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Hesen N, Anany M, Freidel A, Baker M, Siegmund D, Zaitseva O, Wajant H, Lang I. Genetically engineered IgG1 and nanobody oligomers acquire strong intrinsic CD40 agonism. Bioengineered 2024; 15:2302246. [PMID: 38214443 PMCID: PMC10793706 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2024.2302246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Most anti-CD40 antibodies show robust agonism only upon binding to FcγR+ cells, such as B cells, macrophages, or DCs, but a few anti-CD40 antibodies display also strong intrinsic agonism dependent on the recognized epitope and/or isotype. It is worth mentioning, however, that also the anti-CD40 antibodies with intrinsic agonism can show a further increase in agonistic activity when bound by FcγR-expressing cells. Thus, conventional antibodies appear not to be sufficient to trigger the maximum possible CD40 activation independent from FcγR-binding. We proved here the hypothesis that oligomeric and oligovalent anti-CD40 antibody variants generated by genetic engineering display high intrinsic, thus FcγR-independent, agonistic activity. We generated tetra-, hexa- and dodecavalent variants of six anti-CD40 antibodies and a CD40-specific nanobody. All these oligovalent variants, even when derived of bivalent antagonistic anti-CD40 antibodies, showed strongly enhanced CD40 agonism compared to their conventional counterparts. In most cases, the CD40 agonism reached the maximum response induced by FcγR-bound anti-CD40 antibodies or membrane CD40L, the natural engager of CD40. In sum, our data show that increasing the valency of anti-CD40 antibody constructs by genetic engineering regularly results in molecules with high intrinsic agonism and level out the specific limitations of the parental antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Hesen
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, WürzburgGermany
| | - Mohamed Anany
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, WürzburgGermany
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Andre Freidel
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, WürzburgGermany
| | - Mediya Baker
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, WürzburgGermany
| | - Daniela Siegmund
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, WürzburgGermany
| | - Olena Zaitseva
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, WürzburgGermany
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, WürzburgGermany
| | - Isabell Lang
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, WürzburgGermany
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2
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Hale G. Living in LALA land? Forty years of attenuating Fc effector functions. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39158044 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The Fc region of antibodies is vital for most of their physiological functions, many of which are engaged through binding to a range of Fc receptors. However, these same interactions are not always helpful or wanted when therapeutic antibodies are directed against self-antigens, and can sometimes cause catastrophic adverse reactions. Over the past 40 years, there have been intensive efforts to "silence" unwanted binding to Fc-gamma receptors, resulting in at least 45 different variants which have entered clinical trials. One of the best known is "LALA" (L234A/L235A). However, neither this, nor most of the other variants in clinical use are completely silenced, and in addition, the biophysical properties of many of them are compromised. I review the development of different variants to see what we can learn from their biological properties and use in the clinic. With the rise of powerful new uses of antibody therapy such as bispecific T-cell engagers, antibody-drug conjugates, and checkpoint inhibitors, it is increasingly important to optimize the Fc region as well as the antibody binding site in order to achieve the best combination of safety and efficacy.
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3
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Lim SH, Beers SA, Al-Shamkhani A, Cragg MS. Agonist Antibodies for Cancer Immunotherapy: History, Hopes, and Challenges. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:1712-1723. [PMID: 38153346 PMCID: PMC7615925 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is among the most promising new treatment modalities to arise over the last two decades; antibody drugs are delivering immunotherapy to millions of patients with many different types of cancer. Initial success with antibody therapeutics came in the form of direct targeting or cytotoxic antibodies, such as rituximab and trastuzumab, which bind directly to tumor cells to elicit their destruction. These were followed by immunomodulatory antibodies that elicit antitumor responses by either stimulating immune cells or relieving tumor-mediated suppression. By far the most successful approach in the clinic to date has been relieving immune suppression, with immune checkpoint blockade now a standard approach in the treatment of many cancer types. Despite equivalent and sometimes even more impressive effects in preclinical models, agonist antibodies designed to stimulate the immune system have lagged behind in their clinical translation. In this review, we document the main receptors that have been targeted by agonist antibodies, consider the various approaches that have been evaluated to date, detail what we have learned, and consider how their anticancer potential can be unlocked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean H. Lim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen A. Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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4
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Delshad M, Davoodi-Moghaddam Z, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Faranoush M, Abolghasemi H, Bashash D. Translating mechanisms into therapeutic strategies for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): Lessons from clinical trials. Thromb Res 2024; 235:125-147. [PMID: 38335568 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder that causes a significant reduction in peripheral blood platelet count. Fortunately, due to an increased understanding of ITP, there have been significant improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Over the past decade, there have been a variety of proven therapeutic options available for ITP patients, including intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG), Rituximab, corticosteroids, and thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs). Although the effectiveness of current therapies in treating more than two-thirds of patients, still some patients do not respond well to conventional therapies or fail to achieve long-term remission. Recently, a significant advancement has been made in identifying various mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ITP, leading to the development of novel treatments targeting these pathways. It seems that new agents that target plasma cells, Bruton tyrosine kinase, FcRn, platelet desialylation, splenic tyrosine kinase, and classical complement pathways are opening new ways to treat ITP. In this study, we reviewed the pathophysiology of ITP and summarized updates in this population's management and treatment options. We also took a closer look at the 315 ongoing trials to investigate their progress status and compare the effectiveness of interventions. May our comprehensive view of ongoing clinical trials serve as a guiding beacon, illuminating the path towards future trials of different drugs in the treatment of ITP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahda Delshad
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Davoodi-Moghaddam
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Faranoush
- Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolghasemi
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Damelang T, Brinkhaus M, van Osch TLJ, Schuurman J, Labrijn AF, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. Impact of structural modifications of IgG antibodies on effector functions. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1304365. [PMID: 38259472 PMCID: PMC10800522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1304365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are a critical component of the adaptive immune system, binding to and neutralizing pathogens and other foreign substances. Recent advances in molecular antibody biology and structural protein engineering enabled the modification of IgG antibodies to enhance their therapeutic potential. This review summarizes recent progress in both natural and engineered structural modifications of IgG antibodies, including allotypic variation, glycosylation, Fc engineering, and Fc gamma receptor binding optimization. We discuss the functional consequences of these modifications to highlight their potential for therapeutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon Damelang
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Brinkhaus
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thijs L. J. van Osch
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Janine Schuurman
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aran F. Labrijn
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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6
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Campuzano IDG. A Research Journey: Over a Decade of Denaturing and Native-MS Analyses of Hydrophobic and Membrane Proteins in Amgen Therapeutic Discovery. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2413-2431. [PMID: 37643331 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins and associated complexes currently comprise the majority of therapeutic targets and remain among the most challenging classes of proteins for analytical characterization. Through long-term strategic collaborations forged between industrial and academic research groups, there has been tremendous progress in advancing membrane protein mass spectrometry (MS) analytical methods and their concomitant application to Amgen therapeutic project progression. Herein, I will describe a detailed and personal account of how electrospray ionization (ESI) native mass spectrometry (nMS), ion mobility-MS (IM-MS), reversed phase liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS), high-throughput solid phase extraction mass spectrometry, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry methods were developed, optimized, and validated within Amgen Research, and importantly, how these analytical methods were applied for membrane and hydrophobic protein analyses and ultimately therapeutic project support and progression. Additionally, I will discuss all the highly important and productive collaborative efforts, both internal Amgen and external academic, which were key in generating the samples, methods, and associated data described herein. I will also describe some early and previously unpublished nano-ESI (nESI) native-MS data from Amgen Research and the highly productive University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) collaboration. I will also present previously unpublished examples of real-life Amgen biotherapeutic membrane protein projects that were supported by all the MS (and IM) analytical techniques described herein. I will start by describing the initial nESI nMS experiments performed at Amgen in 2011 on empty nanodisc molecules, using a quadrupole time-of-flight MS, and how these experiments progressed on to the 15 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MS at UCLA. Then described are monomeric and multimeric membrane protein data acquired in both nESI nMS and tandem-MS modes, using multiple methods of ion activation, resulting in dramatic spectral simplification. Also described is how we investigated the far less established and less published subject, that is denaturing RPLC-MS analysis of membrane proteins, and how we developed a highly robust and reproducible RPLC-MS method capable of effective separation of membrane proteins differing in only the presence or absence of an N-terminal post translational modification. Also described is the evolution of the aforementioned RPLC-MS method into a high-throughput solid phase extraction MS method. Finally, I will give my opinion on key developments and how the area of nMS of membrane proteins needs to evolve to a state where it can be applied within the biopharmaceutical research environment for routine therapeutic project support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain D G Campuzano
- Amgen Research, Center for Research Acceleration by Digital Innovation, Molecular Analytics, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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7
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Nimmerjahn F, Vidarsson G, Cragg MS. Effect of posttranslational modifications and subclass on IgG activity: from immunity to immunotherapy. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1244-1255. [PMID: 37414906 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Humoral immune responses are characterized by complex mixtures of polyclonal antibody species varying in their isotype, target epitope specificity and affinity. Posttranslational modifications occurring during antibody production in both the antibody variable and constant domain create further complexity and can modulate antigen specificity and antibody Fc-dependent effector functions, respectively. Finally, modifications of the antibody backbone after secretion may further impact antibody activity. An in-depth understanding of how these posttranslational modifications impact antibody function, especially in the context of individual antibody isotypes and subclasses, is only starting to emerge. Indeed, only a minute proportion of this natural variability in the humoral immune response is currently reflected in therapeutic antibody preparations. In this Review, we summarize recent insights into how IgG subclass and posttranslational modifications impact IgG activity and discuss how these insights may be used to optimize therapeutic antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Immunoglobulin Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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8
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Dadas O, Ertay A, Cragg MS. Delivering co-stimulatory tumor necrosis factor receptor agonism for cancer immunotherapy: past, current and future perspectives. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147467. [PMID: 37180119 PMCID: PMC10167284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) and their receptors (TNFRSF) are important regulators of the immune system, mediating proliferation, survival, differentiation, and function of immune cells. As a result, their targeting for immunotherapy is attractive, although to date, under-exploited. In this review we discuss the importance of co-stimulatory members of the TNFRSF in optimal immune response generation, the rationale behind targeting these receptors for immunotherapy, the success of targeting them in pre-clinical studies and the challenges in translating this success into the clinic. The efficacy and limitations of the currently available agents are discussed alongside the development of next generation immunostimulatory agents designed to overcome current issues, and capitalize on this receptor class to deliver potent, durable and safe drugs for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Dadas
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ayse Ertay
- School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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9
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Qin Y, Wu G, Jin J, Wang H, Zhang J, Liu L, Zhao H, Wang J, Yang X. A fully human connective tissue growth factor blocking monoclonal antibody ameliorates experimental rheumatoid arthritis through inhibiting angiogenesis. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:6. [PMID: 36869335 PMCID: PMC9985226 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by facilitating angiogenesis and is a promising therapeutic target for RA treatment. Herein, we generated a fully human CTGF blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) through phage display technology. RESULTS A single-chain fragment variable (scFv) with a high affinity to human CTGF was isolated through screening a fully human phage display library. We carried out affinity maturation to elevate its affinity for CTGF and reconstructed it into a full-length IgG1 format for further optimization. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) data showed that full-length antibody IgG mut-B2 bound to CTGF with a dissociation constant (KD) as low as 0.782 nM. In the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice, IgG mut-B2 alleviated arthritis and decreased the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we confirmed that the TSP-1 domain of CTGF is essential for the interaction. Additionally, the results of Transwell assays, tube formation experiments, and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays showed that IgG mut-B2 could effectively inhibit angiogenesis. CONCLUSION The fully human mAb that antagonizes CTGF could effectively alleviate arthritis in CIA mice, and its mechanism is tightly associated with the TSP-1 domain of CTGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying, Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiani Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Heping Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianguang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China. .,Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying, Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China.
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10
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Schuster J, Kamuju V, Mathaes R. Protein Stability After Administration: A Physiologic Consideration. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:370-376. [PMID: 36202247 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory authorities and the scientific community have identified the need to monitor the in vivo stability of therapeutic proteins (TPs). Due to the unique physiologic conditions in patients, the stability of TPs after administration can deviate largely from their stability under drug product (DP) conditions. TPs can degrade at substantial rates once immersed in the in vivo milieu. Changes in protein stability upon administration to patients are critical as they can have implications on patient safety and clinical effectiveness of DPs. Physiologic conditions are challenging to simulate and require dedicated in vitro models for specific routes of administration. Advancements of in vitro models enable to simulate the exposure to physiologic conditions prior to resource demanding pre-clinical and clinical studies. This enables to evaluate the in vivo stability and thus may allow to improve the safety/efficacy profile of DPs. While in vitro-in vivo correlations are challenging, benchmarking DP candidates enables to identify liabilities and optimize molecules. The in vivo stability should be an integral part of holistic stability assessments during early development. Such assessments can accelerate development timelines and lead to more stable DPs for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schuster
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Vinay Kamuju
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman Mathaes
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Jhajj HS, Lwo TS, Yao EL, Tessier PM. Unlocking the potential of agonist antibodies for treating cancer using antibody engineering. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:48-60. [PMID: 36344331 PMCID: PMC9742327 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Agonist antibodies that target immune checkpoints, such as those in the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, are an important class of emerging therapeutics due to their ability to regulate immune cell activity, especially for treating cancer. Despite their potential, to date, they have shown limited clinical utility and further antibody optimization is urgently needed to improve their therapeutic potential. Here, we discuss key antibody engineering approaches for improving the activity of antibody agonists by optimizing their valency, specificity for different receptors (e.g., bispecific antibodies) and epitopes (e.g., biepitopic or biparatopic antibodies), and Fc affinity for Fcγ receptors (FcγRs). These powerful approaches are being used to develop the next generation of cancer immunotherapeutics with improved efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harkamal S Jhajj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Timon S Lwo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily L Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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12
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Mock M, Jacobitz AW, Langmead CJ, Sudom A, Yoo D, Humphreys SC, Alday M, Alekseychyk L, Angell N, Bi V, Catterall H, Chen CC, Chou HT, Conner KP, Cook KD, Correia AR, Dykstra A, Ghimire-Rijal S, Graham K, Grandsard P, Huh J, Hui JO, Jain M, Jann V, Jia L, Johnstone S, Khanal N, Kolvenbach C, Narhi L, Padaki R, Pelegri-O'Day EM, Qi W, Razinkov V, Rice AJ, Smith R, Spahr C, Stevens J, Sun Y, Thomas VA, van Driesche S, Vernon R, Wagner V, Walker KW, Wei Y, Winters D, Yang M, Campuzano IDG. Development of in silico models to predict viscosity and mouse clearance using a comprehensive analytical data set collected on 83 scaffold-consistent monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2023; 15:2256745. [PMID: 37698932 PMCID: PMC10498806 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2256745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologic drug discovery pipelines are designed to deliver protein therapeutics that have exquisite functional potency and selectivity while also manifesting biophysical characteristics suitable for manufacturing, storage, and convenient administration to patients. The ability to use computational methods to predict biophysical properties from protein sequence, potentially in combination with high throughput assays, could decrease timelines and increase the success rates for therapeutic developability engineering by eliminating lengthy and expensive cycles of recombinant protein production and testing. To support development of high-quality predictive models for antibody developability, we designed a sequence-diverse panel of 83 effector functionless IgG1 antibodies displaying a range of biophysical properties, produced and formulated each protein under standard platform conditions, and collected a comprehensive package of analytical data, including in vitro assays and in vivo mouse pharmacokinetics. We used this robust training data set to build machine learning classifier models that can predict complex protein behavior from these data and features derived from predicted and/or experimental structures. Our models predict with 87% accuracy whether viscosity at 150 mg/mL is above or below a threshold of 15 centipoise (cP) and with 75% accuracy whether the area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC0-672 h) in normal mouse is above or below a threshold of 3.9 × 106 h x ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Mock
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Alex W Jacobitz
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Athena Sudom
- Structural Biology, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Yoo
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Sara C Humphreys
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mai Alday
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Angell
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Vivian Bi
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Catterall
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Chen-Chun Chen
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Hui-Ting Chou
- Structural Biology, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kip P Conner
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin D Cook
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ana R Correia
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Dykstra
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Kevin Graham
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Peter Grandsard
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Joon Huh
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - John O Hui
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Mani Jain
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Jann
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Lei Jia
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Sheree Johnstone
- Structural Biology, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Neelam Khanal
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Carl Kolvenbach
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Linda Narhi
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Rupa Padaki
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Wei Qi
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Austin J Rice
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Richard Smith
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Spahr
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Yax Sun
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Veena A Thomas
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert Vernon
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Victoria Wagner
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth W Walker
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Yangjie Wei
- Process Development, Amgen Operations, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Dwight Winters
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Yang
- Biologic Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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13
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Beck A, Nowak C, Meshulam D, Reynolds K, Chen D, Pacardo DB, Nicholls SB, Carven GJ, Gu Z, Fang J, Wang D, Katiyar A, Xiang T, Liu H. Risk-Based Control Strategies of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:73. [PMID: 36412839 PMCID: PMC9703962 DOI: 10.3390/antib11040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first approval of the anti-CD3 recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb), muromonab-CD3, a mouse antibody for the prevention of transplant rejection, by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986, mAb therapeutics have become increasingly important to medical care. A wealth of information about mAbs regarding their structure, stability, post-translation modifications, and the relationship between modification and function has been reported. Yet, substantial resources are still required throughout development and commercialization to have appropriate control strategies to maintain consistent product quality, safety, and efficacy. A typical feature of mAbs is charge heterogeneity, which stems from a variety of modifications, including modifications that are common to many mAbs or unique to a specific molecule or process. Charge heterogeneity is highly sensitive to process changes and thus a good indicator of a robust process. It is a high-risk quality attribute that could potentially fail the specification and comparability required for batch disposition. Failure to meet product specifications or comparability can substantially affect clinical development timelines. To mitigate these risks, the general rule is to maintain a comparable charge profile when process changes are inevitably introduced during development and even after commercialization. Otherwise, new peaks or varied levels of acidic and basic species must be justified based on scientific knowledge and clinical experience for a specific molecule. Here, we summarize the current understanding of mAb charge variants and outline risk-based control strategies to support process development and ultimately commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 5 Avenue Napoléon III, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Christine Nowak
- Protein Characterization, Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease, 100 College St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Deborah Meshulam
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kristina Reynolds
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David Chen
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dennis B. Pacardo
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Samantha B. Nicholls
- Protein Sciences, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gregory J. Carven
- Research, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zhenyu Gu
- Jasper Therapeutics, Inc., 2200 Bridge Pkwy Suite 102, Redwood City, CA 94065, USA
| | - Jing Fang
- Biological Drug Discovery, Biogen, 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Global Biologics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- CMC Technical Operations, Magenta Therapeutics, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- Downstream Process and Analytical Development, Boston Institute of Biotechnology, 225 Turnpike Rd., Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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14
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Campuzano IDG, Pelegri-O'Day EM, Srinivasan N, Lippens JL, Egea P, Umeda A, Aral J, Zhang T, Laganowsky A, Netirojjanakul C. High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry for Biopharma: A Universal Modality and Target Independent Analytical Method for Accurate Biomolecule Characterization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:2191-2198. [PMID: 36206542 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry (rpLC-MS) is a universal, platformed, and essential analytical technique within pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical research. Typical rpLC method gradient times can range from 5 to 20 min. As monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies continue to evolve and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) become more established, research stage engineering panels will clearly evolve in size. Therefore, high-throughput (HT) MS and automated deconvolution methods are key for success. Additionally, newer therapeutics such as bispecific T-cell engagers and nucleic acid-based modalities will also require MS characterization. Herein, we present a modality and target agnostic HT solid-phase extraction (SPE) MS method that affords the analysis of a 96-well plate in 41.4 min, compared to the traditional rpLC-MS method that would typically take 14.4 h. The described method can accurately determine the molecular weights for monodispersed and highly polydispersed biotherapeutic species and membrane proteins; determine levels of glycosylation, glycation, and formylation; detect levels of chain mispairing; and determine accurate drug-to-antibody ratio values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain D G Campuzano
- Amgen Research, Molecular Analytics, Biologics Therapeutic Discovery, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California91320, United States
| | - Emma M Pelegri-O'Day
- Amgen Research, Molecular Analytics, Biologics Therapeutic Discovery, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California91320, United States
| | - Nithya Srinivasan
- Amgen Research, Molecular Analytics, Biologics Therapeutic Discovery, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California91320, United States
| | - Jennifer L Lippens
- Pivotal Attribute Sciences, Process Development, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California91320, United States
| | - Pascal Egea
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California─Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Aiko Umeda
- Amgen Research, Platform Engineering, Biologics Therapeutic Discovery, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California91320, United States
| | - Jennifer Aral
- Amgen Research, Platform Engineering, Biologics Therapeutic Discovery, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California91320, United States
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77843, United States
| | - Arthur Laganowsky
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77843, United States
| | - Chawita Netirojjanakul
- Amgen Research, Platform Engineering, Biologics Therapeutic Discovery, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California91320, United States
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15
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Lang I, Zaitseva O, Wajant H. FcγRs and Their Relevance for the Activity of Anti-CD40 Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12869. [PMID: 36361658 PMCID: PMC9655775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory targeting of the CD40L-CD40 system is a promising therapeutic option in the field of organ transplantation and is also attractive in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. After early complex results with neutralizing CD40L antibodies, it turned out that lack of Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-binding is the crucial factor for the development of safe inhibitory antibodies targeting CD40L or CD40. Indeed, in recent years, blocking CD40 antibodies not interacting with FcγRs, has proven to be well tolerated in clinical studies and has shown initial clinical efficacy. Stimulation of CD40 is also of considerable therapeutic interest, especially in cancer immunotherapy. CD40 can be robustly activated by genetically engineered variants of soluble CD40L but also by anti-CD40 antibodies. However, the development of CD40L-based agonists is biotechnologically and pharmacokinetically challenging, and anti-CD40 antibodies typically display only strong agonism in complex with FcγRs or upon secondary crosslinking. The latter, however, typically results in poorly developable mixtures of molecule species of varying stoichiometry and FcγR-binding by anti-CD40 antibodies can elicit unwanted side effects such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) of CD40 expressing immune cells. Here, we summarize and compare strategies to overcome the unwanted target cell-destroying activity of anti-CD40-FcγR complexes, especially the use of FcγR type-specific mutants and the FcγR-independent cell surface anchoring of bispecific anti-CD40 fusion proteins. Especially, we discuss the therapeutic potential of these strategies in view of the emerging evidence for the dose-limiting activities of systemic CD40 engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Harald Wajant
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Auvera Haus, Grombühlstrasse 12, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Orr CM, Fisher H, Yu X, Chan CHT, Gao Y, Duriez PJ, Booth SG, Elliott I, Inzhelevskaya T, Mockridge I, Penfold CA, Wagner A, Glennie MJ, White AL, Essex JW, Pearson AR, Cragg MS, Tews I. Hinge disulfides in human IgG2 CD40 antibodies modulate receptor signaling by regulation of conformation and flexibility. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabm3723. [PMID: 35857577 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abm3723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies protect from infection, underpin successful vaccines and elicit therapeutic responses in otherwise untreatable cancers and autoimmune conditions. The human IgG2 isotype displays a unique capacity to undergo disulfide shuffling in the hinge region, leading to modulation of its ability to drive target receptor signaling (agonism) in a variety of important immune receptors, through hitherto unexplained molecular mechanisms. To address the underlying process and reveal how hinge disulfide orientation affects agonistic activity, we generated a series of cysteine to serine exchange variants in the hinge region of the clinically relevant monoclonal antibody ChiLob7/4, directed against the key immune receptor CD40. We report how agonistic activity varies with disulfide pattern and is afforded by the presence of a disulfide crossover between F(ab) arms in the agonistic forms, independently of epitope, as observed in the determined crystallographic structures. This structural "switch" affects directly on antibody conformation and flexibility. Small-angle x-ray scattering and ensemble modeling demonstrated that the least flexible variants adopt the fewest conformations and evoke the highest levels of receptor agonism. This covalent change may be amenable for broad implementation to modulate receptor signaling in an epitope-independent manner in future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Orr
- University of Southampton, Biological Sciences, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- University of Southampton, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging CFEL, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Hayden Fisher
- University of Southampton, Biological Sciences, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- University of Southampton, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Xiaojie Yu
- University of Southampton, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Claude H-T Chan
- University of Southampton, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Yunyun Gao
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging CFEL, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Patrick J Duriez
- University of Southampton, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- University of Southampton, CRUK Protein Core Facility, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Steven G Booth
- University of Southampton, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Isabel Elliott
- University of Southampton, Biological Sciences, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- University of Southampton, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- University of Southampton, School of Chemistry, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Ian Mockridge
- University of Southampton, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- University of Southampton, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | | | - Martin J Glennie
- University of Southampton, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ann L White
- University of Southampton, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- UCB Pharma, Slough SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Jonathan W Essex
- University of Southampton, School of Chemistry, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- University of Southampton, Institute for Life Sciences, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Arwen R Pearson
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging CFEL, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Mark S Cragg
- University of Southampton, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- University of Southampton, Institute for Life Sciences, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ivo Tews
- University of Southampton, Biological Sciences, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- University of Southampton, Institute for Life Sciences, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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17
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Ivancic VA, Lombardo HL, Ma E, Wikström M, Batabyal D. Advancing secondary structure characterization of monoclonal antibodies using Microfluidic Modulation Spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 2022; 646:114629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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18
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Woodall DW, Dillon TM, Kalenian K, Padaki R, Kuhns S, Semin DJ, Bondarenko PV. Non-targeted characterization of attributes affecting antibody-FcγRIIIa V158 (CD16a) binding via online affinity chromatography-mass spectrometry. MAbs 2022; 14:2004982. [PMID: 34978527 PMCID: PMC8741291 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.2004982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies facilitate targeted cell killing by engaging with immune cells such as natural killer cells through weak binding interactions with Fcγ receptors on the cell surface. Here, we evaluate the binding affinity of the receptor FcγRIIIa V158 (CD16a) for several therapeutic antibody classes, isoforms, and Fc-fusion proteins using an immobilized receptor affinity liquid chromatography (LC) approach coupled with online mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Aglycosylated FcγRIIIa was used in the affinity chromatography and compared with published affinities using glycosylated receptors. Affinity LC-MS differentiated the IgG1 antibodies primarily according to their Fc glycosylation patterns, with highly galactosylated species having greater affinity for the immobilized receptors and thus eluting later from the column (M5< G0F < G0 afucosylated ≅ G1F < G2F). Sialylated species bound weaker to their asialylated counterparts as reported previously. High mannose glycoforms bound weaker than G0F, contrary to previously published studies using glycosylated receptors. Also, increased receptor binding affinity associated with afucosylated antibodies was not observed with the aglycosylated FcγRIIIa. This apparent difference from previous findings highlighted the importance of the glycans on the receptors for mediating stronger binding interactions. Characterization of temperature-stressed samples by LC-MS peptide mapping revealed over 200 chemical and post-translational modifications, but only the Fc glycans, deamidation of EU N325, and an unknown modification to either proline or cysteine residues of the hinge region were found to have a statistically significant impact on binding. Abbreviations: Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), dithiothreitol (DTT), electrospray ionization (ESI), hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX), filter aided-sample preparation (FASP), Fcγ receptor (FcγR), fragment crystallizable (Fc), high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), immunoglobulin G (IgG), liquid chromatography (LC), monoclonal antibody (mAb), mass spectrometry (MS), natural killer (NK), N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NGNA), N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA), principal component analysis (PCA), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and extracted mass chromatogram (XMC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Woodall
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Thomas M Dillon
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Kevin Kalenian
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Rupa Padaki
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Scott Kuhns
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - David J Semin
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Pavel V Bondarenko
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
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19
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Zhao Q, Yuan JJ, Hu F, Qian C, Tian CF, Wang JT, Gao D, Yi W, Wang HB. Isolation, physicochemical, and structure-function relationship of the hydrophobic variant of Fc-fusion proteins that bind to TNF-α receptor, HS002 and HS002A. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1186:123026. [PMID: 34781108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
HS002 is the recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-α receptor Ⅱ: IgG Fc fusion protein licensed in China to treat rheumatism and psoriasis. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the hydrophobic freeze-dried powder injection (HS002) and ampoule injection (HS002A) variants derived from proteins of the same sequence and then to explore the structure-function relationship. Extensive physicochemical and structural testing was performed during a side-by-side comparison of the monomer peak and variant. Then the TNF-α-related binding activity, cell biological activity and affinity with FcRn were analyzed. Finally, a transformation study of the hydrophobic variant was performed under serum-like redox conditions. This research revealed that HS002A has similar physicochemical and structure-function relationship profiles to those of HS002. The hydrophobic variant exhibited the presence of new incorrect disulfide bridging. At the same time, this novel disulfide scrambled species structure-function relationship was found to be the molecular basis for reduced TNF-α binding and cell biological activities. In addition, incorrect disulfide bridging was found to be reversible under serum-like redox conditions, restoring TNF-α binding and cell biological activities to almost normal levels, all of which indicate that the variant is probably irrelevant to clinical efficacy once the drug enters the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Jun-Jie Yuan
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Ci Qian
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Cheng-Fu Tian
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Ji-Teng Wang
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Dong Gao
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Wen Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hai-Bin Wang
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China.
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20
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Tang Y, Cain P, Anguiano V, Shih JJ, Chai Q, Feng Y. Impact of IgG subclass on molecular properties of monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2021; 13:1993768. [PMID: 34763607 PMCID: PMC8726687 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1993768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G-based monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become a dominant class of biotherapeutics in recent decades. Approved antibodies are mainly of the subclasses IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4, as well as their derivatives. Over the decades, the selection of IgG subclass has frequently been based on the needs of Fc gamma receptor engagement and effector functions for the desired mechanism of action, while the effect on drug product developability has been less thoroughly characterized. One of the major reasons is the lack of systematic understanding of the impact of IgG subclass on the molecular properties. Several efforts have been made recently to compare molecular property differences among these IgG subclasses, but the conclusions from these studies are sometimes obscured by the interference from variable regions. To further establish mechanistic understandings, we conducted a systematic study by grafting three independent variable regions onto human IgG1, an IgG1 variant, IgG2, and an IgG4 variant constant domains and evaluating the impact of subclass and variable regions on their molecular properties. Structural and computational analysis revealed specific molecular features that potentially account for the differential behavior of the IgG subclasses observed experimentally. Our data indicate that IgG subclass plays a significant role on molecular properties, either through direct effects or via the interplay with the variable region, the IgG1 mAbs tend to have higher solubility than either IgG2 or IgG4 mAbs in a common pH 6 buffer matrix, and solution behavior relies heavily on the charge status of the antibody at the desirable pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- Pharmaceutical Development, Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Cain
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Technology Center North, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Victor Anguiano
- Bioproduct Research & Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Technology Center North, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - James J Shih
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Qing Chai
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yiqing Feng
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Technology Center North, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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21
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Kuter DJ. Novel therapies for immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2021; 196:1311-1328. [PMID: 34611885 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Current therapies for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) are successful in providing a haemostatic platelet count in over two-thirds of patients. Still, some patients have an inadequate response and there is a need for other therapies. A number of novel therapies for ITP are currently being developed based upon the current pathophysiology of ITP. Many therapies are targetted at reducing platelet destruction by decreasing anti-platelet antibody production by immunosuppression with monoclonal antibodies targetted against CD40, CD38 and the immunoproteasome or physically reducing the anti-platelet antibody concentration by inhibition of the neonatal Fc receptor. Others target the phagocytic system by inhibiting FcγR function with staphylococcal protein A, hypersialylated IgG, polymeric Fc fragments, or Bruton kinase. With a recognition that platelet destruction is also mediated by complement, inhibitors of C1s are also being tested. Inhibition of platelet desialylation may also play a role. Other novel therapies promote platelet production with new oral thrombopoietin receptor agonists or the use of low-level laser light to improve mitochondrial activity and prevent megakaryocyte apoptosis. This review will focus on these novel mechanisms for treating ITP and assess the status of treatments currently under development. Successful new treatments for ITP might also provide a pathway to treat other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Kuter
- Hematology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Apostol I, Bondarenko PV, Ren D, Semin DJ, Wu CH, Zhang Z, Goudar CT. Enabling development, manufacturing, and regulatory approval of biotherapeutics through advances in mass spectrometry. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:206-215. [PMID: 34508981 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid technological advances have significantly improved the capability, versatility, and robustness of mass spectrometers which has led to them playing a central role in the development, characterization, and regulatory filings of biopharmaceuticals. Their application spans the entire continuum of drug development, starting with discovery research through product development, characterization, and marketing authorization and continues well into product life cycle management. The scope of application extends beyond traditional protein characterization and includes elements like clone selection, cell culture physiology and bioprocess optimization, investigation support, and process analytical technology. More recently, advances in the MS-based multi-attribute method are enabling the introduction of MS in a cGMP environment for routine release and stability testing. While most applications of MS to date have been for monoclonal antibodies, the successes and learnings should translate to the characterization of next-gen biotherapeutics where modalities like multispecifics could be more prevalent. In this review, we describe the most significant advances in MS and correlate them to the broad spectrum of applications to biotherapeutic development. We anticipate rapid technological improvements to continue that will further accelerate widespread deployment of MS, thereby elevating our overall understanding of product quality and enabling attribute-focused product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izydor Apostol
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Pavel V Bondarenko
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Da Ren
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - David J Semin
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Chao-Hsiang Wu
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Zhongqi Zhang
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Chetan T Goudar
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States.
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Yepes-Pérez Y, Rodríguez-Obediente K, Camargo A, Diaz-Arévalo D, Patarroyo ME, Patarroyo MA. Molecular characterisation of parvorder Platyrrhini IgG sub-classes. Mol Immunol 2021; 139:23-31. [PMID: 34450539 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHP) are essential in modern biomedical research; New World monkeys (NWM) are mainly used as an experimental model regarding human malaria as they provide useful information about the parasite's biology and an induced immune response. It is known that a vaccine candidate's efficacy is mediated by a protection-inducing antibody response (IgG). Not enough information is available concerning IgG subclasses' molecular characteristics regarding NHP from parvorder Platyrrhini. Understanding the nature of the humoral immune response and characterising the IgG subclasses' profile will provide valuable information about the immunomodulator mechanisms of vaccines evaluated using an NHP animal model. This article has characterised IgG subclasses in NWM (i.e. genera Aotus, Cebus, Ateles and Alouatta) based on the amplification, cloning and sequencing of the immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma (IGHG) gene's CH1 to CH3 regions. The resulting sequences enabled elucidating IGHG gene organisation; two IgG variants were found in the Aotus and Ateles monkey group and three IgG variants in the Cebus and Alouatta group. The sequences were highly conserved in Platyrrhini and had a similar structure to that reported for monkeys from parvorder Catarrhini. Such information will help in developing tools for a detailed characterisation of the humoral immune response in an NWM experimental animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoelis Yepes-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá D.C. 111321, Colombia.
| | - Kewin Rodríguez-Obediente
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá D.C. 111321, Colombia; MSc Programme in Microbiology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá D.C. 111321, Colombia.
| | - Anny Camargo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá D.C. 111321, Colombia.
| | - Diana Diaz-Arévalo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá D.C. 111321, Colombia.
| | - Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá D.C. 111321, Colombia; Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá D.C. 111321, Colombia; Health Sciences Division, Main Campus, Universidad Santo Tomás, Carrera 9#51-11, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia.
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá D.C. 111321, Colombia; Health Sciences Division, Main Campus, Universidad Santo Tomás, Carrera 9#51-11, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia; Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45#26-85, Bogotá D.C. 111321, Colombia.
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24
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Campuzano IDG, Sandoval W. Denaturing and Native Mass Spectrometric Analytics for Biotherapeutic Drug Discovery Research: Historical, Current, and Future Personal Perspectives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1861-1885. [PMID: 33886297 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) plays a key role throughout all stages of drug development and is now as ubiquitous as other analytical techniques such as surface plasmon resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, and supercritical fluid chromatography, among others. Herein, we aim to discuss the history of MS, both electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, specifically for the analysis of antibodies, evolving through to denaturing and native-MS analysis of newer biologic moieties such as antibody-drug conjugates, multispecific antibodies, and interfering nucleic acid-based therapies. We discuss challenging therapeutic target characterization such as membrane protein receptors. Importantly, we compare and contrast the MS and hyphenated analytical chromatographic methods used to characterize these therapeutic modalities and targets within biopharmaceutical research and highlight the importance of appropriate MS deconvolution software and its essential contribution to project progression. Finally, we describe emerging applications and MS technologies that are still predominantly within either a development or academic stage of use but are poised to have significant impact on future drug development within the biopharmaceutic industry once matured. The views reflected herein are personal and are not meant to be an exhaustive list of all relevant MS performed within biopharmaceutical research but are what we feel have been historically, are currently, and will be in the future the most impactful for the drug development process.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/analysis
- Automation, Laboratory
- Biopharmaceutics/methods
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Drug Discovery/methods
- Drug Industry/history
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/analysis
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Protein Denaturation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Proteins/analysis
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/history
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/history
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain D G Campuzano
- Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 92130, United States
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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25
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Skeene K, Khatri K, Soloviev Z, Lapthorn C. Current status and future prospects for ion-mobility mass spectrometry in the biopharmaceutical industry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140697. [PMID: 34246790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Detailed characterization of protein reagents and biopharmaceuticals is key in defining successful drug discovery campaigns, aimed at bringing molecules through different discovery stages up to development and commercialization. There are many challenges in this process, with complex and detailed analyses playing paramount roles in modern industry. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an essential tool for characterization of proteins ever since the onset of soft ionization techniques and has taken the lead in quality assessment of biopharmaceutical molecules, and protein reagents, used in the drug discovery pipeline. MS use spans from identification of correct sequences, to intact molecule analyses, protein complexes and more recently epitope and paratope identification. MS toolkits could be incredibly diverse and with ever evolving instrumentation, increasingly novel MS-based techniques are becoming indispensable tools in the biopharmaceutical industry. Here we discuss application of Ion Mobility MS (IMMS) in an industrial setting, and what the current applications and outlook are for making IMMS more mainstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Skeene
- Biopharm Process Research, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK.
| | - Kshitij Khatri
- Structure and Function Characterization, CMC-Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19406, USA.
| | - Zoja Soloviev
- Protein, Cellular and Structural Sciences, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK.
| | - Cris Lapthorn
- Structure and Function Characterization, CMC-Analytical, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK.
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26
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Assessment of Antibody Stability in a Novel Protein-Free Serum Model. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060774. [PMID: 34067269 PMCID: PMC8224624 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins can degrade upon administration as they are subjected to a variety of stresses in human body compartments. In vivo degradation may cause undesirable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles. Pre-clinical in vitro models have gained scientific interest as they enable one to evaluate the in vivo stability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and ultimately can improve patient safety. We used a novel approach by stripping serum of endogenous proteins, which interfere with analytical test methods. This enabled the direct analysis of the target protein without laborious sample work-up procedures. The developed model retained the osmolality, conductivity, temperature, and pH of serum. We compared the impact of human, bovine, and artificial serum to accelerated stability conditions in histidine buffer. Target mAbs were assessed in regard to visible and sub-visible particles, as well as protein aggregation and fragmentation. Both mAbs degraded to a higher extent under physiological conditions compared to accelerated stability conditions. No relevant stability differences between the tested mAbs were observed. Our results reinforced the importance of monitoring protein stability in biological fluids or fluids emulating these conditions closely. Models enabling analysis in fluids directly allow high throughput testing in early pre-clinical stages and help in selecting molecules with increased in vivo stability.
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27
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Hwang TL, Batabyal D, Knutson N, Wikström M. Use of the 2D 1H- 13C HSQC NMR Methyl Region to Evaluate the Higher Order Structural Integrity of Biopharmaceuticals. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092714. [PMID: 34063095 PMCID: PMC8125315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The higher-order structure (HOS) of protein therapeutics is directly related to the function and represents a critical quality attribute. Currently, the HOS of protein therapeutics is characterized by methods with low to medium structural resolution, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), circular dichroism (CD), intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy (FLD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods have now been introduced, representing powerful approaches for HOS characterization (HOS by NMR). NMR is a multi-attribute method with unique abilities to give information on all structural levels of proteins in solution. In this study, we have compared 2D 1H-13C HSQC NMR with two established biophysical methods, i.e., near-ultraviolet circular dichroism (NUV-CD) and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, for the HOS assessments for the folded and unfolded states of two monoclonal antibodies belonging to the subclasses IgG1 and IgG2. The study shows that the methyl region of the 1H-13C HSQC NMR spectrum is sensitive to both the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins and therefore represents a powerful tool in assessing the overall higher-order structural integrity of biopharmaceutical molecules.
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Schuster J, Mahler HC, Joerg S, Huwyler J, Mathaes R. Analytical Challenges Assessing Protein Aggregation and Fragmentation Under Physiologic Conditions. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3103-3110. [PMID: 33933436 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins are administered by injection or infusion. After administration, the physiologic environment in the desired body compartment - fluid or tissue - can impact protein stability and lead to changes in the safety and/or efficacy profile. For example, protein aggregation and fragmentation are critical quality attributes of the drug product and can occur after administration to patients. In this context, the in vivo stability of therapeutic proteins has gained increasing attention. However, in vivo protein aggregation and fragmentation are difficult to assess and have been rarely investigated. This mini-review summarizes analytical approaches to assess the stability of therapeutic proteins using simulated physiologic conditions. Furthermore, we discuss factors potentially causing in vivo protein aggregation, precipitation, and fragmentation in complex biological fluids. Different analytical approaches are evaluated with respect to their applicability and possible shortcomings when it comes to these degradation events in biological fluids. Tracking protein stability in biological fluids typically requires purifying or labeling the protein of interest to circumvent matrix interference of biological fluids. Improved analytical methods are strongly needed to gain knowledge on in vivo protein aggregation and fragmentation. In vitro models can support the selection of lead candidates and accelerate the pre-clinical development of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schuster
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Pharmacenter, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Susanne Joerg
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Huwyler
- University of Basel, Pharmacenter, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman Mathaes
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland.
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Schuster J, Mahler HC, Joerg S, Kamuju V, Huwyler J, Mathaes R. Stability of monoclonal antibodies after simulated subcutaneous administration. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2386-2394. [PMID: 33722546 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the environment from the drug product to the human physiology might lead to physical and/or chemical modifications of the protein drug, such as in vivo aggregation and fragmentation. Although subcutaneous (SC) injection is a common route of administration for therapeutic proteins, knowledge on in vivo stability in the SC tissue is limited. In this study, we developed a physiologic in vitro model simulating the SC environment in patients. We assessed the stability of two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in four different protein-free fluids under physiologic conditions. We monitored protein stability over two weeks using a range of analytical methods, in analogy to testing purposes of a drug product. Both mAbs showed an increase of protein aggregates, fragments, and acidic species. mAb1 was consistently more stable in this in vitro model than mAb2, highlighting the importance of comparing the stability of different mAbs under physiologic conditions. Throughout the study, both mAbs were substantially less stable in bicarbonate buffers as compared to phosphate-buffered saline. In summary, our developed model was able to differentiate stability between molecules. Bicarbonate buffers were more suitable compared to phosphate-buffered saline in regards to simulating the in vivo conditions and evaluating protein liabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schuster
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstr. 60A, 4057 Basel, Switzerland; Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Pharmacenter, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hanns-Christian Mahler
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstr. 60A, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Joerg
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstr. 60A, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vinay Kamuju
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstr. 60A, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Pharmacenter, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman Mathaes
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstr. 60A, 4057 Basel, Switzerland.
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30
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Development of a novel, fully human, anti-PCSK9 antibody with potent hypolipidemic activity by utilizing phage display-based strategy. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103250. [PMID: 33647772 PMCID: PMC7921758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) regulates serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels by facilitating the degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR) and is an attractive therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia intervention. Herein, we generated a novel fully human antibody with favourable druggability by utilizing phage display-based strategy. Methods A potent single-chain variable fragment (scFv) named AP2M21 was obtained by screening a fully human scFv phage display library with hPCSK9, and performing two in vitro affinity maturation processes including CDR-targeted tailored mutagenesis and cross-cloning. Thereafter, it was transformed to a full-length Fc-silenced anti-PCSK9 antibody FAP2M21 by fusing to a modified human IgG1 Fc fragment with L234A/L235A/N297G mutations and C-terminal lysine deletion, thus eliminating its immune effector functions and mitigating mAb heterogeneity. Findings Our data showed that the generated full-length anti-PCSK9 antibody FAP2M21 binds to hPCSK9 with a KD as low as 1.42 nM, and a dramatically slow dissociation rate (koff, 4.68 × 10−6 s−1), which could be attributed to its lower binding energy (-47.51 kcal/mol) than its parent counterpart FAP2 (-30.39 kcal/mol). We verified that FAP2M21 potently inhibited PCSK9-induced reduction of LDL-C uptake in HepG2 cells, with an EC50 of 43.56 nM. Further, in hPCSK9 overexpressed C57BL/6 mice, a single tail i.v. injection of FAP2M21 at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg, dose-dependently up-regulated hepatic LDLR levels, and concomitantly reduced serum LDL-C by 3.3% (P = 0.658, unpaired Student's t-test), 30.2% (P = 0.002, Mann-Whitney U-test) and 37.2% (P = 0.002, Mann-Whitney U-test), respectively. Interpretation FAP2M21 with potent inhibitory effect on PCSK9 may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for treating hypercholesterolemia and associated cardiovascular diseases.
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31
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Schuster J, Probst CE, Mahler HC, Joerg S, Huwyler J, Mathaes R. Assessing Particle Formation of Biotherapeutics in Biological Fluids. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1527-1532. [PMID: 33421437 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The stability of therapeutic proteins can be impacted in vivo after administration, which may affect patient safety or treatment efficacy, or both. Stability testing of therapeutic proteins using models representing physiologic conditions may guide preclinical development strategy; however, to date only a few studies assessing the physical stability are available in the public domain. In this manuscript, the stability of seven fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was evaluated in human serum and phosphate-buffered saline, two models often discussed to be representative of the situation in humans after intravenous administration. Subvisible particles were analyzed using light obscuration, flow imaging, and imaging flow cytometry. All methods showed that serum itself formed particles under in vitro conditions. Imaging flow cytometry demonstrated that mean particle size and counts of mAbs increased substantially in serum over five days; however, particle formation in phosphate-buffered saline was comparably low. Stability differences were observed across the mAbs evaluated, and imaging flow cytometry data indicated that fluorescently labeled mAbs primarily interacted with serum components. The results indicate that serum may be more suitable as in vitro model to simulate physiologic intravenous conditions in patients closely and evaluate the in vivo stability of therapeutic proteins. Fluorescence labeling and detection methods may be applied to differentiate particles containing therapeutic protein from high amounts of serum particles that form over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schuster
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Pharmacenter, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Susanne Joerg
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Pharmacenter, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman Mathaes
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland.
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32
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Mimura Y, Saldova R, Mimura-Kimura Y, Rudd PM, Jefferis R. Micro-Heterogeneity of Antibody Molecules. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:1-26. [PMID: 34687006 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are mostly of the IgG class and constitute highly efficacious biopharmaceuticals for a wide range of clinical indications. Full-length IgG mAbs are large proteins that are subject to multiple posttranslational modifications (PTMs) during biosynthesis, purification, or storage, resulting in micro-heterogeneity. The production of recombinant mAbs in nonhuman cell lines may result in loss of structural fidelity and the generation of variants having altered stability, biological activities, and/or immunogenic potential. Additionally, even fully human therapeutic mAbs are of unique specificity, by design, and, consequently, of unique structure; therefore, structural elements may be recognized as non-self by individuals within an outbred human population to provoke an anti-therapeutic/anti-drug antibody (ATA/ADA) response. Consequently, regulatory authorities require that the structure of a potential mAb drug product is comprehensively characterized employing state-of-the-art orthogonal analytical technologies; the PTM profile may define a set of critical quality attributes (CQAs) for the drug product that must be maintained, employing quality by design parameters, throughout the lifetime of the drug. Glycosylation of IgG-Fc, at Asn297 on each heavy chain, is an established CQA since its presence and fine structure can have a profound impact on efficacy and safety. The glycoform profile of serum-derived IgG is highly heterogeneous while mAbs produced in mammalian cells in vitro is less heterogeneous and can be "orchestrated" depending on the cell line employed and the culture conditions adopted. Thus, the gross structure and PTM profile of a given mAb, established for the drug substance gaining regulatory approval, have to be maintained for the lifespan of the drug. This review outlines our current understanding of common PTMs detected in mAbs and endogenous IgG and the relationship between a variant's structural attribute and its impact on clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mimura
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan.
| | - Radka Saldova
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Yuka Mimura-Kimura
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roy Jefferis
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Ayalew L, D'Souza AD, Chen Y, Kim MT. Identification and quantitation of hinge cysteinylation on endogenous IgG2 antibodies from human serum. MAbs 2020; 12:1854923. [PMID: 33317401 PMCID: PMC7755172 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1854923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) that occurs when a cysteine residue on a protein forms a disulfide bond with a terminal cysteine molecule. This PTM has been found in the hinge region of several recombinant therapeutic IgG2 antibodies, but the impact of cysteinylation on the safety and immunogenicity of therapeutics remains unclear. In this study, we characterized recombinant and endogenous IgG2 antibodies to quantify their levels of hinge cysteinylation, if present. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify and quantify hinge cysteinylation in endogenous IgG2 antibodies from healthy human serum. We used anti-IgG2 immunopurification of human serum to specifically enrich for endogenous IgG2 antibodies, and then subjected the resulting samples to Lys-C peptide mapping coupled with targeted mass spectrometry techniques. Using this analytical workflow, we found that all healthy human serum samples tested (N = 10) contained quantifiable levels of hinge cysteinylation (0.8 ± 0.3%) in their endogenous human IgG2s (IgG2-A isoform). These findings demonstrate that hinge cysteinylation in therapeutic IgG2s, at least up to a certain level, is well tolerated in humans and pose minimal safety or immunogenicity risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luladey Ayalew
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alicia D D'Souza
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Kim
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Prade E, Zeck A, Stiefel F, Unsoeld A, Mentrup D, Arango Gutierrez E, Gorr IH. Cysteine in cell culture media induces acidic IgG1 species by disrupting the disulfide bond network. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1091-1104. [PMID: 33200817 PMCID: PMC7986432 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A high degree of charge heterogeneity is an unfavorable phenomenon commonly observed for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Removal of these impurities during manufacturing often comes at the cost of impaired step yields. A wide spectrum of posttranslational and chemical modifications is known to modify mAb charge. However, a deeper understanding of underlying mechanisms triggering charged species would be beneficial for the control of mAb charge variants during bioprocessing. In this study, a comprehensive analytical investigation was carried out to define the root causes and mechanisms inducing acidic variants of an immunoglobulin G1‐derived mAb. Characterization of differently charged species by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed the reduction of disulfide bonds in acidic variants, which is followed by cysteinylation and glutathionylation of cysteines. Importantly, biophysical stability and integrity of the mAb are not affected. By in vitro incubation of the mAb with the reducing agent cysteine, disulfide bond degradation was directly linked to an increase of numerous acidic species. Modifying the concentrations of cysteine during the fermentation of various mAbs illustrated that redox potential is a critical aspect to consider during bioprocess development with respect to charge variant control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Prade
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Anne Zeck
- Pharma and Biotech, NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Stiefel
- Late Stage USP Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Andreas Unsoeld
- Late Stage USP Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - David Mentrup
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Erik Arango Gutierrez
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Ingo H Gorr
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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35
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Yamaguchi Y, Barb AW. A synopsis of recent developments defining how N-glycosylation impacts immunoglobulin G structure and function. Glycobiology 2020; 30:214-225. [PMID: 31822882 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the fastest growing group of drugs with 11 new antibodies or antibody-drug conjugates approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2018. Many mAbs require effector function for efficacy, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity triggered following contact of an immunoglobulin G (IgG)-coated particle with activating crystallizable fragment (Fc) γ receptors (FcγRs) expressed by leukocytes. Interactions between IgG1 and the FcγRs require post-translational modification of the Fc with an asparagine-linked carbohydrate (N-glycan). Though the structure of IgG1 Fc and the role of Fc N-glycan composition on disease were known for decades, the underlying mechanism of how the N-glycan affected FcγR binding was not defined until recently. This review will describe the current understanding of how N-glycosylation impacts the structure and function of the IgG1 Fc and describe new techniques that are poised to provide the next critical breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam W Barb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602
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36
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Taking the Hinge off: An Approach to Effector-Less Monoclonal Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9040050. [PMID: 32977708 PMCID: PMC7709103 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of Fc domain engineering approaches for abrogating the effector functions of mAbs exists. To address some of the limitations of the current Fc domain silencing approaches, we are exploring a less commonly considered option which relies on the deletion of the hinge. Removal of the hinge domain in humanized IgG1 and IgG4 mAbs obliterates their ability to bind to activating human Fc gamma receptors I and IIIA, while leaving their ability to engage their target antigen intact. Deletion of the hinge also reduces binding to the Fc neonatal receptor, although Fc engineering allows partial recovery of affinity. Engineering of the CH3 domain, stabilizes hinge deleted IgG4s and prevents Fab arm exchange. The faster clearing properties together with the pacified Fc make modality of the hinge deleted mAb an appealing solution for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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37
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Sajeevan KA, Roy D. Simulation of differential structure and dynamics of disulfide bond isoforms of conopeptide
AuIB
in presence of human
α
3
β
4
nAChR. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Anna Sajeevan
- Department of Chemistry Birla Institute of Technology and Science‐Pilani Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Durba Roy
- Department of Chemistry Birla Institute of Technology and Science‐Pilani Hyderabad Telangana India
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38
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Wang S, Liu AP, Li N. An 18O-Labeling Assisted LC-MS Method for Accurate Quantitation of Unprocessed C-Terminal Lysine in Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1587-1592. [PMID: 32515589 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Unprocessed C-terminal lysine (C-term Lys) is one of the most common causes for the formation of basic variants in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Although the C-term Lys variants are routinely quantified by a LC-MS-based peptide mapping method using the relative MS responses from both C-terminal peptides (with and without Lys), this approach often leads to overestimation of Lys-containing peptide due to the intrinsic difference in ionization efficiency. Herein, we report an 18O-labeling assisted LC-MS method, which takes advantage of the carboxypeptidase B-catalyzed Lys removal and 18O-labeling to achieve improved accuracy of C-term Lys quantitation. The fidelity of this method was first demonstrated using synthetic peptide mixture standards that mimic a wide range of C-term Lys levels. Finally, the newly developed method was applied in a case study where C-term Lys variants in mAb samples manufactured from different processes were accurately quantified and compared. This new method provides a valuable solution for studies where accurate C-term Lys levels are needed to assist decision-making and root-cause investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Anita P Liu
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
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39
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Dutra G, Komuczki D, Jungbauer A, Satzer P. Continuous capture of recombinant antibodies by ZnCl 2 precipitation without polyethylene glycol. Eng Life Sci 2020; 20:265-274. [PMID: 32647505 PMCID: PMC7336134 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201900160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The capture of recombinant antibodies from cell culture broth is the first critical step of downstream processing. We were able to develop a precipitation-based method for the capture and purification of monoclonal antibodies based on divalent cations, namely ZnCl2. Traditional precipitation processes have to deal with high dilution factors especially for resolubilization and higher viscosity due to the use of PEG as precipitation or co-precipitation agent. By the use of the crosslinking nature of divalent cations without the use of PEG, we kept viscosity from the supernatant and resolubilization dilution factors very low. This is especially beneficial for the solid-liquid separation for the harvest and wash of the precipitate in continuous mode. For this harvest and wash, we used tangential flow filtration that benefits a lot from low viscosity solutions, which minimizes the membrane fouling. With this precipitation based on ZnCl2, we were able to implement a very lean and efficient process. We demonstrated precipitation studies with three different antibodies, Adalimumab, Trastuzumab, and Denosumab, and a continuous capture case study using tangential flow filtration for precipitate recovery. In this study, we achieved yields of 70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Dutra
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Daniel Komuczki
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)ViennaAustria
| | - Peter Satzer
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)ViennaAustria
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40
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Yu X, Chan HTC, Fisher H, Penfold CA, Kim J, Inzhelevskaya T, Mockridge CI, French RR, Duriez PJ, Douglas LR, English V, Verbeek JS, White AL, Tews I, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS. Isotype Switching Converts Anti-CD40 Antagonism to Agonism to Elicit Potent Antitumor Activity. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:850-866.e7. [PMID: 32442402 PMCID: PMC7280789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) comprise agonists and antagonists, which display promising therapeutic activities in cancer and autoimmunity, respectively. We previously showed that epitope and isotype interact to deliver optimal agonistic anti-CD40 mAbs. The impact of Fc engineering on antagonists, however, remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that clinically relevant antagonists used for treating autoimmune conditions can be converted into potent FcγR-independent agonists with remarkable antitumor activity by isotype switching to hIgG2. One antagonist is converted to a super-agonist with greater potency than previously reported highly agonistic anti-CD40 mAbs. Such conversion is dependent on the unique disulfide bonding properties of the hIgG2 hinge. This investigation highlights the transformative capacity of the hIgG2 isotype for converting antagonists to agonists to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Hayden Fisher
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Jinny Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Tatyana Inzhelevskaya
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Patrick J Duriez
- CRUK Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Leon R Douglas
- CRUK Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Vikki English
- Pre-clinical Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ann L White
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Ivo Tews
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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41
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Botzanowski T, Hernandez-Alba O, Malissard M, Wagner-Rousset E, Deslignière E, Colas O, Haeuw JF, Beck A, Cianférani S. Middle Level IM–MS and CIU Experiments for Improved Therapeutic Immunoglobulin Subclass Fingerprinting. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8827-8835. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Botzanowski
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Martine Malissard
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Elsa Wagner-Rousset
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Evolène Deslignière
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Colas
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Jean-François Haeuw
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF—Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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42
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Liu YD, Chen Y, Tsui G, Wei B, Yang F, Yu C, Cornell C. Predictive In Vitro Vitreous and Serum Models and Methods to Assess Thiol-Related Quality Attributes in Protein Therapeutics. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6869-6876. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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43
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Saito S, Namisaki H, Hiraishi K, Takahashi N, Iida S. Engineering a human IgG2 antibody stable at low pH. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1186-1195. [PMID: 32142185 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IgG2 subclass antibodies have unique properties that include low effector function and a rigid hinge region. Although some IgG2 subclasses have been clinically tested and approved for therapeutic use, they have a higher propensity than IgG1 for aggregation, which can curtail or abolish their biological activity and enhance their immunogenicity. In this regard, acid-induced aggregation of monoclonal antibodies during purification and virus inactivation must be prevented. In the present study, we replaced the constant domain of IgG2 with that of IgG1, using anti-2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) IgG2 as a model antibody, and investigated whether that would confer greater stability. While the anti-DNP IgG2 antibody showed significant aggregation at low pH, this was reduced for the IgG2 antibody containing the IgG1 CH2 domain. Substituting three amino acids within the CH2 domain-namely, F300Y, V309L, and T339A (IgG2_YLA)-reduced aggregation at low pH and increased CH2 transition temperature, as determined by differential scanning calorimetric analysis. IgG2_YLA exhibited similar antigen-binding capacity to IgG2, low affinity for FcγRIIIa, and low binding ability to C1q. The same YLA substitution also reduced the aggregation of panitumumab, another IgG2 antibody, at low pH. Our engineered human IgG2 antibody showed reduced aggregation during bioprocessing and provides a basis for designing improved IgG2 antibodies for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Saito
- Antibody & Biologics Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Namisaki
- Open Innovation Department, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Hiraishi
- Antibody & Biologics Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Takahashi
- Research Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Iida
- Antibody & Biologics Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Reprogramming the Constant Region of Immunoglobulin G Subclasses for Enhanced Therapeutic Potency against Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030382. [PMID: 32121592 PMCID: PMC7175108 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies is responsible for their effector immune mechanism and prolongs serum half-life, while the fragment variable (Fv) region is responsible for cellular or tissue targeting. Therefore, antibody engineering for cancer therapeutics focuses on both functional efficacy of the constant region and tissue- or cell-specificity of the Fv region. In the functional aspect of therapeutic purposes, antibody engineers in both academia and industry have capitalized on the constant region of different IgG subclasses and engineered the constant region to enhance therapeutic efficacy against cancer, leading to a number of successes for cancer patients in clinical settings. In this article, we review IgG subclasses for cancer therapeutics, including (i) IgG1, (ii) IgG2, 3, and 4, (iii) recent findings on Fc receptor functions, and (iv) future directions of reprogramming the constant region of IgG to maximize the efficacy of antibody drug molecules in cancer patients.
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45
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Deveuve Q, Gouilleux-Gruart V, Thibault G, Lajoie L. [The hinge region of therapeutic antibodies: major importance of a short sequence]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 35:1098-1105. [PMID: 31903923 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hinge region is a short sequence of the heavy chains (H) of antibodies linking the Fab (Fragment antigen binding) region to the Fc (Fragment crystallisable) region. The functional properties of the four IgG subclasses partly result from the sequence differences of their hinge regions as some amino acids of the lower hinge region are located within or in the close vicinity of the C1q and FcγR binding sites on the IgG H chains. In addition, the hinge is susceptible to proteolytic cleavage by many proteases present in tumor and/or inflammatory microenvironment capable of affecting functional responses. Thus, an optimal format of the hinge region remains a major challenge for the development of new therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Deveuve
- Université de Tours, EA7501 GICC (Groupe Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire), équipe FRAME (Fc Récepteurs, Anticorps et MicroEnvironnement), 37032 Tours, France
| | - Valérie Gouilleux-Gruart
- Université de Tours, EA7501 GICC (Groupe Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire), équipe FRAME (Fc Récepteurs, Anticorps et MicroEnvironnement), 37032 Tours, France - Service d'immunologie, CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France
| | - Gilles Thibault
- Université de Tours, EA7501 GICC (Groupe Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire), équipe FRAME (Fc Récepteurs, Anticorps et MicroEnvironnement), 37032 Tours, France - Service d'immunologie, CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France
| | - Laurie Lajoie
- Université de Tours, EA7501 GICC (Groupe Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire), équipe FRAME (Fc Récepteurs, Anticorps et MicroEnvironnement), 37032 Tours, France
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46
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Schuster J, Koulov A, Mahler HC, Detampel P, Huwyler J, Singh S, Mathaes R. In Vivo Stability of Therapeutic Proteins. Pharm Res 2020; 37:23. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2689-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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47
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Su Y, Wang B, Zhang Y, Ruan Z, Bai H, Wan J, Xu C, Li G, Wang S, Ai H, Xiong L, Geng H. Mass spectrometric determination of disulfide bonds and free cysteine in grass carp IgM isoforms. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:287-296. [PMID: 31669895 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are fundamental in establishing Ig structure and maintaining Ig biological function. Here, we analysed disulfide bonds and free cysteine in three grass carp IgM isoforms (monomeric, dimeric/trimeric, and tetrameric IgM) by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The results revealed that Cys574 residue status at the C-terminal tail differed substantially in monomeric IgM in comparison with polymeric IgM, Cys574 was found as free thiol in monomeric IgM, while it formed disulfide linkages in dimeric/trimeric and tetrameric IgM. Five intra-chain disulfide bonds in the CH1~CH4 and CL1 domains, as well as one H-H and one H-L inter-chain disulfide linkages, were also observed and shown identical connectivity in monomeric, dimeric/trimeric, and tetrameric IgM. These findings represent the first experimental assignments of disulfide linkages of grass carp IgM and reveal that grass carp IgM isoform formation is due to alternative disulfide bonds connecting the Cys574 residue at the C-terminal tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Su
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zilun Ruan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Guoqi Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Shengqiang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hui Ai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hui Geng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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48
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Wen J, Batabyal D, Knutson N, Lord H, Wikström M. A Comparison Between Emerging and Current Biophysical Methods for the Assessment of Higher-Order Structure of Biopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:247-253. [PMID: 31669605 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The higher-order structure (HOS) of protein therapeutics is a critical quality attribute directly related to their function. Traditionally, the HOS of protein therapeutics has been characterized by methods with low to medium structural resolution such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), circular dichroism (CD), and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Recently, high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods have emerged as powerful tools for HOS characterization. NMR is a multi-attribute method with unique capabilities to provide information about all the structural levels of proteins in solution. We have in this study compared 1 D 1H Profile NMR with the established biophysical methods for HOS assessments using a set of blended samples of the monoclonal antibodies belonging to the subclasses IgG1 and IgG2. The study shows that Profile NMR can distinguish between most sample combinations (93%), DSC can differentiate 61% of the sample combinations, and near-ultraviolet CD spectroscopy can differentiate 52% of the sample combinations, whereas no significant distinction could be made between any samples using FTIR or intrinsic fluorescence. Our data therefore show that NMR has superior ability to address differences in HOS, a feature that could be directly applicable in comparability and similarity assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wen
- Amgen Inc., Higher Order Structure, Attribute Sciences, Thousand Oaks, California 91320.
| | - Dipanwita Batabyal
- Amgen Inc., Higher Order Structure, Attribute Sciences, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Nicholas Knutson
- Amgen Inc., Higher Order Structure, Attribute Sciences, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Harrison Lord
- Amgen Inc., Higher Order Structure, Attribute Sciences, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Mats Wikström
- Amgen Inc., Higher Order Structure, Attribute Sciences, Thousand Oaks, California 91320.
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49
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SOTOMATSU S, YAMADA T, MIZUNO H, HAYASHI H, TOYO’OKA T, TODOROKI K. High-Temperature Reversed-Phase LC Separation of Heavy and Light Chain Fragments of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugate Produced by Chemical Reduction. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2019. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2019.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sae SOTOMATSU
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | | - Hajime MIZUNO
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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50
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Susceptibility of protein therapeutics to spontaneous chemical modifications by oxidation, cyclization, and elimination reactions. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1409-1431. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPeptides and proteins are preponderantly emerging in the drug market, as shown by the increasing number of biopharmaceutics already approved or under development. Biomolecules like recombinant monoclonal antibodies have high therapeutic efficacy and offer a valuable alternative to small-molecule drugs. However, due to their complex three-dimensional structure and the presence of many functional groups, the occurrence of spontaneous conformational and chemical changes is much higher for peptides and proteins than for small molecules. The characterization of biotherapeutics with modern and sophisticated analytical methods has revealed the presence of contaminants that mainly arise from oxidation- and elimination-prone amino-acid side chains. This review focuses on protein chemical modifications that may take place during storage due to (1) oxidation (methionine, cysteine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine), (2) intra- and inter-residue cyclization (aspartic and glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, N-terminal dipeptidyl motifs), and (3) β-elimination (serine, threonine, cysteine, cystine) reactions. It also includes some examples of the impact of such modifications on protein structure and function.
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