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Kim HS, Lee D, Shen S. Endoplasmic reticular stress as an emerging therapeutic target for chronic pain: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2024; 132:707-724. [PMID: 38378384 PMCID: PMC10925894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a severely debilitating condition with enormous socioeconomic costs. Current treatment regimens with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), steroids, or opioids have been largely unsatisfactory with uncertain benefits or severe long-term side effects. This is mainly because chronic pain has a multifactorial aetiology. Although conventional pain medications can alleviate pain by keeping several dysfunctional pathways under control, they can mask other underlying pathological causes, ultimately worsening nerve pathologies and pain outcome. Recent preclinical studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress could be a central hub for triggering multiple molecular cascades involved in the development of chronic pain. Several ER stress inhibitors and unfolded protein response modulators, which have been tested in randomised clinical trials or apprpoved by the US Food and Drug Administration for other chronic diseases, significantly alleviated hyperalgesia in multiple preclinical pain models. Although the role of ER stress in neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic disorders, and cancer has been well established, research on ER stress and chronic pain is still in its infancy. Here, we critically analyse preclinical studies and explore how ER stress can mechanistically act as a central node to drive development and progression of chronic pain. We also discuss therapeutic prospects, benefits, and pitfalls of using ER stress inhibitors and unfolded protein response modulators for managing intractable chronic pain. In the future, targeting ER stress to impact multiple molecular networks might be an attractive therapeutic strategy against chronic pain refractory to steroids, NSAIDs, or opioids. This novel therapeutic strategy could provide solutions for the opioid crisis and public health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harper S Kim
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Donghwan Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shiqian Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Prajapat SK, Mishra L, Khera S, Owusu SD, Ahuja K, Sharma P, Choudhary E, Chhabra S, Kumar N, Singh R, Kaushal PS, Mahajan D, Banerjee A, Motiani RK, Vrati S, Kalia M. Methotrimeprazine is a neuroprotective antiviral in JEV infection via adaptive ER stress and autophagy. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:185-217. [PMID: 38177535 PMCID: PMC10897192 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-023-00014-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) pathogenesis is driven by a combination of neuronal death and neuroinflammation. We tested 42 FDA-approved drugs that were shown to induce autophagy for antiviral effects. Four drugs were tested in the JE mouse model based on in vitro protective effects on neuronal cell death, inhibition of viral replication, and anti-inflammatory effects. The antipsychotic phenothiazines Methotrimeprazine (MTP) & Trifluoperazine showed a significant survival benefit with reduced virus titers in the brain, prevention of BBB breach, and inhibition of neuroinflammation. Both drugs were potent mTOR-independent autophagy flux inducers. MTP inhibited SERCA channel functioning, and induced an adaptive ER stress response in diverse cell types. Pharmacological rescue of ER stress blocked autophagy and antiviral effect. MTP did not alter translation of viral RNA, but exerted autophagy-dependent antiviral effect by inhibiting JEV replication complexes. Drug-induced autophagy resulted in reduced NLRP3 protein levels, and attenuation of inflammatory cytokine/chemokine release from infected microglial cells. Our study suggests that MTP exerts a combined antiviral and anti-inflammatory effect in JEV infection, and has therapeutic potential for JE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra K Prajapat
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Laxmi Mishra
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Sakshi Khera
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Shadrack D Owusu
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kriti Ahuja
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Puja Sharma
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Eira Choudhary
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Simran Chhabra
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Niraj Kumar
- Structural Biology & Translation Regulation Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Rajan Singh
- Advanced Technology Platform Centre, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, 201314, India
| | - Prem S Kaushal
- Structural Biology & Translation Regulation Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Dinesh Mahajan
- Chemistry and Pharmacology Lab, Centre for Drug Design and Discovery, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Arup Banerjee
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Rajender K Motiani
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, India.
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3
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Zhu G, Gao H, Li Y, Li X, Yang X, Wang C, Guo Z, Fan H, Fan L. Suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress by 4-PBA enhanced atherosclerotic plaque stability via up-regulating CLOCK expression. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:154969. [PMID: 38029715 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress refers to a condition where the normal functioning of the ER is disrupted due to a variety of cellular stress factors. As a result, there is an accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins within the ER. Numerous studies have shown that ER stress can exacerbate inflammatory reactions and contribute to the development of various inflammatory diseases. However, the role of ER stress in the stability of atherosclerotic plaques remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential impact of a specific ER stress inhibitor known as 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) on atherosclerosis in mice. The mice were fed a high-fat diet, and treatment with 4-PBA significantly improved the stability of the atherosclerotic plaques. This was evidenced by a reduction in oxidative stress and an increase in circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) protein and mRNA expression within the plaques. Additionally, 4-PBA reduced the expression of ER stress-related proteins and decreased apoptosis in the atherosclerotic plaques. In vitro investigation, we observed the effect of 4-PBA on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that were exposed to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), a significant contributor to the development of atherosclerosis. 4-PBA reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and attenuated apoptosis, GRP78 and CHOP protein expression in ox-LDL-Induced VSMCs via up-regulating CLOCK expression. However, when the short hairpin RNA against CLOCK (sh-CLOCK) was introduced to the VSMCs, the protective effect of 4-PBA was abolished. This suggests that the up-regulation of CLOCK expression is crucial for the beneficial effects of 4-PBA on atherosclerotic plaque stability. This finding suggests that targeting ER stress and modulating CLOCK protein levels might be a promising way to enhance the stability of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglang Zhu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxia Gao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohu Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heyu Fan
- School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Longhua Fan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Albassam H, Ladin DA, Elhassanny A, Burns C, Van Dross-Anderson R. Apoptosis mechanisms induced by 15d-PMJ 2 in HCT116 colon cancer cells: insights into CHOP10/TRB3/Akt signaling. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1283677. [PMID: 38026967 PMCID: PMC10652392 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1283677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Agents that stimulate the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway are being exploited pharmacologically to induce cancer cell death. Cytotoxic ER stress is typically regulated by the transcription factor, C/EBP homologous protein 10 (CHOP10). Products of CHOP10 transcription include the pro-apoptotic proteins: ER oxidoreductase 1α (ERO1α), death receptor-5 (DR5), and tribbles-related protein 3 (TRB3). Our previous findings showed cell death induced by 15-deoxy- Δ12,14 prostamide J2 (15d-PMJ2) occurred in an ER stress-dependent manner. However, the pathway by which 15d-PMJ2 regulates ER stress-mediated death downstream of CHOP10 has not been identified. Our results demonstrate 5 µM 15d-PMJ2 increased CHOP10 expression and apoptosis in HCT116 colon cancer cells. In cells treated with pharmacological inhibitors of ER stress, 15d-PMJ2-induced apoptosis was reliant upon the ER stress pathway. To investigate the role of CHOP10 and its transcriptional products in apoptosis, genetic deletion of CHOP10 (CHOP10-KO) was performed using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The apoptotic action of 15d-PMJ2 was blunted in cells lacking CHOP10 expression. The deletion of CHOP10 reduced the expression of DR5, ERO1α, and TRB3 although only the expression of TRB3 was significantly reduced. Therefore, we overexpressed TRB3 in CHOP10-KO cells and observed that the activation of Akt was inhibited and 15d-PMJ2-induced apoptosis was restored. Thus, a mechanism of apoptosis elicited by 15d-PMJ2 includes the stimulation of CHOP10/TRB3/Akt inhibition. Given the important role these signaling molecules play in cancer cell fate, 15d-PMJ2 may be an effective inducer of apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam Albassam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Daniel A. Ladin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Ahmed Elhassanny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Colin Burns
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Rukiyah Van Dross-Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Center for Health Disparities, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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5
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Morales C, Fernandez M, Ferrer R, Raimunda D, Carrer DC, Bollo M. Ursodeoxycholic Acid Binds PERK and Ameliorates Neurite Atrophy in a Cellular Model of GM2 Gangliosidosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7209. [PMID: 37108372 PMCID: PMC10138647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Unfolded protein response (UPR), triggered by stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is a key driver of neurodegenerative diseases. GM2 gangliosidosis, which includes Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease, is caused by an accumulation of GM2, mainly in the brain, that leads to progressive neurodegeneration. Previously, we demonstrated in a cellular model of GM2 gangliosidosis that PERK, a UPR sensor, contributes to neuronal death. There is currently no approved treatment for these disorders. Chemical chaperones, such as ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), have been found to alleviate ER stress in cell and animal models. UDCA's ability to move across the blood-brain barrier makes it interesting as a therapeutic tool. Here, we found that UDCA significantly diminished the neurite atrophy induced by GM2 accumulation in primary neuron cultures. It also decreased the up-regulation of pro-apoptotic CHOP, a downstream PERK-signaling component. To explore its potential mechanisms of action, in vitro kinase assays and crosslinking experiments were performed with different variants of recombinant protein PERK, either in solution or in reconstituted liposomes. The results suggest a direct interaction between UDCA and the cytosolic domain of PERK, which promotes kinase phosphorylation and dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mariana Bollo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M y M Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5016, Argentina
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Kasture AS, Fischer FP, Kunert L, Burger ML, Burgstaller AC, El-Kasaby A, Hummel T, Sucic S. Drosophila melanogaster as a model for unraveling unique molecular features of epilepsy elicited by human GABA transporter 1 variants. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1074427. [PMID: 36741049 PMCID: PMC9893286 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1074427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter 1 (hGAT-1) can instigate myoclonic-atonic and other generalized epilepsies in the afflicted individuals. We systematically examined fifteen hGAT-1 disease variants, all of which dramatically reduced or completely abolished GABA uptake activity. Many of these loss-of-function variants were absent from their regular site of action at the cell surface, due to protein misfolding and/or impaired trafficking machinery (as verified by confocal microscopy and de-glycosylation experiments). A modest fraction of the mutants displayed correct targeting to the plasma membrane, but nonetheless rendered the mutated proteins devoid of GABA transport, possibly due to structural alterations in the GABA binding site/translocation pathway. We here focused on a folding-deficient A288V variant. In flies, A288V reiterated its impeded expression pattern, closely mimicking the ER-retention demonstrated in transfected HEK293 cells. Functionally, A288V presented a temperature-sensitive seizure phenotype in fruit flies. We employed diverse small molecules to restore the expression and activity of folding-deficient hGAT-1 epilepsy variants, in vitro (in HEK293 cells) and in vivo (in flies). We identified three compounds (chemical and pharmacological chaperones) conferring moderate rescue capacity for several variants. Our data grant crucial new insights into: (i) the molecular basis of epilepsy in patients harboring hGAT-1 mutations, and (ii) a proof-of-principle that protein folding deficits in disease-associated hGAT-1 variants can be corrected using the pharmacochaperoning approach. Such innovative pharmaco-therapeutic prospects inspire the rational design of novel drugs for alleviating the clinical symptoms triggered by the numerous emerging pathogenic mutations in hGAT-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya S. Kasture
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian P. Fischer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,Department of Epileptology and Neurology, University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lisa Kunert
- Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie L. Burger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ali El-Kasaby
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Sucic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Sonja Sucic,
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7
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Jeon Y, Kwon SM, Rhee H, Yoo JE, Chung T, Woo HG, Park YN. Molecular and radiopathologic spectrum between HCC and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2023; 77:92-108. [PMID: 35124821 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Primary liver cancers (LCs), including HCC and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), are derived from a common developmental lineage, conferring a molecular spectrum between them. To elucidate the molecular spectrum, we performed an integrative analysis of transcriptome profiles associated with patients' radiopathologic features. APPROACH AND RESULTS We identified four LC subtypes (LC1-LC4) from RNA-sequencing profiles, revealing intermediate subtypes between HCC and iCCA. LC1 is a typical HCC characterized by active bile acid metabolism, telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutations, and high uptake of gadoxetic acid in MRI. LC2 is an iCCA-like HCC characterized by expression of the progenitor cell-like trait, tumor protein p53 mutations, and rim arterial-phase hyperenhancement in MRI. LC3 is an HCC-like iCCA, mainly small duct (SD) type, associated with HCC-related etiologic factors. LC4 is further subclassified into LC4-SD and LC4-large duct iCCAs according to the pathological features, which exhibited distinct genetic variations (e.g., KRAS , isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 mutation, and FGF receptor 2 fusion), stromal type, and prognostic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our integrated view of the molecular spectrum of LCs can identify subtypes associated with transcriptomic, genomic, and radiopathologic features, providing mechanistic insights into heterogeneous LC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsic Jeon
- Department of Pathology , Graduate School of Medical Science , Brain Korea 21 Project , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
- Natural Products Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Republic of Korea
| | - So Mee Kwon
- Department of Physiology , Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjin Rhee
- Department of Radiology , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Yoo
- Department of Pathology , Graduate School of Medical Science , Brain Korea 21 Project , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Chung
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Goo Woo
- Department of Physiology , Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon , Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science , Graduate School , Ajou University , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Young Nyun Park
- Department of Pathology , Graduate School of Medical Science , Brain Korea 21 Project , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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4-PBA Attenuates Fat Accumulation in Cultured Spotted Seabass Fed High-Fat-Diet via Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121197. [PMID: 36557235 PMCID: PMC9784988 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive fat accumulation is a common phenomenon in cultured fish, which can cause metabolic disease such as fatty liver. However, the relative regulatory approach remains to be explored. Based on this, two feeding trials were conducted. Firstly, fish were fed either a normal-fat diet (NFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for eight weeks and sampled at the 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th week after feeding (Experiment I). In the first four weeks, fish fed an HFD grew faster than those fed an NFD. Conversely, the body weight and weight gain were higher in the NFD group at the 6th and 8th weeks. Under light and transmission electron microscopes, fat accumulation of the liver was accompanied by an obvious endoplasmic reticulum (ER) swell. Accordingly, the expressions of atf-6, ire-1, perk, eif-2α, atf-4, grp78, and chop showed that ER stress was activated at the 6th and 8th weeks. In Experiment II, 50 mg/kg 4-PBA (an ERs inhibitor) was supplemented to an HFD; this was named the 4-PBA group. Then, fish was fed with an NFD, an HFD, and a 4-PBA diet for eight weeks. As the result, the excessive fat deposition caused by an HFD was reversed by 4-PBA. The expression of ER stress-related proteins CHOP and GRP78 was down-regulated by 4-PBA, and the transmission electron microscope images also showed that 4-PBA alleviated ER stress induced by the feeding of an HFD. Furthermore, 4-PBA administration down-regulated SREBP-1C/ACC/FAS, the critical pathways of fat synthesis. In conclusion, the results confirmed that ER stress plays a contributor role in the fat deposition by activating the SREBP-1C/ACC/FAS pathway. 4-PBA as an ER stress inhibitor could reduce fat deposition caused by an HFD via regulating ER stress.
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Bhardwaj R, Bhardwaj A, Dhawan DK, Tandon C, Kaur T. 4-PBA rescues hyperoxaluria induced nephrolithiasis by modulating urinary glycoproteins: Cross talk between endoplasmic reticulum, calcium homeostasis and mitochondria. Life Sci 2022; 305:120786. [PMID: 35809664 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Urinary glycoproteins such as Tamm Horsfall Protein (THP) and Osteopontin (OPN) are well established key regulators of renal stone formation. Additionally, recent revelations have highlighted the influence of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and mitochondria of crucial importance in nephrolithiasis. However, till date conclusive approach highlighting the influence of ER stress on urinary glycoproteins and chaperone in nephrolithiasis remains elusive. Therefore, the present study was focussed on deciphering the possible effect of 4-PBA mitigating ER stress on urinary glycoproteins and calnexin (chaperone) with emphasis on interlinking calcium homeostasis in hyperoxaluric rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Post 9 days of treatment, animals were sacrificed, and renal tissues were investigated for urinary glycoproteins, calnexin, calcium homeostasis, ER environment, redox status, and mitochondrial linkage. KEY FINDINGS 4-PBA appreciably reversed the altered levels of THP, OPN, and calnexin observed along with curtailing the disrupted calcium homeostasis when assessed for SERCA activity and intra-cellular calcium levels. Additionally, significant improvement in the perturbed ER environment as verified by escalated ER stress markers, disturbed protein folding-aggregation-degradation (congo red assay) pathway, and redox status was found post 4-PBA intervention. Interestingly, linkage of ER stress and mitochondria was established under hyperoxaluric conditions when assessed for protein levels of VDAC1 and GRP75. SIGNIFICANCE 4-PBA treatment resulted in rectifying the repercussions of ER-mitochondrial caused distress when assessed for protein folding/aggregation/degradation events along with disturbed calcium homeostasis. The present study advocates the necessity to adopt a holistic vision towards hyperoxaluria with emphasis on glycoproteins and ER environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Bhardwaj
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankita Bhardwaj
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Tanzeer Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Jung K, Lee T, Kim J, Sung E, Song I. Interleukin-10 Protects against Ureteral Obstruction-Induced Kidney Fibrosis by Suppressing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810702. [PMID: 36142626 PMCID: PMC9504377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common final pathway of chronic kidney disease, which is a major incurable disease. Although fibrosis has an irreversible pathophysiology, the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible remain unclear and no specific treatment is available to halt the progress of renal fibrosis. Thus, an improved understanding of the cellular mechanism involved and a novel therapeutic approach are urgently required for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We investigated the role played by interleukin-10 (IL-10, a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine) in kidney fibrosis and the mechanisms involved using IL-10−/− mice and TCMK-1 cells (mouse kidney tubular epithelial cell line). Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), apoptosis, and fibrosis in IL-10−/− mice were more severe than in IL-10+/+ mice after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). The 4-Phenylbutyrate (an ERS inhibitor) treatment induced dramatic reductions in ERS, apoptosis, and fibrosis-associated factors in the renal tissues of IL-10−/− mice, compared to wild-type controls after UUO. On the other hand, in cultured TCMK-1 cells, the ERS inducers (tunicamycin, thapsigargin, or brefeldin A) enhanced the expressions of proapoptotic and profibrotic factors, though these effects were mitigated by IL-10. These results were supported by the observation that IL-10 siRNA transfection aggravated tunicamycin-induced CHOP and a-SMA expressions in TCMK-1 cells. We conclude that the anti-fibrotic effects of IL-10 were attributable to the inhibition of ERS-mediated apoptosis and believe that the results of this study improve the understanding of the cellular mechanism responsible for fibrosis and aid in the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyongjin Jung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea
- Smart-Aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea
| | - Taejin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea
| | - Jooyoung Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea
| | - Eongi Sung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea
| | - Inhwan Song
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea
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Fang Z, Gao W, Jiang Q, Loor JJ, Zhao C, Du X, Zhang M, Song Y, Wang Z, Liu G, Li X, Lei L. Targeting IRE1α and PERK in the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway attenuates fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in bovine hepatocytes. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:6895-6908. [PMID: 35840398 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can be induced by various stimuli and triggers the unfolded protein response to activate intracellular signaling pathways that are mediated by 3 ER-resident sensors: inositol requiring protein-1α (IRE1α), PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6). In nonruminants, ER stress plays a critical role in hepatic insulin resistance. However, whether ER stress plays a role in nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA)-induced hepatic insulin resistance in dairy cows is still unknown. Experiments were conducted using primary bovine hepatocytes isolated from 5 healthy calves (body weight: 30-40 kg; 1 d old). First, hepatocytes were treated with NEFA (1.2 mM) for 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 12 h. Treatment with NEFA elevated abundance of phosphorylated IRE1α and PERK, and cleavage of ATF6, along with the ER stress-associated genes XBP1, ATF4, and DNAJC3, resulting in both linear and quadratic effects. Furthermore, ER Tracker red staining and transmission electron microscopy results indicated that ER was dilated and degranulated in response to NEFA treatment, suggesting that ER stress was induced by NEFA treatment in bovine hepatocytes. Second, to assess the effect of ER stress on NEFA-induced insulin resistance, hepatocytes were treated with different concentrations of NEFA (0, 0.6, 1.2, or 2.4 mM) for 5 h with or without tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA, a canonical inhibitor of ER stress). Here, NEFA induced insulin resistance by increasing the abundance of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) phosphorylation at the inhibitory residue Ser 307 (S307) and decreasing the abundance of phosphorylated protein kinase B (AKT) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) in a dose-dependent manner. This was accompanied by upregulation of an abundance of gluconeogenic genes [phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6-Pase)]. These detrimental effects of NEFA on insulin signaling could be reversed with TUDCA treatment, indicating a mechanistic link between ER stress and NEFA-induced insulin resistance. In a third experiment, pGPU6/GFP/Neo vectors containing short hairpin RNA targeting IRE1α were used to silence IRE1α transcription, and GSK2656157 (PERK phosphorylation inhibitor) and 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF; an inhibitor of ATF6) were used to block PERK and ATF6 branches, respectively. Notably, the silencing of the IRE1α branch improved NEFA-induced insulin resistance by decreasing phosphorylation of IRS1 (S307) and increasing phosphorylation of AKT and GSK3β, and reducing PEPCK and G6-Pase mRNA abundance, which was likely dependent on IRE1α kinase activity. Similarly, blockage of the PERK branch increased phosphorylation of AKT and GSK3β, and reduced PEPCK and G6-Pase mRNA abundance, but had no effect on phosphorylation of IRS1 (S307). However, results showed that inhibition of the ATF6 branch had no effects on phosphorylation of IRS1, AKT, and GSK3β, and instead found increasing PEPCK and G6-Pase mRNA abundance. Taken together, data in the present study found that impeding IRE1α and PERK signaling might aid in relieving hepatic insulin resistance. However, the more detailed mechanisms of how IRE1α and PERK signaling contribute to hepatic insulin resistance in dairy cows remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Qianming Jiang
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xiliang Du
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Yuxiang Song
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Lin Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
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12
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Cao Q, Tartaglia G, Alexander M, Park PH, Poojan S, Farshchian M, Fuentes I, Chen M, McGrath JA, Palisson F, Salas-Alanis J, South AP. A role for Collagen VII in matrix protein secretion. Matrix Biol 2022; 111:226-244. [PMID: 35779741 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lack of type VII collagen (C7) disrupts cellular proteostasis yet the mechanism remains undescribed. By studying the relationship between C7 and the extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated proteins thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), type XII collagen (C12) and tissue transglutaminase (TGM2) in primary human dermal fibroblasts from multiple donors with or without the genetic disease recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) (n=31), we demonstrate that secretion of each of these proteins is increased in the presence of C7. In dermal fibroblasts isolated from patients with RDEB, where C7 is absent or defective, association with the COPII outer coat protein SEC31 and ultimately secretion of each of these ECM-associated proteins is reduced and intracellular levels are increased. In RDEB fibroblasts, overall collagen secretion (as determined by the levels of hydroxyproline in the media) is unchanged while traffic from the ER to Golgi of TSP1, C12 and TGM2 occurs in a type I collagen (C1) dependent manner. In normal fibroblasts association of TSP1, C12 and TGM2 with the ER exit site transmembrane protein Transport ANd Golgi Organization-1 (TANGO1) as determined by proximity ligation assays, requires C7. In the absence of wild-type C7, or when ECM-associated proteins are overexpressed, C1 proximity and intracellular levels increase resulting in elevated cellular stress responses and elevated TGFβ signaling. Collectively, these data demonstrate a role for C7 in loading COPII vesicle cargo and provides a mechanism for disrupted proteostasis, elevated cellular stress and increased TGFβ signaling in patients with RDEB. Furthermore, our data point to a threshold of cargo loading that can be exceeded with increased protein levels leading to pathological outcomes in otherwise normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Cao
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Grace Tartaglia
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael Alexander
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Pyung Hung Park
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shiv Poojan
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mehdi Farshchian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ignacia Fuentes
- DEBRA Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John A McGrath
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London (Guy's Campus), UK
| | - Francis Palisson
- DEBRA Chile, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Andrew P South
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
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13
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Su H, Mei Y, Luo S, Wu H, He Y, Shiraishi Y, Hu P, Cohen RA, Tong X. Substitution of the SERCA2 Cys 674 reactive thiol accelerates atherosclerosis by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4778-4791. [PMID: 35763220 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cysteine674 (C674) thiol of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2 is easily and irreversibly oxidized under atherosclerotic conditions. However, the contribution of the C674 thiol redox status in the development of atherosclerosis remains unclear. Our goal was to elucidate the possible mechanism involved. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Heterozygous SERCA2 C674S knock-in mice in which half of the C674 was substituted by serine674 (S674) were used to mimic the removal of the reactive C674 thiol which occurs under pathological conditions. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and cardiac endothelial cells (ECs) were used for intracellular Ca2+ , macrophage adhesion, and protein expression analysis. The whole aorta and aortic root were isolated for histological analysis. KEY RESULTS Cell culture studies suggest the partial substitution of SERCA2 C674 increased intracellular Ca2+ levels and induced ER stress in both BMDMs and ECs. The release of pro-inflammatory factors and macrophage adhesion increased in SKI BMDMs. In ECs, the overexpression of S674 induced endothelial inflammation and promoted macrophage recruitment. SKI mice developed more severe atherosclerotic plaque and macrophage accumulation. Additionally, 4-phenyl butyric acid (PBA), an ER stress inhibitor, suppressed ER stress and inflammatory responses in BMDMs and ECs, and alleviate atherosclerosis in SKI mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The substitution of SERCA2 C674 thiol accelerates the development of atherosclerosis by inducing ER stress and inflammation. Our findings highlight the importance of SERCA2 C674 redox state in the context of atherosclerosis and open up a novel therapeutic strategy to combat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Mei
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuangxue Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haixia Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yasumasa Shiraishi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Pingping Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Richard A Cohen
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Tong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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14
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Torres M, Hussain H, Dickson AJ. The secretory pathway - the key for unlocking the potential of Chinese hamster ovary cell factories for manufacturing therapeutic proteins. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:628-645. [PMID: 35465810 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2047004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell factories (in particular the CHO cell system) have been crucial in the rise of biopharmaceuticals. Mammalian cells have compartmentalized organelles where intricate networks of proteins manufacture highly sophisticated biopharmaceuticals in a specialized production pipeline - the secretory pathway. In the bioproduction context, the secretory pathway functioning is key for the effectiveness of cell factories to manufacture these life-changing medicines. This review describes the molecular components and events involved in the secretory pathway, and provides a comprehensive summary of the intracellular steps limiting the production of therapeutic proteins as well as the achievements in engineering CHO cell secretory machinery. We also consider antibody-producing plasma cells (so called "professional" secretory cells) to explore the mechanisms underpinning their unique secretory function/features. Such understandings offer the potential to further enhancement of the current CHO cell production platforms for manufacturing next generation of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Torres
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hirra Hussain
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alan J Dickson
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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15
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Artepillin C, a major component of Brazilian green propolis, inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress and protein aggregation. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174572. [PMID: 34656606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Propolis, a compound produced by honeybees, has long been used in food and beverages to improve health and prevent diseases. We previously reported that the ethanol extracts of Brazilian green propolis and its constituents artepillin C, kaempferide, and kaempferol mitigate oxidative stress-induced cell death via oxytosis/ferroptosis. Here, we investigated the potential of Brazilian green propolis and its constituents to protect against endoplasmic reticulum stress in the mouse hippocampal cell line HT22. Ethanol extracts of Brazilian green propolis, artepillin C, and kaempferol attenuated tunicamycin-induced unfolded protein response and cell death. Interestingly, artepillin C inhibited both tunicamycin-induced protein aggregation in HT22 cells and the spontaneous protein aggregation of mutant canine superoxide dismutase 1 (E40K-SOD1-EGFP) in Neuro2a cells. These findings indicate that in addition to oxidative stress, the ethanol extracts of Brazilian green propolis help prevent endoplasmic reticulum stress-related neuronal cell death, which is proposedly involved in several neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, artepillin C, a major constituent of Brazilian green propolis, may exhibit chemical chaperone-like properties.
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16
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The regulation of Ero1-alpha in homocysteine-induced macrophage apoptosis and vulnerable plaque formation in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2021; 334:39-47. [PMID: 34478920 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability. Macrophage apoptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HHcy-aggravated atherosclerosis. Endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase 1α (Ero1α) is critical for ER stress-induced apoptosis. We hypothesized that Ero1α may contribute to ER-stress induced macrophage apoptosis and plaque stability in advanced atherosclerotic lesions by HHcy. METHODS Apoe-/- mice were maintained on drinking water containing homocysteine (Hcy, 1.8 g/L) to establish HHcy atherosclerotic models. The role of Ero1α in atherosclerotic plaque stability, macrophage apoptosis and ER stress were monitored in the plaque of aortic roots in HHcy Apoe-/- mice with or without silence or overexpression of Ero1α through lentivirus. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were used to confirm the regulation of Ero1α on ER stress dependent apoptosis in the presence of HHcy. RESULTS Atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability and macrophage apoptosis were promoted in Apoe-/- mice by high Hcy diet, accompanied by the upregulation of Ero1α expression and ER stress. Inhibition of Ero1α prevented macrophage apoptosis and atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability, and vice versa. Consistently, in mouse peritoneal macrophages, ER stress and apoptosis were attenuated by Ero1α deficiency, but enhanced by Ero1α overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Hcy, via upregulation of Ero1α expression, activates ER stress-dependent macrophage apoptosis to promote vulnerable plaque formation in atherosclerosis. Ero1α may be a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis induced by Hcy.
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17
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Zhang XT, Hu XB, Wang HL, Kan WJ, Xu L, Wang ZJ, Xiang YQ, Wu WB, Feng B, Li JN, Gao AH, Dong TC, Xia CM, Zhou YB, Li J. Activation of unfolded protein response overcomes Ibrutinib resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:814-823. [PMID: 32855532 PMCID: PMC8115113 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most widespread type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). As the most aggressive form of the DLBCL, the activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtype is often resistant to standard chemotherapies. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib provides a potential therapeutic approach for the DLBCL but fails to improve the outcome in the phase III trial. In the current study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying ibrutinib resistance and explored new combination therapy with ibrutinib. We generated an ibrutinib-resistant ABC-DLBCL cell line (OCI-ly10-IR) through continuous exposure to ibrutinib. Transcriptome analysis of the parental and ibrutinib-resistant cell lines revealed that the ibrutinib-resistant cells had significantly lower expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR) marker genes. Overexpression of one UPR branch-XBP1s greatly potentiated ibrutinib-induced apoptosis in both sensitive and resistant cells. The UPR inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) partially reduced the apoptotic rate induced by the ibrutinib in sensitive cells. The UPR activator 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) in combination with the ibrutinib triggered even greater cell growth inhibition, apoptosis, and stronger calcium (Ca2+) flux inhibition than either of the agents alone. A combination treatment of ibrutinib (15 mg·kg-1·d-1, po.) and 2-DG (500 mg/kg, po, b.i.d.) synergistically retarded tumor growth in NOD/SCID mice bearing OCI-ly10-IR xenograft. In addition, ibrutinib induced the UPR in the sensitive cell lines but not in the resistant cell lines of the DLBCL. There was also a combined synergistic effect in the primary resistant DLBCL cell lines. Overall, our results suggest that targeting the UPR could be a potential combination strategy to overcome ibrutinib resistance in the DLBCL.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenine/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Deoxyglucose/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/physiology
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/physiopathology
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Piperidines/therapeutic use
- Unfolded Protein Response/drug effects
- Unfolded Protein Response/physiology
- X-Box Binding Protein 1/genetics
- X-Box Binding Protein 1/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tuan Zhang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Bei Hu
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Han-Lin Wang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei-Juan Kan
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lei Xu
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhi-Jia Wang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yu-Qi Xiang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wen-Biao Wu
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Bo Feng
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jia-Nan Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - An-Hui Gao
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tian-Cheng Dong
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chun-Mei Xia
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu-Bo Zhou
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jia Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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18
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Persaud AK, Nair S, Rahman MF, Raj R, Weadick B, Nayak D, McElroy C, Shanmugam M, Knoblaugh S, Cheng X, Govindarajan R. Facilitative lysosomal transport of bile acids alleviates ER stress in mouse hematopoietic precursors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1248. [PMID: 33623001 PMCID: PMC7902824 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3 (ENT3) encoded by SLC29A3 results in anemia and erythroid hypoplasia, suggesting that ENT3 may regulate erythropoiesis. Here, we demonstrate that lysosomal ENT3 transport of taurine-conjugated bile acids (TBA) facilitates TBA chemical chaperone function and alleviates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in expanding mouse hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Slc29a3−/− HSPCs accumulate less TBA despite elevated levels of TBA in Slc29a3−/− mouse plasma and have elevated basal ER stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and radiation-induced apoptosis. Reintroduction of ENT3 allows for increased accumulation of TBA into HSPCs, which results in TBA-mediated alleviation of ER stress and erythroid apoptosis. Transplanting TBA-preconditioned HSPCs expressing ENT3 into Slc29a3−/− mice increase bone marrow repopulation capacity and erythroid pool size and prevent early mortalities. Together, these findings suggest a putative role for a facilitative lysosomal transporter in the bile acid regulation of ER stress in mouse HSPCs which may have implications in erythroid biology, the treatment of anemia observed in ENT3-mutated human genetic disorders, and nucleoside analog drug therapy. Mutations in ENT3, encoded by SLC29A3, result in anaemia and erythroid hypoplasia, suggesting roles in erythropoiesis. Here the authors show that ENT3 acts as a lysosomal bile acid transporter, and mutation compromises taurine conjugated bile acid transport in erythroid progenitors leading to ER stress, and anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash K Persaud
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sreenath Nair
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Md Fazlur Rahman
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Radhika Raj
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Brenna Weadick
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Craig McElroy
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Muruganandan Shanmugam
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sue Knoblaugh
- Depatment of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xiaolin Cheng
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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19
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Grønlien HK, Christoffersen TE, Nystrand CF, Garabet L, Syvertsen T, Moe MK, Olstad OK, Jonassen CM. Cytokine and Gene Expression Profiling in Patients with HFE-Associated Hereditary Hemochromatosis according to Genetic Profile. Acta Haematol 2020; 144:446-457. [PMID: 33326952 DOI: 10.1159/000511551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemochromatosis gene (HFE)-associated hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is characterized by downregulation of hepcidin synthesis, leading to increased intestinal iron absorption. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to characterize and elucidate a possible association between gene expression profile, hepcidin levels, disease severity, and markers of inflammation in HFE-associated HH patients. METHODS Thirty-nine HFE-associated HH patients were recruited and assigned to 2 groups according to genetic profile: C282Y homozygotes in 1 group and patients with H63D, as homozygote or in combination with C282Y, in the other group. Eleven healthy first-time blood donors were recruited as controls. Gene expression was characterized from peripheral blood cells, and inflammatory cytokines and hepcidin-25 isoform were quantified in serum. Biochemical disease characteristics were recorded. RESULTS Elevated levels of interleukin 8 were observed in a significant higher proportion of patients than controls. In addition, compared to controls, gene expression of ζ-globin was significantly increased among C282Y homozygote patients, while gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase 8, and other neutrophil-secreted proteins, was significantly upregulated in patients with H63D. CONCLUSION Different disease signatures may characterize HH patients according to their HFE genetic profile. Studies on larger populations, including analyses at protein level, are necessary to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lamya Garabet
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Grålum, Norway
- Department of Multidisciplinary Laboratory Medicine and Medical Biochemistry, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Terje Syvertsen
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Grålum, Norway
| | - Morten K Moe
- Department of Multidisciplinary Laboratory Medicine and Medical Biochemistry, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | | | - Christine Monceyron Jonassen
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Grålum, Norway,
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway,
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20
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Jiang XL, Liu JH, Que YT, Que YM, Hu PP, Huang CZ, Tong XY. Multifunctional Single-Layered Graphene Quantum Dots Used for Diagnosis of Mitochondrial Malfunction-Related Diseases. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:1727-1734. [PMID: 33455364 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical organelles in eukaryotes that efficiently generate adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) for various biological activities, and any defect in the process of ATP synthesis may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and directly link to a variety of medical disorders. Monitoring the ATP variations in cells is key for innovative early diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases. Herein, multifunctional single-layered graphene quantum dots (s-GQDs) with bright green emission were constructed, which exhibit strong binding affinity for ATP and good mitochondria targeting ability. Using the proposed s-GQDs, we successfully discriminated the primary smooth muscle cells isolated from the transgenic mouse (heterozygote sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) 2 C674S knock-in mouse) with mitochondrial disorders or their littermate controls, indicating s-GQDs as promising probes for the study of cell metabolism and mitochondrial malfunction-related diseases, and targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress is an effective way to modulate metabolic pathways relevant to SERCA 2 inactivity mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Jia Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan Ting Que
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Yu Mei Que
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ping Ping Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiao Yong Tong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
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21
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Lobner E, Wachernig A, Gudipati V, Mayrhofer P, Salzer B, Lehner M, Huppa JB, Kunert R. Getting CD19 Into Shape: Expression of Natively Folded "Difficult-to- Express" CD19 for Staining and Stimulation of CAR-T Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:49. [PMID: 32117929 PMCID: PMC7020774 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein CD19 is exclusively expressed on normal and malignant B cells and therefore constitutes the target of approved CAR-T cell-based cancer immunotherapies. Current efforts to assess CAR-T cell functionality in a quantitative fashion both in vitro and in vivo are hampered by the limited availability of the properly folded recombinant extracellular domain of CD19 (CD19-ECD) considered as "difficult-to-express" (DTE) protein. Here, we successfully expressed a novel fusion construct consisting of the full-length extracellular domain of CD19 and domain 2 of human serum albumin (CD19-AD2), which was integrated into the Rosa26 bacterial artificial chromosome vector backbone for generation of a recombinant CHO-K1 production cell line. Product titers could be further boosted using valproic acid as a chemical chaperone. Purified monomeric CD19-AD2 proved stable as shown by non-reduced SDS-PAGE and SEC-MALS measurements. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis revealed specific binding of CD19-AD2 to CD19-CAR-T cells. Finally, we demonstrate biological activity of our CD19-AD2 fusion construct as we succeeded in stimulating CD19-CAR-T cells effectively with the use of CD19-AD2-decorated planar supported lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Lobner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Wachernig
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Venugopal Gudipati
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Mayrhofer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Salzer
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Lehner
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Hu Y, Yang W, Xie L, Liu T, Liu H, Liu B. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:2045894019900121. [PMID: 32110387 PMCID: PMC7000863 DOI: 10.1177/2045894019900121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a fatal disease of which pulmonary vasculopathy is the main pathological feature resulting in the mean pulmonary arterial pressure higher than 25 mmHg. Moreover, pulmonary hypertension remains a tough problem with unclear molecular mechanisms. There have been dozens of studies about endoplasmic reticulum stress during the onset of pulmonary hypertension in patients, suggesting that endoplasmic reticulum stress may have a critical effect on the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. The review aims to summarize the rationale to elucidate the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in pulmonary hypertension. Started by reviewing the mechanisms responsible for the unfolded protein response following endoplasmic reticulum stress, the potential link between endoplasmic reticulum stress and pulmonary hypertension were introduced, and the contributions of endoplasmic reticulum stress to different vascular cells, mitochondria, and inflammation were described, and finally the potential therapies of attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress for pulmonary hypertension were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,The Vascular Remodeling and Developmental Defects Research Unit, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,The Vascular Remodeling and Developmental Defects Research Unit, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hanmin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,The Vascular Remodeling and Developmental Defects Research Unit, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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23
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Neyazi B, Stein KP, Wilkens L, Maslehaty H, Dumitru CA, Sandalcioglu IE. Age-dependent changes of collagen alpha-2(IV) expression in the extracellular matrix of brain arteriovenous malformations. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2019; 189:105589. [PMID: 31837516 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.105589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) are rare vascular lesions. Recent observations challenge the congenital nature of these lesions. The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with dynamic changes of bAVM still remain unclear. The objective of this study was to explore the potential role of COL4A2 (Collagen alpha-2(IV)) in the pathophysiology of bAVM. PATIENTS AND METHODS Expression and localization of COL4A2 were analyzed on tissue microarrays from bAVM patients (n = 60) by immunohistochemistry. Correlations between COL4A2 levels and clinical parameters were examined with Pearson's test for normally- distibuted or Spearman's Rho for not normally distributed data. Comparison between different clinical parameters was performed using t-test, non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal- Wallis test. Fisher's exact test was used for categorical data. RESULTS COL4A2 was mainly expressed beneath the endothelium of vessels in the tunica media of bAVM. This pattern of expression indicates the basement membrane of the vessel walls. High levels of COL4A2 expression correlated with the age at surgery of patients (p = 0.005; R = 0.393; Spearman's Rho). The age at surgery in young (17-25 years) and old patients (55-76 years) showed a linear correlation; a greater variance of COL4A2 expression was observed in the age group between 26-54 years. CONCLUSION This study reports for the first time the expression of COL4A2 in bAVM and suggests a potential role of COL4A2 in bAVM pathophysiology. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the microenvironment of bAVM and may foster the development of improved therapeutic strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Neyazi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus-Peter Stein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Wilkens
- Department of Pathology, Nordstadt Hospital, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Claudia A Dumitru
- Department of Neurosurgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - I Erol Sandalcioglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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24
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Rahtes A, Pradhan K, Sarma M, Xie D, Lu C, Li L. Phenylbutyrate facilitates homeostasis of non-resolving inflammatory macrophages. Innate Immun 2019; 26:62-72. [PMID: 31604378 PMCID: PMC6974874 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919879503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-resolving inflammatory monocytes/macrophages are critically involved in the
pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, mechanisms of macrophage
polarization are not well understood, thus hindering the development of
effective strategies to promote inflammation resolution. In this study, we
report that macrophages polarized by subclinical super-low dose LPS
preferentially expressed pro-inflammatory mediators such as
ccl2 (which encodes the protein monocyte chemo attractant
protein-1) with reduced expression of anti-inflammatory/homeostatic mediators
such as slc40a1 (which encodes the protein ferroportin-1). We
observed significantly elevated levels of the autophagy-associated and
pro-inflammatory protein p62 in polarized macrophages, closely correlated with
the inflammatory activation of ccl2 gene expression. In
contrast, we noted a significant increase of ubiquitinated/inactive
nuclear-erythroid-related factor 2 (NRF2), consistent with reduced
slc40a1 gene expression in polarized macrophages. Addition
of the homeostatic restorative agent phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) effectively reduced
cellular levels of p62 as well as ccl2 gene induction by
super-low dose LPS. On the other hand, application of 4-PBA also blocked the
accumulation of ubiquitinated NRF2 and restored anti-inflammatory
slc40a1 gene expression in macrophages. Together, our study
provides novel insights with regard to macrophage polarization and reveals 4-PBA
as a promising molecule in restoring macrophage homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kisha Pradhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Mimosa Sarma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - David Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Chang Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Liwu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, USA
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25
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Chen CH, Shih PC, Lin HY, Wang PK, Pan PT, Chuang CW, Kao MC. 4-Phenylbutyric acid protects against vasculitic peripheral neuropathy induced by ischaemia–reperfusion through attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:713-722. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Pan J, Yao Y, Guo X, Kong F, Zhou J, Meng X. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, a novel significant mechanism responsible for DEHP‐induced increased distance between seminiferous tubule of mouse testis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19807-19823. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Pan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan Shandong China
| | - YuanYuan Yao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan Shandong China
| | - Xiuxiu Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan Shandong China
| | - Fengyun Kong
- Reproductive Medical Center The Second Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan Shandong China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan Shandong China
| | - Xiaoqian Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan Shandong China
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27
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Xu C, Zhou L, Wu K, Li Y, Xu J, Jiang D, Gao L. Abnormal Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Resistance Are Induced via the IRE1α/XBP-1 Pathway in Subclinical Hypothyroidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:303. [PMID: 31156553 PMCID: PMC6533547 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and diabetes mellitus are closely related and often occur together in individuals. However, the underlying mechanism of this association is still uncertain. In this study we re-analyzed the data of a mature database (NHANES, 1999 ~ 2002) and found that both fasting plasma glucose levels and the proportion of hyperglycemic subjects among SCH patients were higher than that found in euthyroid controls. SCH was also associated with a 2.29-fold increased risk for diabetes. Subsequently, we established an SCH mouse model and subjected it to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and an insulin tolerance test (ITT). SCH mice exhibited impaired glucose and insulin tolerance. Increased HOMA-IR and decreased ISI indexes, indicating insulin resistance (IR), were also observed in the SCH state. Hepatic ERp29 and Bip, as well as IRE1α and XBP-1s, were induced significantly in SCH mice, suggesting the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, particularly involving the IRE1α/XBP-1s pathway. Interestingly, when we relieved ER stress using 4-phenyl butyric acid, abnormal glucose metabolism, and IR status in SCH mice were improved. Our findings suggest that ER stress, predominantly involving the IRE1α/XBP-1s pathway, may play a pivotal role in abnormal glucose metabolism and IR in SCH that may help develop potential strategies for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, China
| | - Lingyan Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kunpeng Wu
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, China
| | - Dongqing Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Dongqing Jiang
| | - Ling Gao
- Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, China
- Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Ling Gao
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Park S, Sethi S, Bouret SG. Non-nutritive Sweeteners Induce Hypothalamic ER Stress Causing Abnormal Axon Outgrowth. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:876. [PMID: 31920985 PMCID: PMC6928131 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the prevalence of obesity, non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) have been widely used as sugar substitutes as they deliver a sweet taste without excessive caloric load. However, it is increasingly recognized that NNS are not inert compounds and may cause long-term metabolic perturbations. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has emerged as a critical link in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated the effects of NNS found in common diet beverages (i.e., sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame potassium) and a natural sweetener (i.e., rebaudioside A) on ER stress in the hypothalamic cell line mHypoE-N43/5 in vivo and on axonal outgrowth ex vivo. Sucralose, aspartame, and acesulfame potassium caused elevated ER stress gene expression in mHypoE-N43/5 cells, with sucralose and acesulfame potassium having the most potent effect. Moreover, acesulfame potassium treatment reduced axon outgrowth from arcuate nucleus explants and this effect was attenuated with the ER stress-relieving drug tauroursodeoxycholic acid. Furthermore, sucralose induced cytotoxicity and acesulfame potassium increases caspase3/7 activity at high concentrations in mHypoE-N43/5 cells. In contrast, rebaudioside A only had moderate effects on hypothalamic ER stress and no adverse effects on axon outgrowth, cytotoxicity, or caspase3/7 activity. Together, our data reveal that commonly consumed NNS cause cellular stress in hypothalamic cells disrupting axon outgrowth and that these biological alterations are not seen with rebaudioside A. These data provide biological plausibility for some NNS to adversely impact metabolic health and identifies rebaudioside A as a sweetener with lower detrimental biological impact on hypothalamic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Park
- Development Neuroscience Program, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Soyoung Park
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Development Neuroscience Program, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sebastien G. Bouret
- INSERM, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France
- University of Lille, FHU 1, 000 Days for Health, Lille, France
- Sebastien G. Bouret
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29
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Coleman OI, Lobner EM, Bierwirth S, Sorbie A, Waldschmitt N, Rath E, Berger E, Lagkouvardos I, Clavel T, McCoy KD, Weber A, Heikenwalder M, Janssen KP, Haller D. Activated ATF6 Induces Intestinal Dysbiosis and Innate Immune Response to Promote Colorectal Tumorigenesis. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1539-1552.e12. [PMID: 30063920 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress. We studied whether ATF6 contributes to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) using tissue from patients and transgenic mice. METHODS We analyzed data from 541 patients with CRC in The Cancer Genome Atlas database for genetic variants and aberrant expression levels of unfolded protein response genes. Findings were validated in a cohort of 83 patients with CRC in Germany. We generated mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific expression of the active form of Atf6 (nATF6IEC) from 2 alleles (homozygous), mice with expression of nATF6IEC from 1 allele (heterozygous), and nATF6IECfl/fl mice (controls). All nATF6IEC mice were housed under either specific-pathogen-free or germ-free conditions. Cecal microbiota from homozygous nATF6IEC mice or control mice was transferred into homozygous nATF6IEC mice or control mice. nATF6IEC mice were crossed with mice with disruptions in the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 and toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 1 gene (Myd88/Trif-knockout mice). Intestinal tissues were collected from mice and analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, immunoblots, gene expression profiling of unfolded protein response and inflammatory genes, array-based comparative genome hybridization, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. RESULTS Increased expression of ATF6 was associated with reduced disease-free survival times of patients with CRC. Homozygous nATF6IEC mice developed spontaneous colon adenomas at 12 weeks of age. Compared with controls, homozygous nATF6IEC mice had changes in the profile of their cecal microbiota, increased proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells, and loss of the mucus barrier-all preceding tumor formation. These mice had increased penetration of bacteria into the inner mucus layer and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, yet inflammation was not observed at the pretumor or tumor stages. Administration of antibiotics to homozygous nATF6IEC mice greatly reduced tumor incidence, and germ-free housing completely prevented tumorigenesis. Analysis of nATF6IEC MyD88/TRIF-knockout mice showed that tumor initiation and growth required MyD88/TRIF-dependent activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Transplantation of cecal microbiota from nATF6IEC mice and control mice, collected before tumor formation, caused tumor formation in ex-germ-free nATF6IEC mice. CONCLUSIONS In patients with CRC, ATF6 was associated with reduced time of disease-free survival. In studies of nATF6IEC mice, we found sustained intestinal activation of ATF6 in the colon to promote dysbiosis and microbiota-dependent tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia I Coleman
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Elena M Lobner
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Sandra Bierwirth
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Adam Sorbie
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Nadine Waldschmitt
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Eva Rath
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Emanuel Berger
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Ilias Lagkouvardos
- ZIEL -Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- ZIEL -Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Kathleen D McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Achim Weber
- Institute of Pathology, University Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany; ZIEL -Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, Germany.
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30
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Hoshina C, Omura T, Okuda K, Tanaka H, Asari M, Isozaki S, Horioka K, Yamada H, Doi H, Shiono H, Matsubara K, Shimizu K. Paraquat toxicity is attenuated by 4-phenylbutyrate-induced phosphorylation of ERK2 via PI3K in A549 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:809-814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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31
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Jiang X, Fang G, Dong L, Jin P, Ding L, Zhang H, Fan J, Mao S, Fan X, Gong Y, Wang Y. Chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid alleviates the aggregation of human familial pulmonary fibrosis-related mutant SP-A2 protein in part through effects on GRP78. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3546-3557. [PMID: 30293573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G231V and F198S mutations in surfactant protein A2 (SP-A2) are associated with familial pulmonary fibrosis. These mutations cause defects in dimer/trimer assembly, trafficking, and secretion, as well as cause mutant protein aggregation. We investigated the effects and mechanisms of chemical chaperones on the cellular and biochemical properties of mutant SP-A2. Chemical chaperones, including 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA), could enhance secretion and decrease intracellular aggregation of mutant SP-A2 in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, increased levels of aggregated mutant SP-A2, resulting from MG-132-mediated proteasome inhibition, could also be alleviated by 4-PBA. 4-PBA treatment reduced the degradation of mutant SP-A2 to chymotrypsin digestion in CHO-K1 cells and up-regulated GRP78 (BiP) expression. Overexpression of GRP78 in SP-A2 G231V- or F198S-expressing cells reduced, whereas shRNA-mediated knockdown of GRP78 enhanced aggregation of mutant SP-A2, suggesting that GRP78 regulates aggregation of mutant SP-A2. Together, these data indicate chemical chaperone 4-PBA and upregulation of GRP78 can alleviate aggregation to stabilize and facilitate secretion of mutant SP-A2. The up-regulation expression of GRP78 might partially contribute to the aggregate-alleviating effect of 4-PBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jiang
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guodong Fang
- Department of Pathology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi'an 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peifeng Jin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Ding
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haizeng Zhang
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junming Fan
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sunzhong Mao
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofang Fan
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongsheng Gong
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yongyu Wang
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Tochiya M, Hagiwara D, Azuma Y, Miyata T, Morishita Y, Suga H, Onoue T, Tsunekawa T, Takagi H, Ito Y, Iwama S, Goto M, Banno R, Arima H. Chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutylate reduces mutant protein accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum of arginine vasopressin neurons in a mouse model for familial neurohypophysial diabetes insipidus. Neurosci Lett 2018; 682:50-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Perinatal supplementation of 4-phenylbutyrate and glutamine attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress and improves colonic epithelial barrier function in rats born with intrauterine growth restriction. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 55:104-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Perez-Pepe M, Fernández-Alvarez AJ, Boccaccio GL. Life and Work of Stress Granules and Processing Bodies: New Insights into Their Formation and Function. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2488-2498. [PMID: 29595960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic formation of stress granules (SGs), processing bodies (PBs), and related RNA organelles regulates diverse cellular processes, including the coordination of functionally connected messengers, the translational regulation at the synapse, and the control of viruses and retrotransposons. Recent studies have shown that pyruvate kinase and other enzymes localize in SGs and PBs, where they become protected from stress insults. These observations may have implications for enzyme regulation and metabolic control exerted by RNA-based organelles. The formation of these cellular bodies is governed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) processes, and it needs to be strictly controlled to prevent pathogenic aggregation. The intracellular concentration of key metabolites, such as ATP and sterol derivatives, may influence protein solubility, thus affecting the dynamics of liquid organelles. LLPS in vitro depends on the thermal diffusion of macromolecules, which is limited inside cells, where the condensation and dissolution of membrane-less organelles are helped by energy-driven processes. The active transport by the retrograde motor dynein helps SG assembly, whereas the anterograde motor kinesin mediates SG dissolution; a tug of war between these two molecular motors allows transient SG formation. There is evidence that the efficiency of dynein-mediated transport increases with the number of motor molecules associated with the cargo. The dynein-dependent transport may be influenced by cargo size as larger cargos can load a larger number of motors. We propose a model based on this emergent property of dynein motors, which would be collectively stronger during SG condensation and weaker during SG breakdown, thus allowing kinesin-mediated dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Perez-Pepe
- Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquı́micas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA)-CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Ana J Fernández-Alvarez
- Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquı́micas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA)-CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Graciela L Boccaccio
- Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquı́micas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA)-CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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35
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Bhattacharjee A, Hasanain M, Kathuria M, Singh A, Datta D, Sarkar J, Mitra K. Ormeloxifene-induced unfolded protein response contributes to autophagy-associated apoptosis via disruption of Akt/mTOR and activation of JNK. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2303. [PMID: 29396506 PMCID: PMC5797234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a regulated nutrient recycling program can affect both cell survival and cell death. Here, we show that Ormeloxifene (ORM), a selective estrogen receptor modulator approved for oral contraceptive use induces autophagic flux in ovarian cancer cells, which is activated by an ER stress response upstream of autophagy. The ER stress response is characterized by activation of IRE1α, PERK and ATF6 and is under regulation of JNK. Pharmacological inhibition of either autophagy or ER stress increased cell survival, as did silencing of autophagy proteins LC3 and Beclin 1, implying that ORM-induced autophagy is pro-death in nature. Ultrastructural observations of treated cells confirmed stages of autophagic maturation. Caspase-dependent apoptosis succeeded these events and was characterized by generation of reactive oxygen species and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential. A concomitant inhibition of the Akt/mTOR axis was also observed with possible regulation of Akt by ORM. ORM inhibited tumor growth in ovarian xenograft model and displayed autophagic activity. In summary, in vitro and in vivo results reveal that ORM induces autophagy-associated cell death to attenuate proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Our results demonstrate that using ORM in combination with ER stress and autophagy modulators could offer better therapeutic outcome in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Bhattacharjee
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Mohammad Hasanain
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Manoj Kathuria
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Akhilesh Singh
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Dipak Datta
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226 031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Chennai, 600113, India
| | - Jayanta Sarkar
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226 031, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Chennai, 600113, India.
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226 031, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Chennai, 600113, India.
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36
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Gioia R, Tonelli F, Ceppi I, Biggiogera M, Leikin S, Fisher S, Tenedini E, Yorgan TA, Schinke T, Tian K, Schwartz JM, Forte F, Wagener R, Villani S, Rossi A, Forlino A. The chaperone activity of 4PBA ameliorates the skeletal phenotype of Chihuahua, a zebrafish model for dominant osteogenesis imperfecta. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:2897-2911. [PMID: 28475764 PMCID: PMC5886106 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a bone disease caused by type I collagen mutations and characterized by bone fragility, frequent fractures in absence of trauma and growth deficiency. No definitive cure is available for OI and to develop novel drug therapies, taking advantage of a repositioning strategy, the small teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a particularly appealing model. Its small size, high proliferative rate, embryo transparency and small amount of drug required make zebrafish the model of choice for drug screening studies, when a valid disease model is available. We performed a deep characterization of the zebrafish mutant Chihuahua, that carries a G574D (p.G736D) substitution in the α1 chain of type I collagen. We successfully validated it as a model for classical OI. Growth of mutants was delayed compared with WT. X-ray, µCT, alizarin red/alcian blue and calcein staining revealed severe skeletal deformity, presence of fractures and delayed mineralization. Type I collagen extracted from different tissues showed abnormal electrophoretic migration and low melting temperature. The presence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) enlargement due to mutant collagen retention in osteoblasts and fibroblasts of mutant fish was shown by electron and confocal microscopy. Two chemical chaperones, 4PBA and TUDCA, were used to ameliorate the cellular stress and indeed 4PBA ameliorated bone mineralization in larvae and skeletal deformities in adult, mainly acting on reducing ER cisternae size and favoring collagen secretion. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that ER stress is a novel target to ameliorate OI phenotype; chemical chaperones such as 4PBA may be, alone or in combination, a new class of molecules to be further investigated for OI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Gioia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Ceppi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Biggiogera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sergey Leikin
- Section on Physical Biochemistry, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shannon Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena Tenedini
- Center for Genome Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Timur A Yorgan
- Institute of Osteology and Biomechanic, Center for Experimental Medicine, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Institute of Osteology and Biomechanic, Center for Experimental Medicine, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kun Tian
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Fabiana Forte
- Medical Faculty, Center for Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Raimund Wagener
- Medical Faculty, Center for Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Simona Villani
- Department of Public Health and Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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37
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Orientia tsutsugamushi Modulates Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation To Benefit Its Growth. Infect Immun 2017; 86:IAI.00596-17. [PMID: 29109174 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00596-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium that is auxotrophic for the aromatic amino acids and histidine, causes scrub typhus, a potentially deadly infection that threatens 1 billion people. O. tsutsugamushi growth is minimal during the first 24 to 48 h of infection but its growth becomes logarithmic thereafter. How the pathogen modulates cellular functions to support its growth is poorly understood. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cytoprotective pathway that relieves endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by promoting ER-associated degradation (ERAD) of misfolded proteins. Here, we show that O. tsutsugamushi invokes the UPR in the first 48 h and benefits from ER stress in an amino acid-dependent manner. O. tsutsugamushi also impedes ERAD during this time period. By 72 h, ER stress is alleviated and ERAD proceeds unhindered. Sustained inhibition of ERAD using RNA interference results in an O. tsutsugamushi growth defect at 72 h that can be rescued by amino acid supplementation. Thus, O. tsutsugamushi temporally stalls ERAD until ERAD-derived amino acids are needed to support its growth. The O. tsutsugamushi effector Ank4 is linked to this phenomenon. Ank4 interacts with Bat3, a eukaryotic chaperone that is essential for ERAD, and is transiently expressed by O. tsutsugamushi during the infection period when it inhibits ERAD. Ectopically expressed Ank4 blocks ERAD to phenocopy O. tsutsugamushi infection. Our data reveal a novel mechanism by which an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen modulates ERAD to satisfy its nutritional virulence requirements.
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38
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Fernández-Bautista N, Fernández-Calvino L, Muñoz A, Castellano MM. HOP3, a member of the HOP family in Arabidopsis, interacts with BiP and plays a major role in the ER stress response. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1341-1355. [PMID: 28155228 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
HSP70-HSP90 organizing protein (HOP) is a well-studied family of cytosolic cochaperones. However, the possible role of HOP during the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and the identity of its interactors within the ER were not previously addressed in any eukaryote. We have demonstrated that Arabidopsis HOP3, whose function was not studied before, interacts in vivo with cytosolic HSP90 and HSP70, and, unexpectedly, with binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), a HSP70 ER-resident protein. Although BiP lacks the domain described in other eukaryotes for HOP-HSP70 binding, it interacts with HOP3 through a non-canonical association to its nucleotide binding domain. Consistent with this interaction with BiP, HOP3 is partially localized at the ER. Moreover, HOP3 is induced both at transcript and protein levels by unfolded protein response (UPR) inducer agents by a mechanism dependent on inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1). Importantly, hop3 loss-of-function mutants show a reduction in pollen germination and a hypersensitive phenotype in the presence of ER stress inducer agents, a phenotype that is reverted by the addition of the chemical chaperone tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). All these data demonstrate, for the first time in any eukaryote, a main role of HOP as an important regulator of the ER stress response, a process intimately linked in plants to important specific developmental programs and to environmental stress sensing and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Fernández-Bautista
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Fernández-Calvino
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Muñoz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Mar Castellano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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39
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Rani S, Sreenivasaiah PK, Kim JO, Lee MY, Kang WS, Kim YS, Ahn Y, Park WJ, Cho C, Kim DH. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) attenuates pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176071. [PMID: 28426781 PMCID: PMC5398705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pressure overload in the heart induces pathological hypertrophy and is associated with cardiac dysfunction. Apoptosis and fibrosis signaling initiated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is known to contribute to these maladaptive effects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether reduction of ERS by a known chemical chaperone, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) can attenuate pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling in a mouse model of transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Oral administration of TUDCA at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight (BW) in the TUDCA-TAC group reduced ERS markers (GRP78, p-PERK, and p-eIf2α), compared to the Vehicle (Veh)-TAC group. TUDCA administration, for 4 weeks after TAC significantly reduced cardiac hypertrophy as shown by the reduced heart weight (HW) to BW ratio, and expression of hypertrophic marker genes (ANF, BNP, and α-SKA). Masson's trichrome staining showed that myocardial fibrosis and collagen deposition were also significantly reduced in the TUDCA-TAC group. We also found that TUDCA significantly decreased expression of TGF-β signaling proteins and collagen isoforms. TUDCA administration also reduced cardiac apoptosis and the related proteins in the TUDCA-TAC group. Microarray analysis followed by gene ontology (GO) and pathway analysis demonstrated that extracellular matrix genes responsible for hypertrophy and fibrosis, and mitochondrial genes responsible for apoptosis and fatty acid metabolism were significantly altered in the Veh-TAC group, but the alterations were normalized in the TUDCA-TAC group, suggesting potential of TUDCA in treatment of heart diseases related to pressure-overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Rani
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | | | - Jin Ock Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Mi Young Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Wan Seok Kang
- Department of Cardiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yong Sook Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- Department of Cardiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chunghee Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Do Han Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
- * E-mail:
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40
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Reuben A, Chung JW, Lapointe R, Santos MM. The hemochromatosis protein HFE 20 years later: An emerging role in antigen presentation and in the immune system. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 5:218-232. [PMID: 28474781 PMCID: PMC5569368 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Since its discovery, the hemochromatosis protein HFE has been primarily defined by its role in iron metabolism and homeostasis, and its involvement in the genetic disease termed hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). While HH patients are typically afflicted by dysregulated iron levels, many are also affected by several immune defects and increased incidence of autoimmune diseases that have thereby implicated HFE in the immune response. Growing evidence has supported an immunological role for HFE with recent studies describing HFE specifically as it relates to MHC I antigen presentation. Methods/Results Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the relationship between iron metabolism, HFE, and the immune system to better understand the origin and cause of immune defects in HH patients. We further describe the role of HFE in MHC I antigen presentation and its potential to impair autoimmune responses in homeostatic conditions, a mechanism which may be exploited by tumors to evade immune surveillance. Conclusion Overall, this increased understanding of the role of HFE in the immune response sets the stage for better treatment and management of HH and other iron‐related diseases, as well as of the immune defects related to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Reuben
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacqueline W Chung
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Réjean Lapointe
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Manuela M Santos
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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41
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Tu HC, Hsiao YC, Yang WY, Tsai SL, Lin HK, Liao CY, Lu JW, Chou YT, Wang HD, Yuh CH. Up-regulation of golgi α-mannosidase IA and down-regulation of golgi α-mannosidase IC activates unfolded protein response during hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:230-247. [PMID: 29404456 PMCID: PMC5721452 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
α‐1,2 mannosidases, key enzymes in N‐glycosylation, are required for the formation of mature glycoproteins in eukaryotes. Aberrant regulation of α‐1,2 mannosidases can result in cancer, although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report the distinct roles of α‐1,2 mannosidase subtypes (MAN1A, MAN1B, ERMAN1, MAN1C) in the formation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Clinicopathological analyses revealed that the clinical stage, tumor size, α‐fetoprotein level, and invasion status were positively correlated with the expression levels of MAN1A1, MAN1B1, and MAN1A2. In contrast, the expression of MAN1C1 was decreased as early as stage I of HCC. Survival analyses showed that high MAN1A1, MAN1A2, and MAN1B1 expression levels combined with low MAN1C1 expression levels were significantly correlated with shorter overall survival rates. Functionally, the overexpression of MAN1A1 promoted proliferation, migration, and transformation as well as in vivo migration in zebrafish. Conversely, overexpression of MAN1C1 reduced the migration ability both in vitro and in vivo, decreased the colony formation ability, and shortened the S phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in cell cycle/proliferation and migration was increased in MAN1A1‐overexpressing cells but decreased in MAN1C1‐overexpressing cells. MAN1A1 activated the expression of key regulators of the unfolded protein response (UPR), while treatment with endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitors blocked the expression of MAN1A1‐activated genes. Using the MAN1A1 liver‐specific overexpression zebrafish model, we observed steatosis and inflammation at earlier stages and HCC formation at a later stage accompanied by the increased expression of the UPR modulator binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP). These data suggest that the up‐regulation of MAN1A1 activates the UPR and might initiate metastasis. Conclusion: MAN1A1 represents a novel oncogene while MAN1C1 plays a role in tumor suppression in hepatocarcinogenesis. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:230‐247)
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chen Tu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine National Health Research Institutes Zhunan Miaoli Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chun Hsiao
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine National Health Research Institutes Zhunan Miaoli Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Yang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine National Health Research Institutes Zhunan Miaoli Taiwan
| | - Shin-Lin Tsai
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine National Health Research Institutes Zhunan Miaoli Taiwan
| | - Hua-Kuo Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine National Health Research Institutes Zhunan Miaoli Taiwan
| | - Chong-Yi Liao
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine National Health Research Institutes Zhunan Miaoli Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Wei Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine National Health Research Institutes Zhunan Miaoli Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences National Central University Jhongli City Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chou
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine National Health Research Institutes Zhunan Miaoli Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Horng-Dar Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Hwa Yuh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine National Health Research Institutes Zhunan Miaoli Taiwan.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan.,Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
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42
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Ladin DA, Soliman E, Escobedo R, Fitzgerald TL, Yang LV, Burns C, Van Dross R. Synthesis and Evaluation of the Novel Prostamide, 15-Deoxy, Δ 12,14-Prostamide J 2, as a Selective Antitumor Therapeutic. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:838-849. [PMID: 28292936 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
15-deoxy, Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2-ethanolamide, also known as 15-deoxy, Δ12,14-prostamide J2 (15d-PMJ2) is a novel product of the metabolism of arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA) by COX-2. 15d-PMJ2 preferentially induced cell death and apoptosis in tumorigenic A431 keratinocytes and B16F10 melanoma cells compared with nontumorigenic HaCaT keratinocytes and Melan-A melanocytes. Activation of the ER stress execution proteins, PERK and CHOP10, was evaluated to determine whether this process was involved in 15d-PMJ2 cell death. 15d-PMJ2 increased the phosphorylation of PERK and expression of CHOP10 in tumorigenic but not nontumorigenic cells. The known ER stress inhibitors, salubrinal and 4-phenylbutaric acid, significantly inhibited 15d-PMJ2-mediated apoptosis, suggesting ER stress as a primary apoptotic mediator. Furthermore, the reactive double bond present within the cyclopentenone structure of 15d-PMJ2 was identified as a required moiety for the induction of ER stress apoptosis. The effect of 15d-PMJ2 on B16F10 melanoma growth was also evaluated by dosing C57BL/6 mice with 0.5 mg/kg 15d-PMJ2 Tumors of animals treated with 15d-PMJ2 exhibited significantly reduced growth and mean weights compared with vehicle and untreated animals. TUNEL and IHC analysis of tumor tissues showed significant cell death and ER stress in tumors of 15d-PMJ2-treated compared with control group animals. Taken together, these findings suggest that the novel prostamide, 15d-PMJ2, possesses potent antitumor activity in vitro and in vivoMol Cancer Ther; 16(5); 838-49. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Ladin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Eman Soliman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Rene Escobedo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | | | - Li V Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Colin Burns
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Rukiyah Van Dross
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina.
- Center for Health Disparities, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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43
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Shahbaaz M, Rahman S, Khan P, Kim J, Hassan MI. Classification and structural analyses of mutational landscapes in hemochromatosis factor E protein: A protein defective in the hereditary hemochromatosis. GENE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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44
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Alves CS, Dobrowsky TM. Strategies and Considerations for Improving Expression of "Difficult to Express" Proteins in CHO Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1603:1-23. [PMID: 28493120 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6972-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial advances in the field of mammalian expression, there are still proteins that are characterized as difficult to express. Determining the expression bottleneck requires troubleshooting techniques specific for the given molecule and host. The complex array of intracellular processes involved in protein expression includes transcription, protein folding, post-translation processing, and secretion. Challenges in any of these steps could result in low protein expression, while the inherent properties of the molecule itself may limit its production via mechanisms such as cytotoxicity or inherent instability. Strategies to identify the rate-limiting step and subsequently improve expression and production are discussed here.
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45
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Thon M, Hosoi T, Ozawa K. Possible Integrative Actions of Leptin and Insulin Signaling in the Hypothalamus Targeting Energy Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:138. [PMID: 27812350 PMCID: PMC5071376 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has emerged as one of the most burdensome conditions in modern society. In this context, understanding the mechanisms controlling food intake is critical. At present, the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin and the pancreatic β-cell-derived hormone insulin are considered the principal anorexigenic hormones. Although leptin and insulin signal transduction pathways are distinct, their regulation of body weight maintenance is concerted. Resistance to the central actions of leptin or insulin is linked to the emergence of obesity and diabetes mellitus. A growing body of evidence suggests a convergence of leptin and insulin intracellular signaling at the insulin-receptor-substrate-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase level. Moreover, numerous factors mediating the pathophysiology of leptin resistance, a hallmark of obesity, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 also contribute to insulin resistance. Recent studies have also indicated that insulin potentiates leptin-induced signaling. Thus, a greater understanding of the overlapping functions of leptin and insulin in the central nervous system is vital to understand the associated physiological and pathophysiological states. This mini-review focuses on the cross talk and integrative signaling of leptin and insulin in the regulation of energy homeostasis in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Thon
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toru Hosoi
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ozawa
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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46
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Doerflinger M, Glab J, Nedeva C, Jose I, Lin A, O'Reilly L, Allison C, Pellegrini M, Hotchkiss RS, Puthalakath H. Chemical chaperone TUDCA prevents apoptosis and improves survival during polymicrobial sepsis in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34702. [PMID: 27694827 PMCID: PMC5046154 DOI: 10.1038/srep34702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-induced lymphopenia is a major cause of morbidities in intensive care units and in populations with chronic conditions such as renal failure, diabetes, HIV and alcohol abuse. Currently, other than supportive care and antibiotics, there are no treatments for this condition. We developed an in vitro assay to understand the role of the ER-stress-mediated apoptosis process in lymphocyte death during polymicrobial sepsis, which was reproducible in in vivo mouse models. Modulating ER stress using chemical chaperones significantly reduced the induction of the pro-apoptotic protein Bim both in vitro and in mice. Furthermore, in a ‘two-hit’ pneumonia model in mice, we have been able to demonstrate that administration of the chemical chaperone TUDCA helped to maintain lymphocyte homeostasis by significantly reducing lymphocyte apoptosis and this correlated with four-fold improvement in survival. Our results demonstrate a novel therapeutic opportunity for treating sepsis-induced lymphopenia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Doerflinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Dr. Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Jason Glab
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Dr. Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Christina Nedeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Dr. Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Irvin Jose
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Dr. Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Ann Lin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lorraine O'Reilly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Cody Allison
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Marc Pellegrini
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Richard S Hotchkiss
- School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, 660 South Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hamsa Puthalakath
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Dr. Victoria 3086, Australia
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Pagliassotti MJ, Kim PY, Estrada AL, Stewart CM, Gentile CL. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in obesity and obesity-related disorders: An expanded view. Metabolism 2016; 65:1238-46. [PMID: 27506731 PMCID: PMC4980576 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is most notable for its central roles in calcium ion storage, lipid biosynthesis, and protein sorting and processing. By virtue of its extensive membrane contact sites that connect the ER to most other organelles and to the plasma membrane, the ER can also regulate diverse cellular processes including inflammatory and insulin signaling, nutrient metabolism, and cell proliferation and death via a signaling pathway called the unfolded protein response (UPR). Chronic UPR activation has been observed in liver and/or adipose tissue of dietary and genetic murine models of obesity, and in human obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Activation of the UPR in obesity and obesity-related disorders likely has two origins. One linked to classic ER stress involving the ER lumen and one linked to alterations to the ER membrane environment. This review discusses both of these origins and also considers the role of post-translational protein modifications, such as acetylation and palmitoylation, and ER-mitochondrial interactions to obesity-mediated impairments in the ER and activation of the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Y Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Grambling State University
| | - Andrea L Estrada
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University
| | - Claire M Stewart
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University
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48
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Next-generation sequencing of hereditary hemochromatosis-related genes: Novel likely pathogenic variants found in the Portuguese population. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2016; 61:10-5. [PMID: 27667161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by excessive iron absorption resulting in pathologically increased body iron stores. It is typically associated with common HFE gene mutation (p.Cys282Tyr and p.His63Asp). However, in Southern European populations up to one third of HH patients do not carry the risk genotypes. This study aimed to explore the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to analyse a panel of iron metabolism-related genes (HFE, TFR2, HJV, HAMP, SLC40A1, and FTL) in 87 non-classic HH Portuguese patients. A total of 1241 genetic alterations were detected corresponding to 53 different variants, 13 of which were not described in the available public databases. Among them, five were predicted to be potentially pathogenic: three novel mutations in TFR2 [two missense (p.Leu750Pro and p.Ala777Val) and one intronic splicing mutation (c.967-1G>C)], one missense mutation in HFE (p.Tyr230Cys), and one mutation in the 5'-UTR of HAMP gene (c.-25G>A). The results reported here illustrate the usefulness of NGS for targeted iron metabolism-related gene panels, as a likely cost-effective approach for molecular genetics diagnosis of non-classic HH patients. Simultaneously, it has contributed to the knowledge of the pathophysiology of those rare iron metabolism-related disorders.
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49
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Zheng P, Lin Y, Wang F, Luo R, Zhang T, Hu S, Feng P, Liang X, Li C, Wang W. 4-PBA improves lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus by attenuating ER stress. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F763-F776. [PMID: 27385737 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00225.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in some types of glomerular and tubular disorders. The objectives of this study were to elucidate the role of ER stress in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) and to investigate whether attenuation of ER stress by 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) improves urinary concentrating defect in lithium-treated rats. Wistar rats received lithium (40 mmol/kg food), 4-PBA (320 mg/kg body wt by gavage every day), or no treatment (control) for 2 wk, and they were dehydrated for 24 h before euthanasia. Lithium treatment resulted in increased urine output and decreased urinary osmolality, which was significantly improved by 4-PBA. 4-PBA also prevented reduced protein expression of aquaporin-2 (AQP2), pS256-AQP2, and pS261-AQP2 in the inner medulla of kidneys from lithium-treated rats after 24-h dehydration. Lithium treatment resulted in increased expression of ER stress markers in the inner medulla, which was associated with dilated cisternae and expansion of ER in the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) principal cells. Confocal immunofluorescence studies showed colocalization of a molecular chaperone, binding IgG protein (BiP), with AQP2 in principal cells. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased intracellular expression of BiP and decreased AQP2 expression in IMCD principal cells of kidneys from lithium-treated rats. 4-PBA attenuated expression of ER stress markers and recovered ER morphology. In IMCD suspensions isolated from lithium-treated rats, 4-PBA incubation was also associated with increased AQP2 expression and ameliorated ER stress. In conclusion, in experimental lithium-induced NDI, 4-PBA improved the urinary concentrating defect and increased AQP2 expression, likely via attenuating ER stress in IMCD principal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Zheng
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Lin
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renfei Luo
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiezheng Zhang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Hu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinning Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Xinling Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunling Li
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;
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50
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Xi H, Xu H, Xu W, He Z, Xu W, Ma M. A SAL1 Loss-of-Function Arabidopsis Mutant Exhibits Enhanced Cadmium Tolerance in Association with Alleviation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1210-9. [PMID: 27044671 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
SAL1, as a negative regulator of stress response signaling, has been studied extensively for its role in plant response to environmental stresses. However, the role of SAL1 in cadmium (Cd) stress response and the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Using an Arabidopsis thaliana loss-of-function mutant of SAL1, we assessed Cd resistance and further explored the Cd toxicity mechanism through analysis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. The loss of SAL1 function greatly improved Cd tolerance and significantly attenuated ER stress in Arabidopsis. Exposure to Cd induced an ER stress response in Arabidopsis as evidenced by unconventional splicing of AtbZIP60 and up-regulation of ER stress-responsive genes. Damage caused by Cd was markedly reduced in the ER stress response double mutant bzip28 bzip60 or by application of the ER stress-alleviating chemical agents, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA), in wild-type plants. The Cd-induced ER stress in Arabidopsis was also alleviated by loss of function of SAL1. These results identified SAL1 as a new component mediating Cd toxicity and established the role of the ER stress response in Cd toxicity. Additionally, the attenuated ER stress in the sal1 mutant might also shed new light on the mechanism of diverse abiotic stress resistance in the SAL1 loss-of-function mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Xi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Wenxiu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Zhenyan He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Wenzhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Mi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
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