1
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Liao K, Liu K, Wang Z, Zhao K, Mei Y. TRIM2 promotes metabolic adaptation to glutamine deprivation via enhancement of CPT1A activity. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38949993 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo metabolic adaptation to promote their survival and growth under energy stress conditions, yet the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. Here, we report that tripartite motif-containing protein 2 (TRIM2) is upregulated in response to glutamine deprivation by the transcription factor cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor (ATF4). TRIM2 is shown to specifically interact with carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1A), a rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid oxidation. Via this interaction, TRIM2 enhances the enzymatic activity of CPT1A, thereby regulating intracellular lipid levels and protecting cells from glutamine deprivation-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, TRIM2 is able to promote both in vitro cell proliferation and in vivo xenograft tumor growth via CPT1A. Together, these findings establish TRIM2 as an important regulator of the metabolic adaptation of cancer cells to glutamine deprivation and implicate TRIM2 as a potential therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaimin Liao
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Kaiyue Liu
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Kailiang Zhao
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yide Mei
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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2
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Yang H, Gu W, Ni J, Ma Y, Li S, Neumann D, Ding X, Zhu L. Carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1A is potentially involved in bovine herpesvirus 1 productive infection. Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109932. [PMID: 38043447 PMCID: PMC10919102 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1(BoHV-1) is an important bovine pathogen that causes great economic loss to cattle farms worldwide. The virus-productive infection in bovine kidney (MDBK) cells results in ATP depletion. The mechanisms are not well understood. Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) is an important energy source in many tissues with high energy demand. Since carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1 A (CPT1A) is the rate-limiting enzyme of FAO, we investigated the interactions between virus-productive infection and CPT1A signaling. Here, we found that virus-productive infection at the later stage significantly decreased CPT1A protein levels in all the detected cells, including MDBK, A549, and Neuro-2A cells, differentially altered the accumulation of CPT1A proteins in the nucleus and cytosol, and re-localized the protein in the nucleus. Etomoxir (ETO), an irreversible inhibitor of CPT1A, inhibited viral replication and partially interfered with the ability of BoHV-1 to alter CPT1A accumulation in the nucleus but not in the cytosol. Furthermore, ETO consistently reduced RNA levels of two viral regulatory proteins (bICP0 and bICP22) and protein expression of virion-associated proteins during productive infection, further supporting the important roles of CPT1A signaling in BoHV-1 productive infection. These data, for the first time, suggest that CPT1A is potentially involved in BoHV-1 productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Wenyuan Gu
- Center for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Junqing Ni
- Hebei Province Animal Husbandry and Improved Breeds Work Station, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Yabin Ma
- Hebei Province Animal Husbandry and Improved Breeds Work Station, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Shitao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Donna Neumann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 537006, USA
| | - Xiuyan Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Liqian Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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3
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Farahzadi R, Sanaat Z, Movassaghpour-Akbari AA, Fathi E, Montazersaheb S. Investigation of L-carnitine effects on CD44 + cancer stem cells from MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line as anti-cancer therapy. Regen Ther 2023; 24:219-226. [PMID: 37519907 PMCID: PMC10384609 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are a small subpopulation of breast cancer cells, capable of metastasis, recurrence, and drug resistance in breast cancer patients. Therefore, targeting BCSCs appears to be a promising strategy for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer metastasis. Mounting evidence supports the fact that carnitine, a potent antioxidant, modulates various mechanisms by enhancing cellular respiration, inducing apoptosis, and reducing proliferation and inflammatory responses in tumor cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of L-carnitine (LC) on the rate of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in CD44+ CSCs. To achieve this, the CD44+ cells were enriched using the Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) isolation method, followed by treatment with LC at various concentrations. Flow cytometry analysis was used to determine cell apoptosis and proliferation, and western blotting was performed to detect the expression levels of proteins. Treatment with LC resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, Leptin receptor, and components of the leptin pathway. Moreover, CD44+ CSCs-treated cells with LC exhibited a reduction in the proliferation rate, accompanied by an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells. Hence, it was concluded that LC could potentially influence the proliferation and apoptosis of CD44+ CSC by modulating the expression levels of specific protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Farahzadi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Sanaat
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ezzatollah Fathi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soheila Montazersaheb
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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4
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Szrok-Jurga S, Czumaj A, Turyn J, Hebanowska A, Swierczynski J, Sledzinski T, Stelmanska E. The Physiological and Pathological Role of Acyl-CoA Oxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14857. [PMID: 37834305 PMCID: PMC10573383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism, including β-oxidation (βOX), plays an important role in human physiology and pathology. βOX is an essential process in the energy metabolism of most human cells. Moreover, βOX is also the source of acetyl-CoA, the substrate for (a) ketone bodies synthesis, (b) cholesterol synthesis, (c) phase II detoxication, (d) protein acetylation, and (d) the synthesis of many other compounds, including N-acetylglutamate-an important regulator of urea synthesis. This review describes the current knowledge on the importance of the mitochondrial and peroxisomal βOX in various organs, including the liver, heart, kidney, lung, gastrointestinal tract, peripheral white blood cells, and other cells. In addition, the diseases associated with a disturbance of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in the liver, heart, kidney, lung, alimentary tract, and other organs or cells are presented. Special attention was paid to abnormalities of FAO in cancer cells and the diseases caused by mutations in gene-encoding enzymes involved in FAO. Finally, issues related to α- and ω- fatty acid oxidation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Szrok-Jurga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Aleksandra Czumaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Jacek Turyn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Areta Hebanowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Julian Swierczynski
- Institue of Nursing and Medical Rescue, State University of Applied Sciences in Koszalin, 75-582 Koszalin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Ewa Stelmanska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
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Inci MK, Park SH, Helsley RN, Attia SL, Softic S. Fructose impairs fat oxidation: Implications for the mechanism of western diet-induced NAFLD. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 114:109224. [PMID: 36403701 PMCID: PMC11042502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased fructose intake from sugar-sweetened beverages and highly processed sweets is a well-recognized risk factor for the development of obesity and its complications. Fructose strongly supports lipogenesis on a normal chow diet by providing both, a substrate for lipid synthesis and activation of lipogenic transcription factors. However, the negative health consequences of dietary sugar are best observed with the concomitant intake of a HFD. Indeed, the most commonly used obesogenic research diets, such as "Western diet", contain both fructose and a high amount of fat. In spite of its common use, how the combined intake of fructose and fat synergistically supports development of metabolic complications is not fully elucidated. Here we present the preponderance of evidence that fructose consumption decreases oxidation of dietary fat in human and animal studies. We provide a detailed review of the mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway. Fructose affects hepatic activation of fatty acyl-CoAs, decreases acylcarnitine production and impairs the carnitine shuttle. Mechanistically, fructose suppresses transcriptional activity of PPARα and its target CPT1α, the rate limiting enzyme of acylcarnitine production. These effects of fructose may be, in part, mediated by protein acetylation. Acetylation of PGC1α, a co-activator of PPARα and acetylation of CPT1α, in part, account for fructose-impaired acylcarnitine production. Interestingly, metabolic effects of fructose in the liver can be largely overcome by carnitine supplementation. In summary, fructose decreases oxidation of dietary fat in the liver, in part, by impairing acylcarnitine production, offering one explanation for the synergistic effects of these nutrients on the development of metabolic complications, such as NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Se-Hyung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Robert N Helsley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Suzanna L Attia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Samir Softic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Liang K. Mitochondrial CPT1A: Insights into structure, function, and basis for drug development. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1160440. [PMID: 37033619 PMCID: PMC10076611 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1160440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnitine Palmitoyl-Transferase1A (CPT1A) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the fatty acid β-oxidation, and its deficiency or abnormal regulation can result in diseases like metabolic disorders and various cancers. Therefore, CPT1A is a desirable drug target for clinical therapy. The deep comprehension of human CPT1A is crucial for developing the therapeutic inhibitors like Etomoxir. CPT1A is an appealing druggable target for cancer therapies since it is essential for the survival, proliferation, and drug resistance of cancer cells. It will help to lower the risk of cancer recurrence and metastasis, reduce mortality, and offer prospective therapy options for clinical treatment if the effects of CPT1A on the lipid metabolism of cancer cells are inhibited. Targeted inhibition of CPT1A can be developed as an effective treatment strategy for cancers from a metabolic perspective. However, the pathogenic mechanism and recent progress of CPT1A in diseases have not been systematically summarized. Here we discuss the functions of CPT1A in health and diseases, and prospective therapies targeting CPT1A. This review summarizes the current knowledge of CPT1A, hoping to prompt further understanding of it, and provide foundation for CPT1A-targeting drug development.
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Antico O, Ordureau A, Stevens M, Singh F, Nirujogi RS, Gierlinski M, Barini E, Rickwood ML, Prescott A, Toth R, Ganley IG, Harper JW, Muqit MMK. Global ubiquitylation analysis of mitochondria in primary neurons identifies endogenous Parkin targets following activation of PINK1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj0722. [PMID: 34767452 PMCID: PMC8589319 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj0722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
How activation of PINK1 and Parkin leads to elimination of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy is largely based on cell lines with few studies in neurons. Here, we have undertaken proteomic analysis of mitochondria from mouse neurons to identify ubiquitylated substrates of endogenous Parkin. Comparative analysis with human iNeuron datasets revealed a subset of 49 PINK1 activation–dependent diGLY sites in 22 proteins conserved across mouse and human systems. We use reconstitution assays to demonstrate direct ubiquitylation by Parkin in vitro. We also identified a subset of cytoplasmic proteins recruited to mitochondria that undergo PINK1 and Parkin independent ubiquitylation, indicating the presence of alternate ubiquitin E3 ligase pathways that are activated by mitochondrial depolarization in neurons. Last, we have developed an online resource to search for ubiquitin sites and enzymes in mitochondria of neurons, MitoNUb. These findings will aid future studies to understand Parkin activation in neuronal subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odetta Antico
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alban Ordureau
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Stevens
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Francois Singh
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Raja S. Nirujogi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Marek Gierlinski
- Data Analysis Group, Division of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Erica Barini
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Mollie L. Rickwood
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alan Prescott
- Dundee Imaging Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Rachel Toth
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ian G. Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - J. Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Miratul M. K. Muqit
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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Dykstra H, Fisk C, LaRose C, Waldhart A, Meng X, Zhao G, Wu N. Mouse long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 is active as a monomer. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 700:108773. [PMID: 33485846 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are essential cellular building blocks and a major energy source. Regardless of their metabolic fate, fatty acids first need to be activated by forming a thioester with a coenzyme A group. This reaction is carried out by acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSs), of which ACSL1 (long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1) is an important member. Two bacterial homologues of ACSL1 crystal structures have been solved previously. One is a soluble dimeric protein, and the other is a monomeric peripheral membrane protein. The mammalian ACSL1 is a membrane protein with an N-terminal transmembrane helix. To characterize the mammalian ACSL1, we purified the full-length mouse ACSL1 and reconstituted it into lipid nanodiscs. Using enzymatic assays, mutational analysis, and cryo-electron microscopy, we show that mouse ACSL1 is active as a monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chelsea Fisk
- Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Cassi LaRose
- Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | | | - Xing Meng
- Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Gongpu Zhao
- Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Ning Wu
- Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
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9
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Abudula A, Rouzi N, Xu L, Yang Y, Hasimu A. Tissue-based metabolomics reveals potential biomarkers for cervical carcinoma and HPV infection. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2020; 20:78-87. [PMID: 31465717 PMCID: PMC7029203 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2019.4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant metabolic regulation has been observed in human cancers, but the corresponding regulation in human papillomavirus (HPV) infection-associated cervical cancer is not well understood. Here, we explored potential biomarkers for the early prediction of cervical carcinoma based on the metabolic profile of uterine cervical tissue specimens that were positive for HPV16 infection. Fifty-two fresh cervical tissues were collected from women confirmed to have cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; n = 21) or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) stages II-III (n = 20). Eleven healthy women constituted the controls (negative controls [NCs]). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect HPV infection in the tissues. High-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance was utilized for the analysis of the metabolic profile in the tissues. The expression of rate-limiting enzymes involved in key metabolic pathways was detected by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR. An independent immunohistochemical analysis was performed using 123 cases of paraffin-embedded cervical specimens. A profile of 17 small molecular metabolites that showed differential expression in HPV16-positive cervical SCC or CIN II-III compared with HPV-negative NC group was identified. According to the profile, the levels of α- and β-glucose decreased, those of lactate and low-density lipoproteins increased, and the expression of multiple amino acids was altered. Significantly increased transcript and protein levels of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) and glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) and decreased transcript and protein levels of pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2 (PKM2) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) were observed in the patient group (p < 0.05). HPV infection and cervical carcinogenesis drive metabolic modifications that might be associated with the aberrant regulation of enzymes related to metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abulizi Abudula
- Department of Labour and Environmental Hygienics, School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Nuermanguli Rouzi
- Department of Labour and Environmental Hygienics, School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Lixiu Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Axiangu Hasimu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
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10
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Schlaepfer IR, Joshi M. CPT1A-mediated Fat Oxidation, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5695911. [PMID: 31900483 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis during fasting or prolonged exercise depends on mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO). This pathway is crucial in many tissues with high energy demand and its disruption results in inborn FAO deficiencies. More than 15 FAO genetic defects have been currently described, and pathological variants described in circumpolar populations provide insights into its critical role in metabolism. The use of fatty acids as energy requires more than 2 dozen enzymes and transport proteins, which are involved in the activation and transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria. As the key rate-limiting enzyme of FAO, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) regulates FAO and facilitates adaptation to the environment, both in health and in disease, including cancer. The CPT1 family of proteins contains 3 isoforms: CPT1A, CPT1B, and CPT1C. This review focuses on CPT1A, the liver isoform that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of converting acyl-coenzyme As into acyl-carnitines, which can then cross membranes to get into the mitochondria. The regulation of CPT1A is complex and has several layers that involve genetic, epigenetic, physiological, and nutritional modulators. It is ubiquitously expressed in the body and associated with dire consequences linked with genetic mutations, metabolic disorders, and cancers. This makes CPT1A an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. This review discusses our current understanding of CPT1A expression, its role in heath and disease, and the potential for therapeutic opportunities targeting this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Schlaepfer
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Aurora
| | - Molishree Joshi
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Aurora, Colorado
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11
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Juraszek B, Nałęcz KA. SLC22A5 (OCTN2) Carnitine Transporter-Indispensable for Cell Metabolism, a Jekyll and Hyde of Human Cancer. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010014. [PMID: 31861504 PMCID: PMC6982704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of fatty acids uses l-carnitine to transport acyl moieties to mitochondria in a so-called carnitine shuttle. The process of β-oxidation also takes place in cancer cells. The majority of carnitine comes from the diet and is transported to the cell by ubiquitously expressed organic cation transporter novel family member 2 (OCTN2)/solute carrier family 22 member 5 (SLC22A5). The expression of SLC22A5 is regulated by transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and estrogen receptor. Transporter delivery to the cell surface, as well as transport activity are controlled by OCTN2 interaction with other proteins, such as PDZ-domain containing proteins, protein phosphatase PP2A, caveolin-1, protein kinase C. SLC22A5 expression is altered in many types of cancer, giving an advantage to some of them by supplying carnitine for β-oxidation, thus providing an alternative to glucose source of energy for growth and proliferation. On the other hand, SLC22A5 can also transport several chemotherapeutics used in clinics, leading to cancer cell death.
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12
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Zhang F, Zhang Y, Ke C, Li A, Wang W, Yang K, Liu H, Xie H, Deng K, Zhao W, Yang C, Lou G, Hou Y, Li K. Predicting ovarian cancer recurrence by plasma metabolic profiles before and after surgery. Metabolomics 2018; 14:65. [PMID: 30830339 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous metabolomic studies have revealed that plasma metabolic signatures may predict epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) recurrence. However, few studies have performed metabolic profiling of pre- and post-operative specimens to investigate EOC prognostic biomarkers. OBJECTIVE The aims of our study were to compare the predictive performance of pre- and post-operative specimens and to create a better model for recurrence by combining biomarkers from both metabolic signatures. METHODS Thirty-five paired plasma samples were collected from 35 EOC patients before and after surgery. The patients were followed-up until December, 2016 to obtain recurrence information. Metabolomics using rapid resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to identify metabolic signatures related to EOC recurrence. The support vector machine model was employed to predict EOC recurrence using identified biomarkers. RESULTS Global metabolomic profiles distinguished recurrent from non-recurrent EOC using both pre- and post-operative plasma. Ten common significant biomarkers, hydroxyphenyllactic acid, uric acid, creatinine, lysine, 3-(3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxyphenyl) lactate, phosphohydroxypyruvic acid, carnitine, coproporphyrinogen, L-beta-aspartyl-L-glutamic acid and 24,25-hydroxyvitamin D3, were identified as predictive biomarkers for EOC recurrence. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) values in pre- and post-operative plasma were 0.815 and 0.909, respectively; the AUC value after combining the two sets reached 0.964. CONCLUSION Plasma metabolomic analysis could be used to predict EOC recurrence. While post-operative biomarkers have a predictive advantage over pre-operative biomarkers, combining pre- and post-operative biomarkers showed the best predictive performance and has great potential for predicting recurrent EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chaofu Ke
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Xie
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kui Deng
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ge Lou
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Yan Hou
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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13
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Lin Z, Liu F, Shi P, Song A, Huang Z, Zou D, Chen Q, Li J, Gao X. Fatty acid oxidation promotes reprogramming by enhancing oxidative phosphorylation and inhibiting protein kinase C. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:47. [PMID: 29482657 PMCID: PMC5937047 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in metabolic pathway preferences are key events in the reprogramming process of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The optimization of metabolic conditions can enhance reprogramming; however, the detailed underlying mechanisms are largely unclear. By comparing the gene expression profiles of somatic cells, intermediate-phase cells, and iPSCs, we found that carnitine palmitoyltransferase (Cpt)1b, a rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid oxidation, was significantly upregulated in the early stage of the reprogramming process. METHODS Mouse embryonic fibroblasts isolated from transgenic mice carrying doxycycline (Dox)-inducible Yamanaka factor constructs were used for reprogramming. Various fatty acid oxidation-related metabolites were added during the reprogramming process. Colony counting and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) were used to calculate reprogramming efficiency. Fatty acid oxidation-related metabolites were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Seahorse was used to measure the level of oxidative phosphorylation. RESULTS We found that overexpression of cpt1b enhanced reprogramming efficiency. Furthermore, palmitoylcarnitine or acetyl-CoA, the primary and final products of Cpt1-mediated fatty acid oxidation, also promoted reprogramming. In the early reprogramming process, fatty acid oxidation upregulated oxidative phosphorylation and downregulated protein kinase C activity. Inhibition of protein kinase C also promoted reprogramming. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that fatty acid oxidation promotes reprogramming by enhancing oxidative phosphorylation and inhibiting protein kinase C activity in the early stage of the reprogramming process. This study reveals that fatty acid oxidation is crucial for the reprogramming efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210061, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Peiliang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210061, China
| | - Anying Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210061, China
| | - Zan Huang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Nanjing Agriculture University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Dayuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210061, China
| | - Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210061, China
| | - Jianxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210061, China
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14
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Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C: From cognition to cancer. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 61:134-48. [PMID: 26708865 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) C was the last member of the CPT1 family of genes to be discovered. CPT1A and CPT1B were identified as the gate-keeper enzymes for the entry of long-chain fatty acids (as carnitine esters) into mitochondria and their further oxidation, and they show differences in their kinetics and tissue expression. Although CPT1C exhibits high sequence similarity to CPT1A and CPT1B, it is specifically expressed in neurons (a cell-type that does not use fatty acids as fuel to any major extent), it is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells, and it has minimal CPT1 catalytic activity with l-carnitine and acyl-CoA esters. The lack of an easily measurable biological activity has hampered attempts to elucidate the cellular and physiological role of CPT1C but has not diminished the interest of the biomedical research community in this CPT1 isoform. The observations that CPT1C binds malonyl-CoA and long-chain acyl-CoA suggest that it is a sensor of lipid metabolism in neurons, where it appears to impact ceramide and triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism. CPT1C global knock-out mice show a wide range of brain disorders, including impaired cognition and spatial learning, motor deficits, and a deregulation in food intake and energy homeostasis. The first disease-causing CPT1C mutation was recently described in humans, with Cpt1c being identified as the gene causing hereditary spastic paraplegia. The putative role of CPT1C in the regulation of complex-lipid metabolism is supported by the observation that it is highly expressed in certain virulent tumor cells, conferring them resistance to glucose- and oxygen-deprivation. Therefore, CPT1C may be a promising target in the treatment of cancer. Here we review the molecular, biochemical, and structural properties of CPT1C and discuss its potential roles in brain function, and cancer.
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15
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Chen X, Li J, Hou J, Xie Z, Yang F. Mammalian mitochondrial proteomics: insights into mitochondrial functions and mitochondria-related diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 7:333-45. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Huang H, Liu N, Guo H, Liao S, Li X, Yang C, Liu S, Song W, Liu C, Guan L, Li B, Xu L, Zhang C, Wang X, Dou QP, Liu J. L-carnitine is an endogenous HDAC inhibitor selectively inhibiting cancer cell growth in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49062. [PMID: 23139833 PMCID: PMC3489732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
L-carnitine (LC) is generally believed to transport long-chain acyl groups from fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix for ATP generation via the citric acid cycle. Based on Warburg's theory that most cancer cells mainly depend on glycolysis for ATP generation, we hypothesize that, LC treatment would lead to disturbance of cellular metabolism and cytotoxicity in cancer cells. In this study, Human hepatoma HepG2, SMMC-7721 cell lines, primary cultured thymocytes and mice bearing HepG2 tumor were used. ATP content was detected by HPLC assay. Cell cycle, cell death and cell viability were assayed by flow cytometry and MTS respectively. Gene, mRNA expression and protein level were detected by gene microarray, Real-time PCR and Western blot respectively. HDAC activities and histone acetylation were detected both in test tube and in cultured cells. A molecular docking study was carried out with CDOCKER protocol of Discovery Studio 2.0 to predict the molecular interaction between L-carnitine and HDAC. Here we found that (1) LC treatment selectively inhibited cancer cell growth in vivo and in vitro; (2) LC treatment selectively induces the expression of p21(cip1) gene, mRNA and protein in cancer cells but not p27(kip1); (4) LC increases histone acetylation and induces accumulation of acetylated histones both in normal thymocytes and cancer cells; (5) LC directly inhibits HDAC I/II activities via binding to the active sites of HDAC and induces histone acetylation and lysine-acetylation accumulation in vitro; (6) LC treatment induces accumulation of acetylated histones in chromatin associated with the p21(cip1) gene but not p27(kip1) detected by ChIP assay. These data support that LC, besides transporting acyl group, works as an endogenous HDAC inhibitor in the cell, which would be of physiological and pathological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbiao Huang
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningning Liu
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Guo
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyan Liao
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofen Li
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Changshan Yang
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouting Liu
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Song
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjiao Liu
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Guan
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- Experimental Medical Research Center, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xu
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hematology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Change Zhang
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Q. Ping Dou
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- The Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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17
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Jenei ZA, Warren GZL, Hasan M, Zammit VA, Dixon AM. Packing of transmembrane domain 2 of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1A affects oligomerization and malonyl-CoA sensitivity of the mitochondrial outer membrane protein. FASEB J 2011; 25:4522-30. [PMID: 21917985 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-192005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the sequence-dependence of oligomerization of transmembrane domain 2 (TM2) of rat carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (rCPT1A), to elucidate the role of this domain in the function of the full-length enzyme. Oligomerization of TM2 was studied qualitatively using complementary genetic assays that facilitate measurement of helix-helix interactions in the Escherichia coli inner membrane, and multiple quantitative biophysical methods. The effects of TM2-mutations on oligomerization and malonyl-CoA inhibition of the full-length enzyme (expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris) were quantified. Changes designed to disrupt close-packing of the GXXXG(A) motifs reduced the oligomeric state of the corresponding TM2 peptides from hexamer to trimer (or lower), a reduction also observed on mutation of the TM2 sequence in the full-length enzyme. Disruption of these GXXXG(A) motifs had a parallel effect on the malonyl-CoA sensitivity of rCPT1A, reducing the IC(50) from 30.3 ± 5.0 to 3.0 ± 0.6 μM. For all measurements, wild-type rCPT1A was used as a control alongside various appropriate (e.g., molecular mass) standards. Our results suggest that sequence-determined, TM2-mediated oligomerization is likely to be involved in the modulation of malonyl-CoA inhibition of CPT1A in response to short- and long-term changes in protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions that occur in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna A Jenei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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18
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Lee K, Kerner J, Hoppel CL. Mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1a) is part of an outer membrane fatty acid transfer complex. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:25655-62. [PMID: 21622568 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.228692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CPT1a (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a) in the liver mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) catalyzes the primary regulated step in overall mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. It has been suggested that the fundamental unit of CPT1a exists as a trimer, which, under native conditions, could form a dimer of the trimers, creating a hexamer channel for acylcarnitine translocation. To examine the state of CPT1a in the MOM, we employed a combined approach of sizing by mass and isolation using an immunological method. Blue native electrophoresis followed by detection with immunoblotting and mass spectrometry identified large molecular mass complexes that contained not only CPT1a but also long chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL) and the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC). Immunoprecipitation with antisera against the proteins revealed a strong interaction between the three proteins. Immobilized CPT1a-specific antibodies immunocaptured not only CPT1a but also ACSL and VDAC, further strengthening findings with blue native electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation. This study shows strong protein-protein interaction between CPT1a, ACSL, and VDAC. We propose that this complex transfers activated fatty acids through the MOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangwon Lee
- Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4981, USA
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19
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Aires CC, IJlst L, Stet F, Prip-Buus C, de Almeida IT, Duran M, Wanders RJ, Silva MF. Inhibition of hepatic carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I (CPT IA) by valproyl-CoA as a possible mechanism of valproate-induced steatosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:792-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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21
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Rufer AC, Thoma R, Hennig M. Structural insight into function and regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2489-501. [PMID: 19430727 PMCID: PMC11115844 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The control of fatty acid translocation across the mitochondrial membrane is mediated by the carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) system. Modulation of its functionality has simultaneous effects on fatty acid and glucose metabolism. This encourages use of the CPT system as drug target for reduction of gluconeogenesis and restoration of lipid homeostasis, which are beneficial in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Recently, crystal structures of CPT-2 were determined in uninhibited forms and in complexes with inhibitory substrate-analogs with anti-diabetic properties in animal models and in clinical studies. The CPT-2 crystal structures have advanced understanding of CPT structure-function relationships and will facilitate discovery of novel inhibitors by structure-based drug design. However, a number of unresolved questions regarding the biochemistry and pharmacology of CPT enzymes remain and are addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne C. Rufer
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Research Discovery Technologies, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Thoma
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Research Discovery Technologies, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hennig
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Research Discovery Technologies, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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22
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Distler AM, Kerner J, Hoppel CL. Proteomics of mitochondrial inner and outer membranes. Proteomics 2009; 8:4066-82. [PMID: 18763707 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For the proteomic study of mitochondrial membranes, documented high quality mitochondrial preparations are a necessity to ensure proper localization. Despite the state-of-the-art technologies currently in use, there is no single technique that can be used for all studies of mitochondrial membrane proteins. Herein, we use examples to highlight solubilization techniques, different chromatographic methods, and developments in gel electrophoresis for proteomic analysis of mitochondrial membrane proteins. Blue-native gel electrophoresis has been successful not only for dissection of the inner membrane oxidative phosphorylation system, but also for the components of the outer membrane such as those involved in protein import. Identification of PTMs such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and nitration of mitochondrial membrane proteins has been greatly improved by the use of affinity techniques. However, understanding of the biological effect of these modifications is an area for further exploration. The rapid development of proteomic methods for both identification and quantitation, especially for modifications, will greatly impact the understanding of the mitochondrial membrane proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Distler
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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23
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Jenei ZA, Borthwick K, Zammit VA, Dixon AM. Self-association of transmembrane domain 2 (TM2), but not TM1, in carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A: role of GXXXG(A) motifs. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:6988-97. [PMID: 19136561 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808487200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) controls the rate of entry of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix for beta-oxidation and has been reported to exist as an oligomer. We have investigated the in vivo oligomerization of full-length rat CPT1A (rCPT1A) along with those of the N-terminal truncation/deletion mutants Delta(1-82), Delta(1-18), and Delta(19-30) expressed in yeast mitochondria. The data indicate that in liver mitochondria in vivo CPT1A exists as a hexamer but that during preparation and storage of mitochondria the order of oligomerization is rapidly reduced to the trimer, such that a mixture of hexamer and trimer is observed in isolated mitochondria in vitro. Mutants bearing deletions of different segments of the N terminus (including the more N-terminal of the two transmembrane domains) have the same pattern of oligomerization when expressed in yeast mitochondria. The self-association of the individual rCPT1A transmembrane (TM) domains (TM1, TM2) was also studied using the TOXCAT assay (which measures TM self-association in the Escherichia coli inner membrane). There was minimal self-association of the sequence corresponding to TM1 but significant self-association of TM2 in TOXCAT. Chemical cross-linking and analytical ultracentrifugation of a TM2-derived synthetic peptide showed oligomerization with a similar trimer/hexamer equilibrium to that observed for native rCPT1A in isolated mitochondria. Therefore, there was a correlation between the oligomerization behavior of TM2 peptide and that of the full-length protein. In silico molecular modeling of rCPT1A TM2 highlighted the favorable orientation of GXXXG and GXXXA motifs in the formation of the TM2 hexamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna A Jenei
- Department of Chemistry and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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24
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Relat J, Pujol-Vidal M, Haro D, Marrero PF. A characteristic Glu17 residue of pig carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 is responsible for the low Km for carnitine and the low sensitivity to malonyl-CoA inhibition of the enzyme. FEBS J 2008; 276:210-8. [PMID: 19049515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B (CPT1B) is a highly malonyl-CoA-sensitive enzyme (IC50=0.097 microm) and has a positive determinant (residues 18-28) of malonyl-CoA inhibition. By contrast, rat carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A is less sensitive to malonyl-CoA inhibition (IC(50)=1.9 microm), and has both a positive (residues 1-18) and a negative (residues 18-28) determinant of its inhibition. Interestingly, pig CPT1B shows a low degree of malonyl-CoA sensitivity (IC(50)=0.804 microm). Here, we examined whether any additional molecular determinants affect malonyl-CoA inhibition of CPT1B. We show that the malonyl-CoA sensitivity of CPT1B is determined by the length (either 50 or 128 residues) of the N-terminal region constructed by recombining pig and human enzymes. We also show that the N-terminal region of pig CPT1B carries a single positive determinant of malonyl-CoA sensitivity, but that this is located between residues 1 and 18 of the N-terminal segment. Importantly, we found a single amino acid variation (D17E) relevant to malonyl-CoA sensitivity. Thus, Asp17 is specifically involved, under certain assay conditions, in the high malonyl-CoA sensitivity of the human enzyme, whereas the naturally occurring variation, Glu17, is responsible for both the low malonyl-CoA sensitivity and high carnitine affinity characteristics of the pig enzyme. This is the first demonstration that a single naturally occurring amino acid variation can alter CPT1B enzymatic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Relat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine of Barcelona University (IBUB), Spain
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25
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Abstract
Malonyl-CoA can be formed within the mitochondria, peroxisomes, and cytosol of mammalian cells. Besides being an intermediate in the pathways of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis and fatty acid elongation, malonyl-CoA has an important signaling function through its allosteric inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, the enzyme that normally exerts flux control over mitochondrial beta-oxidation. Malonyl-CoA is rapidly turned over in mammalian cells, and the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase are important determinants of its cytosolic concentration. It is now recognized that malonyl-CoA participates in a diverse range of physiological or pathological responses and systems. These include the ketogenic response of the liver to fasting and diabetes, carbohydrate versus fat fuel selection in muscle tissues, metabolic changes in muscle during contracture, alterations in fatty acid metabolism during cardiac ischemia and postischemic reperfusion, stimulation of B cell insulin secretion by glucose, and the hypothalamic control of appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Saggerson
- Institute of Structural & Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, Great Britain.
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26
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Wittig I, Schägger H. Features and applications of blue-native and clear-native electrophoresis. Proteomics 2008; 8:3974-90. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Reisinger V, Eichacker LA. Solubilization of membrane protein complexes for blue native PAGE. J Proteomics 2008; 71:277-83. [PMID: 18573355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Blue native PAGE is an electrophoretic technique for high-resolution separation of membrane proteins. The method has been proven especially useful for investigation of native protein complexes enabling a characterization of potential protein-protein interactions in the context of functional proteomics. Blue native PAGE is easy to realise, results are reproducible and a high number of protocols are available. However, care should be taken during solubilization of protein complexes to achieve significant results in BN-PAGE analysis. Solubilization of membranes and proteins is not only influenced by detergent-lipid and detergent-protein interactions but also by lipid-lipid, lipid-protein and protein-protein interactions. Interactions have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. But, in practice, the experimental results do not always mirror the theoretical basis and therefore optimal solubilization conditions for each membrane and membrane protein complex should be investigated individually to tap the full potential of BN-PAGE analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Reisinger
- Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzingerstrasse 67, Munich, Germany
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28
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Upadhyay AK, Borbat PP, Wang J, Freed JH, Edmondson DE. Determination of the Oligomeric States of Human and Rat Monoamine Oxidases in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane and Octyl β-d-Glucopyranoside Micelles Using Pulsed Dipolar Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2008; 47:1554-66. [DOI: 10.1021/bi7021377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anup K. Upadhyay
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Advanced ESR Technology Center, B52 Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Peter P. Borbat
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Advanced ESR Technology Center, B52 Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Jin Wang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Advanced ESR Technology Center, B52 Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Jack H. Freed
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Advanced ESR Technology Center, B52 Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Dale E. Edmondson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Advanced ESR Technology Center, B52 Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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