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Yan D, Wu X, Chen X, Wang J, Ge F, Wu M, Wu J, Zhang N, Xiao M, Wu X, Xue Q, Li X, Chen J, Wang P, Tang D, Wang X, Chen X, Liu J. Maternal linoleic acid-rich diet ameliorates bilirubin neurotoxicity in offspring mice. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:329. [PMID: 39030174 PMCID: PMC11271588 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperbilirubinaemia is a prevalent condition during the neonatal period, and if not promptly and effectively managed, it can lead to severe bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity. Sunflower seeds are a nutrient-rich food source, particularly abundant in linoleic acid. Here, we provide compelling evidence that lactating maternal mice fed a sunflower seed diet experience enhanced neurological outcomes and increased survival rates in hyperbilirubinemic offspring. We assessed histomorphological indices, including cerebellar Nissl staining, and Calbindin staining, and hippocampal hematoxylin and eosin staining. Furthermore, we observed the transmission of linoleic acid, enriched in sunflower seeds, to offspring through lactation. The oral administration of linoleic acid-rich sunflower seed oil by lactating mothers significantly prolonged the survival time of hyperbilirubinemic offspring mice. Mechanistically, linoleic acid counteracts the bilirubin-induced accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and neuronal cell death by activating autophagy. Collectively, these findings elucidate the novel role of a maternal linoleic acid-supplemented diet in promoting child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Yan
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - XinTian Wu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Jiangtuan Wang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Feifei Ge
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Meixuan Wu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Jiawen Wu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Xueheng Wu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Qian Xue
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Xiaofen Li
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Central Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China.
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China.
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Weber AA, Yang X, Mennillo E, Wong S, Le S, Ashley Teo JY, Chang M, Benner CW, Ding J, Jain M, Chen S, Karin M, Tukey RH. Triclosan administration to humanized UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 neonatal mice induces UGT1A1 through a dependence on PPARα and ATF4. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107340. [PMID: 38705390 PMCID: PMC11152660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial toxicant found in a myriad of consumer products and has been detected in human tissues, including breastmilk. We have evaluated the impact of lactational TCS on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) expression and bilirubin metabolism in humanized UGT1 (hUGT1) neonatal mice. In hUGT1 mice, expression of the hepatic UGT1A1 gene is developmentally delayed resulting in elevated total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels. We found that newborn hUGT1 mice breastfed or orally treated with TCS presented lower TSB levels along with induction of hepatic UGT1A1. Lactational and oral treatment by gavage with TCS leads to the activation of hepatic nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), and stress sensor, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). When CAR-deficient hUGT1 mice (hUGT1/Car-/-) were treated with TCS, TSB levels were reduced with a robust induction of hepatic UGT1A1, leaving us to conclude that CAR is not tied to UGT1A1 induction. Alternatively, when PPARα-deficient hUGT1 mice (hUGT1/Pparα-/-) were treated with TCS, hepatic UGT1A1 was not induced. Additionally, we had previously demonstrated that TCS is a potent inducer of ATF4, a transcriptional factor linked to the integrated stress response. When ATF4 was deleted in liver of hUGT1 mice (hUGT1/Atf4ΔHep) and these mice treated with TCS, we observed superinduction of hepatic UGT1A1. Oxidative stress genes in livers of hUGT1/Atf4ΔHep treated with TCS were increased, suggesting that ATF4 protects liver from excessive oxidative stress. The increase oxidative stress may be associated with superinduction of UGT1A1. The expression of ATF4 in neonatal hUGT1 hepatic tissue may play a role in the developmental repression of UGT1A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A Weber
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elvira Mennillo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samantha Wong
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sabrina Le
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jia Ying Ashley Teo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Max Chang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christopher W Benner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mohit Jain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Gazzin S, Bellarosa C, Tiribelli C. Molecular events in brain bilirubin toxicity revisited. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:1734-1740. [PMID: 38378754 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in bilirubin neurotoxicity are still far from being fully elucidated. Several different events concur to damage mainly the neurons among which inflammation and alteration of the redox state play a major role. An imbalance of cellular calcium homeostasis has been recently described to be associated with toxic concentrations of bilirubin, and this disequilibrium may in turn elicit an inflammatory reaction. The different and age-dependent sensitivity to bilirubin damage must also be considered in describing the dramatic clinical picture of bilirubin-induced neurological damage (BIND) formerly known as kernicterus spectrum disorder (KSD). This review aims to critically address what is known and what is not in the molecular events of bilirubin neurotoxicity to provide hints for a better diagnosis and more successful treatments. Part of these concepts have been presented at the 38th Annual Audrey K. Brown Kernicterus Symposium of Pediatric American Society, Washington DC, May 1, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gazzin
- Liver-Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristina Bellarosa
- Liver-Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Liver-Brain Unit "Rita Moretti", Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
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Ferry N. [Crigler-Najjar disease: A new success for gene therapy of hereditary liver diseases]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:833-835. [PMID: 38018926 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ferry
- Ancien directeur de recherche à l'Inserm, Paris, France
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Greig JA, Chorazeczewski JK, Chowdhary V, Smith MK, Jennis M, Tarrant JC, Buza EL, Coughlan K, Martini PG, Wilson JM. Lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA therapy corrects serum total bilirubin level in Crigler-Najjar syndrome mouse model. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 29:32-39. [PMID: 36936447 PMCID: PMC10017950 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Crigler-Najjar syndrome is a rare disorder of bilirubin metabolism caused by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) mutations characterized by hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice. No cure currently exists; treatment options are limited to phototherapy, whose effectiveness diminishes over time, and liver transplantation. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of systemically administered, lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated human UGT1A1 (hUGT1A1) mRNA therapy in a Crigler-Najjar mouse model. Ugt1 knockout mice were rescued from lethal post-natal hyperbilirubinemia by phototherapy. These adult Ugt1 knockout mice were then administered a single lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated hUGT1A1 mRNA dose. Within 24 h, serum total bilirubin levels decreased from 15 mg/dL (256 μmol/L) to <0.5 mg/dL (9 μmol/L), i.e., slightly above wild-type levels. This reduction was sustained for 2 weeks before bilirubin levels rose and returned to pre-treatment levels by day 42 post-administration. Sustained reductions in total bilirubin levels were achieved by repeated administration of the mRNA product in a frequency-dependent manner. We were also able to rescue the neonatal lethality phenotype seen in Ugt1 knockout mice with a single lipid nanoparticle dose, which suggests that this may be a treatment modality appropriate for metabolic crisis situations. Therefore, lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated hUGT1A1 mRNA may represent a potential treatment for Crigler-Najjar syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A. Greig
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Vivek Chowdhary
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Melanie K. Smith
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Jennis
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James C. Tarrant
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Buza
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - James M. Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corresponding author. James M. Wilson, MD, PhD, Gene Therapy Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Suite 1200, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Ercan I, Micili SC, Soy S, Engur D, Tufekci KU, Kumral A, Genc S. Bilirubin induces microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103850. [PMID: 36965549 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite current advancements in neonatal care, hyperbilirubinemia resulting in bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND) continues to be one of the major reasons of mortality or lifelong disability. Although the exact mechanisms underlying brain injury upon bilirubin exposure remains unelucidated, inflammation is considered to be one of the major contributors to BIND. This study investigates the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in bilirubin-induced injury using in vitro and in vivo models. We successfully demonstrated that the upregulation of NLRP3 expression is significantly associated with the release of active caspase-1 and IL-1β in N9 microglial cells exposed to bilirubin. Functional in vitro experiments with NLRP3 siRNA confirms that bilirubin-induced inflammasome activation and cell death are mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome. Following injection of bilirubin into the cisterna magna of a neonatal mouse, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and microglia were determined by double staining with Iba1-NLRP3 and Iba1-Caspase-1. Upon injection of bilirubin into the cisterna magna, neuronal loss was significantly higher in the wild-type mouse compared to Nlrp3-/- and Caspase-1-/- strains. Collectively, these data indicate that NLRP3 inflammasome has a crucial role in microglial activation and bilirubin-induced neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkcan Ercan
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serap Cilaker Micili
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sila Soy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Defne Engur
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neonatology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kemal Ugur Tufekci
- Vocational School of Health Services, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir, Turkey,; Center for Brain and Neuroscience Research, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Sermin Genc
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Models of bilirubin neurological damage: lessons learned and new challenges. Pediatr Res 2022:10.1038/s41390-022-02351-x. [PMID: 36302856 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Jaundice (icterus) is the visible manifestation of the accumulation of bilirubin in the tissue and is indicative of potential toxicity to the brain. Since its very first description more than 2000 years ago, many efforts have been undertaken to understand the molecular determinants of bilirubin toxicity to neuronal cells to reduce the risk of neurological sequelae through the use of available chemicals and in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo, and clinical models. Although several studies have been performed, important questions remain unanswered, such as the reasons for regional sensitivity and the interplay with brain development. The number of new molecular effects identified has increased further, which has added even more complexity to the understanding of the condition. As new research challenges emerged, so does the need to establish solid models of prematurity. METHODS This review critically summarizes the key mechanisms of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and the use of the available models and technologies for translational research. IMPACT We critically review the conceptual dogmas and models used for studying bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity. We point out the pitfalls and translational gaps, and suggest new clinical research challenges. We hope to inform researchers on the pro and cons of the models used, and to help direct their experimental focus in a most translational research.
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Audet-Delage Y, Rouleau M, Villeneuve L, Guillemette C. The Glycosyltransferase Pathway: An Integrated Analysis of the Cell Metabolome. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12101006. [PMID: 36295907 PMCID: PMC9609030 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sugar-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are critical to the homeostasis of endogenous metabolites and the detoxification of xenobiotics. Their impact on the cell metabolome remains unknown. Cellular metabolic changes resulting from human UGT expression were profiled by untargeted metabolomics. The abundant UGT1A1 and UGT2B7 were studied as UGT prototypes along with their alternative (alt.) splicing-derived isoforms displaying structural differences. Nineteen biochemical routes were modified, beyond known UGT substrates. Significant variations in glycolysis and pyrimidine pathways, and precursors of the co-substrate UDP-glucuronic acid were observed. Bioactive lipids such as arachidonic acid and endocannabinoids were highly enriched by up to 13.3-fold (p < 0.01) in cells expressing the canonical enzymes. Alt. UGT2B7 induced drastic and unique metabolic perturbations, including higher glucose (18-fold) levels and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle metabolites and abrogated the effects of the UGT2B7 canonical enzyme when co-expressed. UGT1A1 proteins promoted the accumulation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and TCA metabolites upstream of the mitochondrial oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDC). Alt. UGT1A1 exacerbated these changes, likely through its interaction with the OGDC component oxoglutarate dehydrogenase-like (OGDHL). This study expands the breadth of biochemical pathways associated with UGT expression and establishes extensive connectivity between UGT enzymes, alt. proteins and other metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Audet-Delage
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center—Université Laval, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Université Laval Cancer Research Center (CRC), R4720, 2705 Blvd Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michèle Rouleau
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center—Université Laval, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Université Laval Cancer Research Center (CRC), R4720, 2705 Blvd Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Lyne Villeneuve
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center—Université Laval, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Université Laval Cancer Research Center (CRC), R4720, 2705 Blvd Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center—Université Laval, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Université Laval Cancer Research Center (CRC), R4720, 2705 Blvd Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(418)-654-2296
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Pranty AI, Shumka S, Adjaye J. Bilirubin-Induced Neurological Damage: Current and Emerging iPSC-Derived Brain Organoid Models. Cells 2022; 11:2647. [PMID: 36078055 PMCID: PMC9454749 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin-induced neurological damage (BIND) has been a subject of studies for decades, yet the molecular mechanisms at the core of this damage remain largely unknown. Throughout the years, many in vivo chronic bilirubin encephalopathy models, such as the Gunn rat and transgenic mice, have further elucidated the molecular basis of bilirubin neurotoxicity as well as the correlations between high levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) and brain damage. Regardless of being invaluable, these models cannot accurately recapitulate the human brain and liver system; therefore, establishing a physiologically recapitulating in vitro model has become a prerequisite to unveil the breadth of complexities that accompany the detrimental effects of UCB on the liver and developing human brain. Stem-cell-derived 3D brain organoid models offer a promising platform as they bear more resemblance to the human brain system compared to existing models. This review provides an explicit picture of the current state of the art, advancements, and challenges faced by the various models as well as the possibilities of using stem-cell-derived 3D organoids as an efficient tool to be included in research, drug screening, and therapeutic strategies for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
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Mennillo E, Yang X, Weber AA, Maruo Y, Verreault M, Barbier O, Chen S, Tukey RH. Intestinal UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 and Protection against Irinotecan-Induced Toxicity in a Novel UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Tissue-Specific Humanized Mouse Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:33-42. [PMID: 34697081 PMCID: PMC8969198 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) represent an important family of drug-metabolizing enzymes, with UGT1A1 targeting the conjugation and detoxification of many exogenous substances, including pharmaceutical drugs. In this study we generated humanized UGT1A1 mice expressing the human UGT1A1 gene in either liver (hUGT1A1HEP ) or intestine (hUGT1A1GI ), enabling experiments to examine tissue-specific properties of UGT1A1-specific glucuronidation. Hepatic and intestinal tissue-specific expression and function of UGT1A1 were demonstrated. Although the liver is considered a major organ for detoxification, intestinal UGT1A1 is an important contributor for drug clearance. Mice were challenged with irinotecan (CPT-11), a prodrug hydrolyzed by carboxylesterases to form the active metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) and detoxified by UGT1A1. Humanized UGT1A1HEP mice that have no intestinal UGT1A1 displayed a greater lethality rate when exposed to CPT-11 than hUGT1A1GI mice. When exposed to a low dose of CPT-11 (10 mg/kg), hUGT1A1HEP mice displayed greater intestinal inflammatory (IL-1β and IL-6) insult in addition to p53-triggered apoptotic responses. In vitro studies with intestinal crypt organoids exposed to CPT-11 confirmed the results observed in vivo and indicated that CPT-11 impacts stemness, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in organoids deficient in UGT1A1. When we examined the induction of ER stress in organoids with thapsigargin, an inhibitor of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase, apoptosis and the caspase surge that occurred in hUGT1A1HEP mice were blocked in hUGT1A1GI organoids. This study reveals the importance of intestinal UGT1A1 in preventing inflammation, apoptosis, and loss of stemness capacity upon systemic challenge with an important chemotherapeutic agent. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Hepatic and intestinal UGT1A1 play a key role in the metabolism and detoxification of endogenous and exogenous compounds. The use of tissue-specific humanized models expressing UGT1A1 in liver or intestine has confirmed the relevance of the intestinal tract in the detoxification of irinotecan. Mechanistic studies using intestinal organoids highlighted the importance of UGT1A1 in reducing inflammation, apoptosis, and loss of stemness. These new models provide valuable tools for studying tissue-specific glucuronidation of substances that are metabolized by human UGT1A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Mennillo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.M., X.Y., A.A.W., S.C., R.H.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (Y.M.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.M., X.Y., A.A.W., S.C., R.H.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (Y.M.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Andre A Weber
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.M., X.Y., A.A.W., S.C., R.H.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (Y.M.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Yoshihiro Maruo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.M., X.Y., A.A.W., S.C., R.H.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (Y.M.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Melanie Verreault
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.M., X.Y., A.A.W., S.C., R.H.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (Y.M.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.M., X.Y., A.A.W., S.C., R.H.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (Y.M.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.M., X.Y., A.A.W., S.C., R.H.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (Y.M.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.M., X.Y., A.A.W., S.C., R.H.T.); Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan (Y.M.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
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11
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Suzuki N, Iwamura Y, Nakai T, Kato K, Otsuki A, Uruno A, Saigusa D, Taguchi K, Suzuki M, Shimizu R, Yumoto A, Okada R, Shirakawa M, Shiba D, Takahashi S, Suzuki T, Yamamoto M. Gene expression changes related to bone mineralization, blood pressure and lipid metabolism in mouse kidneys after space travel. Kidney Int 2021; 101:92-105. [PMID: 34767829 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Space travel burdens health by imposing considerable environmental stress associated with radioactivity and microgravity. In particular, gravity change predominantly impacts blood pressure and bone homeostasis, both of which are controlled mainly by the kidneys. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related transcription factor 2 (Nrf2) plays essential roles in protecting the kidneys from various environmental stresses and injuries. To elucidate the effects of space travel on mammals in preparation for the upcoming space era, our study investigated the contribution of Nrf2 to kidney function in mice two days after their return from a 31-day stay in the International Space Station using Nrf2 knockout mice. Meaningfully, expression levels of genes regulating bone mineralization, blood pressure and lipid metabolism were found to be significantly altered in the kidneys after space travel in an Nrf2-independent manner. In particular, uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A (Ugt1a) isoform genes were found to be expressed in an Nrf2-dependent manner and induced exclusively in the kidneys after return to Earth. Since spaceflight elevated the concentrations of fatty acids in the mouse plasma, we suggest that Ugt1a isoform expression in the kidneys was induced to promote glucuronidation of excessively accumulated lipids and excrete them into urine after the return from space. Thus, the kidneys were proven to play central roles in adaptation to gravity changes caused by going to and returning from space by controlling blood pressure and bone mineralization. Additionally, kidney Ugt1a isoform induction after space travel implies a significant role of the kidneys for space travelers in the excretion of excessive lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Suzuki
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Yuma Iwamura
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taku Nakai
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kato
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akihito Otsuki
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Uruno
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saigusa
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiko Taguchi
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mikiko Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Center for Radioisotope Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Shimizu
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akane Yumoto
- Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Risa Okada
- Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaki Shirakawa
- Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Dai Shiba
- Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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12
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Li Y, Liu H, Chen K, Wu X, Wu J, Yang Z, Yao L, Wen G, Zhang C, Chen X, Chen X, Tang D, Wang X, Liu J. Pathological Significance and Prognostic Roles of Indirect Bilirubin/Albumin Ratio in Hepatic Encephalopathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:706407. [PMID: 34527681 PMCID: PMC8435674 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.706407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological disease caused by severe liver disease. Early identification of the risk factor is beneficial to the prevention and treatment of HE. Free bilirubin has always been considered to be the culprit of neonatal kernicterus, but there is no research to explore its role in HE. In this study, we aim to study the clinical significance of the indirect bilirubin-albumin ratio in HE. Methods: A retrospective case-control study of 204 patients with liver failure was conducted. Human serum albumin (HSA) or heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor SnPP (Tin protoporphyrin IX dichloride) was injected intraperitoneally into Ugt1−/− mice to establish a treatment model for endogenous hyperbilirubinemia. Results: IBil/albumin ratio (OR = 1.626, 95% CI1.323–2.000, P < 0.001), white blood cell (WBC) (OR = 1.128, 95% CI 1.009–1.262, P = 0.035), ammonia (OR = 1.010, 95% CI 1.001–1.019, P = 0.027), platelet (OR=1.008, 95% CI 1.001–1.016, P = 0.022), Hb (OR = 0.977, 95% CI 0.961–0.994, P = 0.007), and PTA (OR = 0.960, 95% CI 0.933–0.987, P = 0.005) were independent factors of HE. Patients with a history of liver cirrhosis and severe HE (OR = 12.323, 95% CI 3.278–47.076, P < 0.001) were more likely to die during hospitalization. HSA or SnPP treatment improved cerebellum development and reduced apoptosis of cerebellum cells. Conclusion: The IBil/albumin ratio constitutes the most powerful risk factor in the occurrence of HE, and reducing free bilirubin may be a new strategy for HE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiyuan Liu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keng Chen
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueheng Wu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawen Wu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjun Yang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leyi Yao
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease of Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Guanmei Wen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Change Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease of Guangzhou Medical University, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
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13
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Han J, Li C, Dai Z, Duan J, Cai W, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Yinzhihuang Oral Liquid Ameliorates Hyperbilirubinemia Induced by δ-Aminolevulinic Acid and Novobiocin in Neonatal Rats. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100222. [PMID: 34085382 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Yinzhihuang oral liquid (YZH) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been widely used in Asia to prevent and treat neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, but the published preclinical studies on its anti-hyperbilirubinemia effect are conducted in adult animals, partly due to the lack of preclinical neonatal hyperbilirubinemia animal models. In the present study, we tested six reagents to induce hyperbilirubinemia in neonatal rats, and established two appropriate neonatal hyperbilirubinemia rat models by subcutaneous injection of δ-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA, 200 mg/kg) or novobiocin (NOVO, 200 mg/kg). Oral treatment of YZH (80, 160 and 320 mg/kg) significantly decreased serum conjugated bilirubin levels in ALA-treated neonatal rats and serum unconjugated bilirubin levels in NOVO-treated neonatal rats, respectively. Additionally, pre-treatment of YZH also prevented the increase of serum bilirubin levels in both ALA- and NOVO-treated rats. Mechanistically, YZH significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of genes involved in hepatic bilirubin disposition (organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1b2, Oatp1b2; multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, Mrp2) and bilirubin conjugation (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1a1, Ugt1a1). Additionally, YZH up-regulated the mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 (Cyp1a1), the target gene of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and increased the nuclear protein levels of AhR in livers of neonatal rats. YZH and its two active ingredients, namely baicalin (BCL) and 4'-hydroxyacetophenone (4-HT), up-regulated the mRNA expression of AhR target genes (CYP1A1 and UGT1A1) and increased nuclear protein levels of AhR in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, the present study provides two neonatal hyperbilirubinemia animal models and evaluates the anti-hyperbilirubinemia effect and mechanisms of YZH in neonatal animals.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Aminolevulinic Acid/toxicity
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Bilirubin/blood
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/metabolism
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Hyperbilirubinemia/chemically induced
- Hyperbilirubinemia/drug therapy
- Hyperbilirubinemia/pathology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Medicine, Chinese Traditional
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Novobiocin/toxicity
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Caiyu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Dai
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guanlan High-tech Industrial Park, Longhua District, Shenzhen, 518110, P. R. China
| | - Juanhui Duan
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guanlan High-tech Industrial Park, Longhua District, Shenzhen, 518110, P. R. China
| | - Wen Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guanlan High-tech Industrial Park, Longhua District, Shenzhen, 518110, P. R. China
| | - Youcai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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14
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Tátrai P, Krajcsi P. Prediction of Drug-Induced Hyperbilirubinemia by In Vitro Testing. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080755. [PMID: 32796590 PMCID: PMC7465333 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin, the end product of heme catabolism, is produced continuously in the body and may reach toxic levels if accumulates in the serum and tissues; therefore, a highly efficient mechanism evolved for its disposition. Normally, unconjugated bilirubin enters hepatocytes through the uptake transporters organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 and 1B3, undergoes glucuronidation by the Phase II enzyme UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), and conjugated forms are excreted into the bile by the canalicular export pump multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2). Any remaining conjugated bilirubin is transported back to the blood by MRP3 and passed on for uptake and excretion by downstream hepatocytes or the kidney. The bile salt export pump BSEP as the main motor of bile flow is indirectly involved in bilirubin disposition. Genetic mutations and xenobiotics that interfere with this machinery may impede bilirubin disposition and cause hyperbilirubinemia. Several pharmaceutical compounds are known to cause hyperbilirubinemia via inhibition of OATP1Bs, UGT1A1, or BSEP. Herein we briefly review the in vitro prediction methods that serve to identify drugs with a potential to induce hyperbilirubinemia. In vitro assays can be deployed early in drug development and may help to minimize late-stage attrition. Based on current evidence, drugs that behave as mono- or multispecific inhibitors of OATP1B1, UGT1A1, and BSEP in vitro are at risk of causing clinically significant hyperbilirubinemia. By integrating inhibition data from in vitro assays, drug serum concentrations, and clinical reports of hyperbilirubinemia, predictor cut-off values have been established and are provisionally suggested in this review. Further validation of in vitro readouts to clinical outcomes is expected to enhance the predictive power of these assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Tátrai
- Solvo Biotechnology, Science Park, Building B1, 4-20 Irinyi József utca, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Péter Krajcsi
- Solvo Biotechnology, Science Park, Building B1, 4-20 Irinyi József utca, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Péter Pázmány Catholic University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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15
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Hansmann E, Mennillo E, Yoda E, Verreault M, Barbier O, Chen S, Tukey RH. Differential Role of Liver X Receptor (LXR) α and LXR β in the Regulation of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 in Humanized UGT1 Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:255-263. [PMID: 31980500 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.090068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs), LXRα and LXRβ, are nuclear receptors that regulate the metabolism of cholesterol and bile acids and are activated by oxysterols. Humanized UGT1 (hUGT1) mice express the 9-human UGT1A genes associated with the UGT1 locus in a Ugt1-null background. The expression of UGT1A1 is developmentally delayed in the liver and intestines, resulting in the accumulation of serum bilirubin during the neonatal period. Induction of UGT1A1 in newborn hUGT1 mice leads to rapid reduction in total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels, a phenotype measurement that allows for an accurate prediction on UGT1A1 expression. When neonatal hUGT1 mice were treated by oral gavage with the LXR agonist T0901317, TSB levels were dramatically reduced. To determine the LXR contribution to the induction of UGT1A1 and the lowering of TSB levels, experiments were conducted in neonatal hUGT1/Lxrα -/- , hUGT1/Lxrβ -/- , and hUGT1/Lxrαβ -/- mice treated with T0901317. Induction of liver UGT1A1 was dependent upon LXRα, with the induction pattern paralleling induction of LXRα-specific stearoyl CoA desaturase 1. However, the actions of T0901317 were also shown to display a lack of specificity for LXR, with the induction of liver UGT1A1 in hUGT1/Lxrαβ -/- mice, a result associated with activation of both pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor. However, the LXR agonist GW3965 was highly selective toward LXRα, showing no impact on lowering TSB values or inducing UGT1A1 in hUGT1/Lxrα -/- mice. An LXR-specific enhancer site on the UGT1A1 gene was identified, along with convincing evidence that LXRα is crucial in maintaining constitutive expression of UGT1A1 in adult hUGT1 mice. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: It has been established that activation of LXRα, and not LXRβ, is responsible for the induction of liver UGT1A1 and metabolism of serum bilirubin in neonatal hUGT1 mice. Although induction of the human UGT1A1 gene is initiated at a newly characterized LXR enhancer site, allelic deletion of the Lxrα gene drastically reduces the constitutive expression of liver UGT1A1 in adult hUGT1 mice. Combined, these findings indicate that LXRα is critical for the developmental expression of UGT1A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hansmann
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.H., E.M., E.Y., S.C., R.H.T.); Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.Y.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Elvira Mennillo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.H., E.M., E.Y., S.C., R.H.T.); Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.Y.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Emiko Yoda
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.H., E.M., E.Y., S.C., R.H.T.); Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.Y.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Mélanie Verreault
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.H., E.M., E.Y., S.C., R.H.T.); Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.Y.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.H., E.M., E.Y., S.C., R.H.T.); Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.Y.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.H., E.M., E.Y., S.C., R.H.T.); Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.Y.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.H., E.M., E.Y., S.C., R.H.T.); Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.Y.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
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16
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Experimental models assessing bilirubin neurotoxicity. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:17-25. [PMID: 31493769 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular and cellular events leading to bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity, the mechanisms regulating liver and intestine expression in neonates, and alternative pathways of bilirubin catabolism remain incompletely defined. To answer these questions, researchers have developed a number of model systems to closely recapitulate the main characteristics of the disease, ranging from tissue cultures to engineered mouse models. In the present review we describe in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models developed to study bilirubin metabolism and neurotoxicity, with a special focus on the use of engineered animal models. In addition, we discussed the most recent studies related to potential therapeutic approaches to treat neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, ranging from anti-inflammatory drugs, activation of nuclear receptor pathways, blockade of bilirubin catabolism, and stimulation of alternative bilirubin-disposal pathways.
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17
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Abbas L, Rivolta MN. The use of animal models to study cell transplantation in neuropathic hearing loss. Hear Res 2019; 377:72-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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18
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In vitro and in vivo translational models for rare liver diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1003-1018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Modulation of Ca v2.3 channels by unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) - Candidate mechanism for UCB-induced neuromodulation and neurotoxicity. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 96:35-46. [PMID: 30877033 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of unbound unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) can lead to bilirubin encephalopathy and kernicterus. In spite of a large number of studies demonstrating UCB-induced changes in central neurotransmission, it is still unclear whether these effects involve alterations in the function of specific ion channels. To assess how different UCB concentrations and UCB:albumin (U/A) molar ratios affect neuronal R-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, we evaluated their effects on whole-cell currents through recombinant Cav2.3 + β3 channel complexes and ex-vivo electroretinograms (ERGs) from wildtype and Cav2.3-deficient mice. Our findings show that modestly elevated levels of unbound UCB (U/A = 0.5) produce subtle but significant changes in the voltage-dependence of activation and prepulse inactivation, resulting in a stimulation of currents activated by weak depolarization and inhibition at potentials on the plateau of the activation curve. Saturation of the albumin binding capacity (U/A = 1) produced additional suppression that became significant when albumin was omitted completely and might involve a complete loss of channel function. Acutely administered UCB (U/A = 0.5) has recently been shown to affect transsynaptic signaling in the isolated vertebrate retina. The present report reveals that sustained exposure of the murine retina to UCB significantly suppresses also late responses of the inner retina (b-wave) from wildtype compared to Cav2.3-deficient mice. In addition, recovery during washout was significantly more complete and faster in retinae lacking Cav2.3 channels. Together, these findings show that UCB affects cloned and native Cav2.3 channels at clinically relevant U/A molar ratios and indicate that supersaturation of albumin is not required for modulation but associated with a loss of channel functional that could contribute to chronic neuronal dysfunction.
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20
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Tang L, Zhang M, Li X, Zhang L. Glucuronidated bilirubin: Significantly increased in hepatic encephalopathy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 162:363-376. [PMID: 30905463 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Bilirubin is produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin in senescent erythrocytes by macrophages and carried by albumin from blood circulation to the liver for removal in normal physiology. Glucuronic acid modification of bilirubin by UDP-glucuronyltransferase in the liver is the key event for its subsequent elimination from human body. Conditions that accelerate the breakdown of erythrocytes may cause an elevated blood level of unconjugated bilirubin whereas the factors affect the glucuronidated bilirubin formation and subsequent elimination may cause decreased or increased blood level of glucuronidated bilirubin, the water soluble "direct bilirubin" measured by clinical blood test. Studies showed that increased total serum bilirubin has a protective effect on cardiovascular and other related diseases, but it is unknown how direct bilirubin levels were related to different diseases. By taking advantage of the data collected in the clinical laboratory of our hospital, the direct bilirubin data from 192,535 patients with 72 clinically defined diseases were compared to that of healthy controls (10,497). Based on the mean, median, and p values, we found that patients with hepatic encephalopathy had the highest serum direct bilirubin level, which resembled acute hepatic encephalopathy caused by increased serum direct bilirubin level in neonates. In contrast, patients with uremia, nephrotic syndrome, and preeclampsia had significantly lower levels of serum direct bilirubin. Taken together, our data revealed that serum direct bilirubin levels were either increased or decreased in a disease-dependent manner. The possible molecular mechanisms of increased direct bilirubin levels in patients suffering hepatic encephalopathy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Tang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiulian Li
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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21
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Chen S, Tukey RH. Humanized UGT1 Mice, Regulation of UGT1A1, and the Role of the Intestinal Tract in Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia and Breast Milk-Induced Jaundice. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1745-1755. [PMID: 30093417 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and the onset of bilirubin encephalopathy and kernicterus result in part from delayed expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) and the ability to metabolize bilirubin. It is generally believed that acute neonatal forms of hyperbilirubinemia develop due to an inability of hepatic UGT1A1 to metabolize efficiently bilirubin for clearance through the hepatobiliary tract. Newly developed mouse models designed to study bilirubin metabolism have led to new insight into the role of the intestinal tract in controlling neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Humanization of mice with the UGT1 locus (hUGT1 mice) and the UGT1A1 gene provide a unique tool to study the onset of hyperbilirubinemia since the human UGT1A1 gene is developmentally regulated during the neonatal period in hUGT1 mice. A new mechanism outlying developmental expression of intestinal UGT1A1 is presented and its implications in the control of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia discussed. New findings linking breast milk protection against necrotizing enterocolitis and intestinal control of UGT1A1 may help explain the contribution of breast milk toward the development of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Our findings outline a new model that includes an active intestinal ROS /IκB kinase/nuclear receptor corepressor 1 loop that can be applied to an understanding of breast milk-induced jaundice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology (R.H.T.) and Department of Pharmacology (S.C., R.H.T.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology (R.H.T.) and Department of Pharmacology (S.C., R.H.T.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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22
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Greig JA, Nordin JML, Draper C, McMenamin D, Chroscinski EA, Bell P, Gray JT, Richman LK, Wilson JM. Determining the Minimally Effective Dose of a Clinical Candidate AAV Vector in a Mouse Model of Crigler-Najjar Syndrome. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 10:237-244. [PMID: 30112420 PMCID: PMC6090885 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver metabolism disorders are attractive targets for gene therapy, because low vector doses can reverse the buildup of toxic metabolites in the blood. Crigler-Najjar syndrome is an inherited disorder of bilirubin metabolism that is caused by the absence of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) activity. This syndrome is characterized by hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice. Unfortunately, current phototherapy treatment is not effective long term. We intravenously injected phototherapy-rescued adult UGT1 knockout mice with 2.5 × 1010–2.5 × 1013 genome copies (GC)/kg of a clinical candidate vector, AAV8.TBG.hUGT1A1co, to study the treatment of disease compared to vehicle-only control mice. There were no apparent vector-related laboratory or clinical sequelae; the only abnormalities in clinical pathology were elevations in liver transaminases, primarily in male mice at the highest vector dose. Minimal to mild histopathological findings were present in control and vector-administered male mice. At vector doses greater than 2.5 × 1011 GC/kg, we observed a reversal of total bilirubin levels to wild-type levels. Based on a significant reduction in serum total bilirubin levels, we determined the minimally effective dose in this mouse model of Crigler-Najjar syndrome to be 2.5 × 1011 GC/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A Greig
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jayme M L Nordin
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christine Draper
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Deirdre McMenamin
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward A Chroscinski
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter Bell
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John T Gray
- Audentes Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura K Richman
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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23
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Bortolussi G, Muro AF. Advances in understanding disease mechanisms and potential treatments for Crigler–Najjar syndrome. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2018.1495558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bortolussi
- Mouse Molecular Genetics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrés Fernando Muro
- Mouse Molecular Genetics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
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24
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Greig JA, Nordin JM, Draper C, Bell P, Wilson JM. AAV8 Gene Therapy Rescues the Newborn Phenotype of a Mouse Model of Crigler–Najjar. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:763-770. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A. Greig
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jayme M.L. Nordin
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christine Draper
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Bell
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James M. Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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25
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Fujiwara R, Haag M, Schaeffeler E, Nies AT, Zanger UM, Schwab M. Systemic regulation of bilirubin homeostasis: Potential benefits of hyperbilirubinemia. Hepatology 2018; 67:1609-1619. [PMID: 29059457 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxic bilirubin is the end product of heme catabolism in mammals. Bilirubin is solely conjugated by uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1, which is a membrane-bound enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of glucuronic acid. Due to low function of hepatic and intestinal uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 during the neonatal period, human neonates develop mild to severe physiological hyperbilirubinemia. Accumulation of bilirubin in the brain leads to the onset of irreversible brain damage, termed kernicterus. Breastfeeding is one of the most significant factors that increase the risk of developing kernicterus in infants. Why does this most natural way of feeding increase the risk of brain damage or even death? This question leads to the hypothesis that breast milk-induced hyperbilirubinemia might bring certain benefits that outweigh those risks. While bilirubin is neurotoxic and cytotoxic, this compound is also a potent antioxidant. There are studies showing improved clinical conditions in patients with hyperbilirubinemia. Accumulating evidence also shows that genetic polymorphisms linked to hyperbilirubinemia are beneficial against various diseases. In this review article, we first introduce the production, metabolism, and transport of bilirubin. We then discuss the potential benefits of neonatal and adult hyperbilirubinemia. Finally, epigenetic factors as well as metabolomic information associated with hyperbilirubinemia are described. This review article advances the understanding of the physiological importance of the paradoxical compound bilirubin. (Hepatology 2018;67:1609-1619).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Fujiwara
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mathias Haag
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anne T Nies
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Zanger
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Fujiwara R, Yoda E, Tukey RH. Species differences in drug glucuronidation: Humanized UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 mice and their application for predicting drug glucuronidation and drug-induced toxicity in humans. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 33:9-16. [PMID: 29079228 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
More than 20% of clinically used drugs are glucuronidated by a microsomal enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT). Inhibition or induction of UGT can result in an increase or decrease in blood drug concentration. To avoid drug-drug interactions and adverse drug reactions in individuals, therefore, it is important to understand whether UGTs are involved in metabolism of drugs and drug candidates. While most of glucuronides are inactive metabolites, acyl-glucuronides that are formed from compounds with a carboxylic acid group can be highly toxic. Animals such as mice and rats are widely used to predict drug metabolism and drug-induced toxicity in humans. However, there are marked species differences in the expression and function of drug-metabolizing enzymes including UGTs. To overcome the species differences, mice in which certain drug-metabolizing enzymes are humanized have been recently developed. Humanized UGT1 (hUGT1) mice were created in 2010 by crossing Ugt1-null mice with human UGT1 transgenic mice in a C57BL/6 background. hUGT1 mice can be promising tools to predict human drug glucuronidation and acyl-glucuronide-associated toxicity. In this review article, studies of drug metabolism and toxicity in the hUGT1 mice are summarized. We further discuss research and strategic directions to advance the understanding of drug glucuronidation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Fujiwara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Emiko Yoda
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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27
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Tan AKY, Loh KM, Ang LT. Evaluating the regenerative potential and functionality of human liver cells in mice. Differentiation 2017; 98:25-34. [PMID: 29078082 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases afflict millions of patients worldwide. Currently, the only long-term treatment for liver failure is the transplantation of a new liver. However, intravenously transplanting a suspension of human hepatocytes might be a less-invasive approach to partially reconstitute lost liver functions in human patients as evinced by promising outcomes in clinical trials. The purpose of this essay is to emphasize outstanding questions that continue to surround hepatocyte transplantation. While adult primary human hepatocytes are the gold standard for transplantation, hepatocytes are heterogeneous. Whether all hepatocytes engraft equally and what specifically defines an "engraftable" hepatocyte capable of long-term liver reconstitution remains unclear. To this end, mouse models of liver injury enable the evaluation of human hepatocytes and their behavior upon transplantation into a complex injured liver environment. While mouse models may not be fully representative of the injured human liver and human hepatocytes tend to engraft mice less efficiently than mouse hepatocytes, valuable lessons have nonetheless been learned from transplanting human hepatocytes into mouse models. With an eye to the future, it will be crucial to eventually detail the optimal biological source (whether in vivo- or in vitro-derived) and presumptive heterogeneity of human hepatocytes and to understand the mechanisms through which they engraft and regenerate liver tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antson Kiat Yee Tan
- Stem Cell&Developmental Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lay Teng Ang
- Stem Cell&Developmental Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
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28
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Fujiwara R, Mitsugi R, Uemura A, Itoh T, Tukey RH. Severe Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia in Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Model Mice Can Be Reversed With Zinc Protoporphyrin. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:792-802. [PMID: 29399656 PMCID: PMC5678921 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxic bilirubin is solely conjugated by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1. Due to an inadequate function of UGT1A1, human neonates develop mild to severe physiological hyperbilirubinemia. Accumulation of bilirubin in the brain leads to the onset of irreversible brain damage called kernicterus. Breastfeeding is one of the most significant factors that increase the risk of developing kernicterus in infants. Why does the most natural way of feeding increase the risk of brain damage or even death? This question leads to the hypothesis that breast milk-induced neonatal hyperbilirubinemia might bring certain benefits to the body. One of the barriers to answering the above question is the lack of animal models that display mild to severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. A mouse model that develops neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was previously developed by a knockout of the Ugt1 locus. Deletion of Ugt1a1 results in neonatal lethality from bilirubin neurotoxicity. Bilirubin is the end product of heme catabolism in which heme oxygenase-I is largely involved. When zinc protoporphyrin, an inhibitor of heme oxygenase I, was administered to newborn Ugt1-/- mice, serum bilirubin levels dropped dramatically, rescuing the mice from bilirubin-induced neonatal lethality. Zinc protoporphyrin-treated Ugt1-/- mice developed normally as adults capable of reproducing, but their newborns showed even more severe hyperbilirubinemia. Microarray analysis of the hyperbilirubinemic livers indicated that a number of genes associated with nucleotide, transport, and immune response were significantly down-regulated in a serum bilirubin level-dependent manner. Conclusion: Our study provides an opportunity to advance the development of effective therapeutics to effectively and rapidly prevent bilirubin-induced toxicity. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia has various impacts on the body that could be driven by the antioxidant property of bilirubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Fujiwara
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Mitsugi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Uemura
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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29
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Isothiocyanates induce UGT1A1 in humanized UGT1 mice in a CAR dependent fashion that is highly dependent upon oxidative stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46489. [PMID: 28422158 PMCID: PMC5395973 DOI: 10.1038/srep46489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates, such as phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), are formed following the consumption of cruciferous vegetables and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lead to the induction of cytoprotective genes such as the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). The induction of ROS activates the Nrf2-Keap 1 pathway leading to the induction of genes through antioxidant response elements (AREs). UGT1A1, the sole enzyme responsible for the metabolism of bilirubin, can be induced following activation of Nrf2. When neonatal humanized UGT1 (hUGT1) mice, which exhibit severe levels of total serum bilirubin (TSB) because of a developmental delay in expression of the UGT1A1 gene, were treated with PEITC, TSB levels were reduced. Liver and intestinal UGT1A1 were induced, along with murine CYP2B10, a consensus CAR target gene. In both neonatal and adult hUGT1/Car−/− mice, PEITC was unable to induce CYP2B10. A similar result was observed following analysis of UGT1A1 expression in liver. However, TSB levels were still reduced in hUGT1/Car−/− neonatal mice because of ROS induction of intestinal UGT1A1. When oxidative stress was blocked by exposing mice to N-acetylcysteine, induction of liver UGT1A1 and CYP2B10 by PEITC was prevented. Thus, new findings in this report link an important role in CAR activation that is dependent upon oxidative stress.
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30
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Yueh MF, Chen S, Nguyen N, Tukey RH. Developmental, Genetic, Dietary, and Xenobiotic Influences on Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 91:545-553. [PMID: 28283555 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperbilirubinemia, caused by the accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin, is one of the most common clinical diagnoses in both premature and term newborns. Owing to the fact that bilirubin is metabolized solely through glucuronidation by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1, it is now known that immaturity of UGT1A1, in combination with the overproduction of bilirubin during the developmental stage, acts as a bottleneck to bilirubin elimination and predisposes the infant to high total serum bilirubin levels. Although neonatal jaundice is mostly benign, excessively high levels of serum bilirubin in a small percentage of newborns can cause bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction, potentially leading to permanent brain damage, a condition known as kernicterus Although a large portion of hyperbilirubinemia cases in newborns are associated with hemolytic diseases, we emphasize here the impaired ability of UGT1A1 to eliminate bilirubin that contributes to hyperbilirubinemia-induced neurotoxicity in the developmental stage. As a series of hereditary UGT1A1 mutations have been identified that are associated with UGT1A1 deficiency, new evidence has verified that delayed expression of UGT1A1 during the early stages of neonatal development is a tightly controlled event involving coordinated intrahepatic and extrahepatic regulation. This review recapitulates the progress that has been made in recent years in understanding the causes and physiopathology of severe hyperbilirubinemia, investigating molecular mechanisms underlying bilirubin-induced encephalopathy, and searching for potential therapies for treating pathologic hyperbilirubinemia. Several animal models have been developed to make it possible to examine bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity from multiple directions. Moreover, environmental factors that may alleviate or worsen the condition of hyperbilirubinemia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fei Yueh
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Nghia Nguyen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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31
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Amini N, Vousooghi N, Soleimani M, Samadikuchaksaraei A, Akbari M, Safakheil H, Atafimanesh P, Shahbazi A, Brouki Milan P, Ramezani S, Mozafari M, Joghataei MT. A new rat model of neonatal bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus). J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 84:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Kurita A, Miyauchi Y, Ikushiro S, Mackenzie PI, Yamada H, Ishii Y. Comprehensive Characterization of Mouse UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (Ugt) Belonging to the Ugt2b Subfamily: Identification of Ugt2b36 as the Predominant Isoform Involved in Morphine Glucuronidation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:199-208. [PMID: 28228532 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.240382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are classified into three subfamilies in mice: Ugt1a, 2b, and 2a. In the Ugt1a subfamily, Ugt1a1 and 1a6 appear to correspond to human UGT1A1 and 1A6 The mouse is an important animal for its use in investigations, but the substrate specificities of Ugt isoforms belonging to the 2b subfamily in mice remain largely unknown. To address this issue, we characterized the substrate specificity of all isoforms of the Ugt2b subfamily expressed in the mouse liver. The cDNAs of Ugt1a1, Ugt2a3, and all the Ugt2b isoforms expressed in the liver were reverse-transcribed from the total RNA of male FVB-mouse livers and then amplified. A baculovirus-Sf9 cell system for expressing each Ugt was established. Of all the Ugts examined, Ugt2b34, 2b36, and 2b37 exhibited the ability to glucuronidate morphine with Ugt2b36, the most active in this regard. Ugt1a1, but also Ugt2b34, 2b36, and 2b37 to a lesser extent, preferentially catalyzed the glucuronidation of 17β-estradiol on the 3-hydroxyl group (E3G). With these isoforms, E3G formation by Ugt1a1 was efficient; however, Ugt2b5 exhibited a preference for the 17β-hydroxyl group (E17G). Ugt2b1 and Ugt2a3 formed comparable levels of E3G and E17G. Ugt2b1 and 2b5 were the only isoforms involved in chloramphenicol glucuronidation. As Ugt2b36 is highly expressed in the liver, it is most likely that Ugt2b36 is a major morphine Ugt in mouse liver. Regarding E3G formation, Ugt1a1, like the human homolog, seems to play an important role in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Kurita
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (A.K., Y.M., H.Y., Y.I.), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan (S.I.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia (P.I.M.)
| | - Yuu Miyauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (A.K., Y.M., H.Y., Y.I.), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan (S.I.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia (P.I.M.)
| | - Shin'ichi Ikushiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (A.K., Y.M., H.Y., Y.I.), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan (S.I.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia (P.I.M.)
| | - Peter I Mackenzie
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (A.K., Y.M., H.Y., Y.I.), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan (S.I.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia (P.I.M.)
| | - Hideyuki Yamada
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (A.K., Y.M., H.Y., Y.I.), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan (S.I.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia (P.I.M.)
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (A.K., Y.M., H.Y., Y.I.), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan (S.I.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia (P.I.M.)
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Yang K, Battista C, Woodhead JL, Stahl SH, Mettetal JT, Watkins PB, Siler SQ, Howell BA. Systems pharmacology modeling of drug-induced hyperbilirubinemia: Differentiating hepatotoxicity and inhibition of enzymes/transporters. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 101:501-509. [PMID: 28074467 PMCID: PMC5367379 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevations in serum bilirubin during drug treatment may indicate global liver dysfunction and a high risk of liver failure. However, drugs also can increase serum bilirubin in the absence of hepatic injury by inhibiting specific enzymes/transporters. We constructed a mechanistic model of bilirubin disposition based on known functional polymorphisms in bilirubin metabolism/transport. Using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model-predicted drug exposure and enzyme/transporter inhibition constants determined in vitro, our model correctly predicted indinavir-mediated hyperbilirubinemia in humans and rats. Nelfinavir was predicted not to cause hyperbilirubinemia, consistent with clinical observations. We next examined a new drug candidate that caused both elevations in serum bilirubin and biochemical evidence of liver injury in rats. Simulations suggest that bilirubin elevation primarily resulted from inhibition of transporters rather than global liver dysfunction. We conclude that mechanistic modeling of bilirubin can help elucidate underlying mechanisms of drug-induced hyperbilirubinemia, and thereby distinguish benign from clinically important elevations in serum bilirubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yang
- DILIsym Services Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - C Battista
- DILIsym Services Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.,University of North Carolina Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J L Woodhead
- DILIsym Services Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - S H Stahl
- ADME Transporters, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J T Mettetal
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P B Watkins
- University of North Carolina Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - S Q Siler
- DILIsym Services Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - B A Howell
- DILIsym Services Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Intestinal NCoR1, a regulator of epithelial cell maturation, controls neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1432-E1440. [PMID: 28167773 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700232114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (SNH) and the onset of bilirubin encephalopathy and kernicterus result in part from delayed expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) and the inability to metabolize bilirubin. Although there is a good understanding of the early events after birth that lead to the rapid increase in serum bilirubin, the events that control delayed expression of UGT1A1 during development remain a mystery. Humanized UGT1 (hUGT1) mice develop SNH spontaneously, which is linked to repression of both liver and intestinal UGT1A1. In this study, we report that deletion of intestinal nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1) completely diminishes hyperbilirubinemia in hUGT1 neonates because of intestinal UGT1A1 gene derepression. Transcriptomic studies and immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrate that NCoR1 plays a major role in repressing developmental maturation of the intestines. Derepression is marked by accelerated metabolic and oxidative phosphorylation, drug metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and intestinal maturation, events that are controlled predominantly by H3K27 acetylation. The control of NCoR1 function and derepression is linked to IKKβ function, as validated in hUGT1 mice with targeted deletion of intestinal IKKβ. Physiological events during neonatal development that target activation of an IKKβ/NCoR1 loop in intestinal epithelial cells lead to derepression of genes involved in intestinal maturation and bilirubin detoxification. These findings provide a mechanism of NCoR1 in intestinal homeostasis during development and provide a key link to those events that control developmental repression of UGT1A1 and hyperbilirubinemia.
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Rouleau M, Audet-Delage Y, Desjardins S, Rouleau M, Girard-Bock C, Guillemette C. Endogenous Protein Interactome of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases Exposed by Untargeted Proteomics. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:23. [PMID: 28217095 PMCID: PMC5290407 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The conjugative metabolism mediated by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes (UGTs) significantly influences the bioavailability and biological responses of endogenous molecule substrates and xenobiotics including drugs. UGTs participate in the regulation of cellular homeostasis by limiting stress induced by toxic molecules, and by controlling hormonal signaling networks. Glucuronidation is highly regulated at genomic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. However, the UGT protein interaction network, which is likely to influence glucuronidation, has received little attention. We investigated the endogenous protein interactome of human UGT1A enzymes in main drug metabolizing non-malignant tissues where UGT expression is most prevalent, using an unbiased proteomics approach. Mass spectrometry analysis of affinity-purified UGT1A enzymes and associated protein complexes in liver, kidney and intestine tissues revealed an intricate interactome linking UGT1A enzymes to multiple metabolic pathways. Several proteins of pharmacological importance such as transferases (including UGT2 enzymes), transporters and dehydrogenases were identified, upholding a potential coordinated cellular response to small lipophilic molecules and drugs. Furthermore, a significant cluster of functionally related enzymes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation, as well as in the glycolysis and glycogenolysis pathways were enriched in UGT1A enzymes complexes. Several partnerships were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitations and co-localization by confocal microscopy. An enhanced accumulation of lipid droplets in a kidney cell model overexpressing the UGT1A9 enzyme supported the presence of a functional interplay. Our work provides unprecedented evidence for a functional interaction between glucuronidation and bioenergetic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Rouleau
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Yannick Audet-Delage
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Desjardins
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Rouleau
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Camille Girard-Bock
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University Québec, QC, Canada
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Mitsugi R, Sumida K, Fujie Y, Tukey RH, Itoh T, Fujiwara R. Acyl-glucuronide as a Possible Cause of Trovafloxacin-Induced Liver Toxicity: Induction of Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 2 by Trovafloxacin Acyl-glucuronide. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 39:1604-1610. [PMID: 27725437 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trovafloxacin is an antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market relatively soon after its release due to the risk of hepatotoxicity. Trovafloxacin is mainly metabolized to its acyl-glucuronide by uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1. In this study, we examined whether the acyl-glucuronide is involved in the development of hepatotoxicity. A UGT1A1-induced cell model was developed and the toxicity of trovafloxacin acyl-glucuronide was evaluated. The UGT1A1-induced cell model was developed by treating HepG2 cells with chrysin for 48 h. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2, a cytokine involved in drug-induced liver injury, was uniquely induced by trovafloxacin in the UGT1A1-induced HepG2 cells. Induction of UGT1A1 resulted in a decrease in cell viability. An in vivo animal study further demonstrated the importance of UGT1A1 in the trovafloxacin-induced liver toxicity. Although the complete mechanism of trovafloxacin-induced liver injury is still unknown, trovafloxacin acyl-glucuronide can be involved in the development of toxic reactions in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Mitsugi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University
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37
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Sundararaghavan VL, Sindhwani P, Hinds TD. Glucuronidation and UGT isozymes in bladder: new targets for the treatment of uroepithelial carcinomas? Oncotarget 2017; 8:3640-3648. [PMID: 27690298 PMCID: PMC5356909 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer has been linked to numerous toxins which can be concentrated in the bladder after being absorbed into the blood and filtered by the kidneys. Excessive carcinogenic load to the bladder urothelium may result in the development of cancer. However, enzymes within the bladder can metabolize carcinogens into substrates that are safer. Importantly, these proteins, namely the UGT's (uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases), have been shown to possibly prevent bladder cancer. Also, studies have shown that the UGT1 expression is decreased in uroepithelial carcinomas, which may allow for the accumulation of carcinogens in the bladder. In this review, we discuss the UGT system and its' protective role against bladder cancer, UGT genetic mutations that modulate risk from chemicals and environmental toxins, as well as targeting of the UGT enzymes by nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram L. Sundararaghavan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Puneet Sindhwani
- Department of Urology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Terry D. Hinds
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, USA
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Fujiwara R, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. Structure and Protein-Protein Interactions of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:388. [PMID: 27822186 PMCID: PMC5075577 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the transfer of glucuronic acid from UDP-glucuronic acid to various xenobiotics and endobiotics. Since UGTs comprise rate-limiting enzymes for metabolism of various compounds, co-administration of UGT-inhibiting drugs and genetic deficiency of UGT genes can cause an increased blood concentration of these compounds. During the last few decades, extensive efforts have been made to advance the understanding of gene structure, function, substrate specificity, and inhibition/induction properties of UGTs. However, molecular mechanisms and physiological importance of the oligomerization and protein–protein interactions of UGTs are still largely unknown. While three-dimensional structures of human UGTs can be useful to reveal the details of oligomerization and protein–protein interactions of UGTs, little is known about the protein structures of human UGTs due to the difficulty in solving crystal structures of membrane-bound proteins. Meanwhile, soluble forms of plant and bacterial UGTs as well as a partial domain of human UGT2B7 have been crystallized and enabled us to predict three-dimensional structures of human UGTs using a homology-modeling technique. The homology-modeled structures of human UGTs do not only provide the detailed information about substrate binding or substrate specificity in human UGTs, but also contribute with unique knowledge on oligomerization and protein–protein interactions of UGTs. Furthermore, various in vitro approaches indicate that UGT-mediated glucuronidation is involved in cell death, apoptosis, and oxidative stress as well. In the present review article, recent understandings of UGT protein structures as well as physiological importance of the oligomerization and protein–protein interactions of human UGTs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Fujiwara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Kanazawa, Japan
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Hirashima R, Michimae H, Takemoto H, Sasaki A, Kobayashi Y, Itoh T, Tukey RH, Fujiwara R. Induction of the UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 during the Perinatal Period Can Cause Neurodevelopmental Toxicity. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:265-74. [PMID: 27413119 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.104174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticonvulsants can increase the risk of developing neurotoxicity in infants; however, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated to date. Thyroxine [3,5,3',5'-l-tetraiodothyronine (T4)] plays crucial roles in the development of the central nervous system. In this study, we hypothesized that induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)-an enzyme involved in the metabolism of T4-by anticonvulsants would reduce serum T4 levels and cause neurodevelopmental toxicity. Exposure of mice to phenytoin during both the prenatal and postnatal periods significantly induced UGT1A1 and decreased serum T4 levels on postnatal day 14. In the phenytoin-treated mice, the mRNA levels of synaptophysin and synapsin I in the hippocampus were lower than those in the control mice. The thickness of the external granule cell layer was greater in phenytoin-treated mice, indicating that induction of UGT1A1 during the perinatal period caused neurodevelopmental disorders. Exposure to phenytoin during only the postnatal period also caused these neurodevelopmental disorders. A T4 replacement attenuated the increase in thickness of the external granule cell layer, indicating that the reduced T4 was specifically associated with the phenytoin-induced neurodevelopmental disorder. In addition, these neurodevelopmental disorders were also found in the carbamazepine- and pregnenolone-16-α-carbonitrile-treated mice. Our study is the first to indicate that UGT1A1 can control neurodevelopment by regulating serum T4 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Hirashima
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Hirofumi Michimae
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Hiroaki Takemoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Aya Sasaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Ryoichi Fujiwara
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
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Liu M, Chen S, Yueh MF, Fujiwara R, Konopnicki C, Hao H, Tukey RH. Cadmium and arsenic override NF-κB developmental regulation of the intestinal UGT1A1 gene and control of hyperbilirubinemia. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 110-111:37-46. [PMID: 27060662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Humanized UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)-1 (hUGT1) mice encode the UGT1 locus including the UGT1A1 gene. During neonatal development, delayed expression of the UGT1A1 gene leads to hyperbilirubinemia as determined by elevated levels of total serum bilirubin (TSB). We show in this report that the redox-sensitive NF-κB pathway is crucial for intestinal expression of the UGT1A1 gene and control of TSB levels. Targeted deletion of IKKβ in intestinal epithelial cells (hUGT1/Ikkβ(ΔIEC) mice) leads to greater neonatal accumulation of TSB than observed in control hUGT1/Ikkβ(F/F) mice. The elevation in TSB levels in hUGT1/Ikkβ(ΔIEC) mice correlates with a reduction in intestinal UGT1A1 expression. As TSB levels accumulate in hUGT1/Ikkβ(ΔIEC) mice during the neonatal period, the increase over that observed in hUGT1/Ikkβ(F/F) mice leads to weight loss, seizures and eventually death. Bilirubin accumulates in brain tissue from hUGT1/Ikkβ(ΔIEC) mice inducing an inflammatory state as shown by elevated TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6, all of which can be prevented by neonatal induction of hepatic or intestinal UGT1A1 and lowering of TSB levels. Altering the redox state of the intestines by oral administration of cadmium or arsenic to neonatal hUGT1/Ikkβ(F/F) and hUGT1/Ikkβ(ΔIEC) mice leads to induction of UGT1A1 and a dramatic reduction in TSB levels. Microarray analysis following arsenic treatment confirms upregulation of oxidation-reduction processes and lipid metabolism, indicative of membrane repair or synthesis. Our findings indicate that the redox state in intestinal epithelial cells during development is important in maintaining UGT1A1 gene expression and control of TSB levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92023, United States; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92023, United States
| | - Mei-Fei Yueh
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92023, United States
| | - Ryoichi Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92023, United States
| | - Camille Konopnicki
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92023, United States
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92023, United States.
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Barateiro A, Chen S, Yueh MF, Fernandes A, Domingues HS, Relvas J, Barbier O, Nguyen N, Tukey RH, Brites D. Reduced Myelination and Increased Glia Reactivity Resulting from Severe Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 89:84-93. [PMID: 26480925 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.098228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) and kernicterus has been used to describe moderate to severe neurologic dysfunction observed in children exposed to excessive levels of total serum bilirubin (TSB) during the neonatal period. Here we use a new mouse model that targets deletion of the Ugt1 locus and the Ugt1a1 gene in liver to promote hyperbilirubinemia-induced seizures and central nervous system toxicity. The accumulation of TSB in these mice leads to diffuse yellow coloration of brain tissue and a marked cerebellar hypoplasia that we characterize as kernicterus. Histologic studies of brain tissue demonstrate that the onset of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, characterized by seizures, leads to alterations in myelination and glia reactivity. Kernicterus presents as axonopathy with myelination deficits at different brain regions, including pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum. The excessive accumulation of TSB in the early neonatal period (5 days after birth) promotes activation of the myelin basic protein (Mbp) gene with an accelerated loss of MBP that correlates with a lack of myelin sheath formation. These changes were accompanied by increased astroglial and microglial reactivity, possibly as a response to myelination injury. Interestingly, cerebellum was the area most affected, with greater myelination impairment and glia burden, and showing a marked loss of Purkinje cells and reduced arborization of the remaining ones. Thus, kernicterus in this model displays not only axonal damage but also myelination deficits and glial activation in different brain regions that are usually related to the neurologic sequelae observed after severe hyperbilirubinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Barateiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - Mei-Fei Yueh
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - Helena Sofia Domingues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - João Relvas
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - Nghia Nguyen
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL) (A.B., A.F., D.B.) and Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology (A.F., D.B.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (S.C., M-F.Y., N.N., R.H.T.); Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., J.R.) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (J.R.), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada (O.B.)
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Fay MJ, Nguyen MT, Snouwaert JN, Dye R, Grant DJ, Bodnar WM, Koller BH. Xenobiotic Metabolism in Mice Lacking the UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2 Family. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1838-46. [PMID: 26354949 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) conjugate a glucuronyl group from glucuronic acid to a wide range of lipophilic substrates to form a hydrophilic glucuronide conjugate. The glucuronide generally has decreased bioactivity and increased water solubility to facilitate excretion. Glucuronidation represents an important detoxification pathway for both endogenous waste products and xenobiotics, including drugs and harmful industrial chemicals. Two clinically significant families of UGT enzymes are present in mammals: UGT1s and UGT2s. Although the two families are distinct in gene structure, studies using recombinant enzymes have shown considerable overlap in their ability to glucuronidate many substrates, often obscuring the relative importance of the two families in the clearance of particular substrates in vivo. To address this limitation, we have generated a mouse line, termed ΔUgt2, in which the entire Ugt2 gene family, extending over 609 kilobase pairs, is excised. This mouse line provides a means to determine the contributions of the two UGT families in vivo. We demonstrate the utility of these animals by defining for the first time the in vivo contributions of the UGT1 and UGT2 families to glucuronidation of the environmental estrogenic agent bisphenol A (BPA). The highest activity toward this chemical is reported for human and rodent UGT2 enzymes. Surprisingly, our studies using the ΔUgt2 mice demonstrate that, while both UGT1 and UGT2 isoforms can conjugate BPA, clearance is largely dependent on UGT1s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fay
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - My Trang Nguyen
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - John N Snouwaert
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - Rebecca Dye
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - Delores J Grant
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - Wanda M Bodnar
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
| | - Beverly H Koller
- Department of Genetics (M.J.F., M.T.N., J.N.S., R.D.), Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (W.M.B.), and Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (B.H.K.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina (D.J.G.)
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Role of extrahepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1: Advances in understanding breast milk-induced neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:124-32. [PMID: 26342858 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Newborns commonly develop physiological hyperbilirubinemia (also known as jaundice). With increased bilirubin levels being observed in breast-fed infants, breast-feeding has been recognized as a contributing factor for the development of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Bilirubin undergoes selective metabolism by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 and becomes a water soluble glucuronide. Although several factors such as gestational age, dehydration and weight loss, and increased enterohepatic circulation have been associated with breast milk-induced jaundice (BMJ), deficiency in UGT1A1 expression is a known cause of BMJ. It is currently believed that unconjugated bilirubin is metabolized mainly in the liver. However, recent findings support the concept that extrahepatic tissues, such as small intestine and skin, contribute to bilirubin glucuronidation during the neonatal period. We will review the recent advances made towards understanding biological and molecular events impacting BMJ, especially regarding the role of extrahepatic UGT1A1 expression.
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Gonzalez FJ, Fang ZZ, Ma X. Transgenic mice and metabolomics for study of hepatic xenobiotic metabolism and toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:869-81. [PMID: 25836352 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1032245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study of xenobiotic metabolism and toxicity has been greatly aided by the use of genetically modified mouse models and metabolomics. AREAS COVERED Gene knockout mice can be used to determine the enzymes responsible for the metabolism of xenobiotics in vivo and to examine the mechanisms of xenobiotic-induced toxicity. Humanized mouse models are especially important because there exist marked species differences in the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and the nuclear receptors that regulate these enzymes. Humanized mice expressing CYPs and nuclear receptors including the pregnane X receptor, the major regulator of xenobiotic metabolism and transport were produced. With genetically modified mouse models, metabolomics can determine the metabolic map of many xenobiotics with a level of sensitivity that allows the discovery of even minor metabolites. This technology can be used for determining the mechanism of xenobiotic toxicity and to find early biomarkers for toxicity. EXPERT OPINION Metabolomics and genetically modified mouse models can be used for the study of xenobiotic metabolism and toxicity by: i) comparison of the metabolomics profiles between wild-type and genetically modified mice, and searching for genotype-dependent endogenous metabolites; ii) searching for and elucidating metabolites derived from xenobiotics; and iii) discovery of specific alterations of endogenous compounds induced by xenobiotics-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Gonzalez
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism , Bethesda, MD 20892 , USA +1 301 496 9067 ; +1 301 496 8419 ;
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Palmela I, Correia L, Silva RFM, Sasaki H, Kim KS, Brites D, Brito MA. Hydrophilic bile acids protect human blood-brain barrier endothelial cells from disruption by unconjugated bilirubin: an in vitro study. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:80. [PMID: 25821432 PMCID: PMC4358072 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid and its main conjugate glycoursodeoxycholic acid are bile acids with neuroprotective properties. Our previous studies demonstrated their anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties in neural cells exposed to elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) as in severe jaundice. In a simplified model of the blood-brain barrier, formed by confluent monolayers of a cell line of human brain microvascular endothelial cells, UCB has shown to induce caspase-3 activation and cell death, as well as interleukin-6 release and a loss of blood-brain barrier integrity. Here, we tested the preventive and restorative effects of these bile acids regarding the disruption of blood-brain barrier properties by UCB in in vitro conditions mimicking severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and using the same experimental blood-brain barrier model. Both bile acids reduced the apoptotic cell death induced by UCB, but only glycoursodeoxycholic acid significantly counteracted caspase-3 activation. Bile acids also prevented the upregulation of interleukin-6 mRNA, whereas only ursodeoxycholic acid abrogated cytokine release. Regarding barrier integrity, only ursodeoxycholic acid abrogated UCB-induced barrier permeability. Better protective effects were obtained by bile acid pre-treatment, but a strong efficacy was still observed by their addition after UCB treatment. Finally, both bile acids showed ability to cross confluent monolayers of human brain microvascular endothelial cells in a time-dependent manner. Collectively, data disclose a therapeutic time-window for preventive and restorative effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and glycoursodeoxycholic acid against UCB-induced blood-brain barrier disruption and damage to human brain microvascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Palmela
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Leonor Correia
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui F M Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hiroyuki Sasaki
- Division of Fine Morphology, Core Research Facilities, The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kwang S Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria A Brito
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
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Bortolussi G, Zentillin L, Vaníkova J, Bockor L, Bellarosa C, Mancarella A, Vianello E, Tiribelli C, Giacca M, Vitek L, Muro AF. Life-long correction of hyperbilirubinemia with a neonatal liver-specific AAV-mediated gene transfer in a lethal mouse model of Crigler-Najjar Syndrome. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:844-55. [PMID: 25072305 PMCID: PMC4175423 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Null mutations in the UGT1A1 gene result in Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I (CNSI), characterized by severe hyperbilirubinemia and constant risk of developing neurological damage. Phototherapy treatment lowers plasma bilirubin levels, but its efficacy is limited and liver transplantation is required. To find alternative therapies, we applied AAV liver-specific gene therapy to a lethal mouse model of CNSI. We demonstrated that a single neonatal hUGT1A1 gene transfer was successful and the therapeutic effect lasted up to 17 months postinjection. The therapeutic effect was mediated by the presence of transcriptionally active double-stranded episomes. We also compared the efficacy of two different gene therapy approaches: liver versus skeletal muscle transgene expression. We observed that 5-8% of normal liver expression and activity levels were sufficient to significantly reduce bilirubin levels and maintain lifelong low plasma bilirubin concentration (3.1±1.5 mg/dl). In contrast, skeletal muscle was not able to efficiently lower bilirubin (6.4±2.0 mg/dl), despite 20-30% of hUgt1a1 expression levels, compared with normal liver. We propose that this remarkable difference in gene therapy efficacy could be related to the absence of the Mrp2 and Mrp3 transporters of conjugated bilirubin in muscle. Taken together, our data support the concept that liver is the best organ for efficient and long-term CNSI gene therapy, and suggest that the use of extra-hepatic tissues should be coupled to the presence of bilirubin transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bortolussi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorena Zentillin
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Jana Vaníkova
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luka Bockor
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristina Bellarosa
- Centro Studi Fegato, Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park, Campus Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonio Mancarella
- Centro Studi Fegato, Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park, Campus Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vianello
- Centro Studi Fegato, Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park, Campus Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Centro Studi Fegato, Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park, Campus Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical Science, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacca
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Libor Vitek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrés F. Muro
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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Erlinger S, Arias IM, Dhumeaux D. Inherited disorders of bilirubin transport and conjugation: new insights into molecular mechanisms and consequences. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1625-38. [PMID: 24704527 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inherited disorders of bilirubin metabolism might reduce bilirubin uptake by hepatocytes, bilirubin conjugation, or secretion of bilirubin into bile. Reductions in uptake could increase levels of unconjugated or conjugated bilirubin (Rotor syndrome). Defects in bilirubin conjugation could increase levels of unconjugated bilirubin; the effects can be benign and frequent (Gilbert syndrome) or rare but severe, increasing the risk of bilirubin encephalopathy (Crigler-Najjar syndrome). Impairment of bilirubin secretion leads to accumulation of conjugated bilirubin (Dubin-Johnson syndrome). We review the genetic causes and pathophysiology of disorders of bilirubin transport and conjugation as well as clinical and therapeutic aspects. We also discuss the possible mechanisms by which hyperbilirubinemia protects against cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome and the effects of specific genetic variants on drug metabolism and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Dhumeaux
- Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, University of Paris-Est, Créteil, France
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Song S, Hu Y, Gu X, Si F, Hua Z. A novel newborn rat kernicterus model created by injecting a bilirubin solution into the cisterna magna. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96171. [PMID: 24796550 PMCID: PMC4010446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kernicterus still occurs around the world; however, the mechanism of bilirubin neurotoxicity remains unclear, and effective treatment strategies are lacking. To solve these problems, several kernicterus (or acute bilirubin encephalopathy) animal models have been established, but these models are difficult and expensive. Therefore, the present study was performed to establish a novel kernicterus model that is simple and affordable by injecting unconjugated bilirubin solution into the cisterna magna (CM) of ordinary newborn Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. METHODS On postnatal day 5, SD rat pups were randomly divided into bilirubin and control groups. Then, either bilirubin solution or ddH2O (pH = 8.5) was injected into the CM at 10 µg/g (bodyweight). For model characterization, neurobehavioral outcomes were observed, mortality was calculated, and bodyweight was recorded after bilirubin injection and weaning. Apoptosis in the hippocampus was detected by H&E staining, TUNEL, flow cytometry and Western blotting. When the rats were 28 days old, learning and memory ability were evaluated using the Morris water maze test. RESULTS The bilirubin-treated rats showed apparently abnormal neurological manifestations, such as clenched fists, opisthotonos and torsion spasms. Bodyweight gain in the bilirubin-treated rats was significantly lower than that in the controls (P<0.001). The early and late mortality of the bilirubin-treated rats were both dramatically higher than those of the controls (P = 0.004 and 0.017, respectively). Apoptosis and necrosis in the hippocampal nerve cells in the bilirubin-treated rats were observed. The bilirubin-treated rats performed worse than the controls on the Morris water maze test. CONCLUSION By injecting bilirubin into the CM, we successfully created a new kernicterus model using ordinary SD rats; the model mimics both the acute clinical manifestations and the chronic sequelae. In particular, CM injection is easy to perform; thus, more stable models for follow-up study are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Song
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianfang Gu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Feifei Si
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziyu Hua
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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Yueh MF, Chen S, Nguyen N, Tukey RH. Developmental onset of bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity involves Toll-like receptor 2-dependent signaling in humanized UDP-glucuronosyltransferase1 mice. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:4699-709. [PMID: 24403077 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.518613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological and signaling events that connect developmentally induced hyperbilirubinemia to bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND) and CNS toxicity in humans are poorly understood. In mammals, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) is the sole enzyme responsible for bilirubin glucuronidation, a rate-limiting step necessary for bilirubin metabolism and clearance. Humanized mice that express the entire UGT1 locus (hUGT1) and the UGT1A1 gene, develop neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, with 8-10% of hUGT1 mice succumbing to CNS damage, a phenotype that is presented by uncontrollable seizures. We demonstrate that neuroinflammation and reactive gliosis are prominent features of bilirubin brain toxicity, and a disturbed redox status resulting from activation of NADPH oxidase is an important contributing mechanism found in BIND. Using knock-out mice and primary brain cells, we connect a key pattern recognition receptor, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), to hyperbilirubinemia-induced signaling. We illustrate a requirement for TLR2 signaling in regulating gliosis, proinflammatory mediators, and oxidative stress when neonatal mice encounter severe hyperbilirubinemia. TLR2-mediated gliosis strongly correlates with pronounced neuroinflammation in the CNS with up-regulation of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6, creating a pro-inflammatory CNS environment. Gene expression and immunohistochemistry staining show that hUGT1/Tlr2(-/-) mice fail to activate glial cells, proinflammatory cytokines, and stress response genes. In addition, bilirubin-induced apoptosis was significantly enhanced by blocking TLR2 signaling indicating its anti-apoptotic property. Consequently, a higher neonatal death rate (57.1%) in hUGT1/Tlr2(-/-) mice was observed when compared with hUGT1 mice (8.7%). These results suggest that TLR2 signaling and microglia neuroinflammation are linked to a repair and/or protection mode against BIND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fei Yueh
- From the Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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Intestinal glucuronidation protects against chemotherapy-induced toxicity by irinotecan (CPT-11). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:19143-8. [PMID: 24191041 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319123110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT)-11 (irinotecan) has been used widely for cancer treatment, particularly metastatic colorectal cancer. However, up to 40% of treated patients suffer from severe late diarrhea, which prevents CPT-11 dose intensification and efficacy. CPT-11 is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed by hepatic and intestinal carboxylesterase to form SN-38, which in turn is detoxified primarily through UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)-catalyzed glucuronidation. To better understand the mechanism associated with toxicity, we generated tissue-specific Ugt1 locus conditional knockout mouse models and examined the role of glucuronidation in protecting against irinotecan-induced toxicity. We targeted the deletion of the Ugt1 locus and the Ugt1a1 gene specifically in the liver (Ugt1(ΔHep)) and the intestine (Ugt1(ΔGI)). Control (Ugt1(F/F)), Ugt1(ΔHep), and Ugt1(ΔGI) adult male mice were treated with different concentrations of CPT-11 daily for four consecutive days. Toxicities were evaluated with regard to tissue glucuronidation potential. CPT-11-treated Ugt1(ΔHep) mice showed a similar lethality rate to the CPT-11-treated Ugt1(F/F) mice. However, Ugt1(ΔGI) mice were highly susceptible to CPT-11-induced diarrhea, developing severe and lethal mucositis at much lower CPT-11 doses, a result of the proliferative cell loss and inflammation in the intestinal tract. Comparative expression levels of UGT1A1 in intestinal tumors and normal surrounding tissue are dramatically different, providing for the opportunity to improve therapy by differential gene regulation. Intestinal expression of the UGT1A proteins is critical toward the detoxification of SN-38, whereas induction of the UGT1A1 gene may serve to limit toxicity and improve the efficacy associated with CPT-11 treatment.
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