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Cai C, Huang Y, Zhang L, Zhang L. Structural Basis of the Dehydratase Module (hDH) of Human Fatty Acid Synthase. Chembiochem 2024:e202400466. [PMID: 38955950 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The human fatty acid synthase (hFASN) produces fatty acids for cellar membrane construction, energy storage, biomolecule modifications and signal transduction. Abnormal expression and functions of hFASN highly associate with numerous human diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cancers, and thereby it has been considered as a valuable potential drug target. So far, the structural and catalytic mechanisms of most of the hFASN enzymatic modules have been extensively studied, except the key dehydratase module (hDH). Here we presented the enzymatic characterization and the high-resolution crystal structure of hDH. We demonstrated that the hDH preferentially catalyzes the acyl substrates with short lengths between 4 to 8-carbons, and exhibits much lower enzymatic activity on longer substrates. Subsequent structural study showed that hDH displays a pseudo-dimeric organization with a single L-shaped composite hydrophobic catalytic tunnel as well as an atypical ACP binding site nearby, indicating that hDH achieves distinct substrate recognition and dehydration mechanisms compared to the conventional bacterial fatty acid dehydratases identified. Our findings laid the foundation for understanding the biological and pathogenic functions of hFASN, and may facilitate therapeutical drug development against diseases with abnormal functionality of hFASN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Cai
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuzhou Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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2
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El-Sapagh S, El-Shenody R, Pereira L, Elshobary M. Unveiling the Potential of Algal Extracts as Promising Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Agents against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: In Vitro and In Silico Studies including Molecular Docking. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3324. [PMID: 37765485 PMCID: PMC10537748 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa poses a global challenge due to its virulence and biofilm-forming ability, leading to persistent infections. This study had a dual focus: first, it aimed to investigate the biofilm activity and antibiotic resistance profiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates obtained from a fish-rearing farm. Second, it explored the potential of algal extracts as effective antibacterial and antibiofilm agents. The study analyzed 23 isolates of P. aeruginosa from the farm, assessing antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of two algal extracts, Arthrospira platensis (cyanobacteria) acetone extract (AAE) and Polysiphonia scopulorum (Rhodophyta) methanol extract (PME), were tested individually and combined (COE). The effects on biofilm-related gene expression were examined. AAE, PME, and COE were evaluated for antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties. Biofilm-related gene expression was measured and the extracts were analyzed for physicochemical properties and toxicity. Most P. aeruginosa isolates (86.9%) were antibiotic-resistant and formed biofilms. AAE, PME, and COE displayed promising antibacterial and antibiofilm effects, with COE being particularly effective. COE reduced a key biofilm-related gene expression. The fatty acid content (56% in AAE and 34% in PME) correlated with the effects. Specific compounds, such as phytol, bromophenol, and dihydroxy benzaldehyde, contributed to the activities. The extracts showed favorable characteristics and interactions with FabZ protein amino acids. This study suggests the potential of algal extracts as antibacterial and antibiofilm agents against drug-resistant infections. Further exploration in clinical applications is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa El-Sapagh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (S.E.-S.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Rania El-Shenody
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (S.E.-S.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Leonel Pereira
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Mostafa Elshobary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (S.E.-S.); (R.E.-S.)
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3
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Qian M, Ismail BB, He Q, Zhang X, Yang Z, Ding T, Ye X, Liu D, Guo M. Inhibitory mechanisms of promising antimicrobials from plant byproducts: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:2523-2590. [PMID: 37070214 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant byproducts and waste present enormous environmental challenges and an opportunity for valorization and industrial application. Due to consumer demands for natural compounds, the evident paucity of novel antimicrobial agents against foodborne pathogens, and the urgent need to improve the arsenal against infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), plant byproduct compounds have attracted significant research interest. Emerging research highlighted their promising antimicrobial activity, yet the inhibitory mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Therefore, this review summarizes the overall research on the antimicrobial activity and inhibitory mechanisms of plant byproduct compounds. A total of 315 natural antimicrobials from plant byproducts, totaling 1338 minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) (in μg/mL) against a broad spectrum of bacteria, were identified, and a particular emphasis was given to compounds with high or good antimicrobial activity (typically <100 μg/mL MIC). Moreover, the antimicrobial mechanisms, particularly against bacterial pathogens, were discussed in-depth, summarizing the latest research on using natural compounds to combat pathogenic microorganisms and AMR. Furthermore, safety concerns, relevant legislation, consumer perspective, and current gaps in the valorization of plant byproducts-derived compounds were comprehensively discussed. This comprehensive review covering up-to-date information on antimicrobial activity and mechanisms represents a powerful tool for screening and selecting the most promising plant byproduct compounds and sources for developing novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyan Qian
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Balarabe B Ismail
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Qiao He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinhui Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhehao Yang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Ding
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Mingming Guo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
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Xu N, Du LH, Chen YC, Zhang JH, Zhu QF, Chen R, Peng GP, Wang QM, Yu HZ, Rao LQ. Lonicera japonica Thunb. as a promising antibacterial agent for Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 based on network pharmacology, metabolomics, and in vitro experiments. RSC Adv 2023; 13:15379-15390. [PMID: 37223411 PMCID: PMC10201548 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00802a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lonicera japonica Thunb. has attracted much attention for its treatment of bacterial and viral infectious diseases, while its active ingredients and potential mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated. Here, we combined metabolomics, and network pharmacology to explore the molecular mechanism of Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 inhibition by Lonicera japonica Thunb. In vitro inhibition experiments showed that the Lonicera japonica Thunb.'s water extracts, ethanolic extract, luteolin, quercetin, and kaempferol strongly inhibited Bacillus cereus ATCC14579. In contrast, chlorogenic acid and macranthoidin B had no inhibitory effect on Bacillus cereus ATCC14579. Meanwhile, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin, quercetin, and kaempferol against Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 were 15.625 μg mL-1, 31.25 μg mL-1, and 15.625 μg mL-1. Based on the previous experimental basis, the metabolomic analysis showed the presence of 16 active ingredients in Lonicera japonica Thunb.'s water extracts and ethanol extracts, with differences in the luteolin, quercetin, and kaempferol contents between the water extracts and ethanol extracts. Network pharmacology studies indicated that fabZ, tig, glmU, secA, deoD, nagB, pgi, rpmB, recA, and upp were potential key targets. Active ingredients of Lonicera japonica Thunb. may exert their inhibitory effects by inhibiting ribosome assembly, the peptidoglycan biosynthesis process, and the phospholipid biosynthesis process of Bacillus cereus ATCC14579. An alkaline phosphatase activity assay, peptidoglycan concentration assay, and protein concentration assay showed that luteolin, quercetin, and kaempferol disrupted the Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 cell wall and cell membrane integrity. Transmission electron microscopy results showed significant changes in the morphology and ultrastructure of the cell wall and cell membrane of Bacillus cereus ATCC14579, further confirming the disruption of the cell wall and cell membrane integrity of Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 by luteolin, quercetin, and kaempferol. In conclusion, Lonicera japonica Thunb. can be used as a potential antibacterial agent for Bacillus cereus ATCC14579, which may exert its antibacterial activity by destroying the integrity of the cell wall and membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xu
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Good Agricultural Practice and Comprehensive Utilization of Famous-Region Medicinal Plants, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China
| | - Li-Hua Du
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Good Agricultural Practice and Comprehensive Utilization of Famous-Region Medicinal Plants, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China
| | - Yan-Chao Chen
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Good Agricultural Practice and Comprehensive Utilization of Famous-Region Medicinal Plants, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China
| | - Jin-Hao Zhang
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Good Agricultural Practice and Comprehensive Utilization of Famous-Region Medicinal Plants, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China
| | - Qian-Feng Zhu
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Good Agricultural Practice and Comprehensive Utilization of Famous-Region Medicinal Plants, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China
| | - Rong Chen
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Good Agricultural Practice and Comprehensive Utilization of Famous-Region Medicinal Plants, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China
| | - Guo-Ping Peng
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Good Agricultural Practice and Comprehensive Utilization of Famous-Region Medicinal Plants, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China
| | - Qi-Ming Wang
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Good Agricultural Practice and Comprehensive Utilization of Famous-Region Medicinal Plants, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China
| | - Hua-Zhong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest Products and Chemical Industry Engineering, Jishou University Jishou China
| | - Li-Qun Rao
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Good Agricultural Practice and Comprehensive Utilization of Famous-Region Medicinal Plants, Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China
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5
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Moni BM, Quaye JA, Gadda G. Mutation of a distal gating residue modulates NADH binding in NADH:Quinone oxidoreductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103044. [PMID: 36803963 PMCID: PMC10033279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes require flexible regions to adopt multiple conformations during catalysis. The mobile regions of enzymes include gates that modulate the passage of molecules in and out of the enzyme's active site. The enzyme PA1024 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 is a recently discovered flavin-dependent NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO, EC 1.6.5.9). Q80 in loop 3 (residues 75-86) of NQO is ∼15 Å away from the flavin and creates a gate that seals the active site through a hydrogen bond with Y261 upon NADH binding. In this study, we mutated Q80 to glycine, leucine, or glutamate to investigate the mechanistic significance of distal residue Q80 in NADH binding in the active site of NQO. The UV-visible absorption spectrum reveals that the mutation of Q80 minimally affects the protein microenvironment surrounding the flavin. The anaerobic reductive half-reaction of the NQO-mutants yields a ≥25-fold increase in the Kd value for NADH compared to the WT enzyme. However, we determined that the kred value was similar in the Q80G, Q80L, and wildtype enzymes and only ∼25% smaller in the Q80E enzyme. Steady-state kinetics with NQO-mutants and NQO-WT at varying concentrations of NADH and 1,4-benzoquinone establish a ≤5-fold decrease in the kcat/KNADH value. Moreover, there is no significant difference in the kcat/KBQ (∼1 × 106 M-1s-1) and kcat (∼24 s-1) values in NQO-mutants and NQO-WT. These results are consistent with the distal residue Q80 being mechanistically essential for NADH binding to NQO with minimal effect on the quinone binding to the enzyme and hydride transfer from NADH to flavin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilkis Mehrin Moni
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joanna A Quaye
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Giovanni Gadda
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; The Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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6
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Dewachter L, Brooks AN, Noon K, Cialek C, Clark-ElSayed A, Schalck T, Krishnamurthy N, Versées W, Vranken W, Michiels J. Deep mutational scanning of essential bacterial proteins can guide antibiotic development. Nat Commun 2023; 14:241. [PMID: 36646716 PMCID: PMC9842644 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep mutational scanning is a powerful approach to investigate a wide variety of research questions including protein function and stability. Here, we perform deep mutational scanning on three essential E. coli proteins (FabZ, LpxC and MurA) involved in cell envelope synthesis using high-throughput CRISPR genome editing, and study the effect of the mutations in their original genomic context. We use more than 17,000 variants of the proteins to interrogate protein function and the importance of individual amino acids in supporting viability. Additionally, we exploit these libraries to study resistance development against antimicrobial compounds that target the selected proteins. Among the three proteins studied, MurA seems to be the superior antimicrobial target due to its low mutational flexibility, which decreases the chance of acquiring resistance-conferring mutations that simultaneously preserve MurA function. Additionally, we rank anti-LpxC lead compounds for further development, guided by the number of resistance-conferring mutations against each compound. Our results show that deep mutational scanning studies can be used to guide drug development, which we hope will contribute towards the development of novel antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liselot Dewachter
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Schalck
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Wim Versées
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wim Vranken
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium.,Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, ULB-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Michiels
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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Cheng Z, He X, Wu Z, Weng P. Improving the viability of powdered Lactobacillus fermentum Lf01 with complex lyoprotectants by maintaining cell membrane integrity and regulating related genes. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14181. [PMID: 35393671 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Lactobacillus fermentum Lf01, which was screened out in the early stage of the experiment, had better fermentation performance as the research objectives, and was prepared into powder by vacuum freeze-drying technology. We used response surface methodology to optimize the composition of the mixture used to protect powdered L. fermentum. Our data demonstrated that 10% skim milk, 12% sucrose, 0.767% tyrosine, and 2.033% sorbitol ensured the highest survival rate (92.7%) of L. fermentum. We have initially explored the potential mechanism of the complex protectants through the protection effect under the electron microscope, and the analysis methods of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transcriptomics. The complex protectants could effectively maintain the permeability barrier and structural integrity of cell membrane and avoid the leakage of cell contents. Transcriptomic data have also indicated that the protective effect of the complex protectants on bacteria during freeze-drying was most likely achieved through the regulation of related genes. We identified 240 differential genes in the treatment group, including 231 up-regulated genes and 9 down-regulated genes. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopaedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analyses of differential expression genes (DEGs) indicated that genes involved in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, membrane transport, fatty acid biosynthesis and cell growth were significantly up-regulated. These new results provided novel insights into the potential mechanism of lyoprotectants at the cellular level, morphological level, and gene level of the bacteria. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In our study, a strain of Lactobacillus fermentum Lf01 with good fermentation performance was selected to be prepared into powder by freeze-drying technique. Bacterial cells were unavoidably damaged during the freeze-drying process. As a result, we investigated the protective effects on L. fermentum of ten distinct freeze-dried protectants and their mixtures. We were also attempting to explain the mechanism of action of the complex protectants at the cellular level, morphological level, and gene level of the bacteria. This presents very important theoretical and practical significance for the preservation of strains and the production of commercial direct-investment starter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Cheng
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli He
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Zufang Wu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Peifang Weng
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
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8
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Hexokinase 2 Inhibition and Biological Effects of BNBZ and Its Derivatives: The Influence of the Number and Arrangement of Hydroxyl Groups. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052616. [PMID: 35269760 PMCID: PMC8910004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexokinase 2 (HK2), an enzyme of the sugar kinase family, plays a dual role in glucose metabolism and mediating cancer cell apoptosis, making it an attractive target for cancer therapy. While positive HK2 expression usually promotes cancer cells survival, silencing or inhibiting this enzyme has been found to improve the effectiveness of anti-cancer drugs and even result in cancer cell death. Previously, benitrobenrazide (BNBZ) was characterized as a potent HK2 inhibitor with good anti-cancer activity in mice, but the effect of its trihydroxy moiety (pyrogallol-like) on inhibitory activity and some cellular functions has not been fully understood. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to obtain the parent BNBZ (2a) and its three dihydroxy derivatives 2b–2d and to conduct additional physicochemical and biological investigations. The research hypothesis assumed that the HK2 inhibitory activity of the tested compounds depends on the number and location of hydroxyl groups in their chemical structure. Among many studies, the binding affinity to HK2 was determined and two human liver cancer cell lines, HepG2 and HUH7, were used and exposed to chemicals at various times: 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. The study showed that the modifications to the structures of the new BNBZ derivatives led to significant changes in their activities. It was also found that these compounds tend to aggregate and exhibit toxic effects. They were found to contribute to: (a) DNA damage, (b) increased ROS production, and (c) disruption of cell cycle progression. It was observed that, HepG2, occurred much more sensitive to the tested chemicals than the HUH7 cells; However, regardless of the used cell line it seems that the increase in the expression of HK2 in cancer cells compared to normal cells which have HK2 at a very low level, is a serious obstacle in anti-cancer therapy and efforts to find the effective inhibitors of this enzyme should be intensified.
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Ragunathan V, Chithra K, Shivanika C, Sudharsan MS. Modelling and targeting mitochondrial protein tyrosine phosphatase 1: a computational approach. In Silico Pharmacol 2022; 10:3. [PMID: 35111562 PMCID: PMC8762535 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-022-00119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present research scintillates on the homology modelling of rat mitochondrial protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (PTPMT1) and targeting its activity using flavonoids through a computational docking approach. PTPMT1 is a dual-specificity phosphatase responsible for protein phosphorylation and plays a vital role in the metabolism of cardiolipin biosynthesis, insulin regulation, etc. The inhibition of PTPMT1 has also shown enhanced insulin levels. The three-dimensional structure of the protein is not yet known. The homology modelling was performed using SWISS-MODEL and Geno3D webservers to compare the efficiencies. The PROCHECK for protein modelled using SWISS-MODEL showed 91.6% of amino acids in the most favoured region, 0.7% residues in the disallowed region that was found to be significant compared to the model built using Geno3D. 210 common flavonoids were docked in the modelled protein using the AutoDock 4.2.6 along with a control drug alexidine dihydrochloride. Our results show promising candidates that bind protein tyrosine phosphatase 1, including, prunin (- 8.66 kcal/mol); oroxindin (- 8.56 kcal/mol); luteolin 7-rutinoside (- 8.47 kcal/mol); 3(2H)-isoflavenes (- 8.36 kcal/mol); nicotiflorin (- 8.29 kcal/mol), ranked top in the docking experiments. We predicted the pharmacokinetic and Lipinski properties of the top ten compounds with the lowest binding energies. To further validate the stability of the modelled protein and docked complexes molecular dynamics simulations were performed using Desmond, Schrodinger for 150 ns in conjunction with MM-GBSA. Thus, flavonoids could act as potential inhibitors of PTPMT1, and further, in-vitro and in-vivo studies are essential to complete the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkataraghavan Ragunathan
- grid.252262.30000 0001 0613 6919Nanomaterials and Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Alagappa College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai, 600025 India
| | - K. Chithra
- grid.252262.30000 0001 0613 6919Nanomaterials and Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Alagappa College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai, 600025 India
| | - C. Shivanika
- grid.412813.d0000 0001 0687 4946Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014 India
| | - Meenambiga Setti Sudharsan
- grid.412815.b0000 0004 1760 6324Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai, 600117 India
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Guo F, Yan D, Qin Z, Bais S. Prunin modulates the Expression of Cerebral Serotonin Induced by Anxiety-Like Behavior in Mice. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x21991664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety is a state that becomesa disorder when a person experiences disproportionate levels of anxiety on a regular basis. This disproportion is also accompanied by excessive nervousness and fear. This study aimed to determine the protective effect of prunin using different anxiety models. Three preclinical anxiety models, elevated plus maze, light/dark, and social interaction, were employed in the study. Albino mice were selected and treated with pruninand other drugs for 7 days to determine their anti-anxiety effect. Thereafter, their behavior was examined using the plus maze, light-dark chamber, and other stimulatory parameters, such asimmobility, sniffing, and crawling during experimentation. Two doses (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) of prunin were administered to two separate mice groups. Further, fluoxetine (10 mg/kg; p.o.) was administered to one of the mice groups for 7 days. Thereafter, the levels of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and GABA, in brain samples were determined. Based on the results, prunin significantly improved the behavior and mobility of animals in all three anxiety models. Further, prunin modulated the release of serotonin and GABA, demonstrating the mechanistic approach it employs to interact with cellular receptors to mimic neurotransmission. The mRNA expression levels of tph2 (5-HT synthesizing enzyme) and slc6a4 (5-HT transporter) were also found to be downregulated in both prunin- and fluoxetine-treated mice brains. Collectively, our findings suggest that prunin could be administered to treat anxiety in mice. However, further studies should be carried out to explore its potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Hunan children’s Hospital, No.86 Ziyuan Road, Changsha City, Hunan Province,410007, China
| | - Dongtao Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second People’s Hospital of Dezhou, Dezhou, China
| | - Zifu Qin
- Department of Health, Vertigo Examination Room, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Souravh Bais
- ADINA Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Sagar, 470002, India
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11
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Isolation, Structure Elucidation and In Silico Prediction of Potential Drug-Like Flavonoids from Onosma chitralicum Targeted towards Functionally Important Proteins of Drug-Resistant Bad Bugs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072048. [PMID: 33918531 PMCID: PMC8038373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Admittedly, the disastrous emergence of drug resistance in prokaryotic and eukaryotic human pathogens has created an urgent need to develop novel chemotherapeutic agents. Onosma chitralicum is a source of traditional medicine with cooling, laxative, and anthelmintic effects. The objective of the current research was to analyze the biological potential of Onosma chitralicum, and to isolate and characterize the chemical constituents of the plant. The crude extracts of the plant prepared with different solvents, such as aqueous, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol, were subjected to antimicrobial activities. Results corroborate that crude (methanol), EtoAc, and n-C6H14 fractions were more active against bacterial strains. Among these fractions, the EtoAc fraction was found more potent. The EtoAc fraction was the most active against the selected microbes, which was subjected to successive column chromatography, and the resultant compounds 1 to 7 were isolated. Different techniques, such as UV, IR, and NMR, were used to characterize the structures of the isolated compounds 1–7. All the isolated pure compounds (1–7) were tested for their antimicrobial potential. Compounds 1 (4′,8-dimethoxy-7-hydroxyisoflavone), 6 (5,3′,3-trihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyflavanone), and 7 (5′,7,8-trihydroxy-6,3′,4′-trimethoxyflavanone) were found to be more active against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella Typhi. Compound 1 inhibited S. typhi and S. aureus to 10 ± 0.21 mm and 10 ± 0.45 mm, whereas compound 6 showed inhibition to 10 ± 0.77 mm and 9 ± 0.20 mm, respectively. Compound 7 inhibited S. aureus to 6 ± 0.36 mm. Compounds 6 and 7 showed significant antibacterial potential, and the structure–activity relationship also justifies their binding to the bacterial enzymes, i.e., beta-hydroxyacyl dehydratase (HadAB complex) and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. Both bacterial enzymes are potential drug targets. Further, the isolated compounds were found to be active against the tested fungal strains. Whereas docking identified compound 7, the best binder to the lanosterol 14α-demethylase (an essential fungal cell membrane synthesizing enzyme), reported as an antifungal fluconazole binding enzyme. Based on our isolation-linked preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) data, we conclude that O. chitralicum can be a good source of natural compounds for drug development against some potential enzyme targets.
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12
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Isolation of Prunin From Bauhinia variegataand Its Antioxidant Activity in Rats Fed an Atherogenic Diet. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20967875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is no longer a disease attributed mainly to high cholesterol content in the body; it has come to be regarded as a chronic inflammatory disease with an autoimmune component. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the prunin fraction (PF) isolated from the ethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata against the release of various proinflammatory mediators in rats fed an atherogenic diet. The diet was administered orally to Sprague Dawley rats for 60 days to induce atherosclerosis. The blood serum of the rats was used to estimate the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, catalase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein using assay kits. Other physical parameters, such as body weight, feed intake, and systolic blood pressure, were also determined during the study. The results showed a significant protective effect of the PF against diet-induced atherosclerosis by decreasing the levels of proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-6. Rats treated with PF (20 and 40 mg/kg) showed a change in systolic blood pressure and a reduction in oxidative stress induced by the atherogenic diet. Reduction in body weight and modulation of food intake were observed in PF-treated rats, which indicated atheroprotective, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects. The study concludes that the atheroprotective properties of PF are due to effects on the initial phase of plaque formation to thrombus formation. This study may help researchers to find a better alternative for selecting optimal therapies and preventing plaque formation. Future Significance: This article focuses on the molecular mechanisms involved in the evolution of atherosclerotic plaques and different targets that act at the starting stage of the plaque to thrombus formation. This may pave the way for selecting optimal therapies and preventing plaque complications.
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Flavanone glycosides inhibit β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 and cholinesterase and reduce Aβ aggregation in the amyloidogenic pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 309:108707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Shen S, Hang X, Zhuang J, Zhang L, Bi H, Zhang L. A back-door Phenylalanine coordinates the stepwise hexameric loading of acyl carrier protein by the fatty acid biosynthesis enzyme β-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase (FabZ). Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:5-11. [PMID: 30677439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid biosynthesis pathway (FAS) was a fundamental procedure to generate a diversity of lipid components for cellular metabolism in bacteria, while the mechanism of substrate recognition remains unclear. The β-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase hexamer (FabZ) is an essential module in the elongation cycle of type-II FAS, catalyzing the dehydration of β-hydroxyacyl-lipid substrate carried by the holo form acyl carrier protein (holo-ACP). We previously elucidated an alternating seesaw-like ACP loading manner within a FabZ dimer subunits, mediated by a front-door residue Tyrosine (Tyr100). Here, we demonstrated that a back-door residue Phenylalanine (Phe83) of FabZ regulates the stepwise hexameric loading of ACP. Our finding represents clues as to the dynamic ACP recognition and catalysis mechanism of dehydratase in fatty acid biosynthesis, and provides critical information for developing antimicrobials targeting the dehydratase module in fatty acid biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xudong Hang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | | | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Hongkai Bi
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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15
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Structural and dynamical rationale for fatty acid unsaturation in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:6775-6783. [PMID: 30872475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818686116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid biosynthesis in α- and γ-proteobacteria requires two functionally distinct dehydratases, FabA and FabZ. Here, mechanistic cross-linking facilitates the structural characterization of a stable hexameric complex of six Escherichia coli FabZ dehydratase subunits with six AcpP acyl carrier proteins. The crystal structure sheds light on the divergent substrate selectivity of FabA and FabZ by revealing distinct architectures of the binding pocket. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate differential biasing of substrate orientations and conformations within the active sites of FabA and FabZ such that FabZ is preorganized to catalyze only dehydration, while FabA is primed for both dehydration and isomerization.
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16
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Kumar V, Sharma A, Pratap S, Kumar P. Biochemical and biophysical characterization of 1,4-naphthoquinone as a dual inhibitor of two key enzymes of type II fatty acid biosynthesis from Moraxella catarrhalis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:1131-1142. [PMID: 30282611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS II) is a vital process in bacteria and regarded as an attractive pathway for the development of potential antimicrobial agents. In this study, we report 1,4-naphthoquinone (NPQ) as a dual inhibitor of two key enzymes of FAS II pathway, namely FabD (Malonyl-CoA:ACP transacylase) and FabZ (β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase). Mode of inhibition of NPQ was found to be non-competitive for both enzymes with IC50 of 26.67 μΜ and 23.18 μΜ against McFabZ and McFabD respectively. Conformational changes in secondary and tertiary structures marked by the loss of helical contents were observed in both enzymes upon NPQ binding. The fluorescence quenching was found to be static with a stable ground state complex formation. ITC based studies have shown that NPQ is binding to McFabZ with a stronger affinity (~1.5×) as compared to McFabD. Molecular docking studies have found that NPQ interacts with key residues of both McFabD (Ser209, Arg126, and Leu102) and McFabZ (His74 and Tyr112) enzymes. Both complexes have shown the structural stability during the 20 ns run of molecular dynamics based simulations. Altogether, the present study suggests that NPQ scaffold can be exploited as a multi-targeted inhibitor of FAS II pathway, and these biochemical and biophysical findings will further help in the development of potent antibacterial agents targeting FAS II pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
| | - Shivendra Pratap
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India.
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17
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Zhang Z, He Y, Huang Y, Ding L, Chen L, Liu Y, Nie Y, Zhang X. Development and Optimization of an In Vitro Multienzyme Synthetic System for Production of Kaempferol from Naringenin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8272-8279. [PMID: 30019587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro multienzyme synthetic system was developed and optimized to efficiently produce kaempferol in a single reaction tube. Two key genes, Atf3h and Atfls1, in the biosynthetic pathway of kaempferol were cloned into a prokaryotic expression vector and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant proteins were purified through affinity chromatography and showed activities of flavanone 3-hydroxylase and flavonol synthase, respectively, followed by development of an in vitro synthetic system for producing kaempferol. The system contains 8.2 mM α-ketoglutaric acid, 0.01 mM ferrous ion, 0.4% sodium ascorbate, 25 μg/mL of each recombinant enzyme, and 10% glycerol in 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.2). When the reaction was carried out at 40 °C for 40-50 min, the yield of kaempferol was 37.55 ± 1.62 mg/L and the conversion rate from NRN to KMF was 55.89% ± 2.74%. Overall, this system provides a promising and efficient approach to produce kaempferol economically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , China
| | - Yanzhi He
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , China
| | - Yue Huang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , China
| | - Li Ding
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , China
| | - Yaxian Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , China
| | - Yesen Nie
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China , Yangzhou University (26116120), Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , China
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18
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Wu H, Zhao Y, Du Y, Miao S, Liu J, Li Y, Caiyin Q, Qiao J. Quantitative proteomics of Lactococcus lactis F44 under cross-stress of low pH and lactate. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6872-6884. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Na EJ, Ryu JY. Anti-inflammatory effects of prunin on UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes. BIOMEDICAL DERMATOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s41702-018-0024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Geethalakshmi R, Sundaramurthi JC, Sarada DVL. Antibacterial activity of flavonoid isolated from Trianthema decandra against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and molecular docking study of FabZ. Microb Pathog 2018; 121:87-92. [PMID: 29763727 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The natural product flavonoid demonstrates an extensive sort of pharmacological properties including antimicrobial activity. Although its Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibition has been discovered, no target for action against flavonoid has been revealed to date. The anti - P. aeruginosa activity of the 2 - (3', 4' dihydroxy-phenyl) - 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-chromen-4-one isolated from T. decandra was evaluated by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods. The molecular docking of the flavonoid isolated from T. decandra was carried out using CDOCKER (Discovery Studio 2.0). The flavonoid isolated from T. decandra was found to inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa and the zone of inhibition was found to be 22 ± 0.04 mm at 20 μg/ml while chloramphenicol showed 23 ± 0.05 mm at 30 μg/ml. P. aeruginosa was found to be the most sensitive to both isolated flavonoid and standard control chloramphenicol with MIC values 39.05 μg/ml and 25 μg/ml respectively. Further, the FAS II β-hydroxyacyl-ACP (FabZ) of P. aeruginosa was found to be a potential target of the flavonoid as it docked in silico effectively. Our work has demonstrated the anti - P. aeruginosa activity of flavonoid isolated from T. decandra and also resulted in the elucidation of a plausible mechanism of action of the isolated flavonoid by inhibiting the FabZ using in silico analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarathinam Geethalakshmi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jagadish Chandrabose Sundaramurthi
- ICMR - Biomedical Informatics Centre, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), (Formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Chennai 600031, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Dronamraju V L Sarada
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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21
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Rullán‐Lind C, Pietri RB, Vázquez‐Cintrón M, Baerga‐Ortiz A. Fused dimerization increases expression, solubility, and activity of bacterial dehydratase enzymes. Protein Sci 2018; 27:969-975. [PMID: 29520922 PMCID: PMC5916124 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
FabA and FabZ are the two dehydratase enzymes in Escherichia coli that catalyze the dehydration of acyl intermediates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids. Both enzymes form obligate dimers in which the active site contains key amino acids from both subunits. While FabA is a soluble protein that has been relatively straightforward to express and to purify from cultured E. coli, FabZ has shown to be mostly insoluble and only partially active. In an effort to increase the solubility and activity of both dehydratases, we made constructs consisting of two identical subunits of FabA or FabZ fused with a naturally occurring peptide linker, so as to force their dimerization. The fused dimer of FabZ (FabZ-FabZ) was expressed as a soluble enzyme with an ninefold higher activity in vitro than the unfused FabZ. This construct exemplifies a strategy for the improvement of enzymes from the fatty acid biosynthesis pathways, many of which function as dimers, catalyzing critical steps for the production of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rullán‐Lind
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences CampusSan Juan00936‐5067Puerto Rico
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto RicoSan JuanPuerto Rico
| | - Ruth B. Pietri
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Puerto Rico, Cayey CampusCayeyPuerto Rico
| | - Melvin Vázquez‐Cintrón
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences CampusSan Juan00936‐5067Puerto Rico
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto RicoSan JuanPuerto Rico
| | - Abel Baerga‐Ortiz
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences CampusSan Juan00936‐5067Puerto Rico
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto RicoSan JuanPuerto Rico
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22
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Kumar V, Sharma A, Pratap S, Kumar P. Characterization of isoflavonoids as inhibitors of β-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase (FabZ) from Moraxella catarrhalis: Kinetics, spectroscopic, thermodynamics and in silico studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1862:726-744. [PMID: 29092780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD β-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase (FabZ) is an essential component of type II fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS II) pathway in bacteria. It performs dehydration of β-hydroxyacyl-ACP to trans-2-acyl-ACP in the elongation cycle of the FAS II pathway. FabZ is ubiquitously expressed and has uniform distribution, which makes FabZ an excellent target for developing novel drugs against pathogenic bacteria. METHODS We focused on the biochemical and biophysical characterization of FabZ from drug-resistant pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis (McFabZ). More importantly, we have identified and characterized new inhibitors against McFabZ using biochemical, biophysical and in silico based studies. RESULTS We have identified three isoflavones (daidzein, biochanin A and genistein) as novel inhibitors against McFabZ. Mode of inhibition of these compounds is competitive with IC50 values lie in the range of 6.85μΜ to 27.7μΜ. Conformational changes observed in secondary and tertiary structure marked by a decrease in the helical and the sheet content in McFabZ structure upon inhibitors binding. In addition, thermodynamic data suggest that biochanin A has a strong binding affinity for McFabZ as compare to daidzein and genistein. Molecular docking studies have revealed that these inhibitors are interacting with the active site of McFabZ and making contacts with catalytic and substrate binding tunnel residues. CONCLUSION AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Three new inhibitors against McFabZ have been identified and characterized. These biochemical and biophysical findings lead to the identification of chemical scaffolds, which can lead to broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs targeted against FabZ, and modification to existing FabZ inhibitors to improve affinity and potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Shivendra Pratap
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India.
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23
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Marques SM, Daniel L, Buryska T, Prokop Z, Brezovsky J, Damborsky J. Enzyme Tunnels and Gates As Relevant Targets in Drug Design. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:1095-1139. [PMID: 27957758 DOI: 10.1002/med.21430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many enzymes contain tunnels and gates that are essential to their function. Gates reversibly switch between open and closed conformations and thereby control the traffic of small molecules-substrates, products, ions, and solvent molecules-into and out of the enzyme's structure via molecular tunnels. Many transient tunnels and gates undoubtedly remain to be identified, and their functional roles and utility as potential drug targets have received comparatively little attention. Here, we describe a set of general concepts relating to the structural properties, function, and classification of these interesting structural features. In addition, we highlight the potential of enzyme tunnels and gates as targets for the binding of small molecules. The different types of binding that are possible and the potential pharmacological benefits of such targeting are discussed. Twelve examples of ligands bound to the tunnels and/or gates of clinically relevant enzymes are used to illustrate the different binding modes and to explain some new strategies for drug design. Such strategies could potentially help to overcome some of the problems facing medicinal chemists and lead to the discovery of more effective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M Marques
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Daniel
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Buryska
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brezovsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
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24
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Zhang L, Xiao J, Xu J, Fu T, Cao Z, Zhu L, Chen HZ, Shen X, Jiang H, Zhang L. Crystal structure of FabZ-ACP complex reveals a dynamic seesaw-like catalytic mechanism of dehydratase in fatty acid biosynthesis. Cell Res 2016; 26:1330-1344. [PMID: 27874013 PMCID: PMC5143422 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS) is a vital process in cells. Fatty acids are essential for cell assembly and cellular metabolism. Abnormal FAS directly correlates with cell growth delay and human diseases, such as metabolic syndromes and various cancers. The FAS system utilizes an acyl carrier protein (ACP) as a transporter to stabilize and shuttle the growing fatty acid chain throughout enzymatic modules for stepwise catalysis. Studying the interactions between enzymatic modules and ACP is, therefore, critical for understanding the biological function of the FAS system. However, the information remains unclear due to the high flexibility of ACP and its weak interaction with enzymatic modules. We present here a 2.55 Å crystal structure of type II FAS dehydratase FabZ in complex with holo-ACP, which exhibits a highly symmetrical FabZ hexamer-ACP3 stoichiometry with each ACP binding to a FabZ dimer subunit. Further structural analysis, together with biophysical and computational results, reveals a novel dynamic seesaw-like ACP binding and catalysis mechanism for the dehydratase module in the FAS system, which is regulated by a critical gatekeeper residue (Tyr100 in FabZ) that manipulates the movements of the β-sheet layer. These findings improve the general understanding of the dehydration process in the FAS system and will potentially facilitate drug and therapeutic design for diseases associated with abnormalities in FAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianrong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianran Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Zhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
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25
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Prunin is a highly potent flavonoid from Prunus davidiana stems that inhibits protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and stimulates glucose uptake in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 40:37-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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McGillick BE, Kumaran D, Vieni C, Swaminathan S. β-Hydroxyacyl-acyl Carrier Protein Dehydratase (FabZ) from Francisella tularensis and Yersinia pestis: Structure Determination, Enzymatic Characterization, and Cross-Inhibition Studies. Biochemistry 2016; 55:1091-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. McGillick
- Biology
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Desigan Kumaran
- Biology
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Casey Vieni
- Biology
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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27
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González-Thuillier I, Venegas-Calerón M, Sánchez R, Garcés R, von Wettstein-Knowles P, Martínez-Force E. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) fatty acid synthase complex: β-hydroxyacyl-[acyl carrier protein] dehydratase genes. PLANTA 2016; 243:397-410. [PMID: 26433735 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Two sunflower hydroxyacyl-[acyl carrier protein] dehydratases evolved into two different isoenzymes showing distinctive expression levels and kinetics' efficiencies. β-Hydroxyacyl-[acyl carrier protein (ACP)]-dehydratase (HAD) is a component of the type II fatty acid synthase complex involved in 'de novo' fatty acid biosynthesis in plants. This complex, formed by four intraplastidial proteins, is responsible for the sequential condensation of two-carbon units, leading to 16- and 18-C acyl-ACP. HAD dehydrates 3-hydroxyacyl-ACP generating trans-2-enoyl-ACP. With the aim of a further understanding of fatty acid biosynthesis in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds, two β-hydroxyacyl-[ACP] dehydratase genes have been cloned from developing seeds, HaHAD1 (GenBank HM044767) and HaHAD2 (GenBank GU595454). Genomic DNA gel blot analyses suggest that both are single copy genes. Differences in their expression patterns across plant tissues were detected. Higher levels of HaHAD2 in the initial stages of seed development inferred its key role in seed storage fatty acid synthesis. That HaHAD1 expression levels remained constant across most tissues suggest a housekeeping function. Heterologous expression of these genes in E. coli confirmed both proteins were functional and able to interact with the bacterial complex 'in vivo'. The large increase of saturated fatty acids in cells expressing HaHAD1 and HaHAD2 supports the idea that these HAD genes are closely related to the E. coli FabZ gene. The proposed three-dimensional models of HaHAD1 and HaHAD2 revealed differences at the entrance to the catalytic tunnel attributable to Phe166/Val1159, respectively. HaHAD1 F166V was generated to study the function of this residue. The 'in vitro' enzymatic characterization of the three HAD proteins demonstrated all were active, with the mutant having intermediate K m and V max values to the wild-type proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene González-Thuillier
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Edificio 46, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1., 41013, Seville, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, Herts, UK
| | - Mónica Venegas-Calerón
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Edificio 46, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1., 41013, Seville, Spain.
| | - Rosario Sánchez
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Edificio 46, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1., 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Rafael Garcés
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Edificio 46, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1., 41013, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Martínez-Force
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Edificio 46, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1., 41013, Seville, Spain
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28
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Finzel K, Nguyen C, Jackson DR, Gupta A, Tsai SC, Burkart MD. Probing the Substrate Specificity and Protein-Protein Interactions of the E. coli Fatty Acid Dehydratase, FabA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1453-1460. [PMID: 26526101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fatty acid biosynthetic enzymes are important targets for areas as diverse as antibiotic development to biofuel production. Elucidating the molecular basis of chain length control during fatty acid biosynthesis is crucial for the understanding of regulatory processes of this fundamental metabolic pathway. In Escherichia coli, the acyl carrier protein (AcpP) plays a central role by sequestering and shuttling the growing acyl chain between fatty acid biosynthetic enzymes. FabA, a β-hydroxyacyl-AcpP dehydratase, is an important enzyme in controlling fatty acid chain length and saturation levels. FabA-AcpP interactions are transient in nature and thus difficult to visualize. In this study, four mechanistic crosslinking probes mimicking varying acyl chain lengths were synthesized to systematically probe for modified chain length specificity of 14 FabA mutants. These studies provide evidence for the AcpP-interacting "positive patch," FabA mutations that alter substrate specificity, and the roles that the FabA "gating residues" play in chain length control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Finzel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Chi Nguyen
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-1450, USA
| | - David R Jackson
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-1450, USA
| | - Aarushi Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Shiou-Chuan Tsai
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-1450, USA.
| | - Michael D Burkart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
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29
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Dong Y, Li J, Qiu X, Yan C, Li X. Expression, purification and crystallization of the (3R)-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase HadAB complex from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 114:115-20. [PMID: 26118698 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The (3R)-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase HadAB, involved in the biosynthetic pathway for mycolic acid (MA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, catalyzes the third step in the fatty acid (FA) elongation cycle, which is an ideal and actual target for anti-tubercular agent. Though HadAB is predicted to be a member of the hotdog superfamily, it shares no sequence identity with typical hotdog fold isoenzyme FabZ. To characterize the significance of HadAB from the perspective of structural biology, large amount of pure HadAB complex is required for biochemical characterization and crystallization. Here, we used a unique expression and purification method. HadA and HadB were cloned separately and co-expressed in Escherichia coli. After GST affinity chromatography, two steps of anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, the purity of the protein as estimated by SDS-PAGE was >95%. Using hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method, crystals were obtained and diffracted X-rays to 1.75Å resolution. The crystal belongs to space group P41212, with unit-cell parameters a=b=82.0Å, c=139.8Å, α=β=γ=90.0°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodi Qiu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanqiang Yan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Dong Y, Qiu X, Shaw N, Xu Y, Sun Y, Li X, Li J, Rao Z. Molecular basis for the inhibition of β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase HadAB complex from Mycobacterium tuberculosis by flavonoid inhibitors. Protein Cell 2015; 6:504-17. [PMID: 26081470 PMCID: PMC4491049 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydration is one of the key steps in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids and is vital to the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Consequently, stalling dehydration cures tuberculosis (TB). Clinically used anti-TB drugs like thiacetazone (TAC) and isoxyl (ISO) as well as flavonoids inhibit the enzyme activity of the β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase HadAB complex. How this inhibition is exerted, has remained an enigma for years. Here, we describe the first crystal structures of the MtbHadAB complex bound with flavonoid inhibitor butein, 2',4,4'-trihydroxychalcone or fisetin. Despite sharing no sequence identity from Blast, HadA and HadB adopt a very similar hotdog fold. HadA forms a tight dimer with HadB in which the proteins are sitting side-by-side, but are oriented anti-parallel. While HadB contributes the catalytically critical His-Asp dyad, HadA binds the fatty acid substrate in a long channel. The atypical double hotdog fold with a single active site formed by MtbHadAB gives rise to a long, narrow cavity that vertically traverses the fatty acid binding channel. At the base of this cavity lies Cys61, which upon mutation to Ser confers drug-resistance in TB patients. We show that inhibitors bind in this cavity and protrude into the substrate binding channel. Thus, inhibitors of MtbHadAB exert their effect by occluding substrate from the active site. The unveiling of this mechanism of inhibition paves the way for accelerating development of next generation of anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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31
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Banerjee DR, Biswas R, Das AK, Basak A. Design, synthesis and characterization of dual inhibitors against new targets FabG4 and HtdX of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 100:223-34. [PMID: 26092447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present dual inhibitors of new targets FabG4 and HtdX for the first time. In this work, eight compounds have been designed, synthesized, characterized and evaluated for bio-activities. Amongst them, six compounds have shown inhibitory activities. Three of them (12-14) demonstrate dual inhibition of both FabG4 and HtdX at low micromolar concentration. In addition, the dual inhibitors show good anti-mycobacterial properties against both planktonic growth and biofilm culture of Mycobacterium species. This study is an important addition to tuberculosis drug discovery because it explores two new enzymes as drug targets and presents their dual inhibitors as good candidates for pre-clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deb Ranjan Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Rupam Biswas
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Amit K Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Amit Basak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India; School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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32
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Patel H, Lucas X, Bendik I, Günther S, Merfort I. Target Fishing by Cross-Docking to Explain Polypharmacological Effects. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1209-17. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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33
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Catrow JL, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Ji H. Discovery of Selective Small-Molecule Inhibitors for the β-Catenin/T-Cell Factor Protein-Protein Interaction through the Optimization of the Acyl Hydrazone Moiety. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4678-92. [PMID: 25985283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acyl hydrazone is an important functional group for the discovery of bioactive small molecules. This functional group is also recognized as a pan assay interference structure. In this study, a new small-molecule inhibitor for the β-catenin/Tcf protein-protein interaction (PPI), ZINC02092166, was identified through AlphaScreen and FP assays. This compound contains an acyl hydrazone group and exhibits higher inhibitory activities in cell-based assays than biochemical assays. Inhibitor optimization resulted in chemically stable derivatives that disrupt the β-catenin/Tcf PPI. The binding mode of new inhibitors was characterized by site-directed mutagenesis and structure-activity relationship studies. This series of inhibitors with a new scaffold exhibits dual selectivity for β-catenin/Tcf over β-catenin/cadherin and β-catenin/APC PPIs. One derivative of this series suppresses canonical Wnt signaling, downregulates the expression of Wnt target genes, and inhibits the growth of cancer cells. This compound represents a solid starting point for the development of potent and selective β-catenin/Tcf inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leon Catrow
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Haitao Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
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Finzel K, Lee DJ, Burkart MD. Using modern tools to probe the structure-function relationship of fatty acid synthases. Chembiochem 2015; 16:528-547. [PMID: 25676190 PMCID: PMC4545599 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid biosynthesis is essential to life and represents one of the most conserved pathways in nature, preserving the same handful of chemical reactions across all species. Recent interest in the molecular details of the de novo fatty acid synthase (FAS) has been heightened by demand for renewable fuels and the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Central to FAS is the acyl carrier protein (ACP), a protein chaperone that shuttles the growing acyl chain between catalytic enzymes within the FAS. Human efforts to alter fatty acid biosynthesis for oil production, chemical feedstock, or antimicrobial purposes has been met with limited success, due in part to a lack of detailed molecular information behind the ACP-partner protein interactions inherent to the pathway. This review will focus on recently developed tools for the modification of ACP and analysis of protein-protein interactions, such as mechanism-based crosslinking, and the studies exploiting them. Discussion specific to each enzymatic domain will focus first on mechanism and known inhibitors, followed by available structures and known interactions with ACP. Although significant unknowns remain, new understandings of the intricacies of FAS point to future advances in manipulating this complex molecular factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Finzel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358 (USA)
| | - D. John Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358 (USA)
| | - Michael D. Burkart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358 (USA)
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35
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Beld J, Lee DJ, Burkart MD. Fatty acid biosynthesis revisited: structure elucidation and metabolic engineering. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:38-59. [PMID: 25360565 PMCID: PMC4276719 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00443d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are primary metabolites synthesized by complex, elegant, and essential biosynthetic machinery. Fatty acid synthases resemble an iterative assembly line, with an acyl carrier protein conveying the growing fatty acid to necessary enzymatic domains for modification. Each catalytic domain is a unique enzyme spanning a wide range of folds and structures. Although they harbor the same enzymatic activities, two different types of fatty acid synthase architectures are observed in nature. During recent years, strained petroleum supplies have driven interest in engineering organisms to either produce more fatty acids or specific high value products. Such efforts require a fundamental understanding of the enzymatic activities and regulation of fatty acid synthases. Despite more than one hundred years of research, we continue to learn new lessons about fatty acid synthases' many intricate structural and regulatory elements. In this review, we summarize each enzymatic domain and discuss efforts to engineer fatty acid synthases, providing some clues to important challenges and opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Beld
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Despite a century of control and eradication campaigns, malaria remains one of the world's most devastating diseases. Our once-powerful therapeutic weapons are losing the war against the Plasmodium parasite, whose ability to rapidly develop and spread drug resistance hamper past and present malaria-control efforts. Finding new and effective treatments for malaria is now a top global health priority, fuelling an increase in funding and promoting open-source collaborations between researchers and pharmaceutical consortia around the world. The result of this is rapid advances in drug discovery approaches and technologies, with three major methods for antimalarial drug development emerging: (i) chemistry-based, (ii) target-based, and (iii) cell-based. Common to all three of these approaches is the unique ability of structural biology to inform and accelerate drug development. Where possible, SBDD (structure-based drug discovery) is a foundation for antimalarial drug development programmes, and has been invaluable to the development of a number of current pre-clinical and clinical candidates. However, as we expand our understanding of the malarial life cycle and mechanisms of resistance development, SBDD as a field must continue to evolve in order to develop compounds that adhere to the ideal characteristics for novel antimalarial therapeutics and to avoid high attrition rates pre- and post-clinic. In the present review, we aim to examine the contribution that SBDD has made to current antimalarial drug development efforts, covering hit discovery to lead optimization and prevention of parasite resistance. Finally, the potential for structural biology, particularly high-throughput structural genomics programmes, to identify future targets for drug discovery are discussed.
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37
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Nontraditional therapies to treat Helicobacter pylori infection. J Microbiol 2014; 52:259-72. [PMID: 24682990 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-3603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-negative pathogen Helicobacter pylori is increasingly more resistant to the three major antibiotics (metronidazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin) that are most commonly used to treat infection. As a result, there is an increased rate of treatment failure; this translates into an overall higher cost of treatment due to the need for increased length of treatment and/or the requirement for combination or sequential therapy. Given the rise in antibiotic resistance, the complicated treatment regime, and issues related to patient compliance that stem from the duration and complexity of treatment, there is clearly a pressing need for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat H. pylori infection. As such, researchers are actively investigating the utility of antimicrobial peptides, small molecule inhibitors and naturopathic therapies. Herein we review and discuss each of these novel approaches as a means to target this important gastric pathogen.
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Gora
- Loschmidt Laboratories,
Department
of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in
the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brezovsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories,
Department
of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in
the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories,
Department
of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in
the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Centre for Clinical
Research, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
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39
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Wang Y, Ma S. Recent Advances in Inhibitors of Bacterial Fatty Acid Synthesis Type II (FASII) System Enzymes as Potential Antibacterial Agents. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1589-608. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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40
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Structural Insights into the Mechanism and Inhibition of the β-Hydroxydecanoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Dehydratase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:365-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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41
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Labonte JW, Townsend CA. Active site comparisons and catalytic mechanisms of the hot dog superfamily. Chem Rev 2012. [PMID: 23205964 DOI: 10.1021/cr300169a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Labonte
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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42
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Rühl J, Hein EM, Hayen H, Schmid A, Blank LM. The glycerophospholipid inventory of Pseudomonas putida is conserved between strains and enables growth condition-related alterations. Microb Biotechnol 2012; 5:45-58. [PMID: 21895997 PMCID: PMC3815271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2011.00286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms, such as Pseudomonas putida, utilize specific physical properties of cellular membrane constituents, mainly glycerophospholipids, to (re-)adjust the membrane barrier to environmental stresses. Building a basis for membrane composition/function studies, we inventoried the glycerophospholipids of different Pseudomonas and challenged membranes of growing cells with n-butanol. Using a new high-resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method, 127 glycerophospholipid species [e.g. phosphatidylethanolamine PE(32:1)] with up to five fatty acid combinations were detected. The glycerophospholipid inventory consists of 305 distinct glycerophospholipids [e.g. PE(16:0/16:1)], thereof 14 lyso-glycerophospholipids, revealing conserved compositions within the four investigated pseudomonads P. putida KT2440, DOT-T1E, S12 and Pseudomonas sp. strain VLB120. Furthermore, we addressed the influence of environmental conditions on the glycerophospholipid composition of Pseudomonas via long-time exposure to the sublethal n-butanol concentration of 1% (v/v), focusing on: (i) relative amounts of glycerophospholipid species, (ii) glycerophospholipid head group composition, (iii) fatty acid chain length, (iv) degree of saturation and (v) cis/trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids. Observed alterations consist of changing head group compositions and for the solvent-sensitive strain KT2440 diminished fatty acid saturation degrees. Minor changes in the glycerophospholipid composition of the solvent-tolerant strains P. putida S12 and Pseudomonas sp. VLB120 suggest different strategies of the investigated Pseudomonas to maintain the barrier function of cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Rühl
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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Maity K, Venkata BS, Kapoor N, Surolia N, Surolia A, Suguna K. Structural basis for the functional and inhibitory mechanisms of β-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase (FabZ) of Plasmodium falciparum. J Struct Biol 2011; 176:238-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Vila-Real H, Alfaia AJ, Bronze MR, Calado ART, Ribeiro MHL. Enzymatic Synthesis of the Flavone Glucosides, Prunin and Isoquercetin, and the Aglycones, Naringenin and Quercetin, with Selective α-L-Rhamnosidase and β-D-Glucosidase Activities of Naringinase. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:692618. [PMID: 21941631 PMCID: PMC3173969 DOI: 10.4061/2011/692618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of flavonoid glycosides by removing rhamnose from
rutinosides can be accomplished through enzymatic catalysis.
Naringinase is an enzyme complex, expressing both α-L-rhamnosidase and β-D-glucosidase activities, with application in glycosides
hydrolysis. To produce monoglycosylated flavonoids with naringinase,
the expression of β-D-glucosidase activity is not desirable leading to the
need of expensive methods for α-L-rhamnosidase purification. Therefore, the main purpose
of this study was the inactivation of β-D-glucosidase activity expressed by naringinase keeping α-L-rhamnosidase with a high retention activity. Response
surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effects of
temperature and pH on β-D-glucosidase inactivation. A selective inactivation of β-D-glucosidase activity of naringinase was achieved at 81.5°C and pH 3.9, keeping a very high residual activity of α-L-rhamnosidase (78%). This was a crucial achievement
towards an easy and cheap production method of very expensive
flavonoids, like prunin and isoquercetin starting from naringin and
rutin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélder Vila-Real
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (i-Med-UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Avenue Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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Zhang H, Li L, Chen L, Hu L, Jiang H, Shen X. Structure Basis of Bigelovin as a Selective RXR Agonist with a Distinct Binding Mode. J Mol Biol 2011; 407:13-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Valenzano CR, You YO, Garg A, Keatinge-Clay A, Khosla C, Cane DE. Stereospecificity of the dehydratase domain of the erythromycin polyketide synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 132:14697-9. [PMID: 20925342 DOI: 10.1021/ja107344h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dehydratase (DH) domain of module 4 of the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS) has been shown to catalyze an exclusive syn elimination/syn addition of water. Incubation of recombinant DH4 with chemoenzymatically prepared anti-(2R,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxypentanoyl-ACP (2a-ACP) gave the dehydration product 3-ACP. Similarly, incubation of DH4 with synthetic 3-ACP resulted in the reverse enzyme-catalyzed hydration reaction, giving an ∼3:1 equilbrium mixture of 2a-ACP and 3-ACP. Incubation of a mixture of propionyl-SNAC (4), methylmalonyl-CoA, and NADPH with the DEBS β-ketoacyl synthase-acyl transferase [KS6][AT6] didomain, DEBS ACP6, and the ketoreductase domain from tylactone synthase module 1 (TYLS KR1) generated in situ anti-2a-ACP that underwent DH4-catalyzed syn dehydration to give 3-ACP. DH4 did not dehydrate syn-(2S,3R)-2b-ACP, syn-(2R,3S)-2c-ACP, or anti-(2S,3S)-2d-ACP generated in situ by DEBS KR1, DEBS KR6, or the rifamycin synthase KR7 (RIFS KR7), respectively. Similarly, incubation of a mixture of (2S,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxypentanoyl-N-acetylcysteamine thioester (2b-SNAC), methylmalonyl-CoA, and NADPH with DEBS [KS6][AT6], DEBS ACP6, and TYLS KR1 gave anti-(2R,3R)-6-ACP that underwent syn dehydration catalyzed by DEBS DH4 to give (4R,5R)-(E)-2,4-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-hept-2-enoyl-ACP (7-ACP). The structure and stereochemistry of 7 were established by GC-MS and LC-MS comparison of the derived methyl ester 7-Me to a synthetic sample of 7-Me.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara R Valenzano
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9108, USA
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Zhang H, Zhou R, Li L, Chen J, Chen L, Li C, Ding H, Yu L, Hu L, Jiang H, Shen X. Danthron functions as a retinoic X receptor antagonist by stabilizing tetramers of the receptor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:1868-75. [PMID: 21084305 PMCID: PMC3023482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.166215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic X receptor (RXR) is a promising target for drug discovery against cancer and metabolic syndromes. Here, we identified a specific RXRα antagonist, danthron, from the traditional Chinese medicine rhubarb. Danthron repressed all tested RXRα-involved response element transcription, including the RXRE, PPRE, FXRE, and LXRE. Results from native PAGE and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC)-based assays indicated that danthron bound to the tetrameric RXRα-LBD in a specific stoichimetric ratio, and such a binding could influence the corepressor SMRT affinity to the receptor. Additionally, a unique tetrameric structure of the apo-RXRα ligand-binding domain (LBD) was determined, which exhibited a larger tetramer interface and different ligand-binding pocket size compared with the one previously reported. Together with the biochemical and biophysical results, the determined crystal structure of danthron-soaked RXRα-LBD suggested a new mechanism for danthron antagonism to tetrameric RXRα. Moreover, the in vivo efficient improvement of insulin sensitivity by danthron was observed in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Thus, our findings were expected to supply new insights into the structural basis of RXRα antagonist for its further potential therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203
| | - Rong Zhou
- the East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, and
| | - Li Li
- the East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, and
| | - Jing Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203
| | - Lili Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203
| | - Chenjing Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203
| | - Hong Ding
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203
| | - Liang Yu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203
| | - Lihong Hu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203
| | - Xu Shen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203
- the East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, and
- the E-Institutes of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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Bernarde C, Lehours P, Lasserre JP, Castroviejo M, Bonneu M, Mégraud F, Ménard A. Complexomics study of two Helicobacter pylori strains of two pathological origins: potential targets for vaccine development and new insight in bacteria metabolism. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:2796-826. [PMID: 20610778 PMCID: PMC3101863 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection plays a causal role in the development of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (LG-MALT) and duodenal ulcer (DU). Although many virulence factors have been associated with DU, many questions remain unanswered regarding the evolution of the infection toward this exceptional event, LG-MALT. The present study describes and compares the complexome of two H. pylori strains, strain J99 associated with DU and strain B38 associated with LG-MALT, using the two-dimensional blue native/SDS-PAGE method. It was possible to identify 90 different complexes (49 and 41 in the B38 and J99 strains, respectively); 12 of these complexes were common to both strains (seven and five in the membrane and cytoplasm, respectively), reflecting the variability of H. pylori strains. The 44 membrane complexes included numerous outer membrane proteins, such as the major adhesins BabA and SabA retrieved from a complex in the B38 strain, and also proteins from the hor family rarely studied. BabA and BabB adhesins were found to interact independently with HopM/N in the B38 and J99 strains, respectively. The 46 cytosolic complexes essentially comprised proteins involved in H. pylori physiology. Some orphan proteins were retrieved from heterooligomeric complexes, and a function could be proposed for a number of them via the identification of their partners, such as JHP0119, which may be involved in the flagellar function. Overall, this study gave new insights into the membrane and cytoplasm structure, and those which could help in the design of molecules for vaccine and/or antimicrobial agent development are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Bernarde
- From ‡INSERM U853, 33076 Bordeaux, France and
- §Laboratoire de Bactériologie
| | - Philippe Lehours
- From ‡INSERM U853, 33076 Bordeaux, France and
- §Laboratoire de Bactériologie
| | - Jean-Paul Lasserre
- From ‡INSERM U853, 33076 Bordeaux, France and
- §Laboratoire de Bactériologie
| | - Michel Castroviejo
- ‖Laboratoire de Microbiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire et Pathogénicité, UMR CNRS 5234, and
| | - Marc Bonneu
- **Pôle Protéomique, Plateforme Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, F 33076 France
| | - Francis Mégraud
- From ‡INSERM U853, 33076 Bordeaux, France and
- §Laboratoire de Bactériologie
| | - Armelle Ménard
- From ‡INSERM U853, 33076 Bordeaux, France and
- §Laboratoire de Bactériologie
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Colizzi F, Perozzo R, Scapozza L, Recanatini M, Cavalli A. Single-Molecule Pulling Simulations Can Discern Active from Inactive Enzyme Inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:7361-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ja100259r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Colizzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Remo Perozzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Scapozza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Recanatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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50
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Grading the commercial optical biosensor literature-Class of 2008: 'The Mighty Binders'. J Mol Recognit 2010; 23:1-64. [PMID: 20017116 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optical biosensor technology continues to be the method of choice for label-free, real-time interaction analysis. But when it comes to improving the quality of the biosensor literature, education should be fundamental. Of the 1413 articles published in 2008, less than 30% would pass the requirements for high-school chemistry. To teach by example, we spotlight 10 papers that illustrate how to implement the technology properly. Then we grade every paper published in 2008 on a scale from A to F and outline what features make a biosensor article fabulous, middling or abysmal. To help improve the quality of published data, we focus on a few experimental, analysis and presentation mistakes that are alarmingly common. With the literature as a guide, we want to ensure that no user is left behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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