network. We demonstrated that E13 is a protein-coding gene implicated in regulating the commitment towards the different neuronal subtypes and glia cells. The overexpression and knock-down of E13 in ES cell lines, undergoing differentiation into neurons and glia cells, caused a strong up-regulation of the glutamatergic neurons marker Vglut2 and a strong down-regulation of the GABAergic neurons marker GAD65 and of the radial glia marker Blbp. We confirmed E13 expression in the cerebral cortex of adult mice and during development. By immuno-based affinity purification, we characterized protein partners of E13, involved in the Polycomb complex. Our results suggest a role of E13 in regulating the division between glutamatergic projection neurons and GABAergic interneurons and glia cells possibly by epigenetic-mediated transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella De Cegli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via P. Castellino 111, Napoli 80131, Italy
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Study design considerations in epigenetic studies of neuropsychiatric disease. Epigenomics 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511777271.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Abstract
Although the term 'epigenetics' was coined nearly seventy years ago, its critical function in memory processing by the adult CNS has only recently been appreciated. The hypothesis that epigenetic mechanisms regulate memory and behavior was motivated by the need for stable molecular processes that evade turnover of the neuronal proteome. In this article, we discuss evidence that supports a role for neural epigenetic modifications in the formation, consolidation and storage of memory. In addition, we will review the evidence that epigenetic mechanisms regulate synaptic plasticity, a cellular correlate of memory. We will also examine how the concerted action of multiple epigenetic mechanisms with varying spatiotemporal profiles influence selective gene expression in response to behavioral experience. Finally, we will suggest key areas for future research that will help elucidate the complex, vital and still mysterious, role of epigenetic mechanisms in neural function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz A Sultan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Evelyn F McKnight Brain Institute, 1007 Shelby Building, 1825 University Boulevard Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
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Abstract
DNA methylation and chromatin modifications regulate gene expression and contribute to changes in brain transcriptomes underlying neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Clinical genetics and preclinical animal models highlight the crucial importance of the correct establishment of epigenetic marks during sensitive windows of development for normal brain function. On the same side of the coin, some of the concerned factors also appear engaged in the programming of experience-dependent long-term effects on mental health following exposure to relevant early-life events. Delineating the particular role of genetic variations in these players could provide new insights into the molecular basis of vulnerability and resilience and advance tailored therapies.
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Xu P, Denbow CJ, Meiri N, Denbow DM. Fasting of 3-day-old chicks leads to changes in histone H3 methylation status. Physiol Behav 2012; 105:276-82. [PMID: 21824486 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Unfavorable nutritional conditions during early developmental periods may cause neuronal network remodeling in the hypothalamus, which influences subsequent adaptability to those same stressful conditions. Alterations in hypothalamic plasticity as a result of neuronal remodeling are achieved by variations in the repertoire of proteins expressed via gene transcriptional activation or repression, both of which are modulated by histone methylation status. This study demonstrates that fasting had a stimulatory effect on dimethylation and trimethylation of histone 3 at lysine 27 (H3K27) in preoptic/anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH) of 3-day-old chicks. The expression of enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2), a H3K27-specific histone methyltransferase (HMT), was significantly increased by fasting in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and PO/AH, which is consistent with the upregulation of H3K27 dimethylation and trimethylation. Furthermore, in the PVN, corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA expression was significantly inhibited, while mRNA expressions of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and type 2 deiodinase (D2) were significantly stimulated by fasting. These findings highlight the potential role of H3K27 methylation status in early feed stress responses in chicks and may be indicative of an epigenetic mechanism for later adaptation to feed intake stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingwen Xu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
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O’Hagan HM, Wang W, Sen S, Shields CD, Lee SS, Zhang YW, Clements EG, Cai Y, Van Neste L, Easwaran H, Casero RA, Sears CL, Baylin SB. Oxidative damage targets complexes containing DNA methyltransferases, SIRT1, and polycomb members to promoter CpG Islands. Cancer Cell 2011; 20:606-19. [PMID: 22094255 PMCID: PMC3220885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells simultaneously harbor global losses and gains in DNA methylation. We demonstrate that inducing cellular oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide treatment recruits DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) to damaged chromatin. DNMT1 becomes part of a complex(es) containing DNMT3B and members of the polycomb repressive complex 4. Hydrogen peroxide treatment causes relocalization of these proteins from non-GC-rich to GC-rich areas. Key components are similarly enriched at gene promoters in an in vivo colitis model. Although high-expression genes enriched for members of the complex have histone mark and nascent transcription changes, CpG island-containing low-expression genes gain promoter DNA methylation. Thus, oxidative damage induces formation and relocalization of a silencing complex that may explain cancer-specific aberrant DNA methylation and transcriptional silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. O’Hagan
- Department of Oncology and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Oncology and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
- Program in Human Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | - Subhojit Sen
- Department of Oncology and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | - Christina DeStefano Shields
- Program in Molecular & Translational Toxicology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | - Stella S. Lee
- Program in Human Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | - Yang W. Zhang
- Department of Oncology and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | - Eriko G. Clements
- Department of Oncology and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | - Yi Cai
- Department of Oncology and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | | | - Hariharan Easwaran
- Department of Oncology and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | - Robert A. Casero
- Department of Oncology and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
- Program in Molecular & Translational Toxicology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | - Cynthia L. Sears
- Department of Oncology and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | - Stephen B. Baylin
- Department of Oncology and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
- Program in Human Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
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Gräff J, Kim D, Dobbin MM, Tsai LH. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression in physiological and pathological brain processes. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:603-49. [PMID: 21527733 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, it has become increasingly obvious that epigenetic mechanisms are an integral part of a multitude of brain functions that range from the development of the nervous system over basic neuronal functions to higher order cognitive processes. At the same time, a substantial body of evidence has surfaced indicating that several neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders are in part caused by aberrant epigenetic modifications. Because of their inherent plasticity, such pathological epigenetic modifications are readily amenable to pharmacological interventions and have thus raised justified hopes that the epigenetic machinery provides a powerful new platform for therapeutic approaches against these diseases. In this review, we give a detailed overview of the implication of epigenetic mechanisms in both physiological and pathological brain processes and summarize the state-of-the-art of "epigenetic medicine" where applicable. Despite, or because of, these new and exciting findings, it is becoming apparent that the epigenetic machinery in the brain is highly complex and intertwined, which underscores the need for more refined studies to disentangle brain-region and cell-type specific epigenetic codes in a given environmental condition. Clearly, the brain contains an epigenetic "hotspot" with a unique potential to not only better understand its most complex functions, but also to treat its most vicious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gräff
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Peter CJ, Akbarian S. Balancing histone methylation activities in psychiatric disorders. Trends Mol Med 2011; 17:372-9. [PMID: 21429800 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in histone lysine methylation and other epigenetic regulators of gene expression contribute to changes in brain transcriptomes in mood and psychosis spectrum disorders, including depression and schizophrenia. Genetic association studies and animal models implicate multiple lysine methyltransferases and demethylases in the neurobiology of emotion and cognition. Here, we review the role of histone lysine methylation and transcriptional regulation in normal and diseased neurodevelopment and discuss various methyltransferases and demethylases as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Jayakumar Peter
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
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Iwase S, Shi Y. Histone and DNA modifications in mental retardation. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2011; 67:147-73. [PMID: 21141729 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8989-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mental retardation (MR), which affects 1-3% of the total population, refers to a pathological condition whereby the affected individuals suffer from cognitive impairment, which is diagnosed by a low intelligence quotient (IQ) (< 70). Over the years, human genetic studies identified a plethora of candidate genes causing MR, but mechanisms by which these candidates regulate cognitive function remain poorly understood. While the functions of MR genes range from cell signaling and gene expression to synaptic plasticity, there is growing evidence supporting a critical role for epigenetic and chromatin regulatory proteins in MR. Excitingly, recent molecular and genetic studies suggest the possibility of improving cognitive functions via modulation of epigenetic regulators, highlighting a potentially new avenue for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we discuss recent studies on epigenetic regulation in MR and explore the concept of epigenetic therapy for MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Iwase
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Marinova Z, Leng Y, Leeds P, Chuang DM. Histone deacetylase inhibition alters histone methylation associated with heat shock protein 70 promoter modifications in astrocytes and neurons. Neuropharmacology 2010; 60:1109-15. [PMID: 20888352 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The mood-stabilizing and anticonvulsant drug valproic acid (VPA) inhibits histone deacetylases (HDACs). The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of HDAC inhibition on overall and target gene promoter-associated histone methylation in rat cortical neurons and astrocytes. We found that VPA and other HDAC inhibitors, including sodium butyrate (SB), trichostatin A (TSA), and the Class I HDAC inhibitors MS-275 and apicidin all increased levels of histone 3 lysine 4 dimethylation and trimethylation (H3K4Me2 and H3K4Me3); these processes are linked to transcriptional activation in rat cortical neurons and astrocytes. VPA, SB, TSA, MS-275, and apicidin also upregulated levels of the neuroprotective heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in rat astrocytes. Moreover, Class I HDAC inhibition by VPA and MS-275 increased H3K4Me2 levels at the HSP70 promoter in astrocytes and neurons. We also found that VPA treatment facilitated the recruitment of acetyltransferase p300 to the HSP70 promoter and that p300 interacted with the transcription factor NF-Y in astrocytes. Taken together, the results suggest that Class I HDAC inhibition is key to upregulating overall and gene-specific H3K4 methylation in primary neuronal and astrocyte cultures. In addition, VPA-induced activation of the HSP70 promoter in astrocytes appears to involve an increase in H3K4Me2 levels and recruitment of p300. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Trends in neuropharmacology: in memory of Erminio Costa'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Marinova
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
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Lagali PS, Corcoran CP, Picketts DJ. Hippocampus development and function: role of epigenetic factors and implications for cognitive disease. Clin Genet 2010; 78:321-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nagel S, Venturini L, Marquez VE, Meyer C, Kaufmann M, Scherr M, MacLeod RA, Drexler HG. Polycomb repressor complex 2 regulates HOXA9 and HOXA10, activating ID2 in NK/T-cell lines. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:151. [PMID: 20565746 PMCID: PMC2894765 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NK- and T-cells are closely related lymphocytes, originating from the same early progenitor cells during hematopoiesis. In these differentiation processes deregulation of developmental genes may contribute to leukemogenesis. Here, we compared expression profiles of NK- and T-cell lines for identification of aberrantly expressed genes in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) which physiologically regulate the differentiation program of the NK-cell lineage. RESULTS This analysis showed high expression levels of HOXA9, HOXA10 and ID2 in NK-cell lines in addition to T-cell line LOUCY, suggesting leukemic deregulation therein. Overexpression experiments, chromatin immuno-precipitation and promoter analysis demonstrated that HOXA9 and HOXA10 directly activated expression of ID2. Concomitantly elevated expression levels of HOXA9 and HOXA10 together with ID2 in cell lines containing MLL translocations confirmed this form of regulation in both ALL and acute myeloid leukemia. Overexpression of HOXA9, HOXA10 or ID2 resulted in repressed expression of apoptosis factor BIM. Furthermore, profiling data of genes coding for chromatin regulators of homeobox genes, including components of polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2), indicated lacking expression of EZH2 in LOUCY and exclusive expression of HOP in NK-cell lines. Subsequent treatment of T-cell lines JURKAT and LOUCY with DZNep, an inhibitor of EZH2/PRC2, resulted in elevated and unchanged HOXA9/10 expression levels, respectively. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of EZH2 in JURKAT enhanced HOXA10 expression, confirming HOXA10-repression by EZH2. Additionally, profiling data and overexpression analysis indicated that reduced expression of E2F cofactor TFDP1 contributed to the lack of EZH2 in LOUCY. Forced expression of HOP in JURKAT cells resulted in reduced HOXA10 and ID2 expression levels, suggesting enhancement of PRC2 repression. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that major differentiation factors of the NK-cell lineage, including HOXA9, HOXA10 and ID2, were (de)regulated via PRC2 which therefore contributes to T-cell leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nagel
- Dept. of Human and Animal Cell Lines, DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Developmental regulation and individual differences of neuronal H3K4me3 epigenomes in the prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8824-9. [PMID: 20421462 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1001702107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the regulation of neuronal and other cell-type specific epigenomes from the brain. Here, we map the genome-wide distribution of trimethylated histone H3K4 (H3K4me3), a mark associated with transcriptional regulation, in neuronal and nonneuronal nuclei collected from prefrontal cortex (PFC) of 11 individuals ranging in age from 0.5 to 69 years. Massively parallel sequencing identified 12,732-19,704 H3K4me3 enriched regions (peaks), the majority located proximal to (within 2 kb of) the transcription start site (TSS) of annotated genes. These included peaks shared by neurons in comparison with three control (lymphocyte) cell types, as well as peaks specific to individual subjects. We identified 6,213 genes that show highly enriched H3K4me3 in neurons versus control. At least 1,370 loci, including annotated genes and novel transcripts, were selectively tagged with H3K4me3 in neuronal but not in nonneuronal PFC chromatin. Our results reveal age-correlated neuronal epigenome reorganization, including decreased H3K4me3 at approximately 600 genes (many function in developmental processes) during the first year after birth. In comparison, the epigenome of aging (>60 years) PFC neurons showed less extensive changes, including increased H3K4me3 at 100 genes. These findings demonstrate that H3K4me3 in human PFC is highly regulated in a cell type- and subject-specific manner and highlight the importance of early childhood for developmentally regulated chromatin remodeling in prefrontal neurons.
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Abstract
Psychiatric diseases place a tremendous burden on affected individuals, their caregivers, and the health care system. Although evidence exists for a strong inherited component to many of these conditions, dedicated efforts to identify DNA sequence-based causes have not been exceptionally productive, and very few pharmacologic treatment options are clinically available. Many features of psychiatric diseases are consistent with an epigenetic dysregulation, such as discordance of monozygotic twins, late age of onset, parent-of-origin and sex effects, and fluctuating disease course. In recent years, experimental technologies have significantly advanced, permitting indepth studies of the epigenome and its role in maintenance of normal genomic functions, as well as disease etiopathogenesis. Here, we present an epigenetic explanation for many characteristics of psychiatric disease, review the current literature on the epigenetic mechanisms involved in major psychosis, Alzheimer's disease, and autism spectrum disorders, and describe some future directions in the field of psychiatric epigenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Ptak
- The Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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44
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Abstract
It has been established that regulation of chromatin structure through post-translational modification of histone proteins, primarily histone H3 phosphorylation and acetylation, is an important early step in the induction of synaptic plasticity and formation of long-term memory. In this study, we investigated the contribution of another histone modification, histone methylation, to memory formation in the adult hippocampus. We found that trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4), an active mark for transcription, is upregulated in hippocampus 1 h following contextual fear conditioning. In addition, we found that dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9), a molecular mark associated with transcriptional silencing, is increased 1 h after fear conditioning and decreased 24 h after context exposure alone and contextual fear conditioning. Trimethylated H3K4 levels returned to baseline levels at 24 h. We also found that mice deficient in the H3K4-specific histone methyltransferase, Mll, displayed deficits in contextual fear conditioning relative to wild-type animals. This suggests that histone methylation is required for proper long-term consolidation of contextual fear memories. Interestingly, inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) with sodium butyrate (NaB) resulted in increased H3K4 trimethylation and decreased H3K9 dimethylation in hippocampus following contextual fear conditioning. Correspondingly, we found that fear learning triggered increases in H3K4 trimethylation at specific gene promoter regions (Zif268 and bdnf) with altered DNA methylation and MeCP2 DNA binding. Zif268 DNA methylation levels returned to baseline at 24 h. Together, these data demonstrate that histone methylation is actively regulated in the hippocampus and facilitates long-term memory formation.
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Kisliouk T, Ziv M, Meiri N. Epigenetic control of translation regulation: alterations in histone H3 lysine 9 post-translation modifications are correlated with the expression of the translation initiation factor 2B (Eif2b5) during thermal control establishment. Dev Neurobiol 2010; 70:100-13. [PMID: 19950192 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Thermal control set point is regulated by thermosensitive neurons of the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH) and completes its development during postnatal critical sensory period. External stimuli, like increase in environmental temperature, influence the neuronal protein repertoire and, ultimately, cell properties via activation or silencing of gene transcription, both of which are regulated by the "histone code.''" Here, we demonstrated an increase in global histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) acetylation as well as H3K9 dimethylation in chick PO/AH during heat conditioning at the critical period of sensory development. In contrast to the global profile of H3K9 modifications, acetylation and dimethylation patterns of H3K9 at the promoter of the catalytic subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (Eif2b5) were opposite to each other. During heat conditioning, there was an increase in H3K9 acetylation at the Eif2b5 promoter, simultaneously with decrease in H3K9 dimethylation. These alterations coincided with Eif2b5 mRNA induction. Moreover, exposure to excessive heat during the critical period resulted in long-term effect on both H3K9 tagging at the Eif2b5 promoter and Eif2b5 mRNA expression. These data suggest a role for dynamic H3K9 post-translational modifications in global translation regulation during the thermal control establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kisliouk
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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Kashyap V, Rezende NC, Scotland KB, Shaffer SM, Persson JL, Gudas LJ, Mongan NP. Regulation of stem cell pluripotency and differentiation involves a mutual regulatory circuit of the NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2 pluripotency transcription factors with polycomb repressive complexes and stem cell microRNAs. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:1093-108. [PMID: 19480567 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated transcription factor networks have emerged as the master regulatory mechanisms of stem cell pluripotency and differentiation. Many stem cell-specific transcription factors, including the pluripotency transcription factors, OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2 function in combinatorial complexes to regulate the expression of loci, which are involved in embryonic stem (ES) cell pluripotency and cellular differentiation. This review will address how these pathways form a reciprocal regulatory circuit whereby the equilibrium between stem cell self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation is in perpetual balance. We will discuss how distinct epigenetic repressive pathways involving polycomb complexes, DNA methylation, and microRNAs cooperate to reduce transcriptional noise and to prevent stochastic and aberrant induction of differentiation. We will provide a brief overview of how these networks cooperate to modulate differentiation along hematopoietic and neuronal lineages. Finally, we will describe how aberrant functioning of components of the stem cell regulatory network may contribute to malignant transformation of adult stem cells and the establishment of a "cancer stem cell" phenotype and thereby underlie multiple types of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasundhra Kashyap
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Programs in Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Kisliouk T, Meiri N. A critical role for dynamic changes in histone H3 methylation at the Bdnf promoter during postnatal thermotolerance acquisition. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:1909-22. [PMID: 19840109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As with other sensory mechanisms, determination of the thermal-control set point is refined during a critical period of development by alterations in cellular properties in the frontal hypothalamus. These alterations in hypothalamic plasticity are achieved by renewal of the protein repertoire via activation or silencing of gene transcription, both of which are regulated by histone modifications. This study demonstrates induction of global histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) dimethylation, with no changes in its trimethylation levels, in the frontal hypothalamus, as well as at the promoter of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene during thermal-control establishment. Furthermore, antisense 'knockdown' of the H3K27-specific methyltransferase, enhancer of zeste 2, which was induced in correlation with the dimethylation of H3K27, inhibited Bdnf mRNA expression and disrupted the establishment of thermoregulation. This phenotypic effect was partially rescued by intracranial injection of BDNF. The presented findings highlight the specific epigenetic role of chromatin modifications in thermal-control establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kisliouk
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Iacovelli J, Mlodnicka AE, Veldman P, Ying GS, Dunaief JL, Schumacher A. Brain and retinal ferroportin 1 dysregulation in polycythaemia mice. Brain Res 2009; 1289:85-95. [PMID: 19596281 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of iron homeostasis within the central nervous system (CNS) can lead to profound abnormalities during both development and aging in mammals. The radiation-induced polycythaemia (Pcm) mutation, a 58-bp microdeletion in the promoter region of ferroportin 1 (Fpn1), disrupts transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of this pivotal iron transporter. This regulatory mutation induces dynamic alterations in peripheral iron homeostasis such that newborn homozygous Pcm mice exhibit iron deficiency anemia with increased duodenal Fpn1 expression while adult homozygotes display decreased Fpn1 expression and anemia despite organismal iron overload. Herein we report the impact of the Pcm microdeletion on iron homeostasis in two compartments of the central nervous system: brain and retina. At birth, Pcm homozygotes show a marked decrease in brain iron content and reduced levels of Fpn1 expression. Upregulation of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) in brain microvasculature appears to mediate the compensatory iron uptake during postnatal development and iron content in Pcm brain is restored to wild-type levels by 7 weeks of age. Similarly, changes in expression are transient and expression of Fpn1 and TfR1 is indistinguishable between Pcm homozygotes and wild-type by 12 weeks of age. Strikingly, the adult Pcm brain is effectively protected from the peripheral iron overload and maintains normal iron content. In contrast to Fpn1 downregulation in perinatal brain, the retina of Pcm homozygotes reveals increased levels of Fpn1 expression. While retinal morphology appears normal at birth and during early postnatal development, adult Pcm mice demonstrate a marked, age-dependent loss of photoreceptors. This phenotype demonstrates the importance of iron homeostasis in retinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Iacovelli
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Labs, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Sweatt JD. Experience-dependent epigenetic modifications in the central nervous system. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65:191-7. [PMID: 19006788 PMCID: PMC3090137 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review describes recent discoveries demonstrating that experience can drive the production of epigenetic marks in the adult nervous system and that the experience-dependent regulation of epigenetic molecular mechanisms in the mature central nervous system participates in the control of gene transcription underlying the formation of long-term memories. In the mammalian experimental systems investigated thus far, epigenetic mechanisms have been linked to associative fear conditioning, extinction of learned fear, and hippocampus-dependent spatial memory formation. Intriguingly, in one experimental system epigenetic marks at the level of chromatin structure (histone acetylation) have been linked to the recovery of memories that had seemed to be "lost" (i.e., not available for recollection). Environmental enrichment has long been known to have positive effects on memory capacity, and recent studies have suggested that these effects are at least partly due to the recruitment of epigenetic mechanisms by environmental enrichment. Finally, an uncoupling of signal transduction pathways from the regulation of epigenetic mechanisms in the nucleus has been implicated in the closure of developmental critical periods. Taken together, these eclectic findings suggest a new perspective on experience-dependent dynamic regulation of epigenetic mechanisms in the adult nervous system and their relevance to biological psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. David Sweatt
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Akbarian S, Huang HS. Epigenetic regulation in human brain-focus on histone lysine methylation. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65:198-203. [PMID: 18814864 PMCID: PMC2637452 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in RNA levels are frequently reported in brain of subjects diagnosed with autism, schizophrenia, depression, and other psychiatric diseases, but it remains unclear whether the underlying molecular pathology involves changes in gene expression, as opposed to alterations in messenger RNA processing. Pre-clinical studies have revealed that stress, drugs, and a variety of other environmental factors lead to changes in RNA levels in brain via epigenetic mechanisms, including modification of histone proteins. A number of site-specific modifications of the nucleosome core histones-including the trimethylated forms of histone H3 lysines K4, K9, and K27-are of particular interest for postmortem research, because these marks differentiate between active and inactive chromatin and seem to remain relatively stable during tissue autolysis. Therefore, histone methylation profiling at promoter regions could provide important clues about mechanisms of gene expression in human brain during development and in disease. Intriguingly, mutations within the genes encoding the H3K9-specific methyltransferase, EHMT1, and the H3K4-specific histone demethylase, JARID1C/SMCX, have been linked to mental retardation and autism, respectively. In addition, the H3K4-specific methyltransferase, MLL1, is essential for hippocampal synaptic plasticity and might be involved in cortical dysfunction of some cases of schizophrenia. Together, these findings emphasize the potential significance of histone lysine methylation for orderly brain development and also as a molecular toolbox to study chromatin function in postmortem tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusettsm USA.
| | - Hsien-Sung Huang
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester MA 01604,Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester MA 01604
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