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Scott KF, Mann TJ, Fatima S, Sajinovic M, Razdan A, Kim RR, Cooper A, Roohullah A, Bryant KJ, Gamage KK, Harman DG, Vafaee F, Graham GG, Church WB, Russell PJ, Dong Q, de Souza P. Human Group IIA Phospholipase A 2-Three Decades on from Its Discovery. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237267. [PMID: 34885848 PMCID: PMC8658914 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes were first recognized as an enzyme activity class in 1961. The secreted (sPLA2) enzymes were the first of the five major classes of human PLA2s to be identified and now number nine catalytically-active structurally homologous proteins. The best-studied of these, group IIA sPLA2, has a clear role in the physiological response to infection and minor injury and acts as an amplifier of pathological inflammation. The enzyme has been a target for anti-inflammatory drug development in multiple disorders where chronic inflammation is a driver of pathology since its cloning in 1989. Despite intensive effort, no clinically approved medicines targeting the enzyme activity have yet been developed. This review catalogues the major discoveries in the human group IIA sPLA2 field, focusing on features of enzyme function that may explain this lack of success and discusses future research that may assist in realizing the potential benefit of targeting this enzyme. Functionally-selective inhibitors together with isoform-selective inhibitors are necessary to limit the apparent toxicity of previous drugs. There is also a need to define the relevance of the catalytic function of hGIIA to human inflammatory pathology relative to its recently-discovered catalysis-independent function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran F. Scott
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (T.J.M.); (S.F.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (P.d.S.)
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (M.S.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-8738-9026
| | - Timothy J. Mann
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (T.J.M.); (S.F.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (P.d.S.)
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (M.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Shadma Fatima
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (T.J.M.); (S.F.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (P.d.S.)
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (M.S.); (A.R.)
- School of Biotechnology and Biological Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Mila Sajinovic
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (M.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Anshuli Razdan
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (M.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Ryung Rae Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (W.B.C.)
| | - Adam Cooper
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (T.J.M.); (S.F.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (P.d.S.)
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (M.S.); (A.R.)
- Liverpool Cancer Therapy Centre, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Aflah Roohullah
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (T.J.M.); (S.F.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (P.d.S.)
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (M.S.); (A.R.)
- Liverpool Cancer Therapy Centre, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Katherine J. Bryant
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Kasuni K. Gamage
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (K.K.G.); (D.G.H.)
| | - David G. Harman
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (K.K.G.); (D.G.H.)
| | - Fatemeh Vafaee
- School of Biotechnology and Biological Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
- UNSW Data Science Hub, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Garry G. Graham
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia;
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - W. Bret Church
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (W.B.C.)
| | - Pamela J. Russell
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre—QUT, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Qihan Dong
- Chinese Medicine Anti-Cancer Evaluation Program, Greg Brown Laboratory, Central Clinical School and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Paul de Souza
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (T.J.M.); (S.F.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (P.d.S.)
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (M.S.); (A.R.)
- School of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Kitsiouli E, Tenopoulou M, Papadopoulos S, Lekka ME. Phospholipases A2 as biomarkers in ARDS. Biomed J 2021; 44:663-670. [PMID: 34478892 PMCID: PMC8847824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a multifactorial life-threatening lung injury, characterized by diffuse lung inflammation and increased alveolocapillary barrier permeability. The different stages of ARDS have distinctive biochemical and clinical profiles. Despite the progress of our understanding on ARDS pathobiology, the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis are still obscure. Herein, we review the existing literature about the implications of phospholipases 2 (PLA2s), a large family of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fatty acids at the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids, in ARDS-related pathology. We emphasize on the versatile way of participation of different PLA2s isoforms in the distinct ARDS subgroup phenotypes by either potentiating lung inflammation and damage or by preserving the normal lung. Current research supports that PLA2s are associated with the progression and the outcome of ARDS. We herein discuss the transcellular communication of PLA2s through secreted extracellular vesicles and suggest it as a new mechanism of PLA2s involvement in ARDS. Thus, the elucidation of the spatiotemporal features of PLA2s expression may give new insights and provide valuable information about the risk of an individual to develop ARDS or advance to more severe stages, and potentially identify PLA2 isoforms as biomarkers and target for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Kitsiouli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Margarita Tenopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Stylianos Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Marilena E Lekka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
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Hara S, Yoda E, Sasaki Y, Nakatani Y, Kuwata H. Calcium-independent phospholipase A 2γ (iPLA 2γ) and its roles in cellular functions and diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:861-868. [PMID: 30391710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-independent phospholipase A2γ (iPLA2γ)/patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing lipase 8 (PNPLA8) is one of the iPLA2 enzymes, which do not require Ca2+ ion for their activity. iPLA2γ is a membrane-bound enzyme with unique features, including the utilization of four distinct translation initiation sites and the presence of mitochondrial and peroxisomal localization signals. This enzyme is preferentially distributed in the mitochondria and peroxisomes and is thought to be responsible for the maintenance of lipid homeostasis in these organelles. Thus, both the overexpression and the deletion of iPLA2γ in vivo caused mitochondrial abnormalities and dysfunction. Roles of iPLA2γ in lipid mediator production and cytoprotection against oxidative stress have also been suggested by in vitro and in vivo studies. The dysregulation of iPLA2γ can therefore be a critical factor in the development of many diseases, including metabolic diseases and cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the biochemical properties of iPLA2γ and then summarize the current understanding of the in vivo roles of iPLA2γ revealed by knockout mouse studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Hara
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Emiko Yoda
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Nakatani
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuwata
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Kuwata H, Yuzurihara C, Kinoshita N, Taki Y, Ikegami Y, Washio S, Hirakawa Y, Yoda E, Aiuchi T, Itabe H, Nakatani Y, Hara S. The group VIA calcium‐independent phospholipase A
2
and NFATc4 pathway mediates IL‐1β‐induced expression of chemokines CCL2 and CXCL10 in rat fibroblasts. FEBS J 2018; 285:2056-2070. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kuwata
- Division of Health Chemistry Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences School of Pharmacy Showa University Tokyo Japan
| | - Chihiro Yuzurihara
- Division of Health Chemistry Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences School of Pharmacy Showa University Tokyo Japan
| | - Natsumi Kinoshita
- Division of Health Chemistry Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences School of Pharmacy Showa University Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuki Taki
- Division of Health Chemistry Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences School of Pharmacy Showa University Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuki Ikegami
- Division of Health Chemistry Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences School of Pharmacy Showa University Tokyo Japan
| | - Sana Washio
- Division of Health Chemistry Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences School of Pharmacy Showa University Tokyo Japan
| | - Yushi Hirakawa
- Division of Health Chemistry Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences School of Pharmacy Showa University Tokyo Japan
| | - Emiko Yoda
- Division of Health Chemistry Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences School of Pharmacy Showa University Tokyo Japan
| | - Toshihiro Aiuchi
- Division of Biological Chemistry Department of Molecular Biology School of Pharmacy Showa University Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Itabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry Department of Molecular Biology School of Pharmacy Showa University Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshihito Nakatani
- Division of Health Chemistry Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences School of Pharmacy Showa University Tokyo Japan
| | - Shuntaro Hara
- Division of Health Chemistry Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences School of Pharmacy Showa University Tokyo Japan
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Yap WH, Phang SW, Ahmed N, Lim YM. Differential effects of sPLA 2-GV and GX on cellular proliferation and lipid accumulation in HT29 colon cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 447:93-101. [PMID: 29374817 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) group of enzymes have been shown to hydrolyze phospholipids, among which sPLA2 Group V (GV) and Group X (GX) exhibit high selectivity towards phosphatidylcholine-rich cellular plasma membranes. The enzymes have recently emerged as key regulators in lipid droplets formation and it is hypothesized that sPLA2-GV and GX enhanced cell proliferation and lipid droplet accumulation in colon cancer cells (HT29). In this study, cell viability and lipid droplet accumulation were assessed by Resazurin assay and Oil-Red-O staining. Interestingly, both sPLA2-GV and GX enzymes reduced intracellular lipid droplet accumulation and did not significantly affect cell proliferation in HT29 cells. Incubation with varespladib, a pan-inhibitor of sPLA2-Group IIA/V/X, further suppressed lipid droplets accumulation in sPLA2-GV but have no effects in sPLA2-GX-treated cells. Further studies using catalytically inactive sPLA2 enzymes showed that the enzymes intrinsic catalytic activity is required for the net reduction of lipid accumulation. Meanwhile, inhibition of intracellular phospholipases (iPLA2-γ and cPLA2-α) unexpectedly enhanced lipid droplet accumulation in both sPLA2-GV and GX-treated cells. The findings suggested an interconnected relationship between extracellular and intracellular phospholipases in lipid cycling. Previous studies indicated that sPLA2 enzymes are linked to cancer development due to their ability to induce release of arachidonic acid and eicosanoids as well as the stimulation of lipid droplet formation. This study showed that the two enzymes work in a distinct manner and they neither confer proliferative advantage nor enhanced the net lipid droplet accumulation in HT29 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hsum Yap
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Su Wen Phang
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nafees Ahmed
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yang Mooi Lim
- Department of Pre-clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Lee IC, Kim DY, Bae JS. Inhibitory Effect of Zingerone on Secretory Group IIA Phospholipase A2. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of secretory group IIA phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) has been shown to be elevated in various inflammatory diseases, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) up-regulates the expression of sPLA2-IIA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Zingerone (ZGR), a phenolic alkanone isolated from ginger, has been reported to have various pharmacological activities. Here, we examined the effects of ZRG on the expression and activity of sPLA2-IIA in LPS-activated HUVECs and in mouse models of endotoxemia and sepsis. Treatment of cells or mice with ZRG inhibited LPS-induced expression and activity of sPLA2-IIA. In addition, ZRG suppressed LPS-mediated activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. These results suggest that ZRG inhibits LPS-mediated activation of sPLA2-IIA expression by suppressing cPLA2 and ERK 1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Chul Lee
- Department of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Seowon University, Cheongju 28674, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yong Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Seowon University, Cheongju 28674, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics-based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Novel role of group VIB Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2γ in leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions: An intravital microscopic study in rat mesentery. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 79:782-9. [PMID: 26496102 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is associated with a variety of inflammatory processes related to polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)-endothelial cell interactions. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions and the causative isoform(s) of PLA2 remain elusive. In addition, we recently showed that calcium-independent PLA2γ (iPLA2γ), but not cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2), is responsible for the cytotoxic functions of human PMN including respiratory bursts, degranulation, and chemotaxis. We therefore hypothesized that iPLA2γ is a prerequisite for the PMN recruitment cascade into the site of inflammation. The aim of this study was to elucidate the roles of the three major phospholipases A2, iPLA2, cPLA2 and secretory PLA2, in leukocyte rolling and adherence and in the surface expression of β2-integrins in vivo and in vitro in response to well-defined stimuli. METHODS Male Wistar rats were pretreated with PLA2 inhibitors selective for iPLA2β, iPLA2γ, cPLA2, or secretory PLA2. Leukocyte rolling/adherence in the mesenteric venules superfused with platelet-activating factor (PAF) were quantified by intravital microscopy. Furthermore, isolated human PMNs or whole blood were incubated with each PLA2 inhibitor and then activated with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) or PAF. PMN adherence was assessed by counting cells bound to purified fibrinogen, and the surface expression of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 and macrophage antigen 1 (Mac-1) was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS The iPLA2γ-specific inhibitor almost completely inhibited the fMLP/PAF-induced leukocyte adherence in vivo and in vitro and also decreased the fMLP/PAF-stimulated surface expression of Mac-1 by 60% and 95%, respectively. In contrast, the other inhibitors did not affect these cellular functions. CONCLUSION iPLA2γ seems to be involved in leukocyte/PMN adherence in vivo and in vitro as well as in the up-regulation of Mac-1 in vitro in response to PAF/fMLP. This enzyme is therefore likely to be a major regulator in the PMN recruitment cascade.
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Ku SK, Bae JS. Inhibitory Effect of FXa on Secretory Group IIA Phospholipase A2. Inflammation 2016; 38:987-94. [PMID: 25399323 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the expression level of secretory group IIA phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) is elevated in inflammatory diseases and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) upregulates the expression of sPLA2-IIA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Activated factor X (FXa) is an important enzyme in the coagulation cascade responsible for thrombin generation, and it influences cell signaling in various cell types by activating protease-activated receptors (PARs). Here, FX or FXa was examined for its effects on the expression and activity of sPLA2-IIA in HUVECs and mouse. Prior treatment of cells or mouse with FXa inhibited LPS-induced expression and activity of sPLA2-IIA via interacting with FXa receptor (effective cell protease receptor-1, EPR-1). And FXa suppressed the activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 by LPS. Therefore, these results suggest that FXa may inhibit LPS-mediated expression of sPLA2-IIA by suppression of cPLA2 and ERK 1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, 712-715, Republic of Korea
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Ku SK, Yang EJ, Kang H, Jung B, Bae JS. Inhibitory effect of polyozellin on secretory group IIA phospholipase A2. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 39:271-278. [PMID: 26659873 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0694-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The expression of secretory group IIA phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) is enhanced by development of inflammatory disorders. In this study, sPLA2-IIA expression was induced in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells and mice to evaluate the effect of polyozellin. Polyozellin, a major constituent of a Korea edible mushroom Polyozellus multiplex, has been known to exhibit the biological activities such as anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Polyozellin remarkably suppressed the LPS-mediated protein expression and activity of sPLA2-IIA via inhibition of phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. These results demonstrated that polyozellin might play an important role in the modulation of sPLA2-IIA expression and activity in response to the inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Hanny University, Gyeongsan, 712-715, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Yang
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Hanny University, Gyeongsan, 712-715, South Korea
| | - Byeongjin Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Hanny University, Gyeongsan, 712-715, South Korea
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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Lee IC, Bae JS. Inhibitory effect of vicenin-2 and scolymoside on secretory group IIA phospholipase A2. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2015.1087428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Baek MC, Jung B, Kang H, Lee HS, Bae JS. Novel insight into drug repositioning: Methylthiouracil as a case in point. Pharmacol Res 2015; 99:185-93. [PMID: 26117428 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug repositioning refers to the development of existing drugs for new indications. These drugs may have (I) failed to show efficacy in late stage clinical trials without safety issues; (II) stalled in the development for commercial reasons; (III) passed the point of patent expiry; or (IV) are being explored in new geographic markets. Over the past decade, pressure on the pharmaceutical industry caused by the 'innovation gap' owing to rising development costs and stagnant product output have become major reasons for the growing interest in drug repositioning. Companies that offer a variety of broad platforms for identifying new indications have emerged; some have been successful in building their own pipelines of candidates with reduced risks and timelines associated with further clinical development. The business models and platforms offered by these companies will be validated if they are able to generate positive proof-of-concept clinical data for their repositioned compounds. This review describes the strategy of biomarker-guided repositioning of chemotherapeutic drugs for inflammation therapy, considering the repositioning of methylthiouracil (MTU), an antithyroid drug, as a potential anti-inflammatory reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Chang Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, CMRI, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongjin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Kang
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- ABRC, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Inhibitory effect of exendin-4 on secretory group IIA phospholipase A2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:650-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Ku SK, Lee HG, Bae JS. Inhibitory effect of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin on secretory group IIA phospholipase A2. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:1865-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Group VIB calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2γ) regulates platelet activation, hemostasis and thrombosis in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109409. [PMID: 25313821 PMCID: PMC4196902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In platelets, group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α) has been implicated as a key regulator in the hydrolysis of platelet membrane phospholipids, leading to pro-thrombotic thromboxane A2 and anti-thrombotic 12-(S)-hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid production. However, studies using cPLA2α-deficient mice have indicated that other PLA2(s) may also be involved in the hydrolysis of platelet glycerophospholipids. In this study, we found that group VIB Ca2+-independent PLA2 (iPLA2γ)-deficient platelets showed decreases in adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-dependent aggregation and ADP- or collagen-dependent thromboxane A2 production. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of platelet phospholipids revealed that fatty acyl compositions of ethanolamine plasmalogen and phosphatidylglycerol were altered in platelets from iPLA2γ-null mice. Furthermore, mice lacking iPLA2γ displayed prolonged bleeding times and were protected against pulmonary thromboembolism. These results suggest that iPLA2γ is an additional, long-sought-after PLA2 that hydrolyzes platelet membranes and facilitates platelet aggregation in response to ADP.
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Zhao Z, Tang X, Zhao X, Zhang M, Zhang W, Hou S, Yuan W, Zhang H, Shi L, Jia H, Liang L, Lai Z, Gao J, Zhang K, Fu L, Chen W. Tylvalosin exhibits anti-inflammatory property and attenuates acute lung injury in different models possibly through suppression of NF-κB activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:73-87. [PMID: 24792436 PMCID: PMC7092911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tylvalosin, a new broad-spectrum, third-generation macrolides, may exert a variety of pharmacological activities. Here, we report on its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 macrophages and mouse treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as well as piglet challenged with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Tylvalosin treatment markedly decreased IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, PGE2, TNF-α and NO levels in vitro and in vivo. LPS and PRRSV-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the lipid peroxidation in mice lung tissues reduced after tylvalosin treatments. In mouse acute lung injury model induced by LPS, tylvalosin administration significantly attenuated tissues injury, and reduced the inflammatory cells recruitment and activation. The evaluated phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity and the increased expressions of cPLA2-IVA, p-cPLA2-IVA and sPLA2-IVE were lowered by tylvalosin. Consistent with the mouse results, tylvalosin pretreatment attenuated piglet lung scores with improved growth performance and normal rectal temperature in piglet model induced by PRRSV. Furthermore, tylvalosin attenuated the IκBα phosphorylation and degradation, and blocked the NF-κB p65 translocation. These results indicate that in addition to its direct antimicrobial effect, tylvalosin exhibits anti-inflammatory property and attenuates acute lung injury through suppression of NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanzhong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangfang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinghui Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Minhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weijian Zhang
- Shanghai Municipal Animal Innocuous Treatment Center, No. 50 Lane 4088, Puwei Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201415, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaohua Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weifeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lijun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi Lai
- Biopharmavet Institute, No.161 Zhenye Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201619, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junfeng Gao
- Biopharmavet Institute, No.161 Zhenye Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201619, People's Republic of China.
| | - Keyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residue Research, Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ling Fu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, People's Republic of China.
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Group VIB Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2γ) is associated with acute lung injury following trauma and hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 75:767-74. [PMID: 24158193 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3182a924f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut-derived mediators are carried via mesenteric lymph duct into systemic circulation after trauma/hemorrhagic shock (T/HS), thus leading to acute lung injury (ALI)/multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome. Phospholipase A2 (PLA(2)) is a key enzyme for the production of lipid mediators in posthemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph (PHSML). However, the precise functions of PLA(2) subtype, such as cytosolic PLA(2), secretory PLA(2), and Ca-independent PLA(2), in the acute phase of inflammation have remained unclear. Our previous study has suggested that the activation of Group VIB Ca-independent PLA(2γ) (PLA(2γ)) may be associated with increased lyso-phosphatidylcholines (LPCs) in the PHSML. Therefore, our purpose was to verify the role of iPLA(2γ) on the production of 2-polyunsaturated LPC species and the pathogenesis of T/HS-induced ALI using an iPLA(2γ)-specific inhibitor, R-(E)-6-(bromoethylene)-3-(1-naphthalenyl)-2H-tetrahydropyran-2-one (R-BEL). METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and cannulated in blood vessels and mesenteric lymph duct. Animals in the T/HS group underwent a midline laparotomy plus hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial pressure, 35 mm Hg, 30 minutes) and 2-hour resuscitation with shed blood and 2× normal saline. Trauma/sham shock rats were performed the identical procedure without hemorrhage. R-BEL or DMSO was administered 30 minutes before T/HS or trauma/sham shock. Polyunsaturated LPCs and arachidonic acid in the PHSML were analyzed with a liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Furthermore, ALI was assessed by lung vascular permeability, myeloperoxidase activity, and histology. RESULTS T/HS increased 2-polyunsaturated LPCs and arachidonic acid in the PHSML. The R-BEL pretreatment significantly decreased these lipids and also inhibited ALI. CONCLUSION The iPLA(2γ) enzyme is possibly involved in the pathogenesis of ALI following T/HS through the mesenteric lymph pathway.
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Role of long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetases in the regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism in interleukin 1β-stimulated rat fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Elimam H, Papillon J, Takano T, Cybulsky AV. Complement-mediated activation of calcium-independent phospholipase A2γ: role of protein kinases and phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3871-85. [PMID: 23258543 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.396614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In experimental membranous nephropathy, complement C5b-9-induces glomerular epithelial cell (GEC) injury and proteinuria. The effects of C5b-9 are mediated via signaling pathways, including calcium-independent phospholipase A(2)γ (iPLA(2)γ), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. The iPLA(2)γ pathway is cytoprotective. This study addresses the mechanisms of iPLA(2)γ activation. iPLA(2)γ activity was monitored by quantifying prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production. In GECs, iPLA(2)γ localized at the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Complement-mediated production of PGE(2) was amplified in GECs that overexpress iPLA(2)γ, compared with control cells, and was blocked by the iPLA(2)γ inhibitor bromoenol lactone in both iPLA(2)γ-overexpressing and control GECs. In GECs that overexpress iPLA(2)γ, complement-mediated PGE(2) production was reduced by inhibitors of MAP/ERK kinase 1 (MEK1) and p38 but not JNK. In COS-1 cells that overexpress iPLA(2)γ and cyclooxygenase-1, PGE(2) production was induced by co-expression of constitutively active MEK1 or MAPK-interacting kinase 1 (MNK1) as well as by stimulation with epidermal growth factor (EGF) + ionomycin. Complement- and EGF + ionomycin-stimulated iPLA(2)γ activity was attenuated by the S511A/S515A double mutation. Moreover, complement and EGF + ionomycin enhanced phosphorylation of Ser-511. Thus, complement-mediated activation of iPLA(2)γ is mediated via ERK and p38 pathways, and phosphorylation of Ser-511 and/or Ser-515 plays a key role in the catalytic activity and signaling of iPLA(2)γ. Defining the mechanisms by which complement activates iPLA(2)γ provides opportunities for development of novel therapeutic approaches to GEC injury and proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Elimam
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND After trauma and hemorrhagic shock (T/HS), a variety of inflammatory mediators enter the systemic circulation through mesenteric lymph ducts, leading to acute lung injury and multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome. Recent studies have demonstrated that post-HS mesenteric lymph (PHSML) activates polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and causes vascular endothelial cell and red blood cell dysfunction. Furthermore, PHSML contains proinflammatory mediators, such as biologically active lipids. The purpose of this study was to identify the lipid mediators in PHSML and plasma by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and then estimate the biologic activities of the identified lipids on PMNs. METHODS PHSML was collected from male Sprague-Dawley rats undergoing trauma (laparotomy) plus HS (40 mm Hg, 30 minutes) or sham shock (SS). The lipids in PHSML and plasma were extracted using the methods of Bligh and Dyer, and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was performed. The biologic activities (superoxide production and elastase release) of identified lipids on human PMNs were tested. RESULTS Phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), and sphingomyelin were detected in the PHSML. Furthermore, linoleoyl, arachidonoyl, and docosahexaenoyl LPCs and LPEs significantly increased in the PHSML of the T/HS group as compared with those of the T/SS group. In the plasma, arachidonoyl and docosahexaenoyl LPCs of the T/HS group also significantly increased in comparison with that of the T/SS group. Linoleoyl and arachidonoyl LPCs and LPEs showed the priming activity on N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-activated PMNs. The elastase release was also induced by linoleoyl and arachidonoyl LPCs. CONCLUSION Mesenteric lymph after T/HS contains biologically active lipids, such as LPCs and LPEs with polyunsaturated fatty acids, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury/multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome.
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21
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Omega-3 fatty acids cause dramatic changes in TLR4 and purinergic eicosanoid signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8517-22. [PMID: 22586114 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200189109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fish oil containing ω3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), elicit cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects through unresolved mechanisms that may involve competition and inhibition at multiple levels. Here, we report the effects of arachidonic acid (AA), EPA, and DHA supplementation on membrane incorporation, phospholipase A(2) catalyzed release, and eicosanoid production in RAW264.7 macrophages. Using a targeted lipidomics approach, we observed that Toll-like receptor 4 and purinergic receptor activation of supplemented cells leads to the release of 22-carbon fatty acids that potently inhibit cyclooxygenase pathways. This inhibition was able to shunt metabolism of AA to lipoxygenase pathways, augmenting leukotriene and other lipoxygenase mediator synthesis. In resident peritoneal macrophages, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) was responsible for cyclooxygenase inhibition after EPA supplementation, offering fresh insights into how EPA exerts anti-inflammatory effects indirectly through elongation to 22-carbon DPA.
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22
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Bae JS. Inhibitory effect of thrombin on the expression of secretory group IIA phospholipase A₂. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:2502-7. [PMID: 21544859 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the expression level of secretory group IIA phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)-IIA) is elevated in inflammatory diseases and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) up-regulates the expression of sPLA(2)-IIA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Recently, lower concentration thrombin could elicit anti-inflammatory responses in HUVECs. Here, the effects of lower concentration thrombin on the expression of sPLA(2)-IIA in LPS-stimulated HUVECs were investigated. Prior treatment of cells with thrombin (25-75 pM) inhibited LPS-induced sPLA(2)-IIA expression by activating its receptor, protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). And pretreatment of cells with either PI3-kinase inhibitor (LY294002) or cholesterol depleting agent (methyl-β-cyclodextrin, MβCD) abolished the inhibitory activity of thrombin against sPLA(2)-IIA expression. Therefore, these results suggest that PAR-1 activation by lower concentration thrombin inhibited LPS mediated expression of sPLA(2)-IIA by PAR-1 and PI3-kinase-dependent manner in lipid raft on the HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Miki Y, Sato H, Hirabayashi T, Yamamoto K. Recent progress in phospholipase A₂ research: from cells to animals to humans. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:152-92. [PMID: 21185866 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian genomes encode genes for more than 30 phospholipase A₂s (PLA₂s) or related enzymes, which are subdivided into several classes including low-molecular-weight secreted PLA₂s (sPLA₂s), Ca²+-dependent cytosolic PLA₂s (cPLA₂s), Ca²+-independent PLA₂s (iPLA₂s), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs), lysosomal PLA₂s, and a recently identified adipose-specific PLA. Of these, the intracellular cPLA₂ and iPLA₂ families and the extracellular sPLA₂ family are recognized as the "big three". From a general viewpoint, cPLA₂α (the prototypic cPLA₂ plays a major role in the initiation of arachidonic acid metabolism, the iPLA₂ family contributes to membrane homeostasis and energy metabolism, and the sPLA₂ family affects various biological events by modulating the extracellular phospholipid milieus. The cPLA₂ family evolved along with eicosanoid receptors when vertebrates first appeared, whereas the diverse branching of the iPLA₂ and sPLA₂ families during earlier eukaryote development suggests that they play fundamental roles in life-related processes. During the past decade, data concerning the unexplored roles of various PLA₂ enzymes in pathophysiology have emerged on the basis of studies using knockout and transgenic mice, the use of specific inhibitors, and information obtained from analysis of human diseases caused by mutations in PLA₂ genes. This review focuses on current understanding of the emerging biological functions of PLA₂s and related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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Moreira V, Gutiérrez JM, Amaral RB, Lomonte B, Purgatto E, Teixeira C. A phospholipase A₂ from Bothrops asper snake venom activates neutrophils in culture: expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and PGE₂ biosynthesis. Toxicon 2010; 57:288-96. [PMID: 21147147 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the production of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and up-regulation in cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway induced by a phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂), myotoxin-III (MT-III), purified from Bothrops asper snake venom, in isolated neutrophils were investigated. The arachidonic acid (AA) production and the participation of intracellular PLA₂s (cytosolic PLA₂ and Ca(2+)-independent PLA₂) in these events were also evaluated. MT-III induced COX-2, but not COX-1 gene and protein expression in neutrophils and increased PGE₂ levels. Pretreatment of neutrophils with COX-2 and COX-1 inhibitors reduced PGE₂ production induced by MT-III. Arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF₃), an intracellular PLA₂ inhibitor, but not bromoenol lactone (BEL), an iPLA₂ inhibitor, suppressed the MT-III-induced AA and PGE₂ release. In conclusion, MT-III directly stimulates neutrophils inducing COX-2 mRNA and protein expression followed by production of PGE₂. COX-2 isoform is preeminent over COX-1 for production of PGE₂ stimulated by MT-III. PGE₂ and AA release by MT-III probably is related to cPLA₂ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Moreira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil 1500, CEP 05503-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Yoda E, Hachisu K, Taketomi Y, Yoshida K, Nakamura M, Ikeda K, Taguchi R, Nakatani Y, Kuwata H, Murakami M, Kudo I, Hara S. Mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced prostaglandin synthesis in skeletal muscle of Group VIB Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2gamma-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:3003-15. [PMID: 20625036 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m008060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Group VIB Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2)γ (iPLA(2)γ) is a membrane-bound iPLA(2) enzyme with unique features, such as the utilization of distinct translation initiation sites and the presence of mitochondrial and peroxisomal localization signals. Here we investigated the physiological functions of iPLA(2)γ by disrupting its gene in mice. iPLA(2)γ-knockout (KO) mice were born with an expected Mendelian ratio and appeared normal and healthy at the age of one month but began to show growth retardation from the age of two months as well as kyphosis and significant muscle weakness at the age of four months. Electron microscopy revealed swelling and reduced numbers of mitochondria and atrophy of myofilaments in iPLA(2)γ-KO skeletal muscles. Increased lipid peroxidation and the induction of several oxidative stress-related genes were also found in the iPLA(2)γ-KO muscles. These results provide evidence that impairment of iPLA(2)γ causes mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress, leading to the loss of skeletal muscle structure and function. We further found that the compositions of cardiolipin and other phospholipid subclasses were altered and that the levels of myoprotective prostanoids were reduced in iPLA(2)γ-KO skeletal muscle. Thus, in addition to maintenance of homeostasis of the mitochondrial membrane, iPLA(2)γ may contribute to modulation of lipid mediator production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Yoda
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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Sugita M, Kuwata H, Kudo I, Hara S. Differential contributions of protein kinase C isoforms in the regulation of group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 expression in cytokine-stimulated rat fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sun GY, Shelat PB, Jensen MB, He Y, Sun AY, Simonyi A. Phospholipases A2 and inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Neuromolecular Med 2009; 12:133-48. [PMID: 19855947 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-009-8092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) belong to a superfamily of enzymes responsible for hydrolyzing the sn-2 fatty acids of membrane phospholipids. These enzymes are known to play multiple roles for maintenance of membrane phospholipid homeostasis and for production of a variety of lipid mediators. Over 20 different types of PLA2s are present in the mammalian cells, and in snake and bee venom. Despite their common function in hydrolyzing fatty acids of phospholipids, they are diversely encoded by a number of genes and express proteins that are regulated by different mechanisms. Recent studies have focused on the group IV calcium-dependent cytosolic cPLA2, the group VI calcium-independent iPLA2, and the group II small molecule secretory sPLA2. In the central nervous system (CNS), these PLA2s are distributed among neurons and glial cells. Although the physiological role of these PLA2s in regulating neural cell function has not yet been clearly elucidated, there is increasing evidence for their involvement in receptor signaling and transcriptional pathways that link oxidative events to inflammatory responses that underline many neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies also reveal an important role of cPLA2 in modulating neuronal excitatory functions, sPLA2 in the inflammatory responses, and iPLA2 with childhood neurologic disorders associated with brain iron accumulation. The goal for this review is to better understand the structure and function of these PLA2s and to highlight specific types of PLA2s and their cross-talk mechanisms in these inflammatory responses under physiological and pathological conditions in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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28
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Kitsiouli E, Nakos G, Lekka ME. Phospholipase A2 subclasses in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:941-53. [PMID: 19577642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) catalyse the cleavage of fatty acids esterified at the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids. In acute lung injury-acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI-ARDS) several distinct isoenzymes appear in lung cells and fluid. Some are capable to trigger molecular events leading to enhanced inflammation and lung damage and others have a role in lung surfactant recycling preserving lung function: Secreted forms (groups sPLA2-IIA, -V, -X) can directly hydrolyze surfactant phospholipids. Cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2-IVA) requiring Ca2+ has a preference for arachidonate, the precursor of eicosanoids which participate in the inflammatory response in the lung. Ca(2+)-independent intracellular PLA2s (iPLA2) take part in surfactant phospholipids turnover within alveolar cells. Acidic Ca(2+)-independent PLA2 (aiPLA2), of lysosomal origin, has additionally antioxidant properties, (peroxiredoxin VI activity), and participates in the formation of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine in lung surfactant. PAF-AH degrades PAF, a potent mediator of inflammation, and oxidatively fragmented phospholipids but also leads to toxic metabolites. Therefore, the regulation of PLA2 isoforms could be a valuable approach for ARDS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Kitsiouli
- Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, School of Sciences and Technologies, University of Ioannina, Greece
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Abstract
Introduction The secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) family provides a seemingly endless array of potential biological functions that is only beginning to be appreciated. In humans, this family comprises 9 different members that vary in their tissue distribution, hydrolytic activity, and phospholipid substrate specificity. Through their lipase activity, these enzymes trigger various cell-signaling events to regulate cellular functions, directly kill bacteria, or modulate inflammatory responses. In addition, some sPLA2’s are high affinity ligands for cellular receptors. Objective This review merely scratches the surface of some of the actions of sPLA2s in innate immunity, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. The goal is to provide an overview of recent findings involving sPLA2s and to point to potential pathophysiologic mechanisms that may become targets for therapy.
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Lambeau G, Gelb MH. Biochemistry and physiology of mammalian secreted phospholipases A2. Annu Rev Biochem 2008; 77:495-520. [PMID: 18405237 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.76.062405.154007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A(2) (PLA2s) are esterases that hydrolyze the sn-2 ester of glycerophospholipids and constitute one of the largest families of lipid hydrolyzing enzymes. The mammalian genome contains 10 enzymatically active secreted PLA2s (sPLA2s) and two sPLA2-related proteins devoid of lipolytic enzymatic activity. In addition to the well-established functions of one of these enzymes in digestion of dietary phospholipids and another in host defense against bacterial infections, accumulating evidence shows that some of these sPLA2s are involved in arachidonic acid release from cellular phospholipids for the biosynthesis of eicosanoids, especially during inflammation. More speculative results suggest the involvement of one or more sPLA2s in promoting atherosclerosis and cancer. In addition, the mammalian genome encodes several types of sPLA2-binding proteins, and mounting evidence shows that sPLA2s may have functions related to binding to cellular target proteins in a manner independent of their lipolytic enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Lambeau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France.
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Moreira V, Gutiérrez JM, Soares AM, Zamunér SR, Purgatto E, Teixeira CDFP. Secretory phospholipases A2 isolated from Bothrops asper and from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venoms induce distinct mechanisms for biosynthesis of prostaglandins E2 and D2 and expression of cyclooxygenases. Toxicon 2008; 52:428-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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