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Redin E, Quintanal-Villalonga Á, Rudin CM. Small cell lung cancer profiling: an updated synthesis of subtypes, vulnerabilities, and plasticity. Trends Cancer 2024:S2405-8033(24)00156-0. [PMID: 39164163 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a devastating disease with high proliferative and metastatic capacity. SCLC has been classified into molecular subtypes based on differential expression of lineage-defining transcription factors. Recent studies have proposed new subtypes that are based on both tumor-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors. SCLC demonstrates substantial intratumoral subtype heterogeneity characterized by highly plastic transcriptional states, indicating that the initially dominant subtype can shift during disease progression and in association with resistance to therapy. Strategies to promote or constrain plasticity and cell fate transitions have nominated novel targets that could prompt the development of more durably effective therapies for patients with SCLC. In this review, we describe the latest advances in SCLC subtype classification and their biological and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Redin
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Álvaro Quintanal-Villalonga
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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2
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Redin E, Sridhar H, Zhan YA, Pereira Mello B, Zhong H, Durani V, Sabet A, Manoj P, Linkov I, Qiu J, Koche RP, de Stanchina E, Astorkia M, Betel D, Quintanal-Villalonga Á, Rudin CM. SMARCA4 controls state plasticity in small cell lung cancer through regulation of neuroendocrine transcription factors and REST splicing. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:58. [PMID: 39080761 PMCID: PMC11290012 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) can be classified into transcriptional subtypes with distinct degrees of neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation. Recent evidence supports plasticity among subtypes with a bias toward adoption of low-NE states during disease progression or upon acquired chemotherapy resistance. Here, we identify a role for SMARCA4, the catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF complex, as a regulator of subtype shift in SCLC. METHODS ATACseq and RNAseq experiments were performed in SCLC cells after pharmacological inhibition of SMARCA4. DNA binding of SMARCA4 was characterized by ChIPseq in high-NE SCLC patient derived xenografts (PDXs). Enrichment analyses were applied to transcriptomic data. Combination of FHD-286 and afatinib was tested in vitro and in a set of chemo-resistant SCLC PDXs in vivo. RESULTS SMARCA4 expression positively correlates with that of NE genes in both SCLC cell lines and patient tumors. Pharmacological inhibition of SMARCA4 with FHD-286 induces the loss of NE features and downregulates neuroendocrine and neuronal signaling pathways while activating non-NE factors. SMARCA4 binds to gene loci encoding NE-lineage transcription factors ASCL1 and NEUROD1 and alters chromatin accessibility, enhancing NE programs. Enrichment analysis applied to high-confidence SMARCA4 targets confirmed neuron related pathways as the top GO Biological processes regulated by SMARCA4 in SCLC. In parallel, SMARCA4 also controls REST, a known suppressor of the NE phenotype, by regulating SRRM4-dependent REST transcript splicing. Furthermore, SMARCA4 inhibition drives ERBB pathway activation in SCLC, rendering SCLC tumors sensitive to afatinib. CONCLUSIONS This study nominates SMARCA4 as a key regulator of the NE state plasticity and defines a novel therapeutic strategy for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Redin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harsha Sridhar
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yingqian A Zhan
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Hong Zhong
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vidushi Durani
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amin Sabet
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Parvathy Manoj
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irina Linkov
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Qiu
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard P Koche
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maider Astorkia
- Applied Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Doron Betel
- Applied Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Charles M Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA.
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Pavlinkova G, Smolik O. NEUROD1: transcriptional and epigenetic regulator of human and mouse neuronal and endocrine cell lineage programs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1435546. [PMID: 39105169 PMCID: PMC11298428 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1435546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors belonging to the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family are key regulators of cell fate specification and differentiation during development. Their dysregulation is implicated not only in developmental abnormalities but also in various adult diseases and cancers. Recently, the abilities of bHLH factors have been exploited in reprogramming strategies for cell replacement therapy. One such factor is NEUROD1, which has been associated with the reprogramming of the epigenetic landscape and potentially possessing pioneer factor abilities, initiating neuronal developmental programs, and enforcing pancreatic endocrine differentiation. The review aims to consolidate current knowledge on NEUROD1's multifaceted roles and mechanistic pathways in human and mouse cell differentiation and reprogramming, exploring NEUROD1 roles in guiding the development and reprogramming of neuroendocrine cell lineages. The review focuses on NEUROD1's molecular mechanisms, its interactions with other transcription factors, its role as a pioneer factor in chromatin remodeling, and its potential in cell reprogramming. We also show a differential potential of NEUROD1 in differentiation of neurons and pancreatic endocrine cells, highlighting its therapeutic potential and the necessity for further research to fully understand and utilize its capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pavlinkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenetics, Institute of Biotechnology Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
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Akbulut D, Whiting K, Teo MY, Tallman JE, Ozcan GG, Basar M, Jia L, Rammal R, Chen JF, Sarungbam J, Chen YB, Gopalan A, Fine SW, Tickoo SK, Mehra R, Baine M, Bochner BH, Pietzak EJ, Bajorin DF, Rosenberg JE, Iyer G, Solit DB, Reuter VE, Rekhtman N, Ostrovnaya I, Al-Ahmadie H. Differential NEUROD1, ASCL1, and POU2F3 Expression Defines Molecular Subsets of Bladder Small Cell/Neuroendocrine Carcinoma With Prognostic Implications. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100557. [PMID: 38964503 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Small cell carcinomas (SMC) of the lung are now molecularly classified based on the expression of transcriptional regulators (NEUROD1, ASCL1, POU2F3, and YAP1) and DLL3, which has emerged as an investigational therapeutic target. PLCG2 has been shown to identify a distinct subpopulation of lung SMC with stem cell-like and prometastasis features and poor prognosis. We analyzed the expression of these novel neuroendocrine markers and their association with traditional neuroendocrine markers and patient outcomes in a cohort of bladder neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) consisting of 103 SMC and 19 large cell NEC (LCNEC) assembled in tissue microarrays. Coexpression patterns were assessed and integrated with detailed clinical annotation including overall (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) and response to neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy. We identified 5 distinct molecular subtypes in bladder SMC based on the expression of ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3: ASCL1+/NEUROD1- (n = 33; 34%), ASCL1- /NEUROD1+ (n = 21; 21%), ASCL1+/NEUROD1+ (n = 17; 17%), POU2F3+ (n = 22, 22%), and ASCL1- /NEUROD1- /POU2F3- (n = 5, 5%). POU2F3+ tumors were mutually exclusive with those expressing ASCL1 and NEUROD1 and exhibited lower expression of traditional neuroendocrine markers. PLCG2 expression was noted in 33 tumors (32%) and was highly correlated with POU2F3 expression (P < .001). DLL3 expression was high in both SMC (n = 72, 82%) and LCNEC (n = 11, 85%). YAP1 expression was enriched in nonneuroendocrine components and negatively correlated with all neuroendocrine markers. In patients without metastatic disease who underwent radical cystectomy, PLCG2+ or POU2F3+ tumors had shorter RFS and OS (P < .05), but their expression was not associated with metastasis status or response to neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy. In conclusion, the NEC of the bladder can be divided into distinct molecular subtypes based on the expression of ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3. POU2F3-expressing tumors represent an ASCL1/NEUROD1-negative subset of bladder NEC characterized by lower expression of traditional neuroendocrine markers. Marker expression patterns were similar in SMC and LCNEC. Expression of PLCG2 and POU2F3 was associated with shorter RFS and OS. DLL3 was expressed at high levels in both SMC and LCNEC of the bladder, nominating it as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Akbulut
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Karissa Whiting
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Min-Yuen Teo
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jacob E Tallman
- Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Gamze Gokturk Ozcan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Merve Basar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Liwei Jia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rayan Rammal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jie-Fu Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Judy Sarungbam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ying-Bei Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anuradha Gopalan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Samson W Fine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Satish K Tickoo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marina Baine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Bernard H Bochner
- Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Eugene J Pietzak
- Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Dean F Bajorin
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan E Rosenberg
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Gopa Iyer
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David B Solit
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Victor E Reuter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Natasha Rekhtman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Irina Ostrovnaya
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Hikmat Al-Ahmadie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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Akbulut D, Al-Ahmadie H. Updates on Urinary Bladder Tumors With Neuroendocrine Features. Adv Anat Pathol 2024; 31:169-177. [PMID: 38523484 PMCID: PMC11006587 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The most common neuroendocrine tumor in the urinary bladder is small cell carcinoma, which can be pure or mixed with components of urothelial or other histologic subtypes. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder is rare and remains ill-defined but is increasingly recognized. Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor and paraganglioma can arise in the bladder but are very rare in this location. Recent advances in molecular characterization allowed for better classification and may offer improved stratification of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Akbulut
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hikmat Al-Ahmadie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY
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Chen P, Sun C, Wang H, Zhao W, Wu Y, Guo H, Zhou C, He Y. YAP1 expression is associated with survival and immunosuppression in small cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:636. [PMID: 37752152 PMCID: PMC10522695 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is considered a major breakthrough in the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), although its anti-tumor efficacy is limited. With a high degree of malignancy and high heterogeneity, SCLC is difficult to treat in the clinic. A new combination strategy is urgently needed to further improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with SCLC. By immunofluorescence, 100 SCLC patients in a local cohort were classified into the SCLC-A (high ASCL1 expression; n = 36), SCLC-N (high NEUROD1 expression; n = 32), SCLC-P (high POU2F3 expression; n = 14), and SCLC-Y (high YAP1 expression; n = 18) subtypes. Each SCLC molecular subtype represented different prognoses, tumor microenvironment traits, and immunotherapy sensitivities. Analysis of both the local and public cohorts suggested that the SCLC-Y subtype exhibited the worst clinical outcome (p < 0.05) when compared with other subtypes. SCLC with high YAP1 expression was characterized by high PD-L1 expression, high stromal score, T-cell functional impairment, and a close relationship with immune-related pathways. YAP1 upregulated PD-L1 expression and suppressed T cell activation, thus leading to immune evasion. In in vitro experiments, blockade of YAP1 promoted cancer cell apoptosis, immune cell proliferation, T-cell activation, and cytotoxic T-cell infiltration, thus further potentiating the efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with the SCLC-Y subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
- Tongji University, No 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglong Sun
- Radiotherapy Department, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, 230041, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
- Tongji University, No 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencheng Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
- Tongji University, No 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyue Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
- Tongji University, No 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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Gopal P, Petty A, Rogacki K, Bera T, Bareja R, Peacock CD, Abazeed ME. Multivalent state transitions shape the intratumoral composition of small cell lung carcinoma. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp8674. [PMID: 36516249 PMCID: PMC9750150 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp8674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Studies to date have not resolved how diverse transcriptional programs contribute to the intratumoral heterogeneity of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), an aggressive tumor associated with a dismal prognosis. Here, we identify distinct and commutable transcriptional states that confer discrete functional attributes in individual SCLC tumors. We combine an integrative approach comprising the transcriptomes of 52,975 single cells, high-resolution measurement of cell state dynamics at the single-cell level, and functional and correlative studies using treatment naïve xenografts with associated clinical outcomes. We show that individual SCLC tumors contain distinctive proportions of stable cellular states that are governed by bidirectional cell state transitions. Using drugs that target the epigenome, we reconfigure tumor state composition in part by altering individual state transition rates. Our results reveal new insights into how single-cell transition behaviors promote cell state equilibrium in SCLC and suggest that facile plasticity underlies its resistance to therapy and lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gopal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 251 E. Huron St., Galter Pavilion LC-178, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Aaron Petty
- Department of Translational Hematology Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic, 2111 East 96th St./NE-6, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kevin Rogacki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 251 E. Huron St., Galter Pavilion LC-178, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Titas Bera
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 251 E. Huron St., Galter Pavilion LC-178, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rohan Bareja
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Craig D. Peacock
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 2109 Adelbert Road, Biomedical Research Building 647B, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mohamed E. Abazeed
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 251 E. Huron St., Galter Pavilion LC-178, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior St./Lurie 7, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Keogh A, Finn S, Radonic T. Emerging Biomarkers and the Changing Landscape of Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153772. [PMID: 35954436 PMCID: PMC9367597 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive cancer representing 15% of all lung cancers. Unlike other types of lung cancer, treatments for SCLC have changed very little in the past 20 years and therefore, the survival rate remains low. This is due, in part, to the lack of understanding of the biological basis of this disease and the previous idea that all SCLCs are the same. Multiple recent studies have identified that SCLCs have varying biological activity and can be divided into four different groups. The advantage of this is that each of these four groups responds differently to new treatments, which hopefully will dramatically improve survival. Additionally, the aim of these new treatments is to specifically target these biological differences in SCLC so normal/non cancer cells are unaffected, leading to decreased side effects and a better quality of life. There is still a lot unknown about SCLC, but these new findings offer a glimmer of hope for patients in the future. Abstract Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a high-grade neuroendocrine malignancy with an aggressive behavior and dismal prognosis. 5-year overall survival remains a disappointing 7%. Genomically, SCLCs are homogeneous compared to non-small cell lung cancers and are characterized almost always by functional inactivation of RB1 and TP53 with no actionable mutations. Additionally, SCLCs histologically appear uniform. Thus, SCLCs are currently managed as a single disease with platinum-based chemotherapy remaining the cornerstone of treatment. Recent studies have identified expression of dominant transcriptional signatures which may permit classification of SCLCs into four biologically distinct subtypes, namely, SCLC-A, SCLC-N, SCLC-P, and SCLC-I. These groups are readily detectable by immunohistochemistry and also have potential predictive utility for emerging therapies, including PARPi, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and DLL3 targeted therapies. In contrast with their histology, studies have identified that SCLCs display both inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Identification of subpopulations of cells with high expression of PLCG2 has been linked with risk of metastasis. SCLCs also display subtype switching under therapy pressure which may contribute furthermore to metastatic ability and chemoresistance. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in the understanding of the biology of SCLCs, and discuss the potential diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment opportunities the four proposed subtypes may present for the future. We also discuss the emerging evidence of tumor heterogeneity and plasticity in SCLCs which have been implicated in metastasis and acquired therapeutic resistance seen in these aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Keogh
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
| | - Stephen Finn
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Teodora Radonic
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VUMC, University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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Kashima J, Okuma Y. Advances in biology and novel treatments of SCLC: The four-color problem in uncharted territory. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:386-395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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10
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Costanzo F, Martínez Diez M, Santamaría Nuñez G, Díaz-Hernandéz JI, Genes Robles CM, Díez Pérez J, Compe E, Ricci R, Li TK, Coin F, Martínez Leal JF, Garrido-Martin EM, Egly JM. Promoters of ASCL1- and NEUROD1-dependent genes are specific targets of lurbinectedin in SCLC cells. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14841. [PMID: 35263037 PMCID: PMC8988166 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Small‐Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine malignancy with a poor prognosis. Here, we focus on the neuroendocrine SCLC subtypes, SCLC‐A and SCLC‐N, whose transcription addiction was driven by ASCL1 and NEUROD1 transcription factors which target E‐box motifs to activate up to 40% of total genes, the promoters of which are maintained in a steadily open chromatin environment according to ATAC and H3K27Ac signatures. This leverage is used by the marine agent lurbinectedin, which preferentially targets the CpG islands located downstream of the transcription start site, thus arresting elongating RNAPII and promoting its degradation. This abrogates the expression of ASCL1 and NEUROD1 and of their dependent genes, such as BCL2, INSM1, MYC, and AURKA, which are responsible for relevant SCLC tumorigenic properties such as inhibition of apoptosis and cell survival, as well as for a part of its neuroendocrine features. In summary, we show how the transcription addiction of these cells becomes their Achilles’s heel, and how this is effectively exploited by lurbinectedin as a novel SCLC therapeutic endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Costanzo
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM/University of Strasbourg, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Strasbourg, France.,Cell Biology Department, Research and Development, Pharmamar SA, Colmenar Viejo, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez Diez
- Cell Biology Department, Research and Development, Pharmamar SA, Colmenar Viejo, Spain
| | - Gema Santamaría Nuñez
- Cell Biology Department, Research and Development, Pharmamar SA, Colmenar Viejo, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Mario Genes Robles
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM/University of Strasbourg, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Strasbourg, France
| | - Javier Díez Pérez
- Cell Biology Department, Research and Development, Pharmamar SA, Colmenar Viejo, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Compe
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM/University of Strasbourg, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Romeo Ricci
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM/University of Strasbourg, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tsai-Kun Li
- College of Medicine, Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei city, Taiwan
| | - Frédéric Coin
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM/University of Strasbourg, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Jean Marc Egly
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM/University of Strasbourg, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Strasbourg, France.,College of Medicine, Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei city, Taiwan
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11
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Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a rapidly growing, highly metastatic, and relatively immune-cold lung cancer subtype. Historically viewed in the laboratory and clinic as a single disease, new discoveries suggest that SCLC comprises multiple molecular subsets. Expression of MYC family members and lineage-related transcription factors ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3 (and, in some studies, YAP1) define unique molecular states that have been associated with distinct responses to a variety of therapies. However, SCLC tumors exhibit a high degree of intratumoral heterogeneity, with recent studies suggesting the existence of tumor cell plasticity and phenotypic switching between subtype states. While SCLC plasticity is correlated with, and likely drives, therapeutic resistance, the mechanisms underlying this plasticity are still largely unknown. Subtype states are also associated with immune-related gene expression, which likely impacts response to immune checkpoint blockade and may reveal novel targets for alternative immunotherapeutic approaches. In this review, we synthesize recent discoveries on the mechanisms of SCLC plasticity and how these processes may impinge on antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate D Sutherland
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF) Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Abbie S Ireland
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Trudy G Oliver
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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12
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Righi L, Volante M, Papotti M. Small-Cell Carcinoma of the Lung: What We Learned about It? Acta Cytol 2021; 66:257-268. [PMID: 34784591 DOI: 10.1159/000519688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a high-grade aggressive disease that belongs to the neuroendocrine (NE) group of lung tumors that also includes typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, and large-cell NE carcinoma. SCLC has specific histological diagnostic criteria that are sometimes troublesome to be assessed in cytological samples that indeed represent the most frequent source of diagnostic material due to the typical advanced presentation at the onset of SCLC. However, cytological preparations could be in some instances more reliable than histology due to the better preservation of nuclear details. Cytological criteria for diagnosis of SCLC include high cellularity, small cell size, scant cytoplasm, coarsely granulated chromatin with "salt-and-pepper" appearance, inconspicuous or absent nucleoli, Azzopardi crush effect, and necrotic debris in the background. Despite being distinctive, these features could be incomplete to differentiate SCLC with other small-cell neoplasia. Therefore, immunocytochemical determination of diagnostic biomarkers is crucial to achieve a confident diagnosis. Furthermore, recent findings on molecular and transcriptomic studies of SCLC revealed the potential rise of new predictive and prognostic biomarkers that, whenever validated by immunocytochemistry, may potentially assist to tailor the best therapy, including immune checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisella Righi
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Torino at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Marco Volante
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Torino at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Torino at City of Health and Science, Torino, Italy,
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13
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Cejas P, Xie Y, Font-Tello A, Lim K, Syamala S, Qiu X, Tewari AK, Shah N, Nguyen HM, Patel RA, Brown L, Coleman I, Hackeng WM, Brosens L, Dreijerink KMA, Ellis L, Alaiwi SA, Seo JH, Baca S, Beltran H, Khani F, Pomerantz M, Dall'Agnese A, Crowdis J, Van Allen EM, Bellmunt J, Morrisey C, Nelson PS, DeCaprio J, Farago A, Dyson N, Drapkin B, Liu XS, Freedman M, Haffner MC, Corey E, Brown M, Long HW. Subtype heterogeneity and epigenetic convergence in neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5775. [PMID: 34599169 PMCID: PMC8486778 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26042-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) are tumors expressing markers of neuronal differentiation that can arise at different anatomic sites but have strong histological and clinical similarities. Here we report the chromatin landscapes of a range of human NECs and show convergence to the activation of a common epigenetic program. With a particular focus on treatment emergent neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), we analyze cell lines, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and human clinical samples to show the existence of two distinct NEPC subtypes based on the expression of the neuronal transcription factors ASCL1 and NEUROD1. While in cell lines and PDX models these subtypes are mutually exclusive, single-cell analysis of human clinical samples exhibits a more complex tumor structure with subtypes coexisting as separate sub-populations within the same tumor. These tumor sub-populations differ genetically and epigenetically contributing to intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity in human metastases. Overall, our results provide a deeper understanding of the shared clinicopathological characteristics shown by NECs. Furthermore, the intratumoral heterogeneity of human NEPCs suggests the requirement of simultaneous targeting of coexisting tumor populations as a therapeutic strategy. Neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) arise from different anatomic sites, but have similar histological and clinical features. Here, the authors show that the epigenetic landscape of a range of NECs converges towards a common epigenetic state, while distinct subtypes occur within neuroendocrine prostate cancer contributing to intratumor heterogeneity in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Cejas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. .,Translational Oncology Laboratory, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ) and CIBERONC, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Yingtian Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alba Font-Tello
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Klothilda Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudeepa Syamala
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xintao Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alok K Tewari
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Neel Shah
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Holly M Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Radhika A Patel
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisha Brown
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ilsa Coleman
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wenzel M Hackeng
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk Brosens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Leigh Ellis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Abou Alaiwi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ji-Heui Seo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sylvan Baca
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca Khani
- Weill Cornell Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Pomerantz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jett Crowdis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and PSMAR-IMIM Lab. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Colm Morrisey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Farago
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas Dyson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Drapkin
- Nancy B. and Jake L. Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Dallas, TX, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - X Shirley Liu
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Freedman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Henry W Long
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Pearson JD, Huang K, Pacal M, McCurdy SR, Lu S, Aubry A, Yu T, Wadosky KM, Zhang L, Wang T, Gregorieff A, Ahmad M, Dimaras H, Langille E, Cole SPC, Monnier PP, Lok BH, Tsao MS, Akeno N, Schramek D, Wikenheiser-Brokamp KA, Knudsen ES, Witkiewicz AK, Wrana JL, Goodrich DW, Bremner R. Binary pan-cancer classes with distinct vulnerabilities defined by pro- or anti-cancer YAP/TEAD activity. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:1115-1134.e12. [PMID: 34270926 PMCID: PMC8981970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer heterogeneity impacts therapeutic response, driving efforts to discover over-arching rules that supersede variability. Here, we define pan-cancer binary classes based on distinct expression of YAP and YAP-responsive adhesion regulators. Combining informatics with in vivo and in vitro gain- and loss-of-function studies across multiple murine and human tumor types, we show that opposite pro- or anti-cancer YAP activity functionally defines binary YAPon or YAPoff cancer classes that express or silence YAP, respectively. YAPoff solid cancers are neural/neuroendocrine and frequently RB1-/-, such as retinoblastoma, small cell lung cancer, and neuroendocrine prostate cancer. YAP silencing is intrinsic to the cell of origin, or acquired with lineage switching and drug resistance. The binary cancer groups exhibit distinct YAP-dependent adhesive behavior and pharmaceutical vulnerabilities, underscoring clinical relevance. Mechanistically, distinct YAP/TEAD enhancers in YAPoff or YAPon cancers deploy anti-cancer integrin or pro-cancer proliferative programs, respectively. YAP is thus pivotal across cancer, but in opposite ways, with therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Pearson
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A9, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Katherine Huang
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Marek Pacal
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Sean R McCurdy
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Suying Lu
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Arthur Aubry
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A9, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tao Yu
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Kristine M Wadosky
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Letian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alex Gregorieff
- Department of Pathology, McGill University and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, ON H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Mohammad Ahmad
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Helen Dimaras
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A9, Canada; The Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, Child Health Evaluative Sciences Program, and Center for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Division of Clinical Public Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Ellen Langille
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Susan P C Cole
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Philippe P Monnier
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A9, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, Vision Division, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Benjamin H Lok
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Nagako Akeno
- Division of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Daniel Schramek
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kathryn A Wikenheiser-Brokamp
- Division of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; The Perinatal Institute Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Erik S Knudsen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Agnieszka K Witkiewicz
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David W Goodrich
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Rod Bremner
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A9, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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15
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Yang X, Nanayakkara J, Claypool D, Saghafinia S, Wong JJM, Xu M, Wang X, Nicol CJB, Michael IP, Hafner M, Yang X, Renwick N. A miR-375/YAP axis regulates neuroendocrine differentiation and tumorigenesis in lung carcinoid cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10455. [PMID: 34001972 PMCID: PMC8129150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung carcinoids are variably aggressive and mechanistically understudied neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). Here, we identified and elucidated the function of a miR-375/yes-associated protein (YAP) axis in lung carcinoid (H727) cells. miR-375 and YAP are respectively high and low expressed in wild-type H727 cells. Following lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9-mediated miR-375 depletion, we identified distinct transcriptomic changes including dramatic YAP upregulation. We also observed a significant decrease in neuroendocrine differentiation and substantial reductions in cell proliferation, transformation, and tumor growth in cell culture and xenograft mouse disease models. Similarly, YAP overexpression resulted in distinct and partially overlapping transcriptomic changes, phenocopying the effects of miR-375 depletion in the same models as above. Transient YAP knockdown in miR-375-depleted cells reversed the effects of miR-375 on neuroendocrine differentiation and cell proliferation. Pathways analysis and confirmatory real-time PCR studies of shared dysregulated target genes indicate that this axis controls neuroendocrine related functions such as neural differentiation, exocytosis, and secretion. Taken together, we provide compelling evidence that a miR-375/YAP axis is a critical mediator of neuroendocrine differentiation and tumorigenesis in lung carcinoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Yang
- grid.410356.50000 0004 1936 8331Laboratory of Translational RNA Biology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, 88 Stuart St, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Jina Nanayakkara
- grid.410356.50000 0004 1936 8331Laboratory of Translational RNA Biology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, 88 Stuart St, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Duncan Claypool
- grid.420086.80000 0001 2237 2479Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, NIAMS, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Sadegh Saghafinia
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Justin J. M. Wong
- grid.410356.50000 0004 1936 8331Laboratory of Translational RNA Biology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, 88 Stuart St, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Minqi Xu
- grid.410356.50000 0004 1936 8331Laboratory of Translational RNA Biology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, 88 Stuart St, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Xiantao Wang
- grid.420086.80000 0001 2237 2479Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, NIAMS, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Christopher J. B. Nicol
- grid.410356.50000 0004 1936 8331Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, 88 Stuart St, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada ,Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen’s Cancer Research Institute, 10 Stuart St, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Iacovos P. Michael
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Markus Hafner
- grid.420086.80000 0001 2237 2479Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, NIAMS, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- grid.410356.50000 0004 1936 8331Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, 88 Stuart St, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Neil Renwick
- grid.410356.50000 0004 1936 8331Laboratory of Translational RNA Biology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, 88 Stuart St, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
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16
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Schwendenwein A, Megyesfalvi Z, Barany N, Valko Z, Bugyik E, Lang C, Ferencz B, Paku S, Lantos A, Fillinger J, Rezeli M, Marko-Varga G, Bogos K, Galffy G, Renyi-Vamos F, Hoda MA, Klepetko W, Hoetzenecker K, Laszlo V, Dome B. Molecular profiles of small cell lung cancer subtypes: therapeutic implications. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 20:470-483. [PMID: 33718595 PMCID: PMC7917449 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC; accounting for approximately 13%-15% of all lung cancers) is an exceptionally lethal malignancy characterized by rapid doubling time and high propensity to metastasize. In contrast to the increasingly personalized therapies in other types of lung cancer, SCLC is still regarded as a homogeneous disease and the prognosis of SCLC patients remains poor. Recently, however, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of SCLC biology. Advances in genomics and development of new preclinical models have facilitated insights into the intratumoral heterogeneity and specific genetic alterations of this disease. This worldwide resurgence of studies on SCLC has ultimately led to the development of novel subtype-specific classifications primarily based on the neuroendocrine features and distinct molecular profiles of SCLC. Importantly, these biologically distinct subtypes might define unique therapeutic vulnerabilities. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on the molecular profiles of SCLC subtypes with a focus on their potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schwendenwein
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zsolt Megyesfalvi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nandor Barany
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Valko
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edina Bugyik
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christian Lang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bence Ferencz
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sandor Paku
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Lantos
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Fillinger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Melinda Rezeli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gyorgy Marko-Varga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Krisztina Bogos
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Galffy
- Torokbalint County Institute of Pulmonology, 2045 Torokbalint, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Renyi-Vamos
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mir Alireza Hoda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Laszlo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Dome
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
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17
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Hann CL. Small Cell Lung Cancer: Biology Advances. Lung Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74028-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Ikematsu Y, Tanaka K, Toyokawa G, Ijichi K, Ando N, Yoneshima Y, Iwama E, Inoue H, Tagawa T, Nakanishi Y, Okamoto I. NEUROD1 is highly expressed in extensive-disease small cell lung cancer and promotes tumor cell migration. Lung Cancer 2020; 146:97-104. [PMID: 32526603 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) manifests high-grade neuroendocrine features, and the transcription factors ASCL1 and NEUROD1 play an important role in the survival and growth as well as contribute to the heterogeneity of SCLC cells. The relative abundance of ASCL1 and NEUROD1 mRNAs differs among human SCLC cell lines, but the expression pattern of the encoded proteins in clinical SCLC specimens and its relation to clinicopathologic characteristics of patients have been unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed tumor specimens collected from 95 previously untreated SCLC patients between June 1988 and December 2017 for ASCL1 and NEUROD1 expression by immunohistochemical staining. We also examined the effects of overexpression or depletion of NEUROD1 on cell migration in SCLC cell lines. RESULTS Overall survival did not differ significantly between SCLC patients with a high or low expression score for ASCL1 or NEUROD1 in their tumor samples. The staining score for NEUROD1 was significantly higher in extensive-disease (ED) samples than in limited-disease (LD) samples (median of 160 versus 80 out of a maximum of 300, P = 0.0389), and the proportion of tumors with an ASCL1highNEUROD1low phenotype was smaller for ED-SCLC. Overexpression or depletion of NEUROD1 in SCLC cell lines promoted or attenuated cell migratory activity, respectively. CONCLUSION Our clinical and experimental data indicate that the expression of NEUROD1 is increased in ED-SCLC and promotes the migration of SCLC cells. NEUROD1 might thus contribute to metastasis in ED-SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ikematsu
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Goji Toyokawa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kayo Ijichi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Ando
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuto Yoneshima
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Iwama
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuzo Tagawa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakanishi
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Isamu Okamoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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19
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Poirier JT, George J, Owonikoko TK, Berns A, Brambilla E, Byers LA, Carbone D, Chen HJ, Christensen CL, Dive C, Farago AF, Govindan R, Hann C, Hellmann MD, Horn L, Johnson JE, Ju YS, Kang S, Krasnow M, Lee J, Lee SH, Lehman J, Lok B, Lovly C, MacPherson D, McFadden D, Minna J, Oser M, Park K, Park KS, Pommier Y, Quaranta V, Ready N, Sage J, Scagliotti G, Sos ML, Sutherland KD, Travis WD, Vakoc CR, Wait SJ, Wistuba I, Wong KK, Zhang H, Daigneault J, Wiens J, Rudin CM, Oliver TG. New Approaches to SCLC Therapy: From the Laboratory to the Clinic. J Thorac Oncol 2020; 15:520-540. [PMID: 32018053 PMCID: PMC7263769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The outcomes of patients with SCLC have not yet been substantially impacted by the revolution in precision oncology, primarily owing to a paucity of genetic alterations in actionable driver oncogenes. Nevertheless, systemic therapies that include immunotherapy are beginning to show promise in the clinic. Although, these results are encouraging, many patients do not respond to, or rapidly recur after, current regimens, necessitating alternative or complementary therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss ongoing investigations into the pathobiology of this recalcitrant cancer and the therapeutic vulnerabilities that are exposed by the disease state. Included within this discussion, is a snapshot of the current biomarker and clinical trial landscapes for SCLC. Finally, we identify key knowledge gaps that should be addressed to advance the field in pursuit of reduced SCLC mortality. This review largely summarizes work presented at the Third Biennial International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer SCLC Meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Poirier
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Julie George
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne Germany
| | | | - Anton Berns
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Caroline Dive
- Cancer Research United Kingdom, Manchester Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anna F Farago
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Christine Hann
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Leora Horn
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Sumin Kang
- Emory University, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mark Krasnow
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - James Lee
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Se-Hoon Lee
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Benjamin Lok
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - John Minna
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Matthew Oser
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keunchil Park
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Yves Pommier
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Julien Sage
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Martin L Sos
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne Germany; Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kate D Sutherland
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | | | | | - Sarah J Wait
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Kwok Kin Wong
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Hua Zhang
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Jillian Daigneault
- International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jacinta Wiens
- International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Trudy G Oliver
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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20
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Mak DW, Li S, Minchom A. Challenging the recalcitrant disease—developing molecularly driven treatments for small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cancer 2019; 119:132-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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21
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Rudin CM, Poirier JT, Byers LA, Dive C, Dowlati A, George J, Heymach JV, Johnson JE, Lehman JM, MacPherson D, Massion PP, Minna JD, Oliver TG, Quaranta V, Sage J, Thomas RK, Vakoc CR, Gazdar AF. Molecular subtypes of small cell lung cancer: a synthesis of human and mouse model data. Nat Rev Cancer 2019; 19:289-297. [PMID: 30926931 PMCID: PMC6538259 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 642] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an exceptionally lethal malignancy for which more effective therapies are urgently needed. Several lines of evidence, from SCLC primary human tumours, patient-derived xenografts, cancer cell lines and genetically engineered mouse models, appear to be converging on a new model of SCLC subtypes defined by differential expression of four key transcription regulators: achaete-scute homologue 1 (ASCL1; also known as ASH1), neurogenic differentiation factor 1 (NeuroD1), yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and POU class 2 homeobox 3 (POU2F3). In this Perspectives article, we review and synthesize these recent lines of evidence and propose a working nomenclature for SCLC subtypes defined by relative expression of these four factors. Defining the unique therapeutic vulnerabilities of these subtypes of SCLC should help to focus and accelerate therapeutic research, leading to rationally targeted approaches that may ultimately improve clinical outcomes for patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John T Poirier
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jane E Johnson
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - John D Minna
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Trudy G Oliver
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Vito Quaranta
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Adi F Gazdar
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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22
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Sabari JK, Lok BH, Laird JH, Poirier JT, Rudin CM. Unravelling the biology of SCLC: implications for therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14:549-561. [PMID: 28534531 PMCID: PMC5843484 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy associated with a poor prognosis. First-line treatment has remained unchanged for decades, and a paucity of effective treatment options exists for recurrent disease. Nonetheless, advances in our understanding of SCLC biology have led to the development of novel experimental therapies. Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have shown promise in preclinical models, and are under clinical investigation in combination with cytotoxic therapies and inhibitors of cell-cycle checkpoints.Preclinical data indicate that targeting of histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2, a regulator of chromatin remodelling implicated in acquired therapeutic resistance, might augment and prolong chemotherapy responses. High expression of the inhibitory Notch ligand Delta-like protein 3 (DLL3) in most SCLCs has been linked to expression of Achaete-scute homologue 1 (ASCL1; also known as ASH-1), a key transcription factor driving SCLC oncogenesis; encouraging preclinical and clinical activity has been demonstrated for an anti-DLL3-antibody-drug conjugate. The immune microenvironment of SCLC seems to be distinct from that of other solid tumours, with few tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and low levels of the immune-checkpoint protein programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1). Nonetheless, immunotherapy with immune-checkpoint inhibitors holds promise for patients with this disease, independent of PD-L1 status. Herein, we review the progress made in uncovering aspects of the biology of SCLC and its microenvironment that are defining new therapeutic strategies and offering renewed hope for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Sabari
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Benjamin H Lok
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - James H Laird
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 1st Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - John T Poirier
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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23
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Borromeo MD, Savage TK, Kollipara RK, He M, Augustyn A, Osborne JK, Girard L, Minna JD, Gazdar AF, Cobb MH, Johnson JE. ASCL1 and NEUROD1 Reveal Heterogeneity in Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors and Regulate Distinct Genetic Programs. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1259-1272. [PMID: 27452466 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a high-grade pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor. The transcription factors ASCL1 and NEUROD1 play crucial roles in promoting malignant behavior and survival of human SCLC cell lines. Here, we find that ASCL1 and NEUROD1 identify heterogeneity in SCLC, bind distinct genomic loci, and regulate mostly distinct genes. ASCL1, but not NEUROD1, is present in mouse pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, and only ASCL1 is required in vivo for tumor formation in mouse models of SCLC. ASCL1 targets oncogenic genes including MYCL1, RET, SOX2, and NFIB while NEUROD1 targets MYC. ASCL1 and NEUROD1 regulate different genes that commonly contribute to neuronal function. ASCL1 also regulates multiple genes in the NOTCH pathway including DLL3. Together, ASCL1 and NEUROD1 distinguish heterogeneity in SCLC with distinct genomic landscapes and distinct gene expression programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Borromeo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Trisha K Savage
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rahul K Kollipara
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Min He
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alexander Augustyn
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jihan K Osborne
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luc Girard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John D Minna
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Adi F Gazdar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jane E Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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24
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Jia S, Wildner H, Birchmeier C. Insm1 controls the differentiation of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells by repressing Hes1. Dev Biol 2015; 408:90-8. [PMID: 26453796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial progenitor cells of the lung generate all cell types of the mature airway epithelium, among them the neuroendocrine cells. The balance between formation of pulmonary neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine cells is controlled by Notch signaling. The Notch target gene Hes1 is expressed by non-neuroendocrine and absent in neuroendocrine cells. The transcription factor Ascl1 is expressed in a complementary pattern and provides key regulatory information that specifies the neuroendocrine cell fate. The molecular events that occur after the induction of the neuroendocrine differentiation program have received little attention. Here we show that Insm1 is expressed in pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, and that Insm1 expression is not initiated in the lung of Ascl1 mutant mice. We use mouse genetics to show that pulmonary neuroendocrine cells depend on Insm1 for their differentiation. Mutation of Insm1 blocks terminal differentiation, upregulates Hes1 protein in neuroendocrine cells and interferes with maintenance of Ascl1 expression. We show that Insm1 binds to the Hes1 promoter and represses Hes1, and we propose that the Insm1-dependent Hes1 repression is required for neuroendocrine development. Our work demonstrates that Insm1 is a key factor regulating differentiation of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Jia
- Developmental Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Wildner
- Developmental Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Developmental Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Poonyagariyagorn HK, Metzger S, Dikeman D, Mercado AL, Malinina A, Calvi C, McGrath-Morrow S, Neptune ER. Superoxide dismutase 3 dysregulation in a murine model of neonatal lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:380-90. [PMID: 24673633 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0043oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a common chronic respiratory disease that occurs after premature birth, is believed to be secondary to oxidative damage from hyperoxia and inflammation, which leads to impaired alveolar formation and chronic lung dysfunction. We hypothesized that extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD)3, an antioxidant uniquely targeted to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and alveolar fluid, might have a different response (down-regulation) to hyperoxic injury and recovery in room air (RA), thereby contributing to the persistent airspace injury and inflammation. We used a murine BPD model using postnatal hyperoxia (O2) (4 or 5 d) followed by short-term recovery (14 d) in RA, which mimics the durable effects after injury during alveolar development. This was associated with significantly increased mRNA expression for antioxidant genes mediated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) in the O2 (n = 4) versus RA group (n = 5). SOD3, an Nrf2-independent antioxidant, was significantly reduced in the O2-exposed mice compared with RA. Immunohistochemistry revealed decreased and disrupted SOD3 deposition in the alveolar ECM of O2-exposed mice. Furthermore, this distinct hyperoxic antioxidant and injury profile was reproducible in murine lung epithelial 12 cells exposed to O2. Overexpression of SOD3 rescued the injury measures in the O2-exposed cells. We establish that reduced SOD3 expression correlates with alveolar injury measures in the recovered neonatal hyperoxic lung, and SOD3 overexpression attenuates hyperoxic injury in an alveolar epithelial cell line. Such findings suggest a candidate mechanism for the pathogenesis of BPD that may lead to targeted interventions.
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26
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Osborne JK, Guerra ML, Gonzales JX, McMillan EA, Minna JD, Cobb MH. NeuroD1 mediates nicotine-induced migration and invasion via regulation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in a subset of neural and neuroendocrine carcinomas. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1782-92. [PMID: 24719457 PMCID: PMC4038504 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-06-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine up-regulates NeuroD1 in bronchial epithelial cells and certain undifferentiated carcinomas. NeuroD1 enhances expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits. Increased invasion in Matrigel depends on these receptor subunits. Nicotine may induce positive feedback through NeuroD1 and increased expression of its own receptor. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for acquisition of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). A role has been demonstrated for the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor NeuroD1 in the pathogenesis of neural and neuroendocrine lung cancer, including SCLC. In the present study we investigate the possible function of NeuroD1 in established tumors, as well as actions early on in pathogenesis, in response to nicotine. We demonstrate that nicotine up-regulates NeuroD1 in immortalized normal bronchial epithelial cells and a subset of undifferentiated carcinomas. Increased expression of NeuroD1 subsequently leads to regulation of expression and function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit cluster of α3, α5, and β4. In addition, we find that coordinated expression of these subunits by NeuroD1 leads to enhanced nicotine-induced migration and invasion, likely through changes in intracellular calcium. These findings suggest that aspects of the pathogenesis of neural and neuroendocrine lung cancers may be affected by a nicotine- and NeuroD1-induced positive feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihan K Osborne
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
| | - Marcy L Guerra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
| | - Joshua X Gonzales
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
| | - Elizabeth A McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
| | - John D Minna
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9041Hamon Cancer Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9041
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27
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Wang Y, Su DW, Gao L, Ding GL, Ni CR, Zhu MH. Effect of NeuroD gene silencing on the migration and invasion of human pancreatic cancer cells PANC-1. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 69:487-94. [PMID: 24464628 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9822-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of Lenti-EGFP-NeuroD-miR, RNAi lentiviral expression vector, on the expression level of NeuroD and migration, and invasion of PANC-1 cell line. PANC-1 cells were cultured and cotransfected with Lenti-EGFP-NeuroD-miR and Lenti-GFP. The infection rate of lentivirus was determined by fluorescence. The interfering effection by the expression of NeuroD mRNA in PANC-1 cells was analyzed by real-time PCR after transfected. Biological behavior of PANC-1 cells transinfected was observed, and the migration and invasion were studied by transwell assay. Intrapancreatic allografts model in nude mice was established to observe the effects of NeuroD on tumorigenesis, tumor growth, and invasion in vivo. The expression of NeuroD mRNA decreased significantly after RNAi lentivirus transinfecting PANC-1 cell. The cell's migration and invasion ability decreased obviously as soon as down regulate of NeuroD in PANC-1 cells. Comparing with control group, the tumors were smaller in size and the invasiveness was inhibited after 8 weeks intrapancreatic allografts in nude mice. Lenti-EGFP-NeuroD-miR transfected into PANC-1 cells shows a stable, effective, and especial blocking expression of NeuroD in mRNA level. The RNAi of lentiviral vector target NeuroD can reduce the migration and invasion abilities of PANC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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28
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Sunday ME. Oxygen, gastrin-releasing Peptide, and pediatric lung disease: life in the balance. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:72. [PMID: 25101250 PMCID: PMC4103080 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive oxygen (O2) can cause tissue injury, scarring, aging, and even death. Our laboratory is studying O2-sensing pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) and the PNEC-derived product gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from exposure to hyperoxia, ozone, or ionizing radiation (RT) can induce PNEC degranulation and GRP secretion. PNEC degranulation is also induced by hypoxia, and effects of hypoxia are mediated by free radicals. We have determined that excessive GRP leads to lung injury with acute and chronic inflammation, leading to pulmonary fibrosis (PF), triggered via ROS exposure or by directly treating mice with exogenous GRP. In animal models, GRP-blockade abrogates lung injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. The optimal time frame for GRP-blockade and the key target cell types remain to be determined. The concept of GRP as a mediator of ROS-induced tissue damage represents a paradigm shift about how O2 can cause injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. The host PNEC response in vivo may depend on individual ROS sensing mechanisms and subsequent GRP secretion. Ongoing scientific and clinical investigations promise to further clarify the molecular pathways and clinical relevance of GRP in the pathogenesis of diverse pediatric lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Sunday
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA
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29
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Liu L, Kugler MC, Loomis CA, Samdani R, Zhao Z, Chen GJ, Brandt JP, Brownell I, Joyner AL, Rom WN, Munger JS. Hedgehog signaling in neonatal and adult lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 48:703-10. [PMID: 23371063 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0347oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling is essential during embryonic lung development, but its role in postnatal lung development and adult lung are not known. Using Gli1(nlacZ) reporter mice to identify cells with active Hh signaling, we found that Gli1(nlacZ)-positive mesenchymal cells are densely and diffusely present up to 2 weeks after birth and decline in number thereafter. In adult mice, Gli1(nlacZ)-positive cells are present around large airways and vessels and are sparse in alveolar septa. Hh-stimulated cells are mostly fibroblasts; only 10% of Gli1(nlacZ)-positive cells are smooth muscle cells, and most smooth muscle cells do not have activation of Hh signaling. To assess its functional relevance, we influenced Hh signaling in the developing postnatal lung and adult injured lung. Inhibition of Hh signaling during early postnatal lung development causes airspace enlargement without diminished alveolar septation. After bleomycin injury in the adult lung, there are abundant Gli1(nlacZ)-positive mesenchymal cells in fibrotic lesions and increased numbers of Gli1(nlacZ)-positive cells in preserved alveolar septa. Inhibition of Hh signaling with an antibody against all Hedgehog isoforms does not reduce bleomycin-induced fibrosis, but adenovirus-mediated overexpression of Shh increases collagen production in this model. Our data provide strong evidence that Hh signaling can regulate lung stromal cell function in two critical scenarios: normal development in postnatal lung and lung fibrosis in adult lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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30
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Poirier JT, Dobromilskaya I, Moriarty WF, Peacock CD, Hann CL, Rudin CM. Selective tropism of Seneca Valley virus for variant subtype small cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105:1059-65. [PMID: 23739064 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the efficacy of Seneca Valley virus (SVV-001), a neuroendocrine cancer-selective oncolytic picornavirus, in primary heterotransplant mouse models of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), including three lines each of classic and variant SCLC. Half-maximal effective concentrations for cell lines derived from three variant heterotransplants ranged from 1.6×10(-3) (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1×10(-3) to 2.5×10(-3)) to 3.9×10(-3) (95% CI = 2.8×10(-3) to 5.5×10(-3)). Sustained tumor growth inhibition in vivo was only observed in variant lines (two-sided Student t test, P < .005 for each). Doses of 10(14) vp/kg were able to completely and durably eradicate tumors in a variant SCLC heterotransplant model in two of six mice. Gene expression profiling revealed that permissive lines are typified by lower expression of the early neurogenic transcription factor ASCL1 and, conversely, by higher expression of the late neurogenic transcription factor NEUROD1. This classifier demonstrates a sensitivity of .89, specificity of .92, and accuracy of .91. The NEUROD1 to ASCL1 ratio may serve as a predictive biomarker of SVV-001 efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Poirier
- Sidney Kimmel Compre hensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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31
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Zhang S, Loch AJ, Radtke F, Egan SE, Xu K. Jagged1 is the major regulator of notch-dependent cell fate in proximal airways. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:678-86. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shubing Zhang
- Cancer Institute; University of Mississippi Medical Center; Jackson; Mississippi
| | - Amanda J. Loch
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and the Department of Molecular Genetics; The University of Toronto; Toronto; Canada
| | - Freddy Radtke
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC); Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - Sean E. Egan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and the Department of Molecular Genetics; The University of Toronto; Toronto; Canada
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NeuroD1 regulates survival and migration of neuroendocrine lung carcinomas via signaling molecules TrkB and NCAM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6524-9. [PMID: 23553831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303932110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer and other aggressive neuroendocrine cancers are often associated with early dissemination and frequent metastases. We demonstrate that neurogenic differentiation 1 (NeuroD1) is a regulatory hub securing cross talk among survival and migratory-inducing signaling pathways in neuroendocrine lung carcinomas. We find that NeuroD1 promotes tumor cell survival and metastasis in aggressive neuroendocrine lung tumors through regulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB). Like TrkB, the prometastatic signaling molecule neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is a downstream target of NeuroD1, whose impaired expression mirrors loss of NeuroD1. TrkB and NCAM may be therapeutic targets for aggressive neuroendocrine cancers that express NeuroD1.
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Kalari S, Jung M, Kernstine KH, Takahashi T, Pfeifer GP. The DNA methylation landscape of small cell lung cancer suggests a differentiation defect of neuroendocrine cells. Oncogene 2012; 32:3559-68. [PMID: 22907430 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a disease characterized by aggressive clinical behavior and lack of effective therapy. Owing to its tendency for early dissemination, only a third of patients have limited-stage disease at the time of diagnosis. SCLC is thought to derive from pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. Although several molecular abnormalities in SCLC have been described, there are relatively few studies on epigenetic alterations in this type of tumor. Here, we have used methylation profiling with the methylated-CpG island recovery assay in combination with microarrays and conducted the first genome-scale analysis of methylation changes that occur in primary SCLC and SCLC cell lines. Among the hundreds of tumor-specifically methylated genes discovered, we identified 73 gene targets that are methylated in >77% of primary SCLC tumors, most of which have never been linked to aberrant methylation in tumors. These methylated targets have potential for biomarker development for early detection and therapeutic management of SCLC. SCLC cell lines had a greater number of hypermethylated genes than primary tumors. Gene ontology analysis indicated a significant enrichment of methylated genes functioning as transcription factors and in processes of neuronal differentiation. Motif analysis of tumor-specific methylated regions identified enrichment of binding sites for several neural cell fate-specifying transcription factors including NEUROD1, HAND1, ZNF423 and REST. We hypothesize that two potential mechanisms, loss of cell fate-determining transcription factors by methylation of their promoters and functional inactivation of their corresponding genomic-binding sites by DNA methylation, can promote a differentiation defect of neuroendocrine cells thus enhancing the ability of tumor progenitor cells to transition toward SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kalari
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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Rawlins EL, Perl AK. The a"MAZE"ing world of lung-specific transgenic mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:269-82. [PMID: 22180870 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0372ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of transgenic mouse lines suitable for studying gene function and cellular lineage relationships in lung development, homeostasis, injury, and repair. Many of the mouse strains reviewed in this Perspective have been widely shared within the lung research community, and new strains are continuously being developed. There are many transgenic lines that target subsets of lung cells, but it remains a challenge for investigators to select the correct transgenic modules for their experiment. This review covers the tetracycline- and tamoxifen-inducible systems and focuses on conditional lines that target the epithelial cells. We point out the limitations of each strain so investigators can choose the system that will work best for their scientific question. Current mesenchymal and endothelial lines are limited by the fact that they are not lung specific. These lines are summarized in a brief overview. In addition, useful transgenic reporter mice for studying lineage relationships, promoter activity, and signaling pathways will complete our lung-specific conditional transgenic mouse shopping list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Rawlins
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, Divisions of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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Coordinate activation of inflammatory gene networks, alveolar destruction and neonatal death in AKNA deficient mice. Cell Res 2011; 21:1564-77. [PMID: 21606955 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression can be regulated by chromatin modifiers, transcription factors and proteins that modulate DNA architecture. Among the latter, AT-hook transcription factors have emerged as multifaceted regulators that can activate or repress broad A/T-rich gene networks. Thus, alterations of AT-hook genes could affect the transcription of multiple genes causing global cell dysfunction. Here we report that targeted deletions of mouse AKNA, a hypothetical AT-hook-like transcription factor, sensitize mice to pathogen-induced inflammation and cause sudden neonatal death. Compared with wild-type littermates, AKNA KO mice appeared weak, failed to thrive and most died by postnatal day 10. Systemic inflammation, predominantly in the lungs, was accompanied by enhanced leukocyte infiltration and alveolar destruction. Cytologic, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses revealed CD11b(+)Gr1(+) neutrophils as major tissue infiltrators, neutrophilic granule protein, cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide and S100A8/9 as neutrophil-specific chemoattracting factors, interleukin-1β and interferon-γ as proinflammatory mediators, and matrix metalloprotease 9 as a plausible proteolytic trigger of alveolar damage. AKNA KO bone marrow transplants in wild-type recipients reproduced the severe pathogen-induced reactions and confirmed the involvement of neutrophils in acute inflammation. Moreover, promoter/reporter experiments showed that AKNA could act as a gene repressor. Our results support the concept of coordinated pathway-specific gene regulation functions modulating the intensity of inflammatory responses, reveal neutrophils as prominent mediators of acute inflammation and suggest mechanisms underlying the triggering of acute and potentially fatal immune reactions.
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Glasser SW, Hardie WD, Hagood JS. Pathogenesis of Interstitial Lung Disease in Children and Adults. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY IMMUNOLOGY AND PULMONOLOGY 2010; 23:9-14. [PMID: 22087431 DOI: 10.1089/ped.2010.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) occur across the lifespan, from birth to advanced age. However, the causes, clinical manifestations, histopathology, and management of ILD differ greatly among infants, older children, and adults. The historical approach of classifying childhood ILD (chILD) using adult classification schemes may therefore have done more harm than good. Nevertheless, identification of novel forms of chILD in the past decade, such as surfactant metabolism dysfunction disorders and neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI), as well as genomic analysis of adult ILDs, has taught us that identical genotypes may result in distinct phenotypes at different ages and developmental stages, and that lung developmental pathways and cellular phenotypes are often recapitulated in adult ILDs. Thus comparison of the pathophysiology of ILD in children and adults in the context of lung development is useful in understanding the pathogenesis of these disorders, and may lead to novel therapeutic interventions for ILDs at all ages.
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Xu K, Nieuwenhuis E, Cohen BL, Wang W, Canty AJ, Danska JS, Coultas L, Rossant J, Wu MYJ, Piscione TD, Nagy A, Gossler A, Hicks GG, Hui CC, Henkelman RM, Yu LX, Sled JG, Gridley T, Egan SE. Lunatic Fringe-mediated Notch signaling is required for lung alveogenesis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 298:L45-56. [PMID: 19897741 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90550.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Distal lung development occurs through coordinated induction of myofibroblasts, epithelial cells, and capillaries. Lunatic Fringe (Lfng) is a beta(1-3) N-acetylglucosamine transferase that modifies Notch receptors to facilitate their activation by Delta-like (Dll1/4) ligands. Lfng is expressed in the distal lung during saccular development, and deletion of this gene impairs myofibroblast differentiation and alveogenesis in this context. A similar defect was observed in Notch2(beta-geo/+)Notch3(beta-geo/beta-geo) compound mutant mice but not in Notch2(beta-geo/+) or Notch3(beta-geo/beta-geo) single mutants. Finally, to directly test for the role of Notch signaling in myofibroblast differentiation in vivo, we used ROSA26-rtTA(/+);tetO-CRE(/+);RBPJkappa(flox/flox) inducible mutant mice to show that disruption of canonical Notch signaling during late embryonic development prevents induction of smooth muscle actin in mesenchymal cells of the distal lung. In sum, these results demonstrate that Lfng functions to enhance Notch signaling in myofibroblast precursor cells and thereby to coordinate differentiation and mobilization of myofibroblasts required for alveolar septation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Xu
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 101 College St., East Tower, Rm. 14-309, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
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38
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Yazawa T, Sato H, Shimoyamada H, Okudela K, Woo T, Tajiri M, Ogura T, Ogawa N, Suzuki T, Mitsui H, Ishii J, Miyata C, Sakaeda M, Goto K, Kashiwagi K, Masuda M, Takahashi T, Kitamura H. Neuroendocrine cancer-specific up-regulating mechanism of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 in small cell lung cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:976-87. [PMID: 19679880 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.081004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) exhibits insulin-like growth factor-dependent growth. SCLC is the most aggressive among known in vivo lung cancers, whereas in vitro growth of SCLC is paradoxically slow as compared with that of non-SCLC (NSCLC). In this study, we demonstrate that SCLC cells overexpress insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-2 via NeuroD, a neuroendocrine cell-specific transcription factor. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility shift, and IGFBP-2 promoter assays all revealed that NeuroD binds to the E-box in the 5'-untranslated region of IGFBP-2. A NeuroD transgene in both airway epithelial and NSCLC cells up-regulated the transcription of IGFBP-2 and retarded cell growth. Recombinant IGFBP-2 repressed the growth of both airway epithelial and NSCLC cells in a dose-dependent manner. A NeuroD-specific small interfering RNA repressed IGFBP-2 expression in SCLC, and neutralization of IGFBP-2 and an IGFBP-2-specific small interfering RNA increased SCLC cell growth. Pathological samples of SCLC also expressed IGFBP-2 abundantly, as compared with NSCLC, and showed only rare (8%) IGFBP-2 promoter methylation, whereas the IGFBP-2 promoter was methylated in 71% of adenocarcinomas and 29% of squamous cell carcinomas. These findings suggest that 1) SCLC has an IGFBP-2 overexpression mechanism distinct from NSCLC, 2) secreted IGFBP-2 contributes to the slow growth of SCLC in vitro, and 3) the epigenetic alterations in the IGFBP-2 promoter contribute to the striking differences in IGFBP-2 expression between SCLC and NSCLC in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yazawa
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh), a classical transmitter of parasympathetic nerve fibres in the airways, is also synthesized by a large number of non-neuronal cells, including airway surface epithelial cells. Strongest expression of cholinergic traits is observed in neuroendocrine and brush cells but other epithelial cell types--ciliated, basal and secretory--are cholinergic as well. There is cell type-specific expression of the molecular pathways of ACh release, including both the vesicular storage and exocytotic release known from neurons, and transmembrane release from the cytosol via organic cation transporters. The subcellular distribution of the ACh release machineries suggests luminal release from ciliated and secretory cells, and basolateral release from neuroendocrine cells. The scenario as known so far strongly suggests a local auto-/paracrine role of epithelial ACh in regulating various aspects on the innate mucosal defence mechanisms, including mucociliary clearance, regulation of macrophage function and modulation of sensory nerve fibre activity. The proliferative effects of ACh gain importance in recently identified ACh receptor disorders conferring susceptibility to lung cancer. The cell type-specific molecular diversity of the epithelial ACh synthesis and release machinery implies that it is differently regulated than neuronal ACh release and can be specifically targeted by appropriate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kummer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35385, Giessen, Germany.
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