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Frey LJ. Informatics Ecosystems to Advance the Biology of Glycans. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2303:655-673. [PMID: 34626414 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycomics researchers have identified the need for integrated database systems for collecting glycomics information in a consistent format. The goal is to create a resource for knowledge discovery and dissemination to wider research communities. This has the potential and has exhibited initial success, to extend the research community to include biologists, clinicians, chemists, and computer scientists. This chapter discusses the technology and approach needed to create integrated data resources and informatics ecosystems to empower the broader community to leverage extant glycomics data. The focus is on glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) and proteoglycan research, but the approach can be generalized. The methods described span the development of glycomics standards from CarbBank to Glyco Connection Tables. Integrated data sets provide a foundation for novel methods of analysis such as machine learning and deep learning for knowledge discovery. The implications of predictive analysis are examined in relation to disease biomarker to expand the target audience of GAG and proteoglycan research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J Frey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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The Basement Membrane Proteoglycans Perlecan and Agrin: Something Old, Something New. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 76:255-303. [PMID: 26610917 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Several members of the proteoglycan family are integral components of basement membranes; other proteoglycan family members interact with or bind to molecular residents of the basement membrane. Proteoglycans are polyfunctional molecules, for they derive their inherent bioactivity from the amino acid motifs embedded in the core protein structure as well as the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains that are covalently attached to the core protein. The presence of the covalently attached GAG chains significantly expands the "partnering" potential of proteoglycans, permitting them to interact with a broad spectrum of targets, including growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and morphogens. Thus proteoglycans in the basement membrane are poised to exert diverse effects on the cells intimately associated with basement membranes.
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Abstract
Glycomics researchers have identified the need for integrated database systems for collecting glycomics information in a consistent format. The goal is to create a resource for knowledge discovery and dissemination to wider research communities. This has the potential to extend the research community to include biologists, clinicians, chemists, and computer scientists. This chapter discusses the technology and approach needed to create integrated data resources to empower the broader community to leverage extant glycomics data. The focus is on glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) and proteoglycan research, but the approach can be generalized. The methods described span the development of glycomics standards from CarbBank to Glyco Connection Tables. The existence of integrated data sets provides a foundation for novel methods of analysis such as machine learning for knowledge discovery. The implications of predictive analysis are examined in relation to disease biomarker to expand the target audience of GAG and proteoglycan research.
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Wen D, Foley SF, Hronowski XL, Gu S, Meier W. Discovery and Investigation of O-Xylosylation in Engineered Proteins Containing a (GGGGS)n Linker. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4805-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400596g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dingyi Wen
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department
of Biologics Drug
Discovery, Biogen Idec, 12 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Susan F. Foley
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department
of Biologics Drug
Discovery, Biogen Idec, 12 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Xiaoping L. Hronowski
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department
of Biologics Drug
Discovery, Biogen Idec, 12 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sheng Gu
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department
of Biologics Drug
Discovery, Biogen Idec, 12 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Werner Meier
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department
of Biologics Drug
Discovery, Biogen Idec, 12 Cambridge Center,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Hagen FK. Proteoglycan: site mapping and site-directed mutagenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 836:23-34. [PMID: 22252625 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-498-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Identification of proteoglycan chain modification sites cannot yet be reliably predicted from primary amino acid sequence data. A number of studies have shown that serine is the predominant amino acid that is modified and it is frequently flanked by a C-terminal glycine and proximal N-terminal acidic amino acids; however, not all simple Ser-Gly motifs constitute a modification site. Here we present a rapid method for cloning small, defined segments of putative proteoglycan attachment sites and expressing them as a mini-reporter protein in an insect tissue culture system that is expandable to high throughput analysis. Reporter proteins with attached proteoglycans can be readily discerned from their unmodified form, by a simple gel-shift assay and Western blot detection for an epitope tag engineered into the reporter. Unmodified proteins are generated as a reference standard by treating cells with dsRNA to knock down the endogenous polypeptide xylose transferase, which is responsible for initiating proteoglycan site attachment. Examination of proteoglycan attachment by different metazoan organisms can be studied in the same cell line by cotransfecting a polypeptide xylose transferase expression plasmid and reporter construct from human, mouse, frog, or worm, for example. Reporter proteins engineer with point mutations can be rapidly generated with this system to pinpoint the exact residue that is glycosylated, to verify the mapping data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred K Hagen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Proteomics Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Yamakoshi Y, Nagano T, Hu JC, Yamakoshi F, Simmer JP. Porcine dentin sialoprotein glycosylation and glycosaminoglycan attachments. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 12:6. [PMID: 21291557 PMCID: PMC3039539 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-12-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp) is a multidomain, secreted protein that is critical for the formation of tooth dentin. Mutations in DSPP cause inherited dentin defects categorized as dentin dysplasia type II and dentinogenesis imperfecta type II and type III. Dentin sialoprotein (Dsp), the N-terminal domain of dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp), is a highly glycosylated proteoglycan, but little is known about the number, character, and attachment sites of its carbohydrate moieties. Results To identify its carbohydrate attachment sites we isolated Dsp from developing porcine molars and digested it with endoproteinase Glu-C or pronase, fractionated the digestion products, identified fractions containing glycosylated peptides using a phenol sulfuric acid assay, and characterized the glycopeptides by N-terminal sequencing, amino acid analyses, or LC/MSMS. To determine the average number of sialic acid attachments per N-glycosylation, we digested Dsp with glycopeptidase A, labeled the released N-glycosylations with 2-aminobenzoic acid, and quantified the moles of released glycosylations by comparison to labeled standards of known concentration. Sialic acid was released by sialidase digestion and quantified by measuring β-NADH reduction of pyruvic acid, which was generated stoichiometrically from sialic acid by aldolase. To determine its forms, sialic acid released by sialidase digestion was labeled with 1,2-diamino-4,5-methyleneoxybenzene (DMB) and compared to a DMB-labeled sialic acid reference panel by RP-HPLC. To determine the composition of Dsp glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attachments, we digested Dsp with chondroitinase ABC and compared the chromotagraphic profiles of the released disaccharides to commercial standards. N-glycosylations were identified at Asn37, Asn77, Asn136, Asn155, Asn161, and Asn176. Dsp averages one sialic acid per N-glycosylation, which is always in the form of N-acetylneuraminic acid. O-glycosylations were tentatively assigned at Thr200, Thr216 and Thr316. Porcine Dsp GAG attachments were found at Ser238 and Ser250 and were comprised of chondroitin 6-sulfate and chondroitin 4-sulfate in a ratio of 7 to 3, respectively. Conclusions The distribution of porcine Dsp posttranslational modifications indicate that porcine Dsp has an N-terminal domain with at least six N-glycosylations and a C-terminal domain with two GAG attachments and at least two O-glycosylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Yamakoshi
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1210 Eisenhower Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
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Ambatipudi KS, Hagen FK, Delahunty CM, Han X, Shafi R, Hryhorenko J, Gregoire S, Marquis RE, Melvin JE, Koo H, Yates JR. Human common salivary protein 1 (CSP-1) promotes binding of Streptococcus mutans to experimental salivary pellicle and glucans formed on hydroxyapatite surface. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:6605-14. [PMID: 20858015 DOI: 10.1021/pr100786y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The saliva proteome includes host defense factors and specific bacterial-binding proteins that modulate microbial growth and colonization of the tooth surface in the oral cavity. A multidimensional mass spectrometry approach identified the major host-derived salivary proteins that interacted with Streptococcus mutans (strain UA159), the primary microorganism associated with the pathogenesis of dental caries. Two abundant host proteins were found to tightly bind to S. mutans cells, common salivary protein-1 (CSP-1) and deleted in malignant brain tumor 1 (DMBT1, also known as salivary agglutinin or gp340). In contrast to gp340, limited functional information is available on CSP-1. The sequence of CSP-1 shares 38.1% similarity with rat CSP-1. Recombinant CSP-1 (rCSP-1) protein did not cause aggregation of S. mutans cells and was devoid of any significant biocidal activity (2.5 to 10 μg/mL). However, S. mutans cells exposed to rCSP-1 (10 μg/mL) in saliva displayed enhanced adherence to experimental salivary pellicle and to glucans in the pellicle formed on hydroxyapatite surfaces. Thus, our data demonstrate that the host salivary protein CSP-1 binds to S. mutans cells and may influence the initial colonization of this pathogenic bacterium onto the tooth surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran S Ambatipudi
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Rochester Proteomics Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
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Roch C, Kuhn J, Kleesiek K, Götting C. Differences in gene expression of human xylosyltransferases and determination of acceptor specificities for various proteoglycans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 391:685-91. [PMID: 19944077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The xylosyltransferase (XT) isoforms XT-I and XT-II initiate the posttranslational glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis. Here, we determined the relative expression of both isoforms in 33 human cell lines. The majority of tested cell lines showed dominant XYLT2 gene expression, while only in 23132/87, JAR, NCI-H510A and THP-1 was the XT-I mRNA expression higher. Nearly equal expression levels were detected in six cell lines. Additionally, to shed light on putative differences in acceptor specificities the acceptor properties of potential acceptor sequences were determined. Peptides were expressed as glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins containing putative or known GAG attachment sites of in vivo proteoglycans. Kinetic analysis showed that K(m) and V(max) values for XT-I mediated xylosylation were slightly higher than those for XT-II, and that XT-I showed a lesser stringency concerning the acceptor sequence. Mutagenesis of the bikunin peptide sequence in the G-S-G attachment site and flanking regions generated potential acceptor molecules. Here, mutations on the N-terminal side and the attachment site were found to be more susceptible to a loss of acceptor function than mutations in the C-terminus. Altogether the known consensus sequence a-a-a-a-G-S-G-a-a/G-a ('a' representing Asp or Glu) for XT-I mediated xylosylation could be approved and additionally extended to apply to XT-II as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Roch
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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Zoeller JJ, Pimtong W, Corby H, Goldoni S, Iozzo AE, Owens RT, Ho SY, Iozzo RV. A central role for decorin during vertebrate convergent extension. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:11728-37. [PMID: 19211552 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808991200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin, an archetypal member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan gene family, regulates collagen fibrillogenesis and cell growth. To further explore its biological function, we examined the role of Decorin during zebrafish development. Zebrafish Decorin is a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that exhibits a high degree of conservation with its mammalian counterpart and displays a unique spatiotemporal expression pattern. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of zebrafish decorin identified a developmental role during medial-lateral convergence and anterior-posterior extension of the body plan, as well as in craniofacial cartilage formation. decorin morphants displayed a pronounced shortening of the head-to-tail axis as well as compression, flattening, and extension of the jaw cartilages. The morphant phenotype was efficiently rescued by zebrafish decorin mRNA. Unexpectedly, microinjection of excess zebrafish decorin mRNA or proteoglycan/protein core into one-cell stage embryos caused cyclopia. The morphant and overexpression phenotype represent a convergent extension defect. Our results indicate a central function for Decorin during early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Zoeller
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Zoeller JJ, McQuillan A, Whitelock J, Ho SY, Iozzo RV. A central function for perlecan in skeletal muscle and cardiovascular development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 181:381-94. [PMID: 18426981 PMCID: PMC2315682 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200708022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Perlecan's developmental functions are difficult to dissect in placental animals because perlecan disruption is embryonic lethal. In contrast to mammals, cardiovascular function is not essential for early zebrafish development because the embryos obtain adequate oxygen by diffusion. In this study, we use targeted protein depletion coupled with protein-based rescue experiments to investigate the involvement of perlecan and its C-terminal domain V/endorepellin in zebrafish development. The perlecan morphants show a severe myopathy characterized by abnormal actin filament orientation and disorganized sarcomeres, suggesting an involvement of perlecan in myopathies. In the perlecan morphants, primary intersegmental vessel sprouts, which develop through angiogenesis, fail to extend and show reduced protrusive activity. Live videomicroscopy confirms the abnormal swimming pattern caused by the myopathy and anomalous head and trunk vessel circulation. The phenotype is partially rescued by microinjection of human perlecan or endorepellin. These findings indicate that perlecan is essential for the integrity of somitic muscle and developmental angiogenesis and that endorepellin mediates most of these biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Zoeller
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Brown JR, Crawford BE, Esko JD. Glycan antagonists and inhibitors: a fount for drug discovery. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 42:481-515. [PMID: 18066955 DOI: 10.1080/10409230701751611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycans, the carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids, represent a relatively unexploited area for drug development compared with other macromolecules. This review describes the major classes of glycans synthesized by animal cells, their mode of assembly, and available inhibitors for blocking their biosynthesis and function. Many of these agents have proven useful for studying the biological activities of glycans in isolated cells, during embryological development, and in physiology. Some are being used to develop drugs for treating metabolic disorders, cancer, and infection, suggesting that glycans are excellent targets for future drug development.
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