1
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Dey P, Santra S, Ghosh D. Effect of the protein environment on the excited state phenomena in a bacteriophytochrome. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39044617 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02112f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The excited state processes of a bacteriophytochrome are studied using high-level multireference methods. The various non-radiative channels of deactivation are identified for the chromophore. The effects of the protein environment and substituents are elucidated for these excited state processes. It is observed that while the excited states are completely delocalized in the Franck-Condon (FC) region, they acquire significant charge transfer character near the conical intersections. Earlier studies have emphasized the delocalized nature of the excited states in the FC region, which leads to absorption spectra with minimal Stokes shift [Rumyantsev et al., Sci. Rep., 2015, 5, 18348]. The effect of the protein environment on the vertical excitation energies was minimal, while that on the conical intersection (CI) energetics was significant. This may lead one to believe that it is charge transfer driven. However, energy decomposition analysis shows that it is the effect of the dispersion of nearby residues and the steric effect on the rings and substituents that lead to the large effect of proteins on the energetics of the CIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Supriyo Santra
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Debashree Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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2
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Santra S, Manna RN, Chakrabarty S, Ghosh D. Conformational Effects on the Absorption Spectra of Phytochromes. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3614-3620. [PMID: 38581077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Bacteriophytochrome is a photoreceptor protein that contains the biliverdin (BV) chromophore as its active component. The spectra of BV upon mutation remain remarkably unchanged, as far as spectral positions are concerned. This points toward the minimal effect of electrostatic effects on the electronic structure of the chromophore. However, the relative intensities of the Q and Soret bands of the chromophore change dramatically upon mutation. In this work, we delve into the molecular origin of this unusual intensity modulation. Using extensive classical MD and QM/MM calculations, we show that due to mutation, the conformational population of the chromophore changes significantly. The noncovalent interactions, especially the stacking interactions, lead to extra stabilization of the cyclic form in the D207H mutated species as opposed to the open form in the wild-type BV. Thus, unlike the commonly observed direct electrostatic effect on the spectral shift, in the case of BV the difference observed is in varying intensities, and this in turn is driven by a conformational shift due to enhanced stacking interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriyo Santra
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Rabindra Nath Manna
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Suman Chakrabarty
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Debashree Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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3
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Kurttila M, Rumfeldt J, Takala H, Ihalainen JA. The interconnecting hairpin extension "arm": An essential allosteric element of phytochrome activity. Structure 2023; 31:1100-1108.e4. [PMID: 37392739 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
In red-light sensing phytochromes, isomerization of the bilin chromophore triggers structural and dynamic changes across multiple domains, ultimately leading to control of the output module (OPM) activity. In between, a hairpin structure, "arm", extends from an interconnecting domain to the chromophore region. Here, by removing this protein segment in a bacteriophytochrome from Deinococcus radiodurans (DrBphP), we show that the arm is crucial for signal transduction. Crystallographic, spectroscopic, and biochemical data indicate that this variant maintains the properties of DrBphP in the resting state. Spectroscopic data also reveal that the armless systems maintain the ability to respond to light. However, there is no subsequent regulation of OPM activity without the arms. Thermal denaturation reveals that the arms stabilize the DrBphP structure. Our results underline the importance of the structurally flexible interconnecting hairpin extensions and describe their central role in the allosteric coupling of phytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Kurttila
- University of Jyvaskyla, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jessica Rumfeldt
- University of Jyvaskyla, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Heikki Takala
- University of Jyvaskyla, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
| | - Janne A Ihalainen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
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4
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Hildebrandt P. Vibrational Spectroscopy of Phytochromes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1007. [PMID: 37371587 DOI: 10.3390/biom13061007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are biological photoswitches that translate light into physiological functions. Spectroscopic techniques are essential tools for molecular research into these photoreceptors. This review is directed at summarizing how resonance Raman and IR spectroscopy contributed to an understanding of the structure, dynamics, and reaction mechanism of phytochromes, outlining the substantial experimental and theoretical challenges and describing the strategies to master them. It is shown that the potential of the various vibrational spectroscopic techniques can be most efficiently exploited using integral approaches via a combination of theoretical methods as well as other experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hildebrandt
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Abstract
The genetically encoded fluorescent sensors convert chemical and physical signals into light. They are powerful tools for the visualisation of physiological processes in living cells and freely moving animals. The fluorescent protein is the reporter module of a genetically encoded biosensor. In this study, we first review the history of the fluorescent protein in full emission spectra on a structural basis. Then, we discuss the design of the genetically encoded biosensor. Finally, we briefly review several major types of genetically encoded biosensors that are currently widely used based on their design and molecular targets, which may be useful for the future design of fluorescent biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, No. 3663 Zhong Shan Road North, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yifan Da
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, No. 3663 Zhong Shan Road North, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, No. 3663 Zhong Shan Road North, Shanghai, 200062, China
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6
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Wahlgren WY, Claesson E, Tuure I, Trillo-Muyo S, Bódizs S, Ihalainen JA, Takala H, Westenhoff S. Structural mechanism of signal transduction in a phytochrome histidine kinase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7673. [PMID: 36509762 PMCID: PMC9744887 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome proteins detect red/far-red light to guide the growth, motion, development and reproduction in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Bacterial phytochromes commonly function as an entrance signal in two-component sensory systems. Despite the availability of three-dimensional structures of phytochromes and other two-component proteins, the conformational changes, which lead to activation of the protein, are not understood. We reveal cryo electron microscopy structures of the complete phytochrome from Deinoccocus radiodurans in its resting and photoactivated states at 3.6 Å and 3.5 Å resolution, respectively. Upon photoactivation, the photosensory core module hardly changes its tertiary domain arrangement, but the connector helices between the photosensory and the histidine kinase modules open up like a zipper, causing asymmetry and disorder in the effector domains. The structures provide a framework for atom-scale understanding of signaling in phytochromes, visualize allosteric communication over several nanometers, and suggest that disorder in the dimeric arrangement of the effector domains is important for phosphatase activity in a two-component system. The results have implications for the development of optogenetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiao Yuan Wahlgren
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elin Claesson
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Iida Tuure
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Sergio Trillo-Muyo
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Szabolcs Bódizs
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Janne A. Ihalainen
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Heikki Takala
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sebastian Westenhoff
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Chemistry—BMC, Biochemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Multamäki E, García de Fuentes A, Sieryi O, Bykov A, Gerken U, Ranzani A, Köhler J, Meglinski I, Möglich A, Takala H. Optogenetic Control of Bacterial Expression by Red Light. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3354-3367. [PMID: 35998606 PMCID: PMC9594775 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In optogenetics, as in nature, sensory photoreceptors serve to control cellular processes by light. Bacteriophytochrome (BphP) photoreceptors sense red and far-red light via a biliverdin chromophore and, in response, cycle between the spectroscopically, structurally, and functionally distinct Pr and Pfr states. BphPs commonly belong to two-component systems that control the phosphorylation of cognate response regulators and downstream gene expression through histidine kinase modules. We recently demonstrated that the paradigm BphP from Deinococcus radiodurans exclusively acts as a phosphatase but that its photosensory module can control the histidine kinase activity of homologous receptors. Here, we apply this insight to reprogram two widely used setups for bacterial gene expression from blue-light to red-light control. The resultant pREDusk and pREDawn systems allow gene expression to be regulated down and up, respectively, uniformly under red light by 100-fold or more. Both setups are realized as portable, single plasmids that encode all necessary components including the biliverdin-producing machinery. The triggering by red light affords high spatial resolution down to the single-cell level. As pREDusk and pREDawn respond sensitively to red light, they support multiplexing with optogenetic systems sensitive to other light colors. Owing to the superior tissue penetration of red light, the pREDawn system can be triggered at therapeutically safe light intensities through material layers, replicating the optical properties of the skin and skull. Given these advantages, pREDusk and pREDawn enable red-light-regulated expression for diverse use cases in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Multamäki
- Department
of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | | | - Oleksii Sieryi
- Optoelectronics
and Measurement Techniques, University of
Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Alexander Bykov
- Optoelectronics
and Measurement Techniques, University of
Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Uwe Gerken
- Lehrstuhl
für Spektroskopie weicher Materie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Köhler
- Lehrstuhl
für Spektroskopie weicher Materie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Igor Meglinski
- Optoelectronics
and Measurement Techniques, University of
Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland,College
of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston
University, Birmingham B4 7ET, U.K.
| | - Andreas Möglich
- Lehrstuhl
für Biochemie, Photobiochemie, Universität
Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany,. Phone: +49 921 55
7835
| | - Heikki Takala
- Department
of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Department
of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla 40014, Finland,. Phone: +358 46 923 6211
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8
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Hashizume R, Fujii H, Mehta S, Ota K, Qian Y, Zhu W, Drobizhev M, Nasu Y, Zhang J, Bito H, Campbell RE. A genetically encoded far-red fluorescent calcium ion biosensor derived from a biliverdin-binding protein. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4440. [PMID: 36173169 PMCID: PMC9518226 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Far-red and near-infrared (NIR) genetically encoded calcium ion (Ca2+ ) indicators (GECIs) are powerful tools for in vivo and multiplexed imaging of neural activity and cell signaling. Inspired by a previous report to engineer a far-red fluorescent protein (FP) from a biliverdin (BV)-binding NIR FP, we have developed a far-red fluorescent GECI, designated iBB-GECO1, from a previously reported NIR GECI. iBB-GECO1 exhibits a relatively high molecular brightness, an inverse response to Ca2+ with ΔF/Fmin = -13, and a near-optimal dissociation constant (Kd ) for Ca2+ of 105 nM. We demonstrate the utility of iBB-GECO1 for four-color multiplexed imaging in MIN6 cells and five-color imaging in HEK293T cells. Like other BV-binding GECIs, iBB-GECO1 did not give robust signals during in vivo imaging of neural activity in mice, but did provide promising results that will guide future engineering efforts. SIGNIFICANCE: Genetically encoded calcium ion (Ca2+ ) indicators (GECIs) compatible with common far-red laser lines (~630-640 nm) on commercial microscopes are of critical importance for their widespread application to deep-tissue multiplexed imaging of neural activity. In this study, we engineered a far-red excitable fluorescent GECI, designated iBB-GECO1, that exhibits a range of preferable specifications such as high brightness, large fluorescence response to Ca2+ , and compatibility with multiplexed imaging in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Hashizume
- Department of Chemistry, School of ScienceThe University of Tokyo, Bunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Hajime Fujii
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of Tokyo, Bunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Sohum Mehta
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Keisuke Ota
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of Tokyo, Bunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Yong Qian
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MITCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Wenchao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, School of ScienceThe University of Tokyo, Bunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Mikhail Drobizhev
- Department of Microbiology and Cell BiologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMontanaUSA
| | - Yusuke Nasu
- Department of Chemistry, School of ScienceThe University of Tokyo, Bunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Haruhiko Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of Tokyo, Bunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Robert E. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, School of ScienceThe University of Tokyo, Bunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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9
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Böhm C, Gourinchas G, Zweytick S, Hujdur E, Reiter M, Trstenjak S, Sensen CW, Winkler A. Characterisation of sequence-structure-function space in sensor-effector integrators of phytochrome-regulated diguanylate cyclases. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1761-1779. [PMID: 35788917 PMCID: PMC9587094 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between protein sequence, structure and function is one of the fundamental challenges in biochemistry. A direct correlation, however, is often not trivial since protein dynamics also play an important functional role-especially in signal transduction processes. In a subfamily of bacterial light sensors, phytochrome-activated diguanylate cyclases (PadCs), a characteristic coiled-coil linker element connects photoreceptor and output module, playing an essential role in signal integration. Combining phylogenetic analyses with biochemical characterisations, we were able to show that length and composition of this linker determine sensor-effector function and as such are under considerable evolutionary pressure. The linker length, together with the upstream PHY-specific domain, influences the dynamic range of effector activation and can even cause light-induced enzyme inhibition. We demonstrate phylogenetic clustering according to linker length, and the development of new linker lengths as well as new protein function within linker families. The biochemical characterisation of PadC homologs revealed that the functional coupling of PHY dimer interface and linker element defines signal integration and regulation of output functionality. A small subfamily of PadCs, characterised by a linker length breaking the coiled-coil pattern, shows a markedly different behaviour from other homologs. The effect of the central helical spine on PadC function highlights its essential role in signal integration as well as direct regulation of diguanylate cyclase activity. Appreciation of sensor-effector linkers as integrator elements and their coevolution with sensory modules is a further step towards the use of functionally diverse homologs as building blocks for rationally designed optogenetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Böhm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Geoffrey Gourinchas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67404, Illkirch, France
| | - Sophie Zweytick
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Elvira Hujdur
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Reiter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Sara Trstenjak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Wilhelm Sensen
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine, Római körút 21, 6723, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andreas Winkler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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10
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Significant impact of deprotonated status on the photoisomerization dynamics of bacteriophytochrome chromophore. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Kurttila M, Etzl S, Rumfeldt J, Takala H, Galler N, Winkler A, Ihalainen JA. The structural effect between the output module and chromophore-binding domain is a two-way street via the hairpin extension. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 21:1881-1894. [PMID: 35984631 PMCID: PMC9630206 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction typically starts with either ligand binding or cofactor activation, eventually affecting biological activities in the cell. In red light-sensing phytochromes, isomerization of the bilin chromophore results in regulation of the activity of diverse output modules. During this process, several structural elements and chemical events influence signal propagation. In our study, we have studied the full-length bacteriophytochrome from Deinococcus radiodurans as well as a previously generated optogenetic tool where the native histidine kinase output module has been replaced with an adenylate cyclase. We show that the composition of the output module influences the stability of the hairpin extension. The hairpin, often referred as the PHY tongue, is one of the central structural elements for signal transduction. It extends from a distinct domain establishing close contacts with the chromophore binding site. If the coupling between these interactions is disrupted, the dynamic range of the enzymatic regulation is reduced. Our study highlights the complex conformational properties of the hairpin extension as a bidirectional link between the chromophore-binding site and the output module, as well as functional properties of diverse output modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Kurttila
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Stefan Etzl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jessica Rumfeldt
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Takala
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Nadine Galler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Winkler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Janne A Ihalainen
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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12
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Conserved histidine and tyrosine determine spectral responses through the water network in Deinococcus radiodurans phytochrome. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 21:1975-1989. [PMID: 35906527 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes are red light-sensing photoreceptor proteins that bind a bilin chromophore. Here, we investigate the role of a conserved histidine (H260) and tyrosine (Y263) in the chromophore-binding domain (CBD) of Deinococcus radiodurans phytochrome (DrBphP). Using crystallography, we show that in the H260A variant, the missing imidazole side chain leads to increased water content in the binding pocket. On the other hand, Y263F mutation reduces the water occupancy around the chromophore. Together, these changes in water coordination alter the protonation and spectroscopic properties of the biliverdin. These results pinpoint the importance of this conserved histidine and tyrosine, and the related water network, for the function and applications of phytochromes.
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13
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Rydzewski J, Walczewska-Szewc K, Czach S, Nowak W, Kuczera K. Enhancing the Inhomogeneous Photodynamics of Canonical Bacteriophytochrome. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2647-2657. [PMID: 35357137 PMCID: PMC9014414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The ability of phytochromes
to act as photoswitches in plants and
microorganisms depends on interactions between a bilin-like chromophore
and a host protein. The interconversion occurs between the spectrally
distinct red (Pr) and far-red (Pfr) conformers. This conformational
change is triggered by the photoisomerization of the chromophore D-ring
pyrrole. In this study, as a representative example of a phytochrome-bilin
system, we consider biliverdin IXα (BV) bound to bacteriophytochrome
(BphP) from Deinococcus radiodurans. In the absence
of light, we use an enhanced sampling molecular dynamics (MD) method
to overcome the photoisomerization energy barrier. We find that the
calculated free energy (FE) barriers between essential metastable
states agree with spectroscopic results. We show that the enhanced
dynamics of the BV chromophore in BphP contributes to triggering nanometer-scale
conformational movements that propagate by two experimentally determined
signal transduction pathways. Most importantly, we describe how the
metastable states enable a thermal transition known as the dark reversion
between Pfr and Pr, through a previously unknown intermediate state
of Pfr. We present the heterogeneity of temperature-dependent Pfr
states at the atomistic level. This work paves a way toward understanding
the complete mechanism of the photoisomerization of a bilin-like chromophore
in phytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Rydzewski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Walczewska-Szewc
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Sylwia Czach
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Wieslaw Nowak
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kuczera
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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14
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Yadav K, Ghosh S, Barak A, Schaefer W, Subramanian R. Phenylalanine stacking enhances the red fluorescence of biliverdin IXα on UV excitation in sandercyanin fluorescent protein. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:796-805. [PMID: 35020202 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Biliverdin IXα (BV) binds to several prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins. How nature exploits the versatility of BV's properties is not fully understood. Unlike free BV, the Sandercyanin fluorescent protein bound to BV (SFP-BV) shows enhanced red fluorescence (675 nm) on excitation in the UV region (380 nm). Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the BV complex of two SFP variants, F55A and E79A, resulted in the loss of red fluorescence. Crystal structures of the complexes of these proteins with BV show the absence of stacking interactions of the F55 phenyl ring with BV. BV changes from ZZZssa conformation in the wild-type to ZZZsss conformation in the variants. In the nonfluorescent mutants, the lowest excited state is destabilized, resulting in nonradiative decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerti Yadav
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, India
| | - Swagatha Ghosh
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arvind Barak
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Wayne Schaefer
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee at Washington County, West Bend, WI, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Subramanian
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India.,Department of Biological Sciences and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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15
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Silva MA, Salgueiro CA. Multistep Signaling in Nature: A Close-Up of Geobacter Chemotaxis Sensing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169034. [PMID: 34445739 PMCID: PMC8396549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental changes trigger the continuous adaptation of bacteria to ensure their survival. This is possible through a variety of signal transduction pathways involving chemoreceptors known as methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCP) that allow the microorganisms to redirect their mobility towards favorable environments. MCP are two-component regulatory (or signal transduction) systems (TCS) formed by a sensor and a response regulator domain. These domains synchronize transient protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events to convert the stimuli into an appropriate cellular response. In this review, the variability of TCS domains and the most common signaling mechanisms are highlighted. This is followed by the description of the overall cellular topology, classification and mechanisms of MCP. Finally, the structural and functional properties of a new family of MCP found in Geobacter sulfurreducens are revisited. This bacterium has a diverse repertoire of chemosensory systems, which represents a striking example of a survival mechanism in challenging environments. Two G. sulfurreducens MCP—GSU0582 and GSU0935—are members of a new family of chemotaxis sensor proteins containing a periplasmic PAS-like sensor domain with a c-type heme. Interestingly, the cellular location of this domain opens new routes to the understanding of the redox potential sensing signaling transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A. Silva
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. Salgueiro
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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16
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Machado JH, Ting R, Lin JY, Rodriguez EA. A self-labeling protein based on the small ultra-red fluorescent protein, smURFP. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1221-1226. [PMID: 34458834 PMCID: PMC8341759 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00127b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-labeling proteins have revolutionized super-resolution and sensor imaging. Tags recognize a bioorthogonal substrate for covalent attachment. We show the small Ultra-Red Fluorescent Protein (smURFP) is a self-labeling protein. The substrate is fluorogenic, fluoresces when attached, and quenches fluorescent cargo. The smURFP-tag has novel properties for tool development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Hanson Machado
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Richard Ting
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY 10065 USA
- Antelope Surgical, Biolabs@NYULangone New York NY 10014 USA
| | - John Y Lin
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania 7000 Australia
| | - Erik A Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
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17
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Multamäki E, Nanekar R, Morozov D, Lievonen T, Golonka D, Wahlgren WY, Stucki-Buchli B, Rossi J, Hytönen VP, Westenhoff S, Ihalainen JA, Möglich A, Takala H. Comparative analysis of two paradigm bacteriophytochromes reveals opposite functionalities in two-component signaling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4394. [PMID: 34285211 PMCID: PMC8292422 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial phytochrome photoreceptors usually belong to two-component signaling systems which transmit environmental stimuli to a response regulator through a histidine kinase domain. Phytochromes switch between red light-absorbing and far-red light-absorbing states. Despite exhibiting extensive structural responses during this transition, the model bacteriophytochrome from Deinococcus radiodurans (DrBphP) lacks detectable kinase activity. Here, we resolve this long-standing conundrum by comparatively analyzing the interactions and output activities of DrBphP and a bacteriophytochrome from Agrobacterium fabrum (Agp1). Whereas Agp1 acts as a conventional histidine kinase, we identify DrBphP as a light-sensitive phosphatase. While Agp1 binds its cognate response regulator only transiently, DrBphP does so strongly, which is rationalized at the structural level. Our data pinpoint two key residues affecting the balance between kinase and phosphatase activities, which immediately bears on photoreception and two-component signaling. The opposing output activities in two highly similar bacteriophytochromes suggest the use of light-controllable histidine kinases and phosphatases for optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Multamäki
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rahul Nanekar
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Dmitry Morozov
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Topias Lievonen
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - David Golonka
- grid.7384.80000 0004 0467 6972Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Weixiao Yuan Wahlgren
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brigitte Stucki-Buchli
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jari Rossi
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, BioMediTech, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland ,grid.511163.10000 0004 0518 4910Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sebastian Westenhoff
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Janne A. Ihalainen
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Andreas Möglich
- grid.7384.80000 0004 0467 6972Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Heikki Takala
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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18
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Takala H, Edlund P, Ihalainen JA, Westenhoff S. Tips and turns of bacteriophytochrome photoactivation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 19:1488-1510. [PMID: 33107538 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00117a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes are ubiquitous photosensor proteins, which control the growth, reproduction and movement in plants, fungi and bacteria. Phytochromes switch between two photophysical states depending on the light conditions. In analogy to molecular machines, light absorption induces a series of structural changes that are transduced from the bilin chromophore, through the protein, and to the output domains. Recent progress towards understanding this structural mechanism of signal transduction has been manifold. We describe this progress with a focus on bacteriophytochromes. We describe the mechanism along three structural tiers, which are the chromophore-binding pocket, the photosensory module, and the output domains. We discuss possible interconnections between the tiers and conclude by presenting future directions and open questions. We hope that this review may serve as a compendium to guide future structural and spectroscopic studies designed to understand structural signaling in phytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Takala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland. and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petra Edlund
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Janne A Ihalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
| | - Sebastian Westenhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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19
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Conforte V, Otero LH, Toum L, Sirigu S, Antelo GT, Rinaldi J, Foscaldi S, Klinke S, Chavas LMG, Vojnov AA, Goldbaum FA, Malamud F, Bonomi HR. Pr-favoured variants of the bacteriophytochrome from the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris hint on light regulation of virulence-associated mechanisms. FEBS J 2021; 288:5986-6002. [PMID: 33864705 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Red/far-red light-sensing bacteriophytochrome photoreceptor (BphP) pathways play key roles in bacterial physiology and ecology. These bilin-binding proteins photoswitch between two states, Pr (red absorbing) and Pfr (far-red absorbing). The isomerization of the chromophore and the downstream structural changes result in the light signal transduction. The agricultural pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) code for a single bathy-like type BphP (XccBphP), previously shown to negatively regulate several light-mediated biological processes involved in virulence. Here, we generated three different full-length variants with single amino acid changes within its GAF domain that affect the XccBphP photocycle favouring its Pr state: L193Q, L193N and D199A. While D199A recombinant protein locks XccBphP in a Pr-like state, L193Q and L193N exhibit a significant enrichment of the Pr form in thermal equilibrium. The X-ray crystal structures of the three variants were solved, resembling the wild-type protein in the Pr state. Finally, we studied the effects of altering the XccBphP photocycle on the exopolysaccharide xanthan production and stomatal aperture assays as readouts of its bacterial signalling pathway. Null-mutant complementation assays show that the photoactive Pr-favoured XccBphP variants L193Q and L193N tend to negatively regulate xanthan production in vivo. In addition, our results indicate that strains expressing these variants also promote stomatal apertures in challenged plant epidermal peels, compared to wild-type Xcc. The findings presented in this work provide new evidence on the Pr state of XccBphP as a negative regulator of the virulence-associated mechanisms by light in Xcc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Conforte
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lisandro Horacio Otero
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural y Metabolómica PLABEM, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laila Toum
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Serena Sirigu
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Giuliano Tomás Antelo
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Rinaldi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Foscaldi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Klinke
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural y Metabolómica PLABEM, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonard Michel Gabriel Chavas
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin, Gif sur Yvette, France.,Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Adrián Alberto Vojnov
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Alberto Goldbaum
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural y Metabolómica PLABEM, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Malamud
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hernán Ruy Bonomi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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20
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Grigorenko BL, Polyakov IV, Nemukhin AV. Modeling photophysical properties of the bacteriophytochrome-based fluorescent protein IFP1.4. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:065101. [PMID: 33588533 DOI: 10.1063/5.0026475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An enhanced interest in the phytochrome-based fluorescent proteins is explained by their ability to absorb and emit light in the far-red and infra-red regions particularly suitable for bioimaging. The fluorescent protein IFP1.4 was engineered from the chromophore-binding domain of a bacteriophytochrome in attempts to increase the fluorescence quantum yield. We report the results of simulations of structures in the ground S0 and excited S1 electronic states of IFP1.4 using the methods of quantum chemistry and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics. We construct different protonation states of the biliverdin (BV) chromophore in the red-absorbing form of the protein by moving protons from the BV pyrrole rings to a suitable acceptor within the system and show that these structures are close in energy but differ by absorption bands. For the first time, we report structures of the minimum energy conical intersection points S1/S0 on the energy surfaces of BV in the protein environment and describe their connection to the local minima in the excited S1 state. These simulations allow us to characterize the deactivation routes in IFP1.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bella L Grigorenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V Polyakov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V Nemukhin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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21
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Hontani Y, Baloban M, Escobar FV, Jansen SA, Shcherbakova DM, Weißenborn J, Kloz M, Mroginski MA, Verkhusha VV, Kennis JTM. Real-time observation of tetrapyrrole binding to an engineered bacterial phytochrome. Commun Chem 2021; 4:3. [PMID: 34746444 PMCID: PMC8570541 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared fluorescent proteins (NIR FPs) engineered from bacterial phytochromes are widely used for structural and functional deep-tissue imaging in vivo. To fluoresce, NIR FPs covalently bind a chromophore, such as biliverdin IXa tetrapyrrole. The efficiency of biliverdin binding directly affects the fluorescence properties, rendering understanding of its molecular mechanism of major importance. miRFP proteins constitute a family of bright monomeric NIR FPs that comprise a Per-ARNT-Sim (PAS) and cGMP-specific phosphodiesterases - Adenylyl cyclases - FhlA (GAF) domain. Here, we structurally analyze biliverdin binding to miRFPs in real time using time-resolved stimulated Raman spectroscopy and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations. Biliverdin undergoes isomerization, localization to its binding pocket, and pyrrolenine nitrogen protonation in <1 min, followed by hydrogen bond rearrangement in ~2 min. The covalent attachment to a cysteine in the GAF domain was detected in 4.3 min and 19 min in miRFP670 and its C20A mutant, respectively. In miRFP670, a second C-S covalent bond formation to a cysteine in the PAS domain occurred in 14 min, providing a rigid tetrapyrrole structure with high brightness. Our findings provide insights for the rational design of NIR FPs and a novel method to assess cofactor binding to light-sensitive proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Hontani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV The Netherlands
- Present Address: School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Mikhail Baloban
- Departments of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Francisco Velazquez Escobar
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin, D-10623 Germany
| | - Swetta A. Jansen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Daria M. Shcherbakova
- Departments of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Jörn Weißenborn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Miroslav Kloz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV The Netherlands
- ELI-Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Andrea Mroginski
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin, D-10623 Germany
| | - Vladislav V. Verkhusha
- Departments of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290 Finland
| | - John T. M. Kennis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV The Netherlands
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22
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Phytochromes and Cyanobacteriochromes: Photoreceptor Molecules Incorporating a Linear Tetrapyrrole Chromophore. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:167-187. [PMID: 33398813 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of the linear tetrapyrrole-binding photoreceptors, phytochromes, and cyanobacteriochromes. We especially focus on the color-tuning mechanisms and conformational changes during the photoconversion process. Furthermore, we introduce current status of development of the optogenetic tools based on these molecules. Huge repertoire of these photoreceptors with diverse spectral properties would contribute to development of multiplex optogenetic regulation. Among them, the photoreceptors incorporating the biliverdin IXα chromophore is advantageous for in vivo optogenetics because this is intrinsic in the mammalian cells, and absorbs far-red light penetrating into deep mammalian tissues.
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23
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Isaksson L, Gustavsson E, Persson C, Brath U, Vrhovac L, Karlsson G, Orekhov V, Westenhoff S. Signaling Mechanism of Phytochromes in Solution. Structure 2020; 29:151-160.e3. [PMID: 32916102 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phytochrome proteins guide the red/far-red photoresponse of plants, fungi, and bacteria. Crystal structures suggest that the mechanism of signal transduction from the chromophore to the output domains involves refolding of the so-called PHY tongue. It is currently not clear how the two other notable structural features of the phytochrome superfamily, the so-called helical spine and a knot in the peptide chain, are involved in photoconversion. Here, we present solution NMR data of the complete photosensory core module from Deinococcus radiodurans. Photoswitching between the resting and the active states induces changes in amide chemical shifts, residual dipolar couplings, and relaxation dynamics. All observables indicate a photoinduced structural change in the knot region and lower part of the helical spine. This implies that a conformational signal is transduced from the chromophore to the helical spine through the PAS and GAF domains. The discovered pathway underpins functional studies of plant phytochromes and may explain photosensing by phytochromes under biological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnéa Isaksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emil Gustavsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden; Swedish NMR Center, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Swedish NMR Center, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Brath
- Swedish NMR Center, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lidija Vrhovac
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Karlsson
- Swedish NMR Center, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vladislav Orekhov
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden; Swedish NMR Center, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Westenhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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24
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Kim Y, Xu QZ, Zhao KH, Gärtner W, Matysik J, Song C. Lyophilization Reveals a Multitude of Structural Conformations in the Chromophore of a Cph2-like Phytochrome. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7115-7127. [PMID: 32693592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria sense and respond to various colors of light employing a large number of bilin-based phytochrome-like photoreceptors. All2699 from Nostoc 7120 has three consecutive GAF domains with GAF1 and GAF3 binding a phycocyanobilin chromophore. GAF1, even when expressed independently, can be photoconverted between red-absorbing Pr and far-red-absorbing Pfr states, while the nonphotosensory GAF2 domain is structurally and functionally homologous to the PHY domains in canonical and Cph2-like phytochromes. Here, we characterize possible bilin chromophore conformers using solid-state NMR spectroscopy on the two lyophilized All2699 samples (GAF1-only and GAF1-PHY constructs). On the basis of complete 1H, 13C, and 15N assignments for the chromophore obtained on the two Pr lyophilizates, multiple static conformations of the chromophore in both cases are identified. Moreover, most atoms of the chromophore in the bidomain sample show only subtle changes in the mean chemical shifts relative to those in frozen solution (FS), indicating an optimized interaction of the GAF2 domain with the GAF1-bound chromophore. Our results confirm the conservation of key chromophore-protein interactions and the photoreversibility in both All2699 lyophilizates, offering the possibility to investigate conformational distributions of the heterogeneous chromophore and its functional consequences in phytochromes and other bilin-dependent photoreceptors intractable by the solid-state NMR technique as FSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmi Kim
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Qian-Zhao Xu
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kai-Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wolfgang Gärtner
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chen Song
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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25
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Antelo GT, Sánchez-Lamas M, Goldbaum FA, Otero LH, Bonomi HR, Rinaldi J. A Spectroscopy-based Methodology for Rapid Screening and Characterization of Phytochrome Photochemistry in Search of Pfr-favored Variants. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:1221-1232. [PMID: 32683707 DOI: 10.1111/php.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phytochromes are photosensitive proteins with a covalently bound open-chain chromophore that can switch between two principal states: red light absorbing Pr and far-red light absorbing Pfr. Our group has previously shown that the bacteriophytochrome from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (XccBphP) is a bathy-like phytochrome that uses biliverdin IXα as a co-factor and is involved in bacterial virulence. To date, the XccBphP crystal structure could only be solved in the Pr state, while the structure of its Pfr state remains elusive. The aims of this work were to develop an efficient screening methodology for the rapid characterization and to identify XccBphP variants that favor the Pfr form. The screening approach developed here consists in analyzing the UV-Vis absorption behavior of clarified crude extracts containing recombinant phytochromes. This strategy has allowed us to quickly explore over a hundred XccBphP variants, characterize multiple variants and identify Pfr-favored candidates. The high-quality data obtained enabled not only a qualitative, but also a quantitative characterization of their photochemistry. This method could be easily adapted to other phytochromes or other photoreceptor families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lisandro Horacio Otero
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural y Metabolómica PLABEM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Jimena Rinaldi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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26
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Puzorjov A, McCormick AJ. Phycobiliproteins from extreme environments and their potential applications. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3827-3842. [PMID: 32188986 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The light-harvesting phycobilisome complex is an important component of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and red algae. Phycobilisomes are composed of phycobiliproteins, including the blue phycobiliprotein phycocyanin, that are considered high-value products with applications in several industries. Remarkably, several cyanobacteria and red algal species retain the capacity to harvest light and photosynthesise under highly selective environments such as hot springs, and flourish in extremes of pH and elevated temperatures. These thermophilic organisms produce thermostable phycobiliproteins, which have superior qualities much needed for wider adoption of these natural pigment-proteins in the food, textile, and other industries. Here we review the available literature on the thermostability of phycobilisome components from thermophilic species and discuss how a better appreciation of phycobiliproteins from extreme environments will benefit our fundamental understanding of photosynthetic adaptation and could provide a sustainable resource for several industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Puzorjov
- SynthSys and Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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27
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Song JY, Lee HY, Yang HW, Song JJ, Lagarias JC, Park YI. Spectral and photochemical diversity of tandem cysteine cyanobacterial phytochromes. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6754-6766. [PMID: 32184354 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical trichromatic cyanobacterial phytochrome NpTP1 from Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 is a linear tetrapyrrole (bilin)-binding photoreceptor protein that possesses tandem-cysteine residues responsible for shifting its light-sensing maximum to the violet spectral region. Using bioinformatics and phylogenetic analyses, here we established that tandem-cysteine cyanobacterial phytochromes (TCCPs) compose a well-supported monophyletic phytochrome lineage distinct from prototypical red/far-red cyanobacterial phytochromes. To investigate the light-sensing diversity of this family, we compared the spectroscopic properties of NpTP1 (here renamed NpTCCP) with those of three phylogenetically diverged TCCPs identified in the draft genomes of Tolypothrix sp. PCC7910, Scytonema sp. PCC10023, and Gloeocapsa sp. PCC7513. Recombinant photosensory core modules of ToTCCP, ScTCCP, and GlTCCP exhibited violet-blue-absorbing dark-states consistent with dual thioether-linked phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophores. Photoexcitation generated singly-linked photoproduct mixtures with variable ratios of yellow-orange and red-absorbing species. The photoproduct ratio was strongly influenced by pH and by mutagenesis of TCCP- and phytochrome-specific signature residues. Our experiments support the conclusion that both photoproduct species possess protonated 15E bilin chromophores, but differ in the ionization state of the noncanonical "second" cysteine sulfhydryl group. We found that the ionization state of this and other residues influences subsequent conformational change and downstream signal transmission. We also show that tandem-cysteine phytochromes present in eukaryotes possess similar amino acid substitutions within their chromophore-binding pocket, which tune their spectral properties in an analogous fashion. Taken together, our findings provide a roadmap for tailoring the wavelength specificity of plant phytochromes to optimize plant performance in diverse natural and artificial light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Ha Yong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hee Wook Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Ji-Joon Song
- Department of Biological Science and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - J Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Youn-Il Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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28
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Sugishima M, Wada K, Fukuyama K, Yamamoto K. Crystal structure of phytochromobilin synthase in complex with biliverdin IXα, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of phytochrome. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:771-782. [PMID: 31822504 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromobilin (PΦB) is a red/far-red light sensory pigment in plant phytochrome. PΦB synthase is a ferredoxin-dependent bilin reductase (FDBR) that catalyzes the site-specific reduction of bilins, which are sensory and photosynthesis pigments, and produces PΦB from biliverdin, a heme-derived linear tetrapyrrole pigment. Here, we determined the crystal structure of tomato PΦB synthase in complex with biliverdin at 1.95 Å resolution. The overall structure of tomato PΦB synthase was similar to those of other FDBRs, except for the addition of a long C-terminal loop and short helices. The structure further revealed that the C-terminal loop is part of the biliverdin-binding pocket and that two basic residues in the C-terminal loop form salt bridges with the propionate groups of biliverdin. This suggested that the C-terminal loop is involved in the interaction with ferredoxin and biliverdin. The configuration of biliverdin bound to tomato PΦB synthase differed from that of biliverdin bound to other FDBRs, and its orientation in PΦB synthase was inverted relative to its orientation in the other FDBRs. Structural and enzymatic analyses disclosed that two aspartic acid residues, Asp-123 and Asp-263, form hydrogen bonds with water molecules and are essential for the site-specific A-ring reduction of biliverdin. On the basis of these observations and enzymatic assays with a V121A PΦB synthase variant, we propose the following mechanistic product release mechanism: PΦB synthase-catalyzed stereospecific reduction produces 2(R)-PΦB, which when bound to PΦB synthase collides with the side chain of Val-121, releasing 2(R)-PΦB from the synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Sugishima
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kei Wada
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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29
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Matlashov ME, Shcherbakova DM, Alvelid J, Baloban M, Pennacchietti F, Shemetov AA, Testa I, Verkhusha VV. A set of monomeric near-infrared fluorescent proteins for multicolor imaging across scales. Nat Commun 2020; 11:239. [PMID: 31932632 PMCID: PMC6957686 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13897-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bright monomeric near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent proteins (FPs) are in high demand as protein tags for multicolor microscopy and in vivo imaging. Here we apply rational design to engineer a complete set of monomeric NIR FPs, which are the brightest genetically encoded NIR probes. We demonstrate that the enhanced miRFP series of NIR FPs, which combine high effective brightness in mammalian cells and monomeric state, perform well in both nanometer-scale imaging with diffraction unlimited stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and centimeter-scale imaging in mice. In STED we achieve ~40 nm resolution in live cells. In living mice we detect ~105 fluorescent cells in deep tissues. Using spectrally distinct monomeric NIR FP variants, we perform two-color live-cell STED microscopy and two-color imaging in vivo. Having emission peaks from 670 nm to 720 nm, the next generation of miRFPs should become versatile NIR probes for multiplexed imaging across spatial scales in different modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail E Matlashov
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Daria M Shcherbakova
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Jonatan Alvelid
- Department of Applied Physics and Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Baloban
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Francesca Pennacchietti
- Department of Applied Physics and Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton A Shemetov
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Ilaria Testa
- Department of Applied Physics and Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladislav V Verkhusha
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA. .,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00029, Helsinki, Finland.
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30
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Sugishima M, Wada K, Fukuyama K, Yamamoto K. Crystal structure of phytochromobilin synthase in complex with biliverdin IXα, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of phytochrome. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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31
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Competing excited-state deactivation processes in bacteriophytochromes. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aiq.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Stepanenko OV, Stepanenko OV, Shpironok OG, Fonin AV, Kuznetsova IM, Turoverov KK. Near-Infrared Markers based on Bacterial Phytochromes with Phycocyanobilin as a Chromophore. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236067. [PMID: 31810174 PMCID: PMC6928796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers engineered on the basis of bacterial phytochromes with biliverdin IXα (BV) cofactor as a chromophore are increasingly used in cell biology and biomedicine, since their absorption and fluorescence spectra lie within the so-called optical “transparency window” of biological tissues. However, the quantum yield of BV fluorescence in these biomarkers does not exceed 0.145. The task of generating biomarkers with a higher fluorescence quantum yield remains relevant. To address the problem, we proposed the use of phycocyanobilin (PCB) as a chromophore of biomarkers derived from bacterial phytochromes. In this work, we characterized the complexes of iRFP713 evolved from RpBphP2 and its mutant variants with different location of cysteine residues capable of covalent tetrapyrrole attachment with the PCB cofactor. All analyzed proteins assembled with PCB were shown to have a higher fluorescence quantum yield than the proteins assembled with BV. The iRFP713/V256C and iRFP713/C15S/V256C assembled with PCB have a particularly high quantum yield of 0.5 and 0.45, which exceeds the quantum yield of all currently available near-infrared biomarkers. Moreover, PCB has 4 times greater affinity for iRFP713/V256C and iRFP713/C15S/V256C proteins compared to BV. These data establish iRFP713/V256C and iRFP713/C15S/V256C assembled with the PCB chromophore as promising biomarkers for application in vivo. The analysis of the spectral properties of the tested biomarkers allowed for suggesting that the high-fluorescence quantum yield of the PCB chromophore can be attributed to the lower mobility of the D-ring of PCB compared to BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya V. Stepanenko
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (O.V.S.); (O.V.S.); (O.G.S.); (A.V.F.); (I.M.K.)
| | - Olga V. Stepanenko
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (O.V.S.); (O.V.S.); (O.G.S.); (A.V.F.); (I.M.K.)
| | - Olesya G. Shpironok
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (O.V.S.); (O.V.S.); (O.G.S.); (A.V.F.); (I.M.K.)
| | - Alexander V. Fonin
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (O.V.S.); (O.V.S.); (O.G.S.); (A.V.F.); (I.M.K.)
| | - Irina M. Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (O.V.S.); (O.V.S.); (O.G.S.); (A.V.F.); (I.M.K.)
| | - Konstantin K. Turoverov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (O.V.S.); (O.V.S.); (O.G.S.); (A.V.F.); (I.M.K.)
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya str., 29, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-812-297-19-57
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33
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González R, Mroginski MA. Fully Quantum Chemical Treatment of Chromophore–Protein Interactions in Phytochromes. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:9819-9830. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald González
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria A. Mroginski
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. PC 14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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34
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Gourinchas G, Etzl S, Winkler A. Bacteriophytochromes - from informative model systems of phytochrome function to powerful tools in cell biology. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 57:72-83. [PMID: 30878713 PMCID: PMC6625962 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophytochromes are a subfamily of the diverse light responsive phytochrome photoreceptors. Considering their preferential interaction with biliverdin IXα as endogenous cofactor, they have recently been used for creating optogenetic tools and engineering fluorescent probes. Ideal absorption characteristics for the activation of bacteriophytochrome-based systems in the therapeutic near-infrared window as well the availability of biliverdin in mammalian tissues have resulted in tremendous progress in re-engineering bacteriophytochromes for diverse applications. At the same time, both the structural analysis and the functional characterization of diverse naturally occurring bacteriophytochrome systems have unraveled remarkable differences in signaling mechanisms and have so far only touched the surface of the evolutionary diversity within the family of bacteriophytochromes. This review highlights recent findings and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Gourinchas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Etzl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Winkler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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35
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Fernandez Lopez M, Nguyen AD, Velazquez Escobar F, González R, Michael N, Nogacz Ż, Piwowarski P, Bartl F, Siebert F, Heise I, Scheerer P, Gärtner W, Mroginski MA, Hildebrandt P. Role of the Propionic Side Chains for the Photoconversion of Bacterial Phytochromes. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3504-3519. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernandez Lopez
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anh Duc Nguyen
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francisco Velazquez Escobar
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronald González
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Michael
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Żaneta Nogacz
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Biophysikalische Chemie, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Piwowarski
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Biophysikalische Chemie, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz Bartl
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Biophysikalische Chemie, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedrich Siebert
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Sektion Biophysik, Hermann-Herderstraße 9, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Inge Heise
- Max Planck Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gärtner
- Max Planck Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim, Germany
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Andrea Mroginski
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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36
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MAS NMR on a Red/Far-Red Photochromic Cyanobacteriochrome All2699 from Nostoc. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153656. [PMID: 31357417 PMCID: PMC6696110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike canonical phytochromes, the GAF domain of cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) can bind bilins autonomously and is sufficient for functional photocycles. Despite the astonishing spectral diversity of CBCRs, the GAF1 domain of the three-GAF-domain photoreceptor all2699 from the cyanobacterium Nostoc 7120 is the only CBCR-GAF known that converts from a red-absorbing (Pr) dark state to a far-red-absorbing (Pfr) photoproduct, analogous to the more conservative phytochromes. Here we report a solid-state NMR spectroscopic study of all2699g1 in its Pr state. Conclusive NMR evidence unveils a particular stereochemical heterogeneity at the tetrahedral C31 atom, whereas the crystal structure shows exclusively the R-stereochemistry at this chiral center. Additional NMR experiments were performed on a construct comprising the GAF1 and GAF2 domains of all2699, showing a greater precision in the chromophore-protein interactions in the GAF1-2 construct. A 3D Pr structural model of the all2699g1-2 construct predicts a tongue-like region extending from the GAF2 domain (akin to canonical phytochromes) in the direction of the chromophore, shielding it from the solvent. In addition, this stabilizing element allows exclusively the R-stereochemistry for the chromophore-protein linkage. Site-directed mutagenesis performed on three conserved motifs in the hairpin-like tip confirms the interaction of the tongue region with the GAF1-bound chromophore.
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37
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Karasev MM, Stepanenko OV, Rumyantsev KA, Turoverov KK, Verkhusha VV. Near-Infrared Fluorescent Proteins and Their Applications. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:S32-S50. [PMID: 31213194 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919140037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High transparency, low light-scattering, and low autofluorescence of mammalian tissues in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral range (~650-900 nm) open a possibility for in vivo imaging of biological processes at the micro- and macroscales to address basic and applied problems in biology and biomedicine. Recently, probes that absorb and fluoresce in the NIR optical range have been engineered using bacterial phytochromes - natural NIR light-absorbing photoreceptors that regulate metabolism in bacteria. Since the chromophore in all these proteins is biliverdin, a natural product of heme catabolism in mammalian cells, they can be used as genetically encoded fluorescent probes, similarly to GFP-like fluorescent proteins. In this review, we discuss photophysical and biochemical properties of NIR fluorescent proteins, reporters, and biosensors and analyze their characteristics required for expression of these molecules in mammalian cells. Structural features and molecular engineering of NIR fluorescent probes are discussed. Applications of NIR fluorescent proteins and biosensors for studies of molecular processes in cells, as well as for tissue and organ visualization in whole-body imaging in vivo, are described. We specifically focus on the use of NIR fluorescent probes in advanced imaging technologies that combine fluorescence and bioluminescence methods with photoacoustic tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Karasev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia. .,Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - O V Stepanenko
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - K A Rumyantsev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia. .,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - K K Turoverov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia. .,Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russia
| | - V V Verkhusha
- Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00290, Finland. .,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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38
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Nemukhin AV, Grigorenko BL, Khrenova MG, Krylov AI. Computational Challenges in Modeling of Representative Bioimaging Proteins: GFP-Like Proteins, Flavoproteins, and Phytochromes. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:6133-6149. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Nemukhin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Bella L. Grigorenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Maria G. Khrenova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russian
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
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Stepanenko OV, Stepanenko OV, Kuznetsova IM, Turoverov KK. The unfolding of iRFP713 in a crowded milieu. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6707. [PMID: 30993043 PMCID: PMC6459179 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The exploring of biological processes in vitro under conditions of macromolecular crowding is a way to achieve an understanding of how these processes occur in vivo. In this work, we study the unfolding of the fluorescent probe iRFP713 in crowded environment in vitro. Previously, we showed that the unfolding of the dimeric iRFP713 is accompanied by the formation of a compact monomer and an intermediate state of the protein. In the intermediate state, the macromolecules of iRFP713 have hydrophobic clusters exposed to the surface of the protein and are prone to aggregation. Concentrated solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG-8000), Dextran-40 and Dextran-70 with a molecular mass of 8000, 40000 and 70000 Da, respectively, were used to model the conditions for macromolecular crowding. A limited available space provided by all the crowding agents used favors to the enhanced aggregation of iRFP713 in the intermediate state at the concentration of guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl), at which the charge of protein surface is neutralized by the guanidine cations. This is in line with the theory of the excluded volume. In concentrated solutions of the crowding agents (240–300 mg/ml), the stabilization of the structure of iRFP713 in the intermediate state is observed. PEG-8000 also enhances the stability of iRFP713 in the monomeric compact state, whereas in concentrated solutions of Dextran-40 and Dextran-70 the resistance of the protein in the monomeric state against GdnHCl-induced unfolding decreases. The obtained data argues for the excluded volume effect being not the only factor that contributes the behavior of biological molecules in a crowded milieu. Crowding agents do not affect the structure of the native dimer of iRFP713, which excludes the direct interactions between the target protein and the crowding agents. PEGs of different molecular mass and Dextran-40/Dextran-70 are known to influence the solvent properties of water. The solvent dipolarity/polarizability and basicity/acidity in aqueous solutions of these crowding agents vary in different ways. The change of the solvent properties in aqueous solutions of crowding agents might impact the functioning of a target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya V Stepanenko
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Stepanenko
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Irina M Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin K Turoverov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
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40
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Sugishima M, Wada K, Unno M, Fukuyama K. Bilin-metabolizing enzymes: site-specific reductions catalyzed by two different type of enzymes. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 59:73-80. [PMID: 30954759 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the green heme metabolite biliverdin is converted to a yellow anti-oxidant by NAD(P)H-dependent biliverdin reductase (BVR), whereas in O2-dependent photosynthetic organisms it is converted to photosynthetic or light-sensing pigments by ferredoxin-dependent bilin reductases (FDBRs). In NADP+-bound and biliverdin-bound BVR-A, two biliverdins are stacked at the binding cleft; one is positioned to accept hydride from NADPH, and the other appears to donate a proton to the first biliverdin through a neighboring arginine residue. During the FDBR-catalyzed reaction, electrons and protons are supplied to bilins from ferredoxin and from FDBRs and waters bound within FDBRs, respectively. Thus, the protonation sites of bilin and catalytic residues are important for the analysis of site-specific reduction. The neutron structure of FDBR sheds light on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Sugishima
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
| | - Kei Wada
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Masaki Unno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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41
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Rumfeldt JA, Takala H, Liukkonen A, Ihalainen JA. UV‐Vis Spectroscopy Reveals a Correlation Between Y263 and BV Protonation States in Bacteriophytochromes. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:969-979. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Rumfeldt
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Heikki Takala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
- Anatomy Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Alli Liukkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Janne A. Ihalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
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42
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Abstract
Circadian oscillators are networks of biochemical feedback loops that generate 24-hour rhythms in organisms from bacteria to animals. These periodic rhythms result from a complex interplay among clock components that are specific to the organism, but share molecular mechanisms across kingdoms. A full understanding of these processes requires detailed knowledge, not only of the biochemical properties of clock proteins and their interactions, but also of the three-dimensional structure of clockwork components. Posttranslational modifications and protein–protein interactions have become a recent focus, in particular the complex interactions mediated by the phosphorylation of clock proteins and the formation of multimeric protein complexes that regulate clock genes at transcriptional and translational levels. This review covers the structural aspects of circadian oscillators, and serves as a primer for this exciting realm of structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Saini
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Max-Planck-Institut für Pflanzenzüchtungsforschung, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Seth J Davis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Pflanzenzüchtungsforschung, Cologne, Germany. .,Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
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43
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Buhrke D, Tavraz NN, Shcherbakova DM, Sauthof L, Moldenhauer M, Vélazquez Escobar F, Verkhusha VV, Hildebrandt P, Friedrich T. Chromophore binding to two cysteines increases quantum yield of near-infrared fluorescent proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1866. [PMID: 30755663 PMCID: PMC6372600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes are red/far-red light sensing photoreceptors employing linear tetrapyrroles as chromophores, which are covalently bound to a cysteine (Cys) residue in the chromophore-binding domain (CBD, composed of a PAS and a GAF domain). Recently, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent proteins (FPs) engineered from bacterial phytochromes binding biliverdin IXα (BV), such as the iRFP series, have become invaluable probes for multicolor fluorescence microscopy and in vivo imaging. However, all current NIR FPs suffer from relatively low brightness. Here, by combining biochemical, spectroscopic and resonance Raman (RR) assays, we purified and characterized an iRFP variant that contains a BV chromophore simultaneously bound to two cysteines. This protein with the unusual double-Cys attached BV showed the highest fluorescence quantum yield (FQY) of 16.6% reported for NIR FPs, whereas the initial iRFP appeared to be a mixture of species with a mean FQY of 11.1%. The purified protein was also characterized with 1.3-fold higher extinction coefficient that together with FQY resulted in almost two-fold brighter fluorescence than the original iRFP as isolated. This work shows that the high FQY of iRFPs with two cysteines is a direct consequence of the double attachment. The PAS-Cys, GAF-Cys and double-Cys attachment each entails distinct configurational constraints of the BV adduct, which can be identified by distinct RR spectroscopic features, i.e. the marker band including the C=C stretching coordinate of the ring A-B methine bridge, which was previously identified as being characteristic for rigid chromophore embedment and high FQY. Our findings can be used to rationally engineer iRFP variants with enhanced FQYs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Buhrke
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Neslihan N Tavraz
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daria M Shcherbakova
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Luisa Sauthof
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2), Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Moldenhauer
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francisco Vélazquez Escobar
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vladislav V Verkhusha
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Friedrich
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
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Qian Y, Piatkevich KD, Mc Larney B, Abdelfattah AS, Mehta S, Murdock MH, Gottschalk S, Molina RS, Zhang W, Chen Y, Wu J, Drobizhev M, Hughes TE, Zhang J, Schreiter ER, Shoham S, Razansky D, Boyden ES, Campbell RE. A genetically encoded near-infrared fluorescent calcium ion indicator. Nat Methods 2019; 16:171-174. [PMID: 30664778 PMCID: PMC6393164 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report an intensiometric, near-infrared fluorescent, genetically encoded calcium ion (Ca2+) indicator (GECI) with excitation and emission maxima at 678 and 704 nm, respectively. This GECI, designated NIR-GECO1, enables imaging of Ca2+ transients in cultured mammalian cells and brain tissue with sensitivity comparable to that of currently available visible-wavelength GECIs. We demonstrate that NIR-GECO1 opens up new vistas for multicolor Ca2+ imaging in combination with other optogenetic indicators and actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kiryl D Piatkevich
- Media Lab and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benedict Mc Larney
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sohum Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell H Murdock
- Media Lab and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sven Gottschalk
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rosana S Molina
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yingche Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jiahui Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mikhail Drobizhev
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Thomas E Hughes
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric R Schreiter
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Shy Shoham
- Departments of Ophthalmology and of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward S Boyden
- Media Lab and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert E Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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45
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Polyakov IV, Grigorenko BL, Mironov VA, Nemukhin AV. Modeling structure and excitation of biliverdin-binding domains in infrared fluorescent proteins. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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46
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The Pathways of the iRFP713 Unfolding Induced by Different Denaturants. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092776. [PMID: 30223568 PMCID: PMC6163377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared fluorescent proteins (NIR FPs) based on the complexes of bacterial phytochromes with their natural biliverdin chromophore are widely used as genetically encoded optical probes for visualization of cellular processes and deep-tissue imaging of cells and organs in living animals. In this work, we show that the steady-state and kinetic dependencies of the various spectral characteristics of iRFP713, developed from the bacterial phytochrome RpBphP2 and recorded at protein unfolding induced by guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl), guanidine thiocyanate (GTC), and urea, differ substantially. A study of the unfolding of three single-tryptophan mutant forms of iRFP713 expectedly revealed that protein unfolding begins with the dissociation of the native dimer, while the monomers remain compact. A further increase in the denaturant concentration leads to the formation of an intermediate state of iRFP713 having hydrophobic areas exposed on the protein surface (I). The total surface charge of iRFP713 (pI 5.86) changes from negative to positive with an increase in the concentration of GdnHCl and GTC because the negative charge of glutamic and aspartic acids is neutralized by forming salt bridges between the carboxyl groups and GdnH+ ions and because the guanidinium cations bind to amide groups of glutamines and asparagines. The coincidence of both the concentration of the denaturants at which the intermediate state of iRFP713 accumulates and the concentration of GdnH+ ions at which the neutralization of the surface charge of the protein in this state is ensured results in strong protein aggregation. This is evidently realized by iRFP713 unfolding by GTC. At the unfolding of the protein by GdnHCl, an intermediate state is populated at higher denaturant concentrations and a strong aggregation is not observed. As expected, protein aggregates are not formed in the presence of the urea. The aggregation of the protein upon neutralization of the charge on the macromolecule surface is the main indicator of the intermediate state of protein. The unfolded state of iRFP713, whose formation is accompanied by a significant decrease in the parameter A, was found to have a different residual structure in the denaturants used.
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47
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Zhao Y, Chwastyk M, Cieplak M. Structural entanglements in protein complexes. J Chem Phys 2018; 146:225102. [PMID: 29166058 DOI: 10.1063/1.4985221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider multi-chain protein native structures and propose a criterion that determines whether two chains in the system are entangled or not. The criterion is based on the behavior observed by pulling at both termini of each chain simultaneously in the two chains. We have identified about 900 entangled systems in the Protein Data Bank and provided a more detailed analysis for several of them. We argue that entanglement enhances the thermodynamic stability of the system but it may have other functions: burying the hydrophobic residues at the interface and increasing the DNA or RNA binding area. We also study the folding and stretching properties of the knotted dimeric proteins MJ0366, YibK, and bacteriophytochrome. These proteins have been studied theoretically in their monomeric versions so far. The dimers are seen to separate on stretching through the tensile mechanism and the characteristic unraveling force depends on the pulling direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Zhao
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Chwastyk
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Cieplak
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland
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48
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Gourinchas G, Heintz U, Winkler A. Asymmetric activation mechanism of a homodimeric red light-regulated photoreceptor. eLife 2018; 7:e34815. [PMID: 29869984 PMCID: PMC6005682 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms adapt to environmental cues using diverse signaling networks. In order to sense and integrate light for regulating various biological functions, photoreceptor proteins have evolved in a modular way. This modularity is targeted in the development of optogenetic tools enabling the control of cellular events with high spatiotemporal precision. However, the limited understanding of signaling mechanisms impedes the rational design of innovative photoreceptor-effector couples. Here, we reveal molecular details of signal transduction in phytochrome-regulated diguanylyl cyclases. Asymmetric structural changes of the full-length homodimer result in a functional heterodimer featuring two different photoactivation states. Structural changes around the cofactors result in a quasi-translational rearrangement of the distant coiled-coil sensor-effector linker. Eventually, this regulates enzymatic activity by modulating the dimer interface of the output domains. Considering the importance of phytochrome heterodimerization in plant signaling, our mechanistic details of asymmetric photoactivation in a bacterial system reveal novel aspects of the evolutionary adaptation of phytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Udo Heintz
- Max Planck Institute for Medical ResearchHeidelbergGermany
| | - Andreas Winkler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
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49
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Leopold AV, Chernov KG, Verkhusha VV. Optogenetically controlled protein kinases for regulation of cellular signaling. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:2454-2484. [PMID: 29498733 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00404d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are involved in the regulation of many cellular processes including cell differentiation, survival, migration, axon guidance and neuronal plasticity. A growing set of optogenetic tools, termed opto-kinases, allows activation and inhibition of different protein kinases with light. The optogenetic regulation enables fast, reversible and non-invasive manipulation of protein kinase activities, complementing traditional methods, such as treatment with growth factors, protein kinase inhibitors or chemical dimerizers. In this review, we summarize the properties of the existing optogenetic tools for controlling tyrosine kinases and serine-threonine kinases. We discuss how the opto-kinases can be applied for studies of spatial and temporal aspects of protein kinase signaling in cells and organisms. We compare approaches for chemical and optogenetic regulation of protein kinase activity and present guidelines for selection of opto-kinases and equipment to control them with light. We also describe strategies to engineer novel opto-kinases on the basis of various photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Leopold
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
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50
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Correlating structural and photochemical heterogeneity in cyanobacteriochrome NpR6012g4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4387-4392. [PMID: 29632180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720682115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome photoreceptors control plant growth, development, and the shade avoidance response that limits crop yield in high-density agricultural plantings. Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are distantly related photosensory proteins that control cyanobacterial metabolism and behavior in response to light. Photoreceptors in both families reversibly photoconvert between two photostates via photoisomerization of linear tetrapyrrole (bilin) chromophores. Spectroscopic and biochemical studies have demonstrated heterogeneity in both photostates, but the structural basis for such heterogeneity remains unclear. We report solution NMR structures for both photostates of the red/green CBCR NpR6012g4 from Nostoc punctiforme In addition to identifying structural changes accompanying photoconversion, these structures reveal structural heterogeneity for residues Trp655 and Asp657 in the red-absorbing NpR6012g4 dark state, yielding two distinct environments for the phycocyanobilin chromophore. We use site-directed mutagenesis and fluorescence and absorbance spectroscopy to assign an orange-absorbing population in the NpR6012g4 dark state to the minority configuration for Asp657. This population does not undergo full, productive photoconversion, as shown by time-resolved spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy at cryogenic temperature. Our studies thus elucidate the spectral and photochemical consequences of structural heterogeneity in a member of the phytochrome superfamily, insights that should inform efforts to improve photochemical or fluorescence quantum yields in the phytochrome superfamily.
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