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Thapaliya M, Amponnawarat A, Tesmer JJG, Ali H. GRK2 inhibitors, paroxetine and CCG258747, attenuate IgE-mediated anaphylaxis but activate mast cells via MRGPRX2 and MRGPRB2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1032497. [PMID: 36275707 PMCID: PMC9583242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 (GRK2), which phosphorylates agonist-occupied GPCRs to promote their desensitization, has been investigated as an attractive therapeutic target for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Several GRK2-targeted inhibition strategies have been reported including the use of direct pharmacological inhibitors such as paroxetine (a widely prescribed antidepressant) and its analogs such as compound CCG258747. Cross-linking of high affinity IgE receptor (FcϵRI) on mast cells (MCs) and the resulting degranulation causes anaphylaxis and allergic asthma. Using gene silencing strategy, we recently showed that GRK2 contributes to FcεRI signaling and MC degranulation. The purpose of this study was to determine if the GRK2 inhibitors paroxetine and CCG258747 modulate FcεRI-mediated MC responses in vitro and in vivo. Utilizing rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells and primary mouse lung MCs (LMCs), we found that paroxetine and CCG258747 inhibit FcϵRI-mediated calcium mobilization and degranulation. Furthermore, intravenous administration of paroxetine and CCG258747 in mice resulted in substantial reduction of IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Unlike LMCs, human cutaneous MCs abundantly express a novel GPCR known as MRGPRX2 (mouse; MRGPRB2). We found that in contrast to their inhibitory effects on FcεRI-mediated MC responses, both paroxetine and CCG258747 induce calcium mobilization and degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells stably expressing MRGPRX2 but not in untransfected cells. Furthermore, paroxetine and CCG258747 induced degranulation in peritoneal MCs from Wild-type (WT) mice in vitro and caused increased cutaneous vascular permeability in vivo, but these responses were substantially reduced in Mrgprb2-/- mice. Additionally, upon intradermal injection, paroxetine also induced neutrophil recruitment in WT but not Mrgprb2-/- mice. These findings suggest that in addition to their potential therapeutic utility against cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, paroxetine-based GRK2-inhibitors may serve to modulate IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and to enhance cutaneous host defense by harnessing MC's immunomodulatory property through the activation of MRGPRX2/MRGPRB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Thapaliya
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Aetas Amponnawarat
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Family and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - John J. G. Tesmer
- Departments of Biological Sciences and of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Hydar Ali,
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2
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Kammala AK, Yang C, Panettieri RA, Das R, Subramanian H. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Regulates T Cell Response in a Murine Model of House Dust Mite-Induced Asthma. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:656886. [PMID: 35386975 PMCID: PMC8974720 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.656886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is an adapter protein that modulates G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. It also regulates the functions and activity of other intracellular proteins in many cell types. Accordingly, GRK2 is thought to contribute to disease progression by a variety of mechanisms related to its multifunctional roles. Indeed, GRK2 levels are enhanced in patient samples as well as in preclinical models of several diseases. We have previously shown that GRK2 regulates mast cell functions, and thereby contributes to exacerbated inflammation during allergic reactions. In the current study, we observed that GRK2 levels are enhanced in the lungs of human asthma patients and in mice sensitized to house dust mite extract (HDME) allergen. Consistent with these findings, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 levels were reduced in the lungs of GRK2+/- mice in a HMDE mouse model of asthma. Because Th2 cells are the major source of these cytokines during asthma, we determined the role of GRK2 in regulating T cell-specific responses in our HMDE mouse model. We observed a significant reduction of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), lung eosinophil and lymphocyte counts, serum IgE, Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13), goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus production in mice that had reduced GRK2 expression specifically in T cells. Collectively, our studies reveal an important role for GRK2 in regulating T cell response during asthma pathogenesis and further elucidation of the mechanisms through which GRK2 modulates airway inflammation will lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananth K. Kammala
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Canchai Yang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Reynold A. Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Rupali Das
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Hariharan Subramanian
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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3
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Cheng J, Lucas PC, McAllister-Lucas LM. Canonical and Non-Canonical Roles of GRK2 in Lymphocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020307. [PMID: 33546162 PMCID: PMC7913175 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is emerging as a key integrative signaling node in a variety of biological processes ranging from cell growth and proliferation to migration and chemotaxis. As such, GRK2 is now implicated as playing a role in the molecular pathogenesis of a broad group of diseases including heart failure, cancer, depression, neurodegenerative disease, and others. In addition to its long-known canonical role in the phosphorylation and desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), recent studies have shown that GRK2 also modulates a diverse array of other molecular processes via newly identified GRK2 kinase substrates and via a growing number of protein-protein interaction binding partners. GRK2 belongs to the 7-member GRK family. It is a multidomain protein containing a specific N-terminal region (referred to as αN), followed by a regulator of G protein signaling homology (RH) domain, an AGC (Protein kinase A, G, C serine/threonine kinase family) kinase domain, and a C-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. GPCRs mediate the activity of many regulators of the immune system such as chemokines and leukotrienes, and thus GRK proteins may play key roles in modulating the lymphocyte response to these factors. As one of the predominant GRK family members expressed in immune cells, GRK2's canonical and noncanonical actions play an especially significant role in normal immune cell function as well as in the development and progression of disorders of the immune system. This review summarizes our current state of knowledge of the roles of GRK2 in lymphocytes. We highlight the diverse functions of GRK2 and discuss how ongoing investigation of GRK2 in lymphocytes may inform the development of new therapies for diseases associated with lymphocyte dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cheng
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Peter C. Lucas
- Divisions of Molecular Genomic Pathology and Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA;
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Linda M. McAllister-Lucas
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA;
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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4
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A biomimetic five-module chimeric antigen receptor ( 5MCAR) designed to target and eliminate antigen-specific T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28950-28959. [PMID: 33139567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012495117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells express clonotypic T cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize peptide antigens in the context of class I or II MHC molecules (pMHCI/II). These receptor modules associate with three signaling modules (CD3γε, δε, and ζζ) and work in concert with a coreceptor module (either CD8 or CD4) to drive T cell activation in response to pMHCI/II. Here, we describe a first-generation biomimetic five-module chimeric antigen receptor (5MCAR). We show that 1) chimeric receptor modules built with the ectodomains of pMHCII assemble with CD3 signaling modules into complexes that redirect cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) specificity and function in response to the clonotypic TCRs of pMHCII-specific CD4+ T cells, and 2) surrogate coreceptor modules enhance the function of these complexes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that adoptively transferred 5MCAR-CTLs can mitigate type I diabetes by targeting autoimmune CD4+ T cells in NOD mice. This work provides a framework for the construction of biomimetic 5MCARs that can be used as tools to study the impact of particular antigen-specific T cells in immune responses, and may hold potential for ameliorating diseases mediated by pathogenic T cells.
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5
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Schamel WW, Alarcon B, Minguet S. The TCR is an allosterically regulated macromolecular machinery changing its conformation while working. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:8-25. [PMID: 31402501 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) is a multiprotein complex controlling the activation of T cells. Although the structure of the complete TCR is not known, cumulative evidence supports that the TCR cycles between different conformational states that are promoted either by thermal motion or by force. These structural transitions determine whether the TCR engages intracellular effectors or not, regulating TCR phosphorylation and signaling. As for other membrane receptors, ligand binding selects and stabilizes the TCR in active conformations, and/or switches the TCR to activating states that were not visited before ligand engagement. Here we review the main models of TCR allostery, that is, ligand binding at TCRαβ changes the structure at CD3 and ζ. (a) The ITAM and proline-rich sequence exposure model, in which the TCR's cytoplasmic tails shield each other and ligand binding exposes them for phosphorylation. (b) The membrane-ITAM model, in which the CD3ε and ζ tails are sequestered inside the membrane and again ligand binding exposes them. (c) The mechanosensor model in which ligand binding exerts force on the TCR, inducing structural changes that allow signaling. Since these models are complementary rather than competing, we propose a unified model that aims to incorporate all existing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W Schamel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Balbino Alarcon
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Minguet
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Hardy IR, Schamel WW, Baeuerle PA, Getts DR, Hofmeister R. Implications of T cell receptor biology on the development of new T cell therapies for cancer. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:89-103. [PMID: 31902264 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, two chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies were approved based on their remarkable efficacy in patients with hematological malignancies. By contrast, CAR-T cell therapies results in solid tumors have been less promising. To develop the next generation of T cell therapies a better understanding of T cell receptor (TCR) biology and its implication for the design of synthetic receptors is critical. Here, we review current and newly developed forms of T cell therapies and how their utilization of different components of the TCR signaling machinery and their requirement for engagement (or not) of human leukocyte antigen impacts their design, efficacy and applicability as cancer drugs. Notably, we highlight the development of human leukocyte antigen-independent T cell platforms that utilize the full TCR complex as having promise to overcome some of the limitations of existing T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Hardy
- TCR2 Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Binney St. Suite 710, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, BIOSS Center for Biological Signalling Studies, CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies & Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18,79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick A Baeuerle
- TCR Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Binney St. Suite 710, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshadernerstr. 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel R Getts
- TCR Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Binney St. Suite 710, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Robert Hofmeister
- TCR Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Binney St. Suite 710, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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7
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Abstract
Advances in academic and clinical studies during the last several years have resulted in practical outcomes in adoptive immune therapy of cancer. Immune cells can be programmed with molecular modules that increase their therapeutic potency and specificity. It has become obvious that successful immunotherapy must take into account the full complexity of the immune system and, when possible, include the use of multifactor cell reprogramming that allows fast adjustment during the treatment. Today, practically all immune cells can be stably or transiently reprogrammed against cancer. Here, we review works related to T cell reprogramming, as the most developed field in immunotherapy. We discuss factors that determine the specific roles of αβ and γδ T cells in the immune system and the structure and function of T cell receptors in relation to other structures involved in T cell target recognition and immune response. We also discuss the aspects of T cell engineering, specifically the construction of synthetic T cell receptors (synTCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and the use of engineered T cells in integrative multifactor therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Katz
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Dinkel BA, Kremer KN, Rollins MR, Medlyn MJ, Hedin KE. GRK2 mediates TCR-induced transactivation of CXCR4 and TCR-CXCR4 complex formation that drives PI3Kγ/PREX1 signaling and T cell cytokine secretion. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14022-14039. [PMID: 30018141 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system includes abundant examples of biologically-relevant cross-regulation of signaling pathways by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor, CXCR4. TCR ligation induces transactivation of CXCR4 and TCR-CXCR4 complex formation, permitting the TCR to signal via CXCR4 to activate a phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Rac exchanger 1 protein (PREX1)-dependent signaling pathway that drives robust cytokine secretion by T cells. To understand this receptor heterodimer and its regulation, we characterized the molecular mechanisms required for TCR-mediated TCR-CXCR4 complex formation. We found that the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain of CXCR4 and specifically phosphorylation of Ser-339 within this region were required for TCR-CXCR4 complex formation. Interestingly, siRNA-mediated depletion of G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2) or inhibition by the GRK2-specific inhibitor, paroxetine, inhibited TCR-induced phosphorylation of CXCR4-Ser-339 and TCR-CXCR4 complex formation. Either GRK2 siRNA or paroxetine treatment of human T cells significantly reduced T cell cytokine production. Upstream, TCR-activated tyrosine kinases caused inducible tyrosine phosphorylation of GRK2 and were required for the GRK2-dependent events of CXCR4-Ser-339 phosphorylation and TCR-CXCR4 complex formation. Downstream of TCR-CXCR4 complex formation, we found that GRK2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) were required for TCR-stimulated membrane recruitment of PREX1 and for stabilization of cytokine mRNAs and robust cytokine secretion. Together, our results identify a novel role for GRK2 as a target of TCR signaling that is responsible for TCR-induced transactivation of CXCR4 and TCR-CXCR4 complex formation that signals via PI3Kγ/PREX1 to mediate cytokine production. Therapeutic regulation of GRK2 or PI3Kγ may therefore be useful for limiting cytokines produced by T cell malignancies or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney A Dinkel
- From the Mayo IMM Ph.D. Training Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Kimberly N Kremer
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Meagan R Rollins
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Michael J Medlyn
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Karen E Hedin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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9
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Ngoenkam J, Schamel WW, Pongcharoen S. Selected signalling proteins recruited to the T-cell receptor-CD3 complex. Immunology 2018; 153:42-50. [PMID: 28771705 PMCID: PMC5721247 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex, expressed on T cells, determines the outcome of a T-cell response. It consists of the TCR-αβ heterodimer and the non-covalently associated signalling dimers of CD3εγ, CD3εδ and CD3ζζ. TCR-αβ binds specifically to a cognate peptide antigen bound to an MHC molecule, whereas the CD3 subunits transmit the signal into the cytosol to activate signalling events. Recruitment of proteins to specialized localizations is one mechanism to regulate activation and termination of signalling. In the last 25 years a large number of signalling molecules recruited to the TCR-CD3 complex upon antigen binding to TCR-αβ have been described. Here, we review knowledge about five of those interaction partners: Lck, ZAP-70, Nck, WASP and Numb. Some of these proteins have been targeted in the development of immunomodulatory drugs aiming to treat patients with autoimmune diseases and organ transplants.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/chemistry
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mutation
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein/metabolism
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatuporn Ngoenkam
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFaculty of Medical ScienceNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
| | - Wolfgang W. Schamel
- Department of ImmunologyInstitute for Biology IIIFaculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI)Medical Centre‐University of FreiburgFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Sutatip Pongcharoen
- Centre of Excellence in Medical BiotechnologyFaculty of Medical ScienceNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
- Centre of Excellence in Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced MaterialsFaculty of ScienceNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
- Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineNaresuan UniversityPhitsanulokThailand
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10
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Borroto A, Reyes-Garau D, Jiménez MA, Carrasco E, Moreno B, Martínez-Pasamar S, Cortés JR, Perona A, Abia D, Blanco S, Fuentes M, Arellano I, Lobo J, Heidarieh H, Rueda J, Esteve P, Cibrián D, Martinez-Riaño A, Mendoza P, Prieto C, Calleja E, Oeste CL, Orfao A, Fresno M, Sánchez-Madrid F, Alcamí A, Bovolenta P, Martín P, Villoslada P, Morreale A, Messeguer A, Alarcon B. First-in-class inhibitor of the T cell receptor for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:370ra184. [PMID: 28003549 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf2140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Modulating T cell activation is critical for treating autoimmune diseases but requires avoiding concomitant opportunistic infections. Antigen binding to the T cell receptor (TCR) triggers the recruitment of the cytosolic adaptor protein Nck to a proline-rich sequence in the cytoplasmic tail of the TCR's CD3ε subunit. Through virtual screening and using combinatorial chemistry, we have generated an orally available, low-molecular weight inhibitor of the TCR-Nck interaction that selectively inhibits TCR-triggered T cell activation with an IC50 (median inhibitory concentration) ~1 nM. By modulating TCR signaling, the inhibitor prevented the development of psoriasis and asthma and, furthermore, exerted a long-lasting therapeutic effect in a model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, it did not prevent the generation of a protective memory response against a mouse pathogen, suggesting that the compound might not exert its effects through immunosuppression. These results suggest that inhibiting an immediate TCR signal has promise for treating a broad spectrum of human T cell-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Borroto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Reyes-Garau
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Esther Carrasco
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Martínez-Pasamar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José R Cortés
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Perona
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Abia
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Soledad Blanco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Irene Arellano
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Lobo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Haleh Heidarieh
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Rueda
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Esteve
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Danay Cibrián
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez-Riaño
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Mendoza
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Prieto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Calleja
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara L Oeste
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Martín
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Morreale
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Messeguer
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcon
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council-Autonomous University of Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Wang Q, Wang L, Wu L, Zhang M, Hu S, Wang R, Han Y, Wu Y, Zhang L, Wang X, Sun W, Wei W. Paroxetine alleviates T lymphocyte activation and infiltration to joints of collagen-induced arthritis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45364. [PMID: 28349925 PMCID: PMC5368980 DOI: 10.1038/srep45364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell infiltration to synovial tissue is an early pathogenic mechanism of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the present work, we reveal that G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is abundantly expressed in T cells of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). A GRK2 inhibitor, paroxetine protects the joints from inflammation and destruction, primarily through inhibition of both CD4+ helper T (Th) cell and CD8+ cytotoxic T (Tc) cell migration to synovial tissue. Meanwhile, paroxetine restores the balance of Th/Tc, effector Th (Theff)/ naïve Th (Thnaive) and effector Tc (Tceff)/ naïve Tc (Tcnaive) to equilibrium by elevating the frequency of Thnaive, Tcnaive and regulatory Th cells; reducing the increased Theff, activated Th and Tceff, having a similar effect as methotrexate (MTX). In addition, both serum and synovial IL-1β, TNF-α and CX3CL1 expression was effectively inhibited in treated rats. In vitro assay confirmed that paroxetine inhibits CX3CL1-induced T cell migration through blocking the activity of GRK2. Among three MAPK families, paroxetine was found to be able to decrease the phosphorylation of ERK. This study elucidates that paroxetine attenuates the symptoms of CIA rats due to its inhibitory effect on T cell activation and infiltration to synovial tissue via suppression of ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Longsheng Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Li Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yongsheng Han
- Emergency Center, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yujing Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Wuyi Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
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Subramanian H, Gupta K, Parameswaran N, Ali H. Regulation of Fc∈RI signaling in mast cells by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and its RH domain. J Biol Chem 2015; 289:20917-27. [PMID: 24904059 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.523969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Agonist-induced phosphorylation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by GPCRkinases (GRKs) promotes their desensitization and internalization. Here, we sought to determine the role of GRK2 on Fc∈RI signaling and mediator release in mast cells. The strategies utilized included lentiviral shRNA-mediated GRK2 knockdown, GRK2 gene deletion (GRK2(flox/flox)/cre recombinase) and overexpression of GRK2 and its regulator of G protein signaling homology (RH) domain (GRK2-RH). We found that silencing GRK2 expression caused ~50% decrease in antigen-induced Ca(2+) mobilization and degranulation but resulted in ablation of cytokine (IL-6 and IL-13) generation. The effect of GRK2 on cytokine generation does not require its catalytic activity but is mediated via the phosphorylation of p38 and Akt. Overexpression of GRK2 or its RH domain (GRK2-RH) enhanced antigen-induced mast cell degranulation and cytokine generation without affecting the expression levels of any of the Fc∈RI subunits (α, β, and γ). GRK2 or GRK2-RH had no effect on antigen-induced phosphorylation of Fc∈RIγ or Src but enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk. These data demonstrate that GRK2 modulates Fc∈RI signaling in mast cells via at least two mechanisms.One involves GRK2-RH and modulates tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk, and the other is mediated via the phosphorylation of p38 and Akt.
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Govers C, Sebestyén Z, Roszik J, van Brakel M, Berrevoets C, Szöőr Á, Panoutsopoulou K, Broertjes M, Van T, Vereb G, Szöllősi J, Debets R. TCRs Genetically Linked to CD28 and CD3ε Do Not Mispair with Endogenous TCR Chains and Mediate Enhanced T Cell Persistence and Anti-Melanoma Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5315-26. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Borroto A, Abia D, Alarcón B. Crammed signaling motifs in the T-cell receptor. Immunol Lett 2014; 161:113-7. [PMID: 24877875 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is long known to contain multiple signaling subunits (CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ɛ and CD3ζ), their role in signal transduction is still not well understood. The presence of at least one immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in each CD3 subunit has led to the idea that the multiplication of such elements essentially serves to amplify signals. However, the evolutionary conservation of non-ITAM sequences suggests that each CD3 subunit is likely to have specific non-redundant roles at some stage of development or in mature T cell function. The CD3ɛ subunit is paradigmatic because in a relatively short cytoplasmic sequence (∼55 amino acids) it contains several docking sites for proteins involved in intracellular trafficking and signaling, proteins whose relevance in T cell activation is slowly starting to be revealed. In this review we will summarize our current knowledge on the signaling effectors that bind directly to the TCR and we will propose a hierarchy in their response to TCR triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Borroto
- TCR Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Abia
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- TCR Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Borroto A, Arellano I, Blanco R, Fuentes M, Orfao A, Dopfer EP, Prouza M, Suchànek M, Schamel WW, Alarcón B. Relevance of Nck-CD3 epsilon interaction for T cell activation in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2042-53. [PMID: 24470497 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
On TCR ligation, the adaptor Nck is recruited through its src homology 3.1 domain to a proline-rich sequence (PRS) in CD3ε. We have studied the relevance of this interaction for T cell activation in vitro and in vivo by targeting the interaction sites in both partners. The first approach consisted of studying a knockin (KI) mouse line (KI-PRS) bearing a conservative mutation in the PRS that makes the TCR incompetent to recruit Nck. This deficiency prevents T cell activation by Ag in vitro and inhibited very early TCR signaling events including the tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3ζ. Most important, KI-PRS mice are partly protected against the development of neurological symptoms in an experimental autoimmune encephalitis model, and show a deficient antitumoral response after vaccination. The second approach consisted of using a high-affinity peptide that specifically binds the src homology 3.1 domain and prevents the interaction of Nck with CD3ε. This peptide inhibits T cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that Nck recruitment to the TCR is fundamental to mount an efficient T cell response in vivo, and that the Nck-CD3ε interaction may represent a target for pharmacological modulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Borroto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
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Kuhns MS, Badgandi HB. Piecing together the family portrait of TCR-CD3 complexes. Immunol Rev 2013; 250:120-43. [PMID: 23046126 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pre-T-cell receptor (TCR)-, αβTCR-, and γδTCR-CD3 complexes are members of a family of modular biosensors that are responsible for driving T-cell development, activation, and effector functions. They inform essential checkpoint decisions by relaying key information from their ligand-binding modules (TCRs) to their signaling modules (CD3γε + CD3δε and CD3ζζ) and on to the intracellular signaling apparatus. Their actions shape the T-cell repertoire, as well as T-cell-mediated immunity; yet, the mechanisms that underlie their activity remain an enigma. As with any molecular machine, understanding how they function depends upon understanding how their parts fit and work together. In the 30 years since the initial biochemical and genetic characterizations of the αβTCR, the structure and function of the individual components of these family members have been extensively characterized. Cumulatively, this information has allowed us to piece together a portrait of the αβTCR-CD3 complex and outline the form of the remaining family members. Here we review the known structural and functional characteristics of the components of these TCR-CD3 complex family members. We then discuss how these data have informed our understanding of the architecture of the αβTCR-CD3 complex as well as their implications for the other family members. The intent is to provide a framework for considering: (i) how these thematically similar complexes diverge to execute their specific functions and (ii) how our knowledge of the form and function of these distinct family members can cross-inform our understanding of the other family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kuhns
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, USA.
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Borroto A, Arellano I, Dopfer EP, Prouza M, Suchànek M, Fuentes M, Orfao A, Schamel WW, Alarcón B. Nck recruitment to the TCR required for ZAP70 activation during thymic development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:1103-12. [PMID: 23267019 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The adaptor protein Nck is inducibly recruited through its SH3.1 domain to a proline-rich sequence (PRS) in CD3ε after TCR engagement. However, experiments with a knockin mutant bearing an 8-aa replacement of the PRS have indicated that Nck binding to the TCR is constitutive, and that it promotes the degradation of the TCR in preselection double-positive (DP) CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes. To clarify these discrepancies, we have generated a new knockin mouse line (KI-PRS) bearing a conservative mutation in the PRS resulting from the replacement of the two central prolines. Thymocytes of KI-PRS mice are partly arrested at each step at which pre-TCR or TCR signaling is required. The mutation prevents the trigger-dependent inducible recruitment of endogenous Nck to the TCR but does not impair TCR degradation. However, KI-PRS preselection DP thymocytes show impaired tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3ζ, as well as impaired recruitment of ZAP70 to the TCR and impaired ZAP70 activation. Our results indicate that Nck is recruited to the TCR in an inducible manner in DP thymocytes, and that this recruitment is required for the activation of early TCR-dependent events. Differences in the extent of PRS mutation could explain the phenotypic differences in both knockin mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Borroto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
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DeFord-Watts LM, Dougall DS, Belkaya S, Johnson BA, Eitson JL, Roybal KT, Barylko B, Albanesi JP, Wülfing C, van Oers NS. The CD3 zeta subunit contains a phosphoinositide-binding motif that is required for the stable accumulation of TCR-CD3 complex at the immunological synapse. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 186:6839-47. [PMID: 21543646 PMCID: PMC3110614 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation involves a cascade of TCR-mediated signals that are regulated by three distinct intracellular signaling motifs located within the cytoplasmic tails of the CD3 chains. Whereas all the CD3 subunits possess at least one ITAM, the CD3 ε subunit also contains a proline-rich sequence and a basic-rich stretch (BRS). The CD3 ε BRS complexes selected phosphoinositides, interactions that are required for normal cell surface expression of the TCR. The cytoplasmic domain of CD3 ζ also contains several clusters of arginine and lysine residues. In this study, we report that these basic amino acids enable CD3 ζ to complex the phosphoinositides PtdIns(3)P, PtdIns(4)P, PtdIns(5)P, PtdIns(3,5)P(2), and PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) with high affinity. Early TCR signaling pathways were unaffected by the targeted loss of the phosphoinositide-binding functions of CD3 ζ. Instead, the elimination of the phosphoinositide-binding function of CD3 ζ significantly impaired the ability of this invariant chain to accumulate stably at the immunological synapse during T cell-APC interactions. Without its phosphoinositide-binding functions, CD3 ζ was concentrated in intracellular structures after T cell activation. Such findings demonstrate a novel functional role for CD3 ζ BRS-phosphoinositide interactions in supporting T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. DeFord-Watts
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - David S. Dougall
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - Serkan Belkaya
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - Blake A. Johnson
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - Jennifer L. Eitson
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - Kole T. Roybal
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - Barbara Barylko
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - Joseph P. Albanesi
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
| | - Nicolai S.C. van Oers
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093
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DeFord-Watts LM, Tassin TC, Becker AM, Medeiros JJ, Albanesi JP, Love PE, Wülfing C, van Oers NSC. The cytoplasmic tail of the T cell receptor CD3 epsilon subunit contains a phospholipid-binding motif that regulates T cell functions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 183:1055-64. [PMID: 19542373 PMCID: PMC2954055 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The CD3 epsilon subunit of the TCR complex contains two defined signaling domains, a proline-rich sequence and an ITAM. We identified a third signaling sequence in CD3 epsilon, termed the basic-rich stretch (BRS). Herein, we show that the positively charged residues of the BRS enable this region of CD3 epsilon to complex a subset of acidic phospholipids, including PI(3)P, PI(4)P, PI(5)P, PI(3,4,5)P(3), and PI(4,5)P(2). Transgenic mice containing mutations of the BRS exhibited varying developmental defects, ranging from reduced thymic cellularity to a complete block in T cell development. Peripheral T cells from BRS-modified mice also exhibited several defects, including decreased TCR surface expression, reduced TCR-mediated signaling responses to agonist peptide-loaded APCs, and delayed CD3 epsilon localization to the immunological synapse. Overall, these findings demonstrate a functional role for the CD3 epsilon lipid-binding domain in T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. DeFord-Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Tara C. Tassin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Amy M. Becker
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Jennifer J. Medeiros
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Joseph P. Albanesi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Paul E. Love
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Nicolai S. C. van Oers
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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Schneider OD, Weiss AA, Miller WE. Pertussis toxin signals through the TCR to initiate cross-desensitization of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5730-9. [PMID: 19380820 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pertussis toxin (PTx) has been shown to exert a variety of effects on immune cells independent of its ability to ADP-ribosylate G proteins. Of these effects, the binding subunit of PTx (PTxB) has been shown to block signaling via the chemokine receptor CCR5, but the mechanism involved in this process is unknown. Here, we show that PTxB causes desensitization of a related chemokine receptor, CXCR4, and explore the mechanism by which this occurs. CXCR4 is the receptor for the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha (SDF-1alpha) and elicits a number of biological effects, including stimulation of T cell migration. PTxB treatment causes a decrease in CXCR4 surface expression, inhibits G protein-associated signaling, and blocks SDF-1alpha-mediated chemotaxis. We show that PTxB mediates these effects by activating the TCR signaling network, as the effects are dependent on TCR and ZAP70 expression. Additionally, the activation of the TCR with anti-CD3 mAb elicits a similar set of effects on CXCR4 activity, supporting the idea that TCR signaling leads to cross-desensitization of CXCR4. The inhibition of CXCR4 by PTxB is rapid and transient; however, the catalytic activity of PTx prevents CXCR4 signaling in the long term. Thus, the effects of PTx holotoxin on CXCR4 signaling can be divided into two phases: short term by the B subunit, and long term by the catalytic subunit. These data suggest that TCR crosstalk with CXCR4 is likely a normal cellular process that leads to cross-desensitization, which is exploited by the B subunit of PTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia D Schneider
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Brodeur JF, Li S, Martins MDS, Larose L, Dave VP. Critical and Multiple Roles for the CD3ε Intracytoplasmic Tail in Double Negative to Double Positive Thymocyte Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4844-53. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
In this issue, Xu et al. (2008) provide evidence for a new mechanism of T cell receptor regulation. Prior to activation, basic residues in the cytoplasmic domain of the signaling subunits of the T cell receptor associate with the plasma membrane such that the key signaling tyrosines are sequestered in the bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Kuhns
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Kuang DM, Zhao Q, Xu J, Yun JP, Wu C, Zheng L. Tumor-educated tolerogenic dendritic cells induce CD3epsilon down-regulation and apoptosis of T cells through oxygen-dependent pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3089-98. [PMID: 18713979 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Defects in the CD3/TCR complex and impairment of T cell function are necessary for tumor evasion, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We found that culture supernatants from several types of solid tumor cell lines drove human monocytes to become tolerogenic semimature dendritic cells (TDCs). Upon encountering T cells, the TDCs triggered rapid down-regulation of CD3epsilon and TCR-alpha/beta and subsequent apoptosis in autologous T cells. Consistent with these results, accumulation of immunosuppressive DCs coincided with CD3epsilon down-regulation and T cell deletion in cancer nests of human tumors. The impaired T cell function was mediated by factor(s) released by live TDCs after direct interaction with lymphocytes. Also, the TDC-induced effect on T cells was markedly reduced by blocking of NADPH oxidase but not by inhibition of arginase, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), IDO, or IFN-gamma. Moreover, we found that hyaluronan fragments constituted a common factor produced by a variety of human tumor cell lines to induce formation of TDCs. These observations indicate that tumor microenvironments, including hyaluronan fragments derived from cancer cells, educate DCs to adopt a semimature phenotype, which in turn aids tumor immune escape by causing defects in the CD3/TCR complex and deletion of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ming Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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