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Huang G, Jian J, Liu CJ. Progranulinopathy: A diverse realm of disorders linked to progranulin imbalances. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:142-159. [PMID: 37981505 PMCID: PMC10978308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), encoded by the GRN gene in humans, was originally isolated as a secreted growth factor that implicates in a multitude of processes ranging from regulation of tumorigenesis, inflammation to neural proliferation. Compelling evidence indicating that GRN mutation can lead to various common neuronal degenerative diseases and rare lysosomal storage diseases. These findings have unveiled a critical role for PGRN as a lysosomal protein in maintaining lysosomal function. The phenotypic spectrum of PGRN imbalance has expanded to encompass a broad spectrum of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, metabolic, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases. These diseases collectively referred to as Progranulinopathy- a term encompasses the wide spectrum of disorders influenced by PGRN imbalance. Unlike its known extracellular function as a growth factor-like molecule associated with multiple membrane receptors, PGRN also serves as an intracellular co-chaperone engaged in the folding and traffic of its associated proteins, particularly the lysosomal hydrolases. This chaperone activity is required for PGRN to exert its diverse functions across a broad range of diseases, encompassing both the central nervous system and peripheral systems. In this comprehensive review, we present an update of the emerging role of PGRN in Progranulinopathy, with special focus on elucidating the intricate interplay between PGRN and a diverse array of proteins at various levels, ranging from extracellular fluids and intracellular components, as well as various pathophysiological processes involved. This review seeks to offer a comprehensive grasp of PGRN's diverse functions, aiming to unveil intricate mechanisms behind Progranulinopathy and open doors for future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwu Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Gao J, Pei H, Lv F, Niu X, You Y, He L, Hu S, Shah KM, Liu M, Chen Y, Du B, Xiong H, Luo J. JD-312 - A novel small molecule that facilitates cartilage repair and alleviates osteoarthritis progression. J Orthop Translat 2024; 44:60-71. [PMID: 38269355 PMCID: PMC10805627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to enhance cartilage repair and regeneration is a promising strategy to alleviate osteoarthritis (OA) progression. Method The potency of JD-312 in inducing chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs was assessed and verified. The efficacy of JD-312-treated MSCs was evaluated using a Sprague-Dawley rat DMM model. Additionally, the capacity of JD-312 to successfully recruit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) for the treatment of OA in vitro was confirmed via intra-articular injection. The repair status of the articular cartilage was analyzed in vivo through histological examination. Result In this study, we identify JD-312 as a novel non-toxic small molecule that can promote chondrogenic differentiation in human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (hUCMSCs) and human bone marrow MSCS (hBMSCs) in vitro. We also show that transient differentiation of MSCs with JD-312 prior to in vivo administration remarkably improves the regeneration of cartilage and promotes Col2a1 and Acan expression in rat models of DMM, in comparison to kartogenin (KGN) pre-treatment or MSCs alone. Furthermore, direct intra-articular injection of JD-312 in murine model of OA showed reduced loss of articular cartilage and improved pain parameters. Lastly, we identified that the effects of JD-312 are at least in part mediated via upregulation of genes associated with the focal adhesion, PI3K-Akt signaling and the ECM-receptor interaction pathways, and specifically cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) may play a vital role. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that JD-312 showed encouraging repair effects for OA in vivo. The translational potential of this article Together, our findings demonstrate that JD-312 is a promising new therapeutic molecule for cartilage regeneration with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingduo Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Haixiang Pei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Fang Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xin Niu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yu You
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liang He
- Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shijia Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Karan M. Shah
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bing Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hai Xiong
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jian Luo
- Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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Hecht JT, Veerisetty AC, Patra D, Hossain MG, Chiu F, Mobed C, Gannon FH, Posey KL. Early Resveratrol Treatment Mitigates Joint Degeneration and Dampens Pain in a Mouse Model of Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH). Biomolecules 2023; 13:1553. [PMID: 37892235 PMCID: PMC10605626 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH), a severe dwarfing condition associated with early-onset joint degeneration and lifelong joint pain, is caused by mutations in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). The mechanisms underlying the mutant-COMP pathology have been defined using the MT-COMP mouse model of PSACH that has the common D469del mutation. Mutant-COMP protein does not fold properly, and it is retained in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) of chondrocytes rather than being exported to the extracellular matrix (ECM), driving ER stress that stimulates oxidative stress and inflammation, driving a self-perpetuating cycle. CHOP (ER stress signaling protein) and TNFα inflammation drive high levels of mTORC1 signaling, shutting down autophagy and blocking ER clearance, resulting in premature loss of chondrocytes that negatively impacts linear growth and causes early joint degeneration in MT-COMP mice and PSACH. Previously, we have shown that resveratrol treatment from birth to 20 weeks prevents joint degeneration and decreases the pathological processes in articular chondrocytes. Resveratrol's therapeutic mechanism of action in the mutant-COMP pathology was shown to act by primarily stimulating autophagy and reducing inflammation. Importantly, we demonstrated that MT-COMP mice experience pain consistent with PSACH joint pain. Here, we show, in the MT-COMP mouse, that resveratrol treatment must begin within 4 weeks to preserve joint health and reduce pain. Resveratrol treatment started at 6 or 8 weeks (to 20 weeks) was not effective in preventing joint degeneration. Collectively, our findings in MT-COMP mice show that there is a postnatal resveratrol treatment window wherein the inevitable mutant-COMP joint degeneration and pain can be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T. Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.T.H.); (A.C.V.); (M.G.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Alka C. Veerisetty
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.T.H.); (A.C.V.); (M.G.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Debabrata Patra
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Mohammad G. Hossain
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.T.H.); (A.C.V.); (M.G.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Frankie Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.T.H.); (A.C.V.); (M.G.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Claire Mobed
- Department of Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA;
| | - Francis H. Gannon
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Karen L. Posey
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.T.H.); (A.C.V.); (M.G.H.); (F.C.)
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Ventura E, Ducci G, Benot Dominguez R, Ruggiero V, Belfiore A, Sacco E, Vanoni M, Iozzo RV, Giordano A, Morrione A. Progranulin Oncogenic Network in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061706. [PMID: 36980592 PMCID: PMC10046331 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is a pleiotropic growth factor with important physiological roles in embryogenesis and maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. While-progranulin deficiency is associated with a broad range of pathological conditions affecting the brain, such as frontotemporal dementia and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, progranulin upregulation characterizes many tumors, including brain tumors, multiple myeloma, leiomyosarcoma, mesothelioma and epithelial cancers such as ovarian, liver, breast, bladder, adrenal, prostate and kidney carcinomas. The increase of progranulin levels in tumors might have diagnostic and prognostic significance. In cancer, progranulin has a pro-tumorigenic role by promoting cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, anchorage-independent growth and resistance to chemotherapy. In addition, progranulin regulates the tumor microenvironment, affects the function of cancer-associated fibroblasts, and modulates tumor immune surveillance. However, the molecular mechanisms of progranulin oncogenic function are not fully elucidated. In bladder cancer, progranulin action relies on the activation of its functional signaling receptor EphA2. Notably, more recent data suggest that progranulin can also modulate a functional crosstalk between multiple receptor-tyrosine kinases, demonstrating a more complex and context-dependent role of progranulin in cancer. Here, we will review what is currently known about the function of progranulin in tumors, with a focus on its molecular mechanisms of action and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ventura
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (A.M.); Tel.: +1-215-204-2450 (A.M.)
| | - Giacomo Ducci
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
- SYSBIO (Centre of Systems Biology), ISBE (Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe), 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Reyes Benot Dominguez
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Valentina Ruggiero
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Master Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Elena Sacco
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
- SYSBIO (Centre of Systems Biology), ISBE (Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe), 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Vanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
- SYSBIO (Centre of Systems Biology), ISBE (Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe), 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (A.M.); Tel.: +1-215-204-2450 (A.M.)
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Hecht JT, Chiu F, Veerisetty A, Hossain M, Posey KL. Matrix in Medicine: Health Consequences of Mutant Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein and its relationship to abnormal growth and to joint degeneration. Matrix Biol 2023; 119:101-111. [PMID: 37001593 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), an extracellular matrix protein, has been shown to enhance proliferation and mechanical integrity in the matrix, supporting functions of the growth plate and articular cartilage. Mutations in COMP cause pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH), a severe dwarfing condition associated with premature joint degeneration and significant lifelong joint pain. The MT (mutant)-COMP mouse mimics PSACH with decreased limb growth, early joint degeneration and pain. Ablation of endoplasmic reticulum stress CHOP signaling eliminated pain and prevented joint degeneration. The health effects of mutant COMP are discussed in relation to cellular/chondrocyte stress in the growth plate, articular cartilage and nearby tissues, and the implications for therapeutic approaches. There are many similarities between osteoarthritis and mutant-COMP protein-induced joint degeneration, suggesting that the relevance of findings in the joints may extend beyond PSACH to idiopathic primary OA.
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Hecht JT, Veerisetty AC, Hossain MG, Chiu F, Posey KL. CurQ+, a Next-Generation Formulation of Curcumin, Ameliorates Growth Plate Chondrocyte Stress and Increases Limb Growth in a Mouse Model of Pseudoachondroplasia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043845. [PMID: 36835255 PMCID: PMC9959842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) causes protein misfolding and accumulation in chondrocytes that compromises skeletal growth and joint health in pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH), a severe dwarfing condition. Using the MT-COMP mice, a murine model of PSACH, we showed that pathological autophagy blockage was key to the intracellular accumulation of mutant-COMP. Autophagy is blocked by elevated mTORC1 signaling, preventing ER clearance and ensuring chondrocyte death. We demonstrated that resveratrol reduces the growth plate pathology by relieving the autophagy blockage allowing the ER clearance of mutant-COMP, which partially rescues limb length. To expand potential PSACH treatment options, CurQ+, a uniquely absorbable formulation of curcumin, was tested in MT-COMP mice at doses of 82.3 (1X) and 164.6 mg/kg (2X). CurQ+ treatment of MT-COMP mice from 1 to 4 weeks postnatally decreased mutant COMP intracellular retention, inflammation, restoring both autophagy and chondrocyte proliferation. CurQ+ reduction of cellular stress in growth plate chondrocytes dramatically reduced chondrocyte death, normalized femur length at 2X 164.6 mg/kg and recovered 60% of lost limb growth at 1X 82.3 mg/kg. These results indicate that CurQ+ is a potential therapy for COMPopathy-associated lost limb growth, joint degeneration, and other conditions involving persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, and a block of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T. Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alka C. Veerisetty
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mohammad G. Hossain
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Frankie Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Karen L. Posey
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
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Saeedi-Boroujeni A, Purrahman D, Shojaeian A, Poniatowski ŁA, Rafiee F, Mahmoudian-Sani MR. Progranulin (PGRN) as a regulator of inflammation and a critical factor in the immunopathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:1. [PMID: 36658641 PMCID: PMC9851114 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune dysregulation has been identified as a critical cause of the most common types of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Notably, the innate and adaptive immune responses under physiological conditions are typically regulated with high sensitivity to avoid the exacerbation of inflammation, but any dysregulation can probably be associated with CVDs. In this respect, progranulin (PGRN) serves as one of the main components of the regulation of inflammatory processes, which significantly contributes to the immunopathogenesis of such disorders. PGRN has been introduced among the secreted growth factors as one related to wound healing, inflammation, and human embryonic development, as well as a wide variety of autoimmune diseases. The relationship between the serum PGRN and TNF-α ratio with the spontaneous bacterial peritonitis constitute one of the independent predictors of these conditions. The full-length PGRN can thus effectively reduce the calcification of valve interstitial cells, and the granulin precursor (GRN), among the degradation products of PGRN, can be beneficial. Moreover, it was observed that, PGRN protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Above all, PGRN also provides protection in the initial phase following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The protective impact of PGRN on this may be associated with the early activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. PGRN also acts as a protective factor in hyperhomocysteinemia, probably by down-regulating the wingless-related integration site Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Many studies have further demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has dramatically increased the risks of CVDs due to inflammation, so PGRN has drawn much more attention among scholars. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in the inflammation process, and PGRN is one of the key regulators in their functioning, which contributes to the immunomodulatory mechanism in the pathogenesis of CVDs. Therefore, investigation of PGRN actions can help find new prospects in the treatment of CVDs. This review aims to summarize the role of PGRN in the immunopathogenesis of CVD, with an emphasis on its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saeedi-Boroujeni
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Daryush Purrahman
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- grid.411950.80000 0004 0611 9280Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Łukasz A. Poniatowski
- grid.491786.50000 0001 0211 9062Department of Neurosurgery, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Rafiee
- grid.469309.10000 0004 0612 8427Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran ,grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Clinical Research Development Unit, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Saltarelli MA, Quarta A, Chiarelli F. Growth plate extracellular matrix defects and short stature in children. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2022; 27:247-255. [PMID: 36567461 PMCID: PMC9816467 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2244120.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many etiological factors causing short stature have already been identified in humans. In the last few years, the advent of new techniques for the detection of chromosomal and molecular abnormalities has made it possible to better identify patients with genetic causes of growth failure. Some of these factors directly affect the development and growth of the skeleton, since they damage the epiphyseal growth plate, where linear growth occurs, influencing chondrogenesis. In particular, defects in genes involved in the organization and function of the growth plate are responsible for several well-known conditions with short stature. These genes play a pivotal role in various mechanisms involving the extracellular matrix, intracellular signaling, paracrine signaling, endocrine signaling, and epigenetic regulation. In this review, we will discuss the genes involved in extracellular matrix disorders. The identification of genetic defects in linear growth failure is important for clinicians and researchers in order to improve the care of children affected by growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Quarta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy,Address for correspondence: Francesco Chiarelli Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini, 5 Chieti, I-66100, Italy
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Li Z, Cong X, Kong W. Matricellular proteins: Potential biomarkers and mechanistic factors in aortic aneurysms. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 169:41-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Katyal P, Hettinghouse A, Meleties M, Hasan S, Chen C, Cui M, Sun G, Menon R, Lin B, Regatte R, Montclare JK, Liu CJ. Injectable recombinant block polymer gel for sustained delivery of therapeutic protein in post traumatic osteoarthritis. Biomaterials 2022; 281:121370. [PMID: 35032910 PMCID: PMC9055922 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based biomaterials offer several advantages over synthetic materials, owing to their unique stimuli-responsive properties, biocompatibility and modular nature. Here, we demonstrate that E5C, a recombinant protein block polymer, consisting of five repeats of elastin like polypeptide (E) and a coiled-coil domain of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (C), is capable of forming a porous networked gel at physiological temperature, making it an excellent candidate for injectable biomaterials. Combination of E5C with Atsttrin, a chondroprotective engineered derivative of anti-inflammatory growth factor progranulin, provides a unique biochemical and biomechanical environment to protect against post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) onset and progression. E5C gel was demonstrated to provide prolonged release of Atsttrin and inhibit chondrocyte catabolism while facilitating anabolic signaling in vitro. We also provide in vivo evidence that prophylactic and therapeutic application of Atsttrin-loaded E5C gels protected against PTOA onset and progression in a rabbit anterior cruciate ligament transection model. Collectively, we have developed a unique protein-based gel capable of minimally invasive, sustained delivery of prospective therapeutics, particularly the progranulin-derivative Atsttrin, for therapeutic application in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Katyal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Michael Meleties
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Sadaf Hasan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Changhong Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Min Cui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Guodong Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Rajiv Menon
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Bonnie Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Ravinder Regatte
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Jin Kim Montclare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States; Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York 10003, United States; Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York 10016, United States; Department of Biomaterials, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, United States.
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, United States.
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Lan YJ, Sam NB, Cheng MH, Pan HF, Gao J. Progranulin as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Immune-Mediated Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6543-6556. [PMID: 34898994 PMCID: PMC8655512 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s339254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), a secretory glycoprotein consisting of 593 amino acid residues, is a key actor and regulator of multiple system functions such as innate immune response and inflammation, as well as tissue regeneration. Recently, there is emerging evidence that PGRN is protective in the development of a variety of immune-mediated diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and multiple sclerosis (MS) by regulating signaling pathways known to be critical for immunology, particularly the tumor necrosis factor alpha/TNF receptor (TNF-α/TNFR) signaling pathway. Whereas, the role of PGRN in psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) is controversial. This review summarizes the immunological functions of PGRN and its role in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated diseases, in order to provide new ideas for developing therapeutic strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Jiao Lan
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Napoleon Bellua Sam
- Department of Medical Research and Innovation, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Ming-Han Cheng
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gao
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Joint Degeneration in a Mouse Model of Pseudoachondroplasia: ER Stress, Inflammation, and Block of Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179239. [PMID: 34502142 PMCID: PMC8431545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH), a short limb skeletal dysplasia associated with premature joint degeneration, is caused by misfolding mutations in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). Here, we define mutant-COMP-induced stress mechanisms that occur in articular chondrocytes of MT-COMP mice, a murine model of PSACH. The accumulation of mutant-COMP in the ER occurred early in MT-COMP articular chondrocytes and stimulated inflammation (TNFα) at 4 weeks, and articular chondrocyte death increased at 8 weeks while ER stress through CHOP was elevated by 12 weeks. Importantly, blockage of autophagy (pS6), the major mechanism that clears the ER, sustained cellular stress in MT-COMP articular chondrocytes. Degeneration of MT-COMP articular cartilage was similar to that observed in PSACH and was associated with increased MMPs, a family of degradative enzymes. Moreover, chronic cellular stresses stimulated senescence. Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) may play a role in generating and propagating a pro-degradative environment in the MT-COMP murine joint. The loss of CHOP or resveratrol treatment from birth preserved joint health in MT-COMP mice. Taken together, these results indicate that ER stress/CHOP signaling and autophagy blockage are central to mutant-COMP joint degeneration, and MT-COMP mice joint health can be preserved by decreasing articular chondrocyte stress. Future joint sparing therapeutics for PSACH may include resveratrol.
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COMP: A Potential Early Biomarker of RAS After Lung Transplantation. Transplant Direct 2021; 7:e730. [PMID: 34291152 PMCID: PMC8291357 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rejection, defined as chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), is the major factor limiting long-term survival after lung transplantation (LTx). A specific subgroup of CLAD is restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS). CLAD’s pathogenesis is largely unknown, but previous findings suggest that it is associated with increased fibrosis in the transplanted lung. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) has been associated with multiple fibrotic conditions. The current study aimed to explore the relation between COMP serum levels and development of CLAD, and RAS in particular, in a retrospective cohort of LTx patients.
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Monitoring Atsttrin-Mediated Inhibition of TNFα/NF-κβ Activation Through In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33185877 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1130-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The NF-κβ transcription factor is a molecular mediator crucial to many biological functions and a central regulator of inflammatory and immune responses. NF-κβ is activated by multiple immunologically relevant stimuli, including members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, and targeting TNF/NFκβ activity is a therapeutic objective in many inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Here, we describe the generation of a transgenic reporter mouse model, expressing the human tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) transgene (TNF-tg) and carrying the luciferase gene under control of the NFκB-responsive element (NF-κB-Luc). Bioluminescence imaging shows that overexpression of TNF-α effectively activates NF-κB luciferase in vivo. To evaluate this system as a screen for potential therapeutics targeting the TNF/NFκβ signaling pathway, we treated double mutant mice with PGRN-derived Atsttrin, an engineered molecule comprising the minimal progranulin (PGRN):TNFR binding fragments previously demonstrated as therapeutic in multiple models of TNF/NFκβ-driven disease. Administration of Atsttrin could effectively inhibit luciferase activity in TNF-tg:NF-κB-Luc double mutant mice and demonstrates that this transgenic model can be used to non-invasively monitor the in vivo efficacy of modulators of TNF-activated NF-κB signaling pathway.
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15
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A Novel COMP Mutated Allele Identified in a Chinese Family with Pseudoachondroplasia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6678531. [PMID: 33748277 PMCID: PMC7960025 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6678531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) is an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia with an estimated incidence of ~1/60000 that is characterized by disproportionate short stature, brachydactyly, joint laxity, and early-onset osteoarthritis. COMP encodes the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, which is expressed predominantly in the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding the cells that make up cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. Mutations in COMP are known to give rise to PSACH. In this study, we identified a novel nucleotide mutation (NM_000095.2: c.1317C>G, p.D439E) in COMP responsible for PSACH in a Chinese family by employing whole-exome sequencing (WES) and built the structure model of the mutant protein to clarify its pathogenicity. The novel mutation cosegregated with the affected individuals. Our study expands the spectrum of COMP mutations and further provides additional genetic testing information for other PSACH patients.
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Kaur J, Mukheja S, Varma S, Kalra HS, Khosa BS, Vohra K. Serum progranulin/tumor necrosis factor-α ratio as independent predictor of systolic blood pressure in overweight hypertensive patients: a cross-sectional study. Egypt Heart J 2020; 72:25. [PMID: 32424472 PMCID: PMC7235130 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-020-00063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular inflammation plays a key role in the progression of hypertension. Progranulin (PGRN), an anti-inflammatory growth factor, mediated inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a pleiotropic cytokine, activity has been well-established. Despite the role of chronic low-grade inflammation in hypertension, serum levels of PGRN and PGRN/TNF-α ratio and, their association with systolic and diastolic blood pressure has not been determined in hypertensive patients till now. This study aims to find and correlate the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α), anti-inflammatory growth factor (PGRN), and PGRN/TNF-α ratio with the blood pressure in systolic-diastolic hypertension (SDH) and isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) patients. Results A cross-sectional study was conducted on SDH patients (mean age, 52.95 ± 12.6 years; male/female (M/F) number = 15/10) and ISH patients (mean age, 55.80 ± 9.40 years; M/F number = 12/13) (n = 25 each). Twenty-five age and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy subjects (mean age, 56.00 ± 8.55 years; male/female number = 11/14) were considered as control. All patients and healthy subjects were overweight (BMI, 25–30 kg/m2). Overnight fasting blood samples of subjects were taken and levels of PGRN and TNF-α were measured using ELISA diagnostic kits. PGRN and TNF-α levels were found significantly high, whereas PGRN/TNF ratio was found very low, in SDH and ISH patients as compared to healthy subjects. Reduced PGRN/TNF-α ratio and pulse pressure were found as independent predictors of SBP both in SDH and ISH patients. Conclusions Findings of elevated PGRN levels in response to raised TNF-α levels depict the counter regulation by PGRN to neutralize TNF-α. Findings of reduced PGRN/TNF ratio, and it being an independent predictor of SBP, ascertain the key role of imbalance in pro- and anti-inflammatory environment in hypertension. Thus, it strengthens the cross-link between the concept of immunity–adiposity–inflammation–blood pressure¸ a vicious network. Further, this cross-link of SBP and progranulin must be explored in longitudinal studies. New researches should be focused not only on impact of pro-inflammatory environment rather to find on a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory status, so that new target sites could be explored for therapeutic management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Supriya Mukheja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Sudhir Varma
- Sadbhavna Medical & Heart Institute, Patiala, India
| | | | | | - Kanchan Vohra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.
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Huang G, An L, Fan M, Zhang M, Chen B, Zhu M, Wu J, Liu Y, Wang Y, Huang Q, Shi Q, Weng Y. Potential role of full-length and nonfull-length progranulin in affecting aortic valve calcification. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 141:93-104. [PMID: 32247641 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) which is a major contributor to cardiovascular mortality and lacks non-surgical treatment. The progranulin (PGRN) is an important immunomodulatory factor in a variety of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and pneumonia. However, its role in calcification of aortic valve remains unknown. We firstly found that PGRN was increased in calcified human aortic valve (AV) tissues. Interestingly, in addition to full-length PGRN (68KD), a much stronger band of approximately 45 KD was also significantly increased. The band of 45 KD (45-GRN), was present in wild type (WT) mouse MEFs and AV but absent in grn-/-MEFs, indicating that it was a specific degradation product derived from PGRN. 45-GRN was upregulated whereas PGRN was reduced in human valve interstitial cells (hVICs) under calcifying conditions which is induced by osteogenic medium (OM). In primary porcine VICs (pVICs), PGRN downregulated TNF-α and α-SMA which was accompanied by downregulation of RUNX2, OPN, OCN, alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition, effects pointing to reduced inflammation, myofibroblastic and osteoblastic transition under calcifying conditions. We overexpressed a mimic of 45-GRN which contains p-G-F-B-A-C in pVICs. However, 45-GRN overexpression promoted OM-induced calcification through activating the Smad1/5/8, NF-κB and AKT signaling pathways. Inhibition of the three signaling pathways suppressed 45-GRN's effect on VICs phenotype transition. 45-GRN promoted TNF-α and expressed converse pathogenic signatures with PGRN during TNF-α stimulation. Collectively, this study provides new insight into the pathogenesis of CAVD, indicating that PGRN is a stratagem in mitigating valve fibrosis/osteoblastic differentiation, and also presenting 45-GRN as a potential target for the treatment of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaigai Huang
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Liqin An
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Mengtian Fan
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Menghao Zhang
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bin Chen
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Mengying Zhu
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jinghong Wu
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yan Liu
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yue Wang
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qin Huang
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yaguang Weng
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Profile of Matrix-Remodeling Proteinases in Osteoarthritis: Impact of Fibronectin. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010040. [PMID: 31877874 PMCID: PMC7017325 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex and specialized three-dimensional macromolecular network, present in nearly all tissues, that also interacts with cell surface receptors on joint resident cells. Changes in the composition and physical properties of the ECM lead to the development of many diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). OA is a chronic degenerative rheumatic disease characterized by a progressive loss of synovial joint function as a consequence of the degradation of articular cartilage, also associated with alterations in the synovial membrane and subchondral bone. During OA, ECM-degrading enzymes, including urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs), cleave ECM components, such as fibronectin (Fn), generating fibronectin fragments (Fn-fs) with catabolic properties. In turn, Fn-fs promote activation of these proteinases, establishing a degradative and inflammatory feedback loop. Thus, the aim of this review is to update the contribution of ECM-degrading proteinases to the physiopathology of OA as well as their modulation by Fn-fs.
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19
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Posey KL, Coustry F, Veerisetty AC, Hossain MG, Gambello MJ, Hecht JT. Novel mTORC1 Mechanism Suggests Therapeutic Targets for COMPopathies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:132-146. [PMID: 30553437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a large, multifunctional extracellular protein that, when mutated, is retained in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This retention elicits ER stress, inflammation, and oxidative stress, resulting in dysfunction and death of growth plate chondrocytes. While identifying the cellular pathologic mechanisms underlying the murine mutant (MT)-COMP model of pseudoachondroplasia, increased midline-1 (MID1) expression and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling was found. This novel role for MID1/mTORC1 signaling was investigated since treatments shown to repress the pathology also reduced Mid1/mTORC1. Although ER stress-inducing drugs or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in rat chondrosarcoma cells increased Mid1, oxidative stress did not, establishing that ER stress- or TNFα-driven inflammation alone is sufficient to elevate MID1 expression. Since MID1 ubiquitinates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a negative regulator of mTORC1, PP2A was evaluated in MT-COMP growth plate chondrocytes. PP2A was decreased, indicating de-repression of mTORC1 signaling. Rapamycin treatment in MT-COMP mice reduced mTORC1 signaling and intracellular retention of COMP, and increased proliferation, but did not change inflammatory markers IL-16 and eosinophil peroxidase. Lastly, mRNA from tuberous sclerosis-1/2-null mice brain tissue exhibiting ER stress had increased Mid1 expression, confirming the relationship between ER stress and MID1/mTORC1 signaling. These findings suggest a mechanistic link between ER stress and MID1/mTORC1 signaling that has implications extending to other conditions involving ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Posey
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Francoise Coustry
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alka C Veerisetty
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mohammad G Hossain
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael J Gambello
- Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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20
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Wang L, Roth T, Nakamura MC, Nissenson RA. Female-Specific Role of Progranulin to Suppress Bone Formation. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2024-2037. [PMID: 31237618 PMCID: PMC6691684 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is best known as a glial protein for which deficiency leads to the most common inherited form of frontotemporal dementia. Recently, PGRN has been found to be an adipokine associated with diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Therefore, PGRN may have homeostatic effects on bone because PGRN is reported to promote the differentiation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. We investigated the actions of PGRN on bone using PGRN gene (Grn) knockout (KO) mice and transgenic mice with PGRN mutation and surprisingly found that loss of PGRN prevented the bone loss in female mice induced by aging and estrogen deficiency, whereas it had no effect on male bones during aging. Strikingly, bone formation was increased in female (but not male) PGRN KO mice. We also found that loss of PGRN inhibited bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis in both male and female mice and promoted the production of osteogenic factors in osteoclast lineage cells. These results indicate that PGRN serves to uncouple bone turnover in female mice by promoting bone resorption and suppressing bone formation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that microglial cells/macrophages, but not adipocytes, are an important source of PGRN in producing negative skeletal effects in females. Targeting PGRN production by microglial cells/macrophage-lineage cells may provide a therapeutic approach for the treatment of osteoporosis in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Endocrine Unit, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Theresa Roth
- Endocrine Unit, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Mary C Nakamura
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Medical Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert A Nissenson
- Endocrine Unit, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Correspondence: Robert A. Nissenson, PhD, San Francisco VA Medical Center (111 N-MB), 1700 Owens Street, Room 370, San Francisco, California 94158. E-mail:
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21
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The Adipokine Network in Rheumatic Joint Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174091. [PMID: 31443349 PMCID: PMC6747092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic diseases encompass a diverse group of chronic disorders that commonly affect musculoskeletal structures. Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are the two most common, leading to considerable functional limitations and irreversible disability when patients are unsuccessfully treated. Although the specific causes of many rheumatic conditions remain unknown, it is generally accepted that immune mechanisms and/or uncontrolled inflammatory responses are involved in their etiology and symptomatology. In this regard, the bidirectional communication between neuroendocrine and immune system has been demonstrated to provide a homeostatic network that is involved in several pathological conditions. Adipokines represent a wide variety of bioactive, immune and inflammatory mediators mainly released by adipocytes that act as signal molecules in the neuroendocrine-immune interactions. Adipokines can also be synthesized by synoviocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes and inflammatory cells in the joint microenvironment, showing potent modulatory properties on different effector cells in OA and RA pathogenesis. Effects of adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin on local and systemic inflammation are broadly described. However, more recently, other adipokines, such as progranulin, chemerin, lipocalin-2, vaspin, omentin-1 and nesfatin, have been recognized to display immunomodulatory actions in rheumatic diseases. This review highlights the latest relevant findings on the role of the adipokine network in the pathophysiology of OA and RA.
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22
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Tsuruma K, Saito Y, Okuyoshi H, Yamaguchi A, Shimazawa M, Goldman D, Hara H. Granulin 1 Promotes Retinal Regeneration in Zebrafish. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:6057-6066. [PMID: 30577041 PMCID: PMC6314112 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal degenerative diseases can progress to severe reductions of vision. In general, the changes are permanent in higher vertebrates, including humans; however, retinal regeneration can occur in lower vertebrates, such as amphibians and teleost fish. Progranulin is a secreted growth factor that is involved in normal development and wound-healing processes. We have shown that progranulin promotes the proliferation of retinal precursor cells in mouse retinas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role played by granulin 1 (grn1) in the retinal regeneration in zebrafish. Methods We injured the retina of zebrafish with needle puncturing, and the retinas were examined at different times after the injury. We also checked the proliferation and the expression of retinal regeneration–related genes after knockdown of grn1 by electroporation with morpholino oligonucleotides (MO) and intravitreal injection of recombinant grn1. Results Our results showed that the level of grn1 was highly increased after retinal injury, and it was expressed in various types of retinal cells. A knockdown of grn1 reduced the proliferation of Müller glial cells in zebrafish eyes undergoing retinal regeneration. The knockdown of grn1 also reduced the expression of achaete-scute homolog 1a (ascl1a), an important factor in retinal regeneration. An intravitreal injection of recombinant grn1 led to a proliferation of Müller glial cells and an increase in the expression of retinal regeneration–related genes, such as ascl1a and lin28. Conclusions These findings suggested that grn1 should be considered as a target for stimulating the dedifferentiation of Müller glial cells and retinal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Tsuruma
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Yuichi Saito
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okuyoshi
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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Elevated plasma cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) level are associated with the progression of non-traumatic osteonecrosis of femoral head. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 490:214-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Cui Y, Hettinghouse A, Liu CJ. Progranulin: A conductor of receptors orchestra, a chaperone of lysosomal enzymes and a therapeutic target for multiple diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 45:53-64. [PMID: 30733059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), a widely expressed glycoprotein with pleiotropic function, has been linked to a host of physiological processes and diverse pathological states. A series of contemporary preclinical disease models and clinical trials have evaluated various therapeutic strategies targeting PGRN, highlighting PGRN as a promising therapeutic target. Herein we summarize available knowledge of PGRN targeting in various kinds of diseases, including common neurological diseases, inflammatory autoimmune diseases, cancer, tissue repair, and rare lysosomal storage diseases, with a focus on the functional domain-oriented drug development strategies. In particular, we emphasize the role of extracellular PGRN as a non-conventional, extracellular matrix bound, growth factor-like conductor orchestrating multiple membrane receptors and intracellular PGRN as a chaperone/co-chaperone that mediates the folding and traffic of its various binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Posey KL, Coustry F, Hecht JT. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein: COMPopathies and beyond. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:161-173. [PMID: 29530484 PMCID: PMC6129439 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a large pentameric glycoprotein that interacts with multiple extracellular matrix proteins in cartilage and other tissues. While, COMP is known to play a role in collagen secretion and fibrillogenesis, chondrocyte proliferation and mechanical strength of tendons, the complete range of COMP functions remains to be defined. COMPopathies describe pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED), two skeletal dysplasias caused by autosomal dominant COMP mutations. The majority of the mutations are in the calcium binding domains and compromise protein folding. COMPopathies are ER storage disorders in which the retention of COMP in the chondrocyte ER stimulates overwhelming cellular stress. The retention causes oxidative and inflammation processes leading to chondrocyte death and loss of long bone growth. In contrast, dysregulation of wild-type COMP expression is found in numerous diseases including: fibrosis, cardiomyopathy and breast and prostate cancers. The most exciting clinical application is the use of COMP as a biomarker for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cartilage degeneration associated osteoarthritis and rheumatoid and, as a prognostic marker for joint injury. The ever expanding roles of COMP in single gene disorders and multifactorial diseases will lead to a better understanding of its functions in ECM and tissue homeostasis towards the goal of developing new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Posey
- McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Department of Pediatrics, United States.
| | - Francoise Coustry
- McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Department of Pediatrics, United States
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Department of Pediatrics, United States; UTHealth, School of Dentistry, United States
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Li Y, Zhang W, Zhao J, Li S, Shan L, Zhu J, Li Y, Zhu H, Mao Q, Xia H. Establishing a dual knock-out cell line by lentivirus based combined CRISPR/Cas9 and Loxp/Cre system. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:1595-1605. [PMID: 30173403 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered regulatory interspersed short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system has been widely used for gene knock-out. Lentiviral vectors have been commonly used as a delivery method for this system, however, prolonged Cas9/sgRNA expression due to lentiviral integration can lead to accumulating off-target mutations. To solve this issue in engineering a gene knock-out cell line, this study established a novel system, which was composed of two lentiviral vectors. One lentiviral vector carried simultaneously sgRNAs and CRISPR/Cas9 expression cassettes targeting single or multiple gene(s); the other lentiviral vector carried Cre that could remove excess sgRNAs and Cas9 expression cassettes in the genome after gene targeting was achieved. To prove the principle, two candidate genes, extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) and progranulin (PGRN), both highly expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells, were selected for testing the novel system. A dual knock-out of ECM1 and PGRN was successfully achieved in MDA-MB-231 cell line, with the sgRNAs and Cas9 expression cassettes being removed by Cre. This system should have great potential in applications for multiple genes knock-out in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Junli Zhao
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Li
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Shan
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuling Zhu
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - He Zhu
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Ward 3-140, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Takatori N, Sato M, Toyoda E, Takahashi T, Okada E, Maehara M, Watanabe M. Cartilage repair and inhibition of the progression of cartilage degeneration after transplantation of allogeneic chondrocyte sheets in a nontraumatic early arthritis model. Regen Ther 2018; 9:24-31. [PMID: 30525072 PMCID: PMC6222284 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Using a rat model of nontraumatic early arthritis induced by intra-articular administration of low-dose monoiodoacetic acid (MIA), we transplanted allogeneic chondrocyte sheets and examined the effects on tissue repair. Methods MIA (0.2 mg/50 μl) was injected into the right knee of 20 male Wistar rats. Four weeks later, rats were randomly allocated into three groups: Group A was examined 4 weeks after administration of MIA; Group B, 8 weeks after MIA injection and chondrocyte sheet transplantation, and Group C, 8 weeks after MIA injection but without chondrocyte sheet transplantation. Allogeneic chondrocyte sheets were transplanted into the right knee of Group B rats. Pain was assessed as the weight distribution ratio of the damaged to undamaged limb. The OARSI score was used for histological scoring. Results The limb weight distribution ratio indicated significantly less pain in Group B. Histological scoring showed significant differences in cartilage repair and inhibition of the progression of cartilage degeneration between Groups B and C, but not between Groups A and B, or Groups A and C. Conclusions These findings suggest that, in this rat model of nontraumatic early arthritis induced by low-dose MIA injection, allogeneic chondrocyte sheet transplantation induces cartilage repair and suppresses cartilage degeneration. Therapeutic effects of allogeneic chondrocyte sheets were examined using an arthritis model of rat induced by low-dose MIA. Chondrocyte sheets exhibited sufficient expression of genes important to maintaining a stable cartilage matrix. Transplantation of chondrocyte sheets alleviated pain and induced cartilage repair and suppressed cartilage degeneration.
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Key Words
- AB, Antibiotic-antimycotic solution
- Acan, Aggrecan
- Chondrocyte sheet
- Col1A1, Collagen type Ⅰalpha 1
- Col2A1, Collagen type Ⅱalpha 1
- Comp, Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- DPBS, Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline
- EDTA, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- IFP, Infrapatellar fat pad
- ITGa10, Integrin alpha-10
- MIA, Monoiodoacetic acid
- Mmp13, Matrix metalloproteinase-13
- Monoiodoacetic acid (MIA)
- OA, Osteoarthritis
- OARSI score
- OARSI, Osteoarthritis research society international
- Osteoarthritis
- PVDF, Polyvinylidene difluoride
- Transplantation
- qPCR, Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takatori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masato Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Eriko Toyoda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Takumi Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Eri Okada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Miki Maehara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
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Williams A, Wang ECY, Thurner L, Liu CJ. Review: Novel Insights Into Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor, Death Receptor 3, and Progranulin Pathways in Arthritis and Bone Remodeling. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 68:2845-2856. [PMID: 27428882 PMCID: PMC5599977 DOI: 10.1002/art.39816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorenz Thurner
- Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
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29
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The lysosomal function of progranulin, a guardian against neurodegeneration. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:1-17. [PMID: 29744576 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), encoded by the GRN gene in humans, is a secreted growth factor implicated in a multitude of processes ranging from regulation of inflammation to wound healing and tumorigenesis. The clinical importance of PGRN became especially evident in 2006, when heterozygous mutations in the GRN gene, resulting in haploinsufficiency, were found to be one of the main causes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). FTLD is a clinically heterogenous disease that results in the progressive atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. Despite significant research, the exact function of PGRN and its mechanistic relationship to FTLD remain unclear. However, growing evidence suggests a role for PGRN in the lysosome-most striking being that homozygous GRN mutation leads to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, a lysosomal storage disease. Since this discovery, several links between PGRN and the lysosome have been established, including the existence of two independent lysosomal trafficking pathways, intralysosomal processing of PGRN into discrete functional peptides, and direct and indirect regulation of lysosomal hydrolases. Here, we summarize the cellular functions of PGRN, its roles in the nervous system, and its link to multiple neurodegenerative diseases, with a particular focus dedicated to recent lysosome-related mechanistic developments.
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Chen Y, Sud N, Hettinghouse A, Liu CJ. Molecular regulations and therapeutic targets of Gaucher disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 41:65-74. [PMID: 29699937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is the most common lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of beta-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) resulting in lysosomal accumulation of its glycolipid substrate glucosylceramide. The activity of GCase depends on many factors such as proper folding and lysosomal localization, which are influenced by mutations in GCase encoding gene, and regulated by various GCase-binding partners including Saposin C, progranulin and heat shock proteins. In addition, proinflammatory molecules also contribute to pathogenicity of GD. In this review, we summarize the molecules that are known to be important for the pathogenesis of GD, particularly those modulating GCase lysosomal appearance and activity. In addition, small molecules that inhibit inflammatory mediators, calcium ion channels and other factors associated with GD are also described. Discovery and characterization of novel molecules that impact GD are not only important for deciphering the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease, but they also provide new targets for drug development to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Neetu Sud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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31
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Extracellular matrix: The driving force of mammalian diseases. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:1-9. [PMID: 29625183 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Like the major theme of a Mozart concerto, the immense and pervasive extracellular matrix drives each movement and ultimately closes the symphony, embracing a unique role as the fundamental mediator for most, if not all, ensuing intracellular events. As such, it comes as no surprise that the mechanism of just about every known disease can be traced back to some part of the matrix, typically in the form of an abnormal amount or activity level of a particular matrix component. These defects considerably affect downstream signaling axes leading to overt cellular dysfunction, organ failure, and death. From skin to bone, from vessels to brain, from eyes to all the internal organs, the matrix plays an incredible role as both a cause and potential means to reverse diseases. Human malaises including connective tissue disorders, muscular dystrophy, fibrosis, and cancer are all extracellular matrix-driven diseases. The ability to understand and modulate these matrix-related mechanisms may lead to the future discovery of novel therapeutic options for these patients.
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32
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Han Y, Si M, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Cheng K, Zhang Y, Jia J, Li J, Nie L. Progranulin Protects Against Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head by Activating ERK1/2 Pathway. Inflammation 2018; 40:946-955. [PMID: 28247166 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate progranulin (PGRN) expression and its effect in cartilage degradation and in the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Cartilage specimens were obtained from ONFH and FNF patients and PGRN expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, western blot analysis, and RT-PCR. Peripheral blood PGRN level was detected by ELISA. Additionally, primary chondrocytes were cultured and treated with PGRN. Next, the expression of aggrecan and collagen II and the activation of ERK1/2 were detected. We observed that the expression of PGRN was significantly upregulated in ONFH patients' articular cartilage, and recombinant PGRN could promote expression of aggrecan and collagen II and the activation of ERK1/2. Collectively, PGRN can improve chondrocyte anabolism and perform a therapeutic role in the pathogenesis of ONFH. This study helps to elucidate the pathogenesis of ONFH and presents PGRN as a potential target for the treatment of ONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingguang Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, No. 107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Si
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, No. 107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, No. 107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, No. 107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyuan Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, No. 107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuedong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Taian Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Jialin Jia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, No. 107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingkun Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Nie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, No. 107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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Chitramuthu BP, Bennett HPJ, Bateman A. Progranulin: a new avenue towards the understanding and treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Brain 2017; 140:3081-3104. [PMID: 29053785 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin, a secreted glycoprotein, is encoded in humans by the single GRN gene. Progranulin consists of seven and a half, tandemly repeated, non-identical copies of the 12 cysteine granulin motif. Many cellular processes and diseases are associated with this unique pleiotropic factor that include, but are not limited to, embryogenesis, tumorigenesis, inflammation, wound repair, neurodegeneration and lysosome function. Haploinsufficiency caused by autosomal dominant mutations within the GRN gene leads to frontotemporal lobar degeneration, a progressive neuronal atrophy that presents in patients as frontotemporal dementia. Frontotemporal dementia is an early onset form of dementia, distinct from Alzheimer's disease. The GRN-related form of frontotemporal lobar dementia is a proteinopathy characterized by the appearance of neuronal inclusions containing ubiquitinated and fragmented TDP-43 (encoded by TARDBP). The neurotrophic and neuro-immunomodulatory properties of progranulin have recently been reported but are still not well understood. Gene delivery of GRN in experimental models of Alzheimer's- and Parkinson's-like diseases inhibits phenotype progression. Here we review what is currently known concerning the molecular function and mechanism of action of progranulin in normal physiological and pathophysiological conditions in both in vitro and in vivo models. The potential therapeutic applications of progranulin in treating neurodegenerative diseases are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babykumari P Chitramuthu
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Centre for Translational Biology, Platform in Metabolic Disorders and Complications, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1
| | - Hugh P J Bennett
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Centre for Translational Biology, Platform in Metabolic Disorders and Complications, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1
| | - Andrew Bateman
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Centre for Translational Biology, Platform in Metabolic Disorders and Complications, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1
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Abstract
Cancer cells have defects in regulatory mechanisms that usually control cell proliferation and homeostasis. Different cancer cells share crucial alterations in cell physiology, which lead to malignant growth. Tumorigenesis or tumor growth requires a series of events that include constant cell proliferation, promotion of metastasis and invasion, stimulation of angiogenesis, evasion of tumor suppressor factors, and avoidance of cell death pathways. All these events in tumor progression may be regulated by growth factors produced by normal or malignant cells. The growth factor progranulin has significant biological effects in different types of cancer. This protein is a regulator of tumorigenesis because it stimulates cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, malignant transformation, resistance to anticancer drugs, and immune evasion. This review focuses on the biological effects of progranulin in several cancer models and provides evidence that this growth factor should be considered as a potential biomarker and target in cancer treatment.
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35
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Posey KL, Hecht JT. Novel therapeutic interventions for pseudoachondroplasia. Bone 2017; 102:60-68. [PMID: 28336490 PMCID: PMC6168010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH), a severe short-limbed dwarfing condition, is associated with life-long joint pain and early onset osteoarthritis. PSACH is caused by mutations in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), a pentameric matricellular protein expressed primarily in cartilage and other musculoskeletal tissues. Mutations in COMP diminish calcium binding and as a result perturb protein folding and export to the extracellular matrix. Mutant COMP is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of growth plate chondrocytes resulting in massive intracellular COMP retention. COMP trapped in the ER builds an intracellular matrix network that may prevent the normal cellular clearance mechanisms. We have shown that accumulation of intracellular matrix in mutant-COMP (MT-COMP) mice stimulates intense unrelenting ER stress, inflammation and oxidative stress. This cytotoxic stress triggers premature death of growth plate chondrocytes limiting long-bone growth. Here, we review the mutant COMP pathologic mechanisms and anti-inflammatory/antioxidant therapeutic approaches to reduce ER stress. In MT-COMP mice, aspirin and resveratrol both dampen the mutant COMP chondrocyte phenotype by decreasing intracellular accumulation, chondrocyte death and inflammatory marker expression. This reduction in chondrocyte stress translates into an improvement in long-bone growth in the MT-COMP mice. Our efforts now move to translational studies targeted at reducing the clinical consequences of MT-COMP and painful sequelae associated with PSACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Posey
- McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States; School of Dentistry University of Texas Heath, Houston, TX, United States
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Yu H, Jia Q, Feng X, Chen H, Wang L, Ni X, Kong W. Hypoxia decrease expression of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein to promote phenotype switching of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 91:37-44. [PMID: 28860005 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix proteins play important roles in the development of pulmonary hypertension(pH). However, the role of Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in the development of hypoxia-induced pH is largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that COMP deficiency induced by hypoxia leads to the phenotype switching of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). The expression of COMP decreased in a chronic hypoxia rat pH model (P<0.05) and in PASMCs under hypoxia (3%O2) (P<0.05). The expressions of differentiated marker proteins reduced in the pulmonary arteries from 5 month old COMP-/- mice and in PASMCs under hypoxia or with the siRNA of COMP treatment under normoxia, but increased in PASMCs with adenovirus-increased COMP under hypoxia. The absorbance of cell counting kit-8 at 450nm and the expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and osteopontin increased in PASMCs with the siRNA of COMP under normoxia (P<0.05). PCNA and osteopontin decreased in PASMCs with adenovirus-increased COMP under hypoxia (P<0.05). Additionally, the expression of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) was reduced in COMP-/- mice (P<0.01). Both mRNA and protein levels of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) were lower in PASMCs with the siRNA of COMP (P<0.05). The protein level of BMP2 could be reversed by adenovirus-increased COMP under hypoxia (P<0.05). These data suggest that COMP could normally have a protective role against PASMC phenotype switching and maintain BMP2/BMPR2 signaling, and these protective actions could be lost as a result of hypoxia promoting a depletion of COMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yu
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Qingbo Jia
- Department of Chest Surgery, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Feng
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Hongxia Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Xiuqin Ni
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Association between increased serum GP88 (progranulin) concentrations and prognosis in patients with malignant lymphomas. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 473:139-146. [PMID: 28823651 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GP88 (progranulin; PGRN) is a secreted 88kDa glycosylated protein, with important functions, including inflammation and tumorigenesis. We assessed the significance of GP88 expression in survival outcomes of patients with malignant lymphoma (ML). METHODS Serum samples from 254 previously untreated ML patients were examined to measure GP88 concentrations using a sandwich human GP88 ELISA kit. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to examine GP88 tumor tissue expression. RESULTS The median serum GP88 concentration of ML patients was 91.3ng/ml, and was significantly higher than that of the control group (median, 57.7ng/ml) (p<0.0001). Association between GP88 serum concentrations and overall survival (OS) was examined in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who had been stratified based on their serum GP88 concentrations. Kaplan Meier survival analysis showed that patients with serum GP88 concentrations of ≤116 and >116ng/ml, had 5-y OS rates of 70% and 50%, respectively (p=0.02). The immunohistochemical analyses of GP88 tumor expression revealed that DLBCL patients had lymphoma cells that were positive for GP88. CONCLUSIONS High serum GP88 concentrations are associated with poor prognosis in patients with DLBCL.
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Posey KL, Coustry F, Veerisetty AC, Hossain M, Gattis D, Booten S, Alcorn JL, Seth PP, Hecht JT. Antisense Reduction of Mutant COMP Reduces Growth Plate Chondrocyte Pathology. Mol Ther 2017; 25:705-714. [PMID: 28162960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein cause pseudoachondroplasia, a severe disproportionate short stature disorder. Mutant cartilage oligomeric matrix protein produces massive intracellular retention of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, stimulating ER and oxidative stresses and inflammation, culminating in post-natal loss of growth plate chondrocytes, which compromises linear bone growth. Treatments for pseudoachondroplasia are limited because cartilage is relatively avascular and considered inaccessible. Here we report successful delivery and treatment using antisense oligonucleotide technology in our transgenic pseudoachondroplasia mouse model. We demonstrate delivery of human cartilage oligomeric matrix protein-specific antisense oligonucleotides to cartilage and reduction of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein expression, which largely alleviates pseudoachondroplasia growth plate chondrocyte pathology. One antisense oligonucleotide reduced steady-state levels of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein mRNA and dampened intracellular retention of mutant cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, leading to a reduction of inflammatory markers and cell death and partial restoration of proliferation. This novel and exciting work demonstrates that antisense-based therapy is a viable approach for treating pseudoachondroplasia and other human cartilage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Posey
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Francoise Coustry
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alka C Veerisetty
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mohammad Hossain
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Danielle Gattis
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Sheri Booten
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Joseph L Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Punit P Seth
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Fu W, Hu W, Shi L, Mundra JJ, Xiao G, Dustin ML, Liu CJ. Foxo4- and Stat3-dependent IL-10 production by progranulin in regulatory T cells restrains inflammatory arthritis. FASEB J 2016; 31:1354-1367. [PMID: 28011648 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601134r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) restrains inflammation and is therapeutic against inflammatory arthritis; however, the underlying immunological mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was a critical mediator for PGRN-mediated anti-inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis by using PGRN and IL-10 genetically modified mouse models. IL-10 green fluorescent protein reporter mice revealed that regulatory T (Treg) cells were the predominant source of IL-10 in response to PGRN. In addition, PGRN-mediated expansion and activation of Treg cells, as well as IL-10 production, depends on JNK signaling, but not on known PGRN-activated ERK and PI3K pathways. Furthermore, microarray and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing screens led to the discovery of forkhead box protein O4 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 as the transcription factors required for PGRN induction of IL-10 in Treg cells. These findings define a previously unrecognized signaling pathway that underlies IL-10 production by PGRN in Treg cells and present new insights into the mechanisms by which PGRN resolves inflammation in inflammatory conditions and autoimmune diseases, particularly inflammatory arthritis.-Fu, W., Hu, W., Shi, L., Mundra, J. J. Xiao, G., Dustin, M. L., Liu, C. Foxo4- and Stat3-dependent IL-10 production by progranulin in regulatory T cells restrains inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wenhuo Hu
- Memorial Hospital Research Laboratories, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jyoti Joshi Mundra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - GuoZhi Xiao
- Department of Biology and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; .,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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40
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Neill T, Buraschi S, Goyal A, Sharpe C, Natkanski E, Schaefer L, Morrione A, Iozzo RV. EphA2 is a functional receptor for the growth factor progranulin. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:687-703. [PMID: 27903606 PMCID: PMC5146997 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201603079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor for the growth factor progranulin has remained unclear. Neill et al. show that the Ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 is a functional signaling receptor for progranulin and mediates its effects in capillary morphogenesis and autoregulation. Although the growth factor progranulin was discovered more than two decades ago, the functional receptor remains elusive. Here, we discovered that EphA2, a member of the large family of Ephrin receptor tyrosine kinases, is a functional signaling receptor for progranulin. Recombinant progranulin bound with high affinity to EphA2 in both solid phase and solution. Interaction of progranulin with EphA2 caused prolonged activation of the receptor, downstream stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt, and promotion of capillary morphogenesis. Furthermore, we found an autoregulatory mechanism of progranulin whereby a feed-forward loop occurred in an EphA2-dependent manner that was independent of the endocytic receptor sortilin. The discovery of a functional signaling receptor for progranulin offers a new avenue for understanding the underlying mode of action of progranulin in cancer progression, tumor angiogenesis, and perhaps neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Atul Goyal
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Catherine Sharpe
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Elizabeth Natkanski
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60323, Germany
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 .,Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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Wei J, Hettinghouse A, Liu C. The role of progranulin in arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1383:5-20. [PMID: 27505256 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a growth factor with a unique beads-on-a-string structure that is involved in multiple pathophysiological processes, including anti-inflammation, tissue repair, wound healing, neurodegenerative diseases, and tumorigenesis. This review presents up-to-date information concerning recent studies on the role of PGRN in inflammatory arthritis and osteoarthritis, with a special focus on the involvement of the interactions and interplay between PGRN and tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family members in regulating such musculoskeletal diseases. In addition, this paper highlights the applications of atsttrin, an engineered protein comprising three TNFR-binding fragments of PGRN, as a promising intervention in treating arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlu Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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42
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Kong L, Zhao YP, Tian QY, Feng JQ, Kobayashi T, Merregaert J, Liu CJ. Extracellular matrix protein 1, a direct targeting molecule of parathyroid hormone-related peptide, negatively regulates chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification via associating with progranulin growth factor. FASEB J 2016; 30:2741-54. [PMID: 27075243 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600261r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification are precisely controlled by cellular interactions with surrounding matrix proteins and growth factors that mediate cellular signaling pathways. Here, we report that extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) is a previously unrecognized regulator of chondrogenesis. ECM1 is induced in the course of chondrogenesis and its expression in chondrocytes strictly depends on parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) signaling pathway. Overexpression of ECM1 suppresses, whereas suppression of ECM1 enhances, chondrocyte differentiation and hypertrophy in vitro and ex vivo In addition, target transgene of ECM1 in chondrocytes or osteoblasts in mice leads to striking defects in cartilage development and endochondral bone formation. Of importance, ECM1 seems to be critical for PTHrP action in chondrogenesis, as blockage of ECM1 nearly abolishes PTHrP regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy, and overexpression of ECM1 rescues disorganized growth plates of PTHrP-null mice. Furthermore, ECM1 and progranulin chondrogenic growth factor constitute an interaction network and act in concert in the regulation of chondrogenesis.-Kong, L., Zhao, Y.-P., Tian, Q.-Y., Feng, J.-Q., Kobayashi, T., Merregaert, J., Liu, C.-J. Extracellular matrix protein 1, a direct targeting molecule of parathyroid hormone-related peptide, negatively regulates chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification via associating with progranulin growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Kong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yun-Peng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Qing-Yun Tian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jian-Quan Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Merregaert
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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43
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Progranulin suppresses titanium particle induced inflammatory osteolysis by targeting TNFα signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20909. [PMID: 26864916 PMCID: PMC4750042 DOI: 10.1038/srep20909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aseptic loosening is a major complication of prosthetic joint surgery, characterized by chronic inflammation, pain, and osteolysis surrounding the bone-implant interface. Progranulin (PGRN) is known to have anti-inflammatory action by binding to Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) receptors and antagonizing TNFα. Here we report that titanium particles significantly induced PGRN expression in RAW264.7 cells and also in a mouse air-pouch model of inflammation. PGRN-deficiency enhanced, whereas administration of recombinant PGRN effectively inhibited, titanium particle-induced inflammation in an air pouch model. In addition, PGRN also significantly inhibited titanium particle-induced osteoclastogenesis and calvarial osteolysis in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the inhibition of PGRN on titanium particle induced-inflammation is primarily via neutralizing the titanium particle-activated TNFα/NF-κB signaling pathway and this is evidenced by the suppression of particle-induced IκB phosphorylation, NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, and activity of the NF-κB-specific reporter gene. Collectively, these findings not only demonstrate that PGRN plays an important role in inhibiting titanium particle-induced inflammation, but also provide a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of wear debris-induced inflammation and osteolysis.
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44
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The novel adipokine progranulin counteracts IL-1 and TLR4-driven inflammatory response in human and murine chondrocytes via TNFR1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20356. [PMID: 26853108 PMCID: PMC4745010 DOI: 10.1038/srep20356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a recently identified adipokine that is supposed to have anti-inflammatory actions. The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL1β) stimulates several mediators of cartilage degradation. Toll like receptor-4 (TLR4) can bind to various damage-associated molecular patterns, leading to inflammatory condition. So far, no data exist of PGRN effects in inflammatory conditions induced by IL1β or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of PGRN in IL1β- or LPS-induced inflammatory responses of chondrocytes. Human osteoarthritic chondrocytes and ATDC-5 cells were treated with PGRN in presence or not of IL1β or LPS. First, we showed that recombinant PGRN had no effects on cell viability. We present evidence that PGRN expression was increased during the differentiation of ATDC-5 cell line. Moreover, PGRN mRNA and protein expression is increased in cartilage, synovial and infrapatellar fat pad tissue samples from OA patients. PGRN mRNA levels are upregulated under TNFα and IL1β stimulation. Our data showed that PGRN is able to significantly counteract the IL1β-induced expression of NOS2, COX2, MMP13 and VCAM-1. LPS-induced expression of NOS2 is also decreased by PGRN. These effects are mediated, at least in part, through TNFR1. Taken together, our results suggest that PGRN has a clear anti-inflammatory function.
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45
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Brink P, Smith RKW, Tverdal A, Dolvik NI. Changes in synovial fluid biomarker concentrations following arthroscopic surgery in horses with osteochondritis dissecans of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia. Am J Vet Res 2016; 76:599-607. [PMID: 26111089 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.7.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify concentrations of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and fibromodulin in synovial fluid from the tarsocrural joints (TCJs) of horses with osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia and determine whether concentrations would change following arthroscopic removal of osteochondral fragments. ANIMALS 115 client-owned horses with OCD of the TCJ and 29 control horses euthanized for unrelated reasons. PROCEDURES COMP and fibromodulin concentrations were measured in synovial fluid from the TCJs of the affected horses before and after osteochondral fragments were removed arthroscopically and in synovial fluid from the TCJs of the control horses after euthanasia. Synovial biopsy specimens from the TCJs of affected and control horses were examined histologically for evidence of inflammation. RESULTS Synovial fluid COMP and fibromodulin concentrations prior to surgery in horses with OCD were not significantly different from concentrations in control horses. Fibromodulin, but not COMP, concentration in horses with OCD was significantly decreased after surgery, compared with the concentration before surgery. Fibromodulin concentration was significantly correlated with joint effusion score but not with lameness score or results of a flexion test and was correlated with histologic score for number of synoviocytes on the surface of the synovium but not with score for degree of infiltration of inflammatory cells in the synovium. Synovial fluid COMP concentration was not significantly correlated with clinical or histologic findings. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that fibromodulin, but not COMP, could potentially be a biomarker of joint inflammation in horses with OCD of the TCJ.
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46
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The Function and Roles of ADAMTS-7 in Inflammatory Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:801546. [PMID: 26696755 PMCID: PMC4677222 DOI: 10.1155/2015/801546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ADAMTS proteinases are a group of multidomain and secreted metalloproteinases containing the thrombospondin motifs. ADAMTS-7 is a member of ADAMTS family and plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of arthritis. Overexpression of ADAMTS-7 gene promotes the breakdown of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) matrix and accelerates the progression of both surgically induced osteoarthritis and collagen-induced arthritis. Moreover, ADAMTS-7 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) form a positive feedback loop in osteoarthritis. More significantly, granulin-epithelin precursor, a growth factor has important roles in bone development and bone-associated diseases, disturbs the interaction between ADAMTS-7 and COMP, and prevents COMP degradation. This review is based on our results and provides an overview of current knowledge of ADAMTS-7, including its structure, function, gene regulation, and inflammatory diseases involvement.
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47
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Palfree RGE, Bennett HPJ, Bateman A. The Evolution of the Secreted Regulatory Protein Progranulin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133749. [PMID: 26248158 PMCID: PMC4527844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is a secreted growth factor that is active in tumorigenesis, wound repair, and inflammation. Haploinsufficiency of the human progranulin gene, GRN, causes frontotemporal dementia. Progranulins are composed of chains of cysteine-rich granulin modules. Modules may be released from progranulin by proteolysis as 6kDa granulin polypeptides. Both intact progranulin and some of the granulin polypeptides are biologically active. The granulin module occurs in certain plant proteases and progranulins are present in early diverging metazoan clades such as the sponges, indicating their ancient evolutionary origin. There is only one Grn gene in mammalian genomes. More gene-rich Grn families occur in teleost fish with between 3 and 6 members per species including short-form Grns that have no tetrapod counterparts. Our goals are to elucidate progranulin and granulin module evolution by investigating (i): the origins of metazoan progranulins (ii): the evolutionary relationships between the single Grn of tetrapods and the multiple Grn genes of fish (iii): the evolution of granulin module architectures of vertebrate progranulins (iv): the conservation of mammalian granulin polypeptide sequences and how the conserved granulin amino acid sequences map to the known three dimensional structures of granulin modules. We report that progranulin-like proteins are present in unicellular eukaryotes that are closely related to metazoa suggesting that progranulin is among the earliest extracellular regulatory proteins still employed by multicellular animals. From the genomes of the elephant shark and coelacanth we identified contemporary representatives of a precursor for short-from Grn genes of ray-finned fish that is lost in tetrapods. In vertebrate Grns pathways of exon duplication resulted in a conserved module architecture at the amino-terminus that is frequently accompanied by an unusual pattern of tandem nearly identical module repeats near the carboxyl-terminus. Polypeptide sequence conservation of mammalian granulin modules identified potential structure-activity relationships that may be informative in designing progranulin based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G. E. Palfree
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Experimental Therapeutics and Metabolism, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hugh P. J. Bennett
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Experimental Therapeutics and Metabolism, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew Bateman
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Experimental Therapeutics and Metabolism, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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48
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Progranulin Is Associated with Disease Activity in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:740357. [PMID: 26339140 PMCID: PMC4539115 DOI: 10.1155/2015/740357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progranulin (PGRN) is implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between PGRN and disease activity in RA. METHODS PGRN levels were evaluated in patients with RA (n = 47) and OA (n = 42) and healthy controls (n = 41). Immunohistochemical analysis of PGRN in synovial tissues was performed. The association between PGRN and C-reactive protein (CRP), disease activity score (DAS28-CRP), and health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) was studied. RESULTS Circulating PGRN was elevated in patients with RA and OA compared to healthy controls (227.1 ± 100.2 and 221.5 ± 102.5 versus 128.1 ± 34.7 ng/mL; P < 0.001). Synovial fluid levels of PGRN were higher in patients with RA compared to OA (384.5 ± 275.3 versus 241.4 ± 165.2 ng/mL; P = 0.002). PGRN expression was significantly upregulated in the synovial tissue of RA patients particularly in the inflammatory infiltrates. Serum PGRN levels correlated with DAS28 (r = 0.327, P = 0.049) and HAQ score (r = 0.323, P = 0.032), while synovial fluid PGRN correlated only with HAQ (r = 0.310, P = 0.043) in patients with RA. PGRN levels were not associated with CRP or autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates increased PGRN expression at local sites of inflammation and association between PGRN levels, disease activity, and functional impairment in patients with RA.
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Yamamoto Y, Takemura M, Serrero G, Hayashi J, Yue B, Tsuboi A, Kubo H, Mitsuhashi T, Mannami K, Sato M, Matsunami H, Matuo Y, Saito K. Increased serum GP88 (Progranulin) concentrations in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation 2015; 37:1806-13. [PMID: 24803297 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9911-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
GP88 (Progranulin; PGRN) is a secreted glycosylated protein with important functions in several processes, including immune response and cancer growth. Recent reports have shown that PGRN is a therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) because of its capability to bind with tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR). However, the serum PGRN level in RA patients has not been investigated. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify the serum levels of PGRN in 417 healthy subjects, 56 patients with RA and 31 patients with osteoarthritis (OA). In RA patients, we also measured the serum TNF-α and sTNFR concentration. Immunohistochemical staining of PGRN was performed using synovectomy tissue of RA patients. The serum PGRN normal range was established as 40.1 ± 8.7 ng/ml. PGRN levels were not influenced by sex or age. A significant increase in serum PGRN levels was observed in RA (50.2 ± 11.1 ng/ml) and OA (45.4 ± 6.6 ng/ml) groups compared to those in age-matched healthy controls (40.4 ± 9.9 ng/ml) (p<0.05, Tukey). Further, PGRN levels in the synovial fluid of RA patients (68.4 ± 3.4 ng/ml) were found to be significantly higher than those in OA patients (35.9 ± 16.8 ng/ml). Immunohistochemical staining of PGRN revealed that the highest positive signal was detected in macrophages. Circulating PGRN in RA patients was weakly associated with TNF-α and sTNFR 2 concentration. Furthermore, PGRN/TNF-α ratio was correlated the stage of the disease in RA patients. The concentrations of serum PGRN in RA were found to be significantly higher than those in age-matched healthy controls, although it remains to be clarified how blood PGRN is related to the pathogenesis of RA. Our results showed that the serum PGRN may be a useful approach to monitor the disease activity in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Yamamoto
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan,
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50
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Xin W, Heilig J, Paulsson M, Zaucke F. Collagen II regulates chondroycte integrin expression profile and differentiation. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:307-14. [PMID: 25803621 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1026965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Collagen II is the major fibril-forming collagen in cartilage. Complete absence of collagen II in mice is not compatible with life and in humans mutations in the COL2A1 gene lead to osteochondrodysplasias with diverse phenotypes. However, mechanistic studies on how chondrocytes respond to a lack of collagen II in their extracellular matrix are limited. Primary mouse chondrocytes were isolated from knee joints of newborn mice and transfected with siRNA targeting Col2α1 to suppress collagen II expression. The expression of integrin receptors and matrix proteins was investigated by RT-PCR and immunoblots. The localization of matrix components was evaluated by immunostaining. Signaling pathways and the differentiation state of chondrocytes was monitored by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. We demonstrate that in the absence of collagen II chondrocytes start to produce collagen I. Some binding partners of collagen II are partially lost from the matrix while other proteins, e.g. COMP, were still found associated with the newly formed collagen network. The lack of collagen II induced changes in the expression profile of integrins. Further, we detected alterations in the Indian hedgehog/parathyroid hormone-related protein (Ihh/PTHrP) pathway that were accompanied by changes in the differentiation state of chondrocytes. Collagen II seems not to be essential for chondrocyte survival in culture but it plays an important role in maintaining chondrocyte differentiation. We suggest that a crosstalk between extracellular matrix and cells via integrins and the Ihh/PTHrP pathway is involved in regulating the differentiation state of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xin
- Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , China
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