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Liu D, Bhunia AK. Anchorless Bacterial Moonlighting Metabolic Enzymes Modulate the Immune System and Contribute to Pathogenesis. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2551-2566. [PMID: 39066728 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins (MPs), characterized by their ability to perform multiple physiologically unrelated functions without alterations to their primary structures, represent a fascinating class of biomolecules with significant implications for host-pathogen interactions. This Review highlights the emerging importance of metabolic moonlighting proteins (MetMPs) in bacterial pathogenesis, focusing on their non-canonical secretion and unconventional surface anchoring mechanisms. Despite lacking typical signal peptides and anchoring motifs, MetMPs such as acetaldehyde alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhE) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) are secreted and localized to the bacterial surface under stress conditions, facilitating host colonization and immune evasion. The secretion of MetMPs, often observed during conditions such as resource scarcity or infection, suggests a complex regulation akin to the overexpression of heat shock proteins in response to environmental stresses. This Review proposes two potential pathways for MetMP secretion: membrane damage-induced permeability and co-transportation with traditionally secreted proteins, highlighting a remarkable bacterial adaptability. Biophysically, surface anchoring of MetMPs is driven by electrostatic interactions, bypassing the need for conventional anchoring sequences. This mechanism is exemplified by the interaction between the bifunctional enzyme AdhE (known as Listeria adhesion protein, LAP) and the internalin B (InlB) in Listeria monocytogenes, which is mediated by charged residues facilitating adhesion to host tissues. Furthermore, MetMPs play critical roles in iron homeostasis, immune modulation, and evasion, underscoring their multifaceted roles in bacterial pathogenicity. The intricate dynamics of MetMP secretion and anchoring underline the need for further research to unravel the molecular mechanisms underpinning these processes, offering potential new targets for therapeutic intervention against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqi Liu
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Arun K Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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2
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Muñoz-Vargas MA, Taboada J, González-Gordo S, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Characterization of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity in sweet pepper fruits during ripening and its inhibition by nitration and reducing events. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:92. [PMID: 38466441 PMCID: PMC10927865 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Pepper fruits contain two leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) genes which are differentially modulated during ripening and by nitric oxide. The LAP activity increases during ripening but is negatively modulated by nitration. Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is an essential metalloenzyme that cleaves N-terminal leucine residues from proteins but also metabolizes dipeptides and tripeptides. LAPs play a fundamental role in cell protein turnover and participate in physiological processes such as defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses, but little is known about their involvement in fruit physiology. This study aims to identify and characterize genes encoding LAP and evaluate their role during the ripening of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits and under a nitric oxide (NO)-enriched environment. Using a data-mining approach of the pepper plant genome and fruit transcriptome (RNA-seq), two LAP genes, designated CaLAP1 and CaLAP2, were identified. The time course expression analysis of these genes during different fruit ripening stages showed that whereas CaLAP1 decreased, CaLAP2 was upregulated. However, under an exogenous NO treatment of fruits, both genes were downregulated. On the contrary, it was shown that during fruit ripening LAP activity increased by 81%. An in vitro assay of the LAP activity in the presence of different modulating compounds including peroxynitrite (ONOO-), NO donors (S-nitrosoglutathione and nitrosocyteine), reducing agents such as reduced glutathione (GSH), L-cysteine (L-Cys), and cyanide triggered a differential response. Thus, peroxynitrite and reducing compounds provoked around 50% inhibition of the LAP activity in green immature fruits, whereas cyanide upregulated it 1.5 folds. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of LAP in pepper fruits as well as of its regulation by diverse modulating compounds. Based on the capacity of LAP to metabolize dipeptides and tripeptides, it could be hypothesized that the LAP might be involved in the GSH recycling during the ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Muñoz-Vargas
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Taboada
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
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3
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Ito T, Ohkama-Ohtsu N. Degradation of glutathione and glutathione conjugates in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3313-3327. [PMID: 36651789 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous, abundant, and indispensable thiol for plants that participates in various biological processes, such as scavenging reactive oxygen species, redox signaling, storage and transport of sulfur, detoxification of harmful substances, and metabolism of several compounds. Therefore knowledge of GSH metabolism is essential for plant science. Nevertheless, GSH degradation has been insufficiently elucidated, and this has hampered our understanding of plant life. Over the last five decades, the γ-glutamyl cycle has been dominant in GSH studies, and the exoenzyme γ-glutamyl transpeptidase has been regarded as the major GSH degradation enzyme. However, recent studies have shown that GSH is degraded in cells by cytosolic enzymes such as γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase or γ-glutamyl peptidase. Meanwhile, a portion of GSH is degraded after conjugation with other molecules, which has also been found to be carried out by vacuolar γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, γ-glutamyl peptidase, or phytochelatin synthase. These findings highlight the need to re-assess previous assumptions concerning the γ-glutamyl cycle, and a novel overview of the plant GSH degradation pathway is essential. This review aims to build a foundation for future studies by summarizing current understanding of GSH/glutathione conjugate degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ito
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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4
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Pisani F, Pisani V, Arcangeli F, Harding A, Singhrao SK. Locus Coeruleus Dysfunction and Trigeminal Mesencephalic Nucleus Degeneration: A Cue for Periodontal Infection Mediated Damage in Alzheimer's Disease? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1007. [PMID: 36673763 PMCID: PMC9858796 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading neurodegenerative disease with deteriorating cognition as its main clinical sign. In addition to the clinical history, it is characterized by the presence of two neuropathological hallmark lesions; amyloid-beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), identified in the brain at post-mortem in specific anatomical areas. Recently, it was discovered that NFTs occur initially in the subcortical nuclei, such as the locus coeruleus in the pons, and are said to spread from there to the cerebral cortices and the hippocampus. This contrasts with the prior acceptance of their neuropathology in the enthorinal cortex and the hippocampus. The Braak staging system places the accumulation of phosphorylated tau (p-tau) binding to NFTs in the locus coeruleus and other subcortical nuclei to precede stages I-IV. The locus coeruleus plays diverse psychological and physiological roles within the human body including rapid eye movement sleep disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression, regulation of sleep-wake cycles, attention, memory, mood, and behavior, which correlates with AD clinical behavior. In addition, the locus coeruleus regulates cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal activities, which have only recently been associated with AD by modern day research enabling the wider understanding of AD development via comorbidities and microbial dysbiosis. The focus of this narrative review is to explore the modes of neurodegeneration taking place in the locus coeruleus during the natural aging process of the trigeminal nerve connections from the teeth and microbial dysbiosis, and to postulate a pathogenetic mechanism due to periodontal damage and/or infection focused on Treponema denticola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Pisani
- Programme Lead, MSc/MClinDent in Clinical Periodontology, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Valerio Pisani
- I.R.C.C.S. “Santa Lucia” Foundation, Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Via Ardeatina, 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Arcangeli
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale ASLRM1, Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital, Geriatric Department-Advanced Centre for Dementia and Cognitive Disorders, Via Emilio Morosini, 30, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Harding
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Sim K. Singhrao
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
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5
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Aguado ME, Izquierdo M, González-Matos M, Varela AC, Méndez Y, Del Rivero MA, Rivera DG, González-Bacerio J. Parasite Metalo-aminopeptidases as Targets in Human Infectious Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:416-461. [PMID: 36825701 DOI: 10.2174/1389450124666230224140724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic human infectious diseases are a worldwide health problem due to the increased resistance to conventional drugs. For this reason, the identification of novel molecular targets and the discovery of new chemotherapeutic agents are urgently required. Metalo- aminopeptidases are promising targets in parasitic infections. They participate in crucial processes for parasite growth and pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE In this review, we describe the structural, functional and kinetic properties, and inhibitors, of several parasite metalo-aminopeptidases, for their use as targets in parasitic diseases. CONCLUSION Plasmodium falciparum M1 and M17 aminopeptidases are essential enzymes for parasite development, and M18 aminopeptidase could be involved in hemoglobin digestion and erythrocyte invasion and egression. Trypanosoma cruzi, T. brucei and Leishmania major acidic M17 aminopeptidases can play a nutritional role. T. brucei basic M17 aminopeptidase down-regulation delays the cytokinesis. The inhibition of Leishmania basic M17 aminopeptidase could affect parasite viability. L. donovani methionyl aminopeptidase inhibition prevents apoptosis but not the parasite death. Decrease in Acanthamoeba castellanii M17 aminopeptidase activity produces cell wall structural modifications and encystation inhibition. Inhibition of Babesia bovis growth is probably related to the inhibition of the parasite M17 aminopeptidase, probably involved in host hemoglobin degradation. Schistosoma mansoni M17 aminopeptidases inhibition may affect parasite development, since they could participate in hemoglobin degradation, surface membrane remodeling and eggs hatching. Toxoplasma gondii M17 aminopeptidase inhibition could attenuate parasite virulence, since it is apparently involved in the hydrolysis of cathepsin Cs- or proteasome-produced dipeptides and/or cell attachment/invasion processes. These data are relevant to validate these enzymes as targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirtha E Aguado
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maikel Izquierdo
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maikel González-Matos
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ana C Varela
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Yanira Méndez
- Center for Natural Products Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maday A Del Rivero
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Daniel G Rivera
- Center for Natural Products Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Jorge González-Bacerio
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Calle 25 #455 Entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
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Lv X, Li Y, Cheng Y, Lai XH, Yang J, Lu S, Zhang G, Yang C, Jin D, Liu L, Xu J. Canibacter zhuwentaonis sp. nov. and Canibacter zhoujuaniae sp. nov. , isolated from Marmota himalayana. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [PMID: 36748412 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Four Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacteria (lx-72T, lx-45, ZJ784T and ZJ955) were isolated from the respiratory tract or faeces of marmot (Marmota himalayana) from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that all strains belong to the genus Canibacter and are more related to Canibacter oris CCUG 64069T (95.1-97.4 % similarity) than to the genus Leucobacter. Both strain pairs grew well at pH 6-9 and 15-42°C, and ZJ784T/ZJ955 could tolerate slightly higher NaCl (0.5-4.5 %, w/v) than lx-72T/lx-45(0.5-3.5 %). Based on whole-genome sequences, the average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between our four isolates and their closest relative were below the species delineation thresholds of 70 % and 95-96 %. The common major fatty acids (>10 %) of our four strains were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. For both new type strains, MK-8(H4) and MK-9(H4) were the major isoprenoid quinones, and diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol were the main polar lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of all strains was 53.9 mol%. Based on results from the genomic comparison, phylogenetic analysis, and physiological and biochemical characteristics, the four isolates represent two novel species in the genus Canibacter, for which the names Canibacter zhuwentaonis sp. nov. (type strain lx-72T=KCTC 49658T=GDMCC 1.2569T) and Canibacter zhoujuaniae sp. nov. (type strain ZJ784T=KCTC 49507T=GDMCC 1.1997T) are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglian Lv
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanxi Medical University School of Public Health, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yinmei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanxi Medical University School of Public Health, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanpeng Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanxi Medical University School of Public Health, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China.,Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Xin-He Lai
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China.,Shanghai Institute for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, PR China.,Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China.,Shanghai Institute for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, PR China.,Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Gui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Caixin Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanxi Medical University School of Public Health, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Dong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China.,Shanghai Institute for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, PR China.,Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China.,Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanxi Medical University School of Public Health, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China.,Shanghai Institute for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, PR China.,Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,Institute of Public Health, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
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7
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Krutyhołowa A, Strzelec K, Dziedzic A, Bereta GP, Łazarz-Bartyzel K, Potempa J, Gawron K. Host and bacterial factors linking periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:980805. [PMID: 36091038 PMCID: PMC9453162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.980805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Observations from numerous clinical, epidemiological and serological studies link periodontitis with severity and progression of rheumatoid arthritis. The strong association is observed despite totally different aetiology of these two diseases, periodontitis being driven by dysbiotic microbial flora on the tooth surface below the gum line, while rheumatoid arthritis being the autoimmune disease powered by anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). Here we discuss genetic and environmental risk factors underlying development of both diseases with special emphasis on bacteria implicated in pathogenicity of periodontitis. Individual periodontal pathogens and their virulence factors are argued as potentially contributing to putative causative link between periodontal infection and initiation of a chain of events leading to breakdown of immunotolerance and development of ACPAs. In this respect peptidylarginine deiminase, an enzyme unique among prokaryotes for Porphyromonas gingivalis, is elaborated as a potential mechanistic link between this major periodontal pathogen and initiation of rheumatoid arthritis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krutyhołowa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Strzelec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agata Dziedzic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz P. Bereta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Łazarz-Bartyzel
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States,*Correspondence: Katarzyna Gawron, ; Jan Potempa,
| | - Katarzyna Gawron
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland,*Correspondence: Katarzyna Gawron, ; Jan Potempa,
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González-Bacerio J, Izquierdo M, Aguado ME, Varela AC, González-Matos M, Del Rivero MA. Using microbial metalo-aminopeptidases as targets in human infectious diseases. MICROBIAL CELL 2021; 8:239-246. [PMID: 34692819 PMCID: PMC8485470 DOI: 10.15698/mic2021.10.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Several microbial metalo-aminopeptidases are emerging as novel targets for the treatment of human infectious diseases. Some of them are well validated as targets and some are not; some are essential enzymes and others are important for virulence and pathogenesis. For another group, it is not clear if their enzymatic activity is involved in the critical functions that they mediate. But one aspect has been established: they display relevant roles in bacteria and protozoa that could be targeted for therapeutic purposes. This work aims to describe these biological functions for several microbial metalo-aminopeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge González-Bacerio
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maikel Izquierdo
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Mirtha Elisa Aguado
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ana C Varela
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maikel González-Matos
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maday Alonso Del Rivero
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, calle 25 #455 entre I y J, 10400, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
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9
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Ku JWK, Gan YH. New roles for glutathione: Modulators of bacterial virulence and pathogenesis. Redox Biol 2021; 44:102012. [PMID: 34090244 PMCID: PMC8182430 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LMW) thiols contain reducing sulfhydryl groups that are important for maintaining antioxidant defense in the cell. Aside from the traditional roles of LMW thiols as redox regulators in bacteria, glutathione (GSH) has been reported to affect virulence and bacterial pathogenesis. The role of GSH in virulence is diverse, including the activation of virulence gene expression and contributing to optimal biofilm formation. GSH can also be converted to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) which is important for the pathogenesis of certain bacteria. Besides GSH, some bacteria produce other LMW thiols such as mycothiol and bacillithiol that affect bacterial virulence. We discuss these newer reported functions of LMW thiols modulating bacterial pathogenesis either directly or indirectly and via modulation of the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Wei Kay Ku
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, 117596, Singapore
| | - Yunn-Hwen Gan
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, 117596, Singapore.
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10
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Panpetch P, Sirikantaramas S. Fruit ripening-associated leucylaminopeptidase with cysteinylglycine dipeptidase activity from durian suggests its involvement in glutathione recycling. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:69. [PMID: 33526024 PMCID: PMC7852106 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) is a highly popular fruit in Thailand and several other Southeast Asian countries. It is abundant in essential nutrients and sulphur-containing compounds such as glutathione (GSH) and γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-EC). Cysteinylglycine (Cys-Gly) is produced by GSH catabolism and occurs in durian fruit pulp. Cysteine (Cys) is a precursor of sulphur-containing volatiles generated during fruit ripening. The aforementioned substances contribute to the strong odour and flavour of the ripe fruit. However, the genes encoding plant Cys-Gly dipeptidases are unknown. The aim of this study was to measure leucylaminopeptidase (LAP) activity in durian fruit pulp. RESULTS We identified DzLAP1 and DzLAP2, which the former was highly expressed in the fruit pulp. DzLAP1 was expressed at various ripening stages and in response to ethephon/1-MCP treatment. Hence, DzLAP1 is active at the early stages of fruit ripening. DzLAP1 is a metalloenzyme ~ 63 kDa in size. It is activated by Mg2+ or Mn2+ and, like other LAPs, its optimal alkaline pH is 9.5. Kinetic studies revealed that DzLAP1 has Km = 1.62 mM for its preferred substrate Cys-Gly. DzLAP1-GFP was localised to the cytosol and targeted the plastids. In planta Cys-Gly hydrolysis was confirmed for Nicotiana benthamiana leaves co-infiltrated with Cys-Gly and expressing DzLAP1. CONCLUSIONS DzLAP1 has Cys-Gly dipeptidase activity in the γ-glutamyl cycle. The present study revealed that the LAPs account for the high sulphur-containing compound levels identified in fully ripened durian fruit pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawinee Panpetch
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Supaart Sirikantaramas
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Centre, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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11
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Malcolm TR, Belousoff MJ, Venugopal H, Borg NA, Drinkwater N, Atkinson SC, McGowan S. Active site metals mediate an oligomeric equilibrium in Plasmodium M17 aminopeptidases. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100173. [PMID: 33303633 PMCID: PMC7948507 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
M17 leucyl aminopeptidases are metal-dependent exopeptidases that rely on oligomerization to diversify their functional roles. The M17 aminopeptidases from Plasmodium falciparum (PfA-M17) and Plasmodium vivax (Pv-M17) function as catalytically active hexamers to generate free amino acids from human hemoglobin and are drug targets for the design of novel antimalarial agents. However, the molecular basis for oligomeric assembly is not fully understood. In this study, we found that the active site metal ions essential for catalytic activity have a secondary structural role mediating the formation of active hexamers. We found that PfA-M17 and Pv-M17 exist in a metal-dependent dynamic equilibrium between active hexameric species and smaller inactive species that can be controlled by manipulating the identity and concentration of metals available. Mutation of residues involved in metal ion binding impaired catalytic activity and the formation of active hexamers. Structural resolution of Pv-M17 by cryoelectron microscopy and X-ray crystallography together with solution studies revealed that PfA-M17 and Pv-M17 bind metal ions and substrates in a conserved fashion, although Pv-M17 forms the active hexamer more readily and processes substrates faster than PfA-M17. On the basis of these studies, we propose a dynamic equilibrium between monomer ↔ dimer ↔ tetramer ↔ hexamer, which becomes directional toward the large oligomeric states with the addition of metal ions. This sophisticated metal-dependent dynamic equilibrium may apply to other M17 aminopeptidases and underpin the moonlighting capabilities of this enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess R Malcolm
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Belousoff
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hariprasad Venugopal
- Ramacciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie A Borg
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Immunity and Immune Evasion Laboratory, Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Research, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nyssa Drinkwater
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah C Atkinson
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Immunity and Immune Evasion Laboratory, Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Research, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheena McGowan
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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12
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Phillips L, Chu L, Kolodrubetz D. Multiple enzymes can make hydrogen sulfide from cysteine in Treponema denticola. Anaerobe 2020; 64:102231. [PMID: 32603680 PMCID: PMC7484134 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola is a spirochete that is involved in causing periodontal diseases. This bacterium can produce H2S from thiol compounds found in the gingival crevicular fluid. Determining how H2S is made by oral bacteria is important since this molecule is present at high levels in periodontally-diseased pockets and the biological effects of H2S can explain some of the pathologies seen in periodontitis. Thus, it is of interest to identify the enzyme, or enzymes, involved in the synthesis of H2S by T. denticola. We, and others, have previously identified and characterized a T. denticola cystalysin, called HlyA, which hydrolyzes cysteine into H2S (and pyruvate and ammonia). However, there have been no studies to show that HlyA is, or is not, the only pathway that T. denticola can use to make H2S. To address this question, allelic replacement mutagenesis was used to make a deletion mutant (ΔhlyA) in the gene encoding HlyA. The mutant produces the same amount of H2S from cysteine as do wild type spirochetes, indicating that T. denticola has at least one other enzyme that can generate H2S from cysteine. To identify candidates for this other enzyme, a BLASTp search of T. denticola strain 33520 was done. There was one gene that encoded an HlyA homolog so we named it HlyB. Recombinant His-tagged HlyB was expressed in E. coli and partially purified. This enzyme was able to make H2S from cysteine in vitro. To test the role of HlyB in vivo, an HlyB deletion mutant (ΔhlyB) was constructed in T. denticola. This mutant still made normal levels of H2S from cysteine, but a strain mutated in both hly genes (ΔhlyA ΔhlyB) synthesizes significantly less H2S from cysteine. We conclude that the HlyA and HlyB enzymes perform redundant functions in vivo and are the major contributors to H2S production in T. denticola. However, at least one other enzyme can still convert cysteine to H2S in the ΔhlyA ΔhlyB mutant. An in silico analysis that identifies candidate genes for this other enzyme is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Lianrui Chu
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - David Kolodrubetz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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13
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Chathoth K, Martin B, Cornelis P, Yvenou S, Bonnaure-Mallet M, Baysse C. The events that may contribute to subgingival dysbiosis: a focus on the interplay between iron, sulfide and oxygen. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 367:5860280. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
This minireview considers the disruption of the host–microbiota harmless symbiosis in the subgingival niche. The establishment of a chronic infection by subversion of a commensal microbiota results from a complex and multiparametric sequence of events. This review narrows down to the interplay between oxygen, iron and sulfide that can result in a vicious cycle that would favor peroxygenic and glutathione producing streptococci as well as sulfidogenic anaerobic pathogens in the subgingival niche. We propose hypothesis and discuss strategies for the therapeutic modulation of the microbiota to prevent periodontitis and promote oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchana Chathoth
- NuMeCan INSERM U1241, CIMIAD, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France
| | - Bénédicte Martin
- NuMeCan INSERM U1241, CIMIAD, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Cornelis
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, LMSM EA4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Université, F-27000 Évreux, France
| | - Stéven Yvenou
- NuMeCan INSERM U1241, CIMIAD, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France
| | - Martine Bonnaure-Mallet
- NuMeCan INSERM U1241, CIMIAD, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France
- CHU Pontchaillou Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christine Baysse
- NuMeCan INSERM U1241, CIMIAD, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France
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14
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Chu L, Wu Y, Xu X, Phillips L, Kolodrubetz D. Glutathione catabolism by Treponema denticola impacts its pathogenic potential. Anaerobe 2020; 62:102170. [PMID: 32044394 PMCID: PMC7153967 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola is a spirochete that is etiologic for periodontal diseases. This bacterium is one of two periodontal pathogens that have been shown to have a complete three step enzymatic pathway (GTSP) that catabolizes glutathione to H2S. This pathway may contribute to the tissue pathology seen in periodontitis since diseased periodontal pockets have lower glutathione levels than healthy sites with a concomitant increase in H2S concentration. In order to be able to demonstrate that glutathione catabolism by the GTSP is critical for the pathogenic potential of T. denticola, allelic replacement mutagenesis was used to make a deletion mutant (Δggt) in the gene encoding the first enzyme in the GTSP. The mutant cannot produce H2S from glutathione since it lacks gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity. The hemolytic and hemoxidation activities of wild type T. denticola plus glutathione are reduced to background levels with the Δggt mutant and the mutant has lost the ability to grow aerobically when incubated with glutathione. The Δggt bacteria with glutathione cause less cell death in human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) in vitro than do wild type T. denticola and the levels of hGF death correlate with the amounts of H2S produced. Importantly, the mutant spirochetes plus glutathione make significantly smaller lesions than wild type bacteria plus glutathione in a mouse back lesion model that assesses soft tissue destruction, a major symptom of periodontal diseases. Our results are the first to prove that T. denticola thiol-compound catabolism by its gamma-glutamyltransferase can play a significant role in the in the types of host tissue damage seen in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianrui Chu
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yimin Wu
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Linda Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - David Kolodrubetz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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15
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Drinkwater N, Malcolm TR, McGowan S. M17 aminopeptidases diversify function by moderating their macromolecular assemblies and active site environment. Biochimie 2019; 166:38-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Systemic inflammation linking chronic periodontitis to cognitive decline. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:63-73. [PMID: 31279681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent inflammation in the systemic immune system can impose detrimental effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Neuroinflammation might be a result of this to accelerate the progressive deterioration of neuronal functions during aging. In this regard, controlling inflammation through delaying and/or preventing chronic inflammatory diseases may be a potential strategy to prevent or modify the progression of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral cavity that is common among the elderly, especially for those who have decline in cognitive functions. While epidemiological findings support the association of chronic periodontitis and cognitive decline, whether they have causal relationship remains unclear. Nonetheless, the possibility that periodontopathogens, systemic immune cells and inflammatory cytokines could reach the CNS should not be overlooked. The impacts of periodontitis on CNS homeostasis and inflammation as a pathophysiological factor concerning the association between periodontitis and AD will be discussed in this review. Future work should elucidate the pathological pathways involved in periodontitis-induced cerebral infections and inflammation, and define the role of the latter in AD progression.
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17
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Reed LA, O'Bier NS, Oliver LD, Hoffman PS, Marconi RT. Antimicrobial activity of amixicile against Treponema denticola and other oral spirochetes associated with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2018; 89:1467-1474. [PMID: 29958324 DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease is a polymicrobial infection characterized by inflammation of the gingiva, alveolar bone resorption and tooth loss. As periodontal disease progresses, oral treponemes (spirochetes) become dominant bacteria in periodontal pockets. Oral treponemes are anaerobes and all encode the enzyme pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) which catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Here we assess the susceptibility of oral treponemes to amixicile (AMIX), a novel inhibitor of PFOR. METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AMIX against several oral treponeme species was determined. The impact of AMIX on processes relevant to virulence including motility, H2 S production, and complement evasion were determined. RESULTS The growth of all oral treponeme species tested was inhibited by AMIX with MIC concentrations (MIC) ranging from 0.5-1.5 μg/mL. AMIX significantly reduced motility, caused a dose-dependent decrease in hydrogen sulfide production and increased sensitivity to killing by human complement (i.e., serum sensitivity). CONCLUSIONS AMIX is effective in vitro in inhibiting growth and other processes central to virulence. AMIX could serve could serve as a new selective therapeutic tool for the treatment of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Reed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Nathaniel S O'Bier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Lee D Oliver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Paul S Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Richard T Marconi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
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18
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutathione degradation has for long been thought to occur only on noncytosolic pools. This is because there has been only one enzyme known to degrade glutathione (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase) and this localizes to either the plasma membrane (mammals, bacteria) or the vacuolar membrane (yeast, plants) and acts on extracellular or vacuolar pools. The last few years have seen the discovery of several new enzymes of glutathione degradation that function in the cytosol, throwing new light on glutathione degradation. Recent Advances: The new enzymes that have been identified in the last few years that can initiate glutathione degradation include the Dug enzyme found in yeast and fungi, the ChaC1 enzyme found among higher eukaryotes, the ChaC2 enzyme found from bacteria to man, and the RipAY enzyme found in some bacteria. These enzymes play roles ranging from housekeeping functions to stress responses and are involved in processes such as embryonic neural development and pathogenesis. CRITICAL ISSUES In addition to delineating the pathways of glutathione degradation in detail, a critical issue is to find how these new enzymes impact cellular physiology and homeostasis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Glutathione degradation plays a far greater role in cellular physiology than previously envisaged. The differential regulation and differential specificities of various enzymes, each acting on distinct pools, can lead to different consequences to the cell. It is likely that the coming years will see these downstream effects being unraveled in greater detail and will lead to a better understanding and appreciation of glutathione degradation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1200-1216.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Bachhawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Mohali, Mohali, India
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19
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Ebersole JL, Dawson D, Emecen-Huja P, Nagarajan R, Howard K, Grady ME, Thompson K, Peyyala R, Al-Attar A, Lethbridge K, Kirakodu S, Gonzalez OA. The periodontal war: microbes and immunity. Periodontol 2000 2017; 75:52-115. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Peña-Diaz P, Vancová M, Resl C, Field MC, Lukeš J. A leucine aminopeptidase is involved in kinetoplast DNA segregation in Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006310. [PMID: 28388690 PMCID: PMC5397073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetoplast (k), the uniquely packaged mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomatid protists is formed by a catenated network of minicircles and maxicircles that divide and segregate once each cell cycle. Although many proteins involved in kDNA replication and segregation are now known, several key steps in the replication mechanism remain uncharacterized at the molecular level, one of which is the nabelschnur or umbilicus, a prominent structure which in the mammalian parasite Trypanosoma brucei connects the daughter kDNA networks prior to their segregation. Here we characterize an M17 family leucyl aminopeptidase metalloprotease, termed TbLAP1, which specifically localizes to the kDNA disk and the nabelschur and represents the first described protein found in this structure. We show that TbLAP1 is required for correct segregation of kDNA, with knockdown resulting in delayed cytokinesis and ectopic expression leading to kDNA loss and decreased cell proliferation. We propose that TbLAP1 is required for efficient kDNA division and specifically participates in the separation of daughter kDNA networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Peña-Diaz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Marie Vancová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Christian Resl
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Mark C. Field
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Gene Regulation, Two Component Regulatory Systems, and Adaptive Responses in Treponema Denticola. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 415:39-62. [PMID: 29026924 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The oral microbiome consists of a remarkably diverse group of 500-700 bacterial species. The microbial etiology of periodontal disease is similarly complex. Of the ~400 bacterial species identified in subgingival plaque, at least 50 belong to the genus Treponema. As periodontal disease develops and progresses, T. denticola transitions from a low to high abundance species in the subgingival crevice. Changes in the overall composition of the bacterial population trigger significant changes in the local physical, immunological and physiochemical conditions. For T. denticola to thrive in periodontal pockets, it must be nimble and adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions. The purpose of this chapter is to review the current understanding of the molecular basis of these essential adaptive responses, with a focus on the role of two component regulatory systems with global regulatory potential.
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22
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Cappiello M, Spinelli M, Mormino M, Renzone G, Scaloni A, Moschini R, Balestri F, Mura U, Del-Corso A. Purification and characterization of a Cys-Gly hydrolase from the gastropod mollusk, Patella caerulea. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:1560-5. [PMID: 27541739 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2016.1158170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A magnesium-dependent cysteinyl-glycine hydrolyzing enzyme from the gastropod mollusk Patella caerulea was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity through a simple and rapid purification protocol. The molecular masses of the native protein and the subunit suggest that the enzyme has a homohexameric structure. Structural data in combination with kinetic parameters determined with Cys-Gly and compared with Leu-Gly as a substrate, indicate that the purified enzyme is a member of the peptidase family M17. The finding that an enzyme of the peptidase family M17 is responsible also in mollusks for the breakdown of Cys-Gly confirms the important role of this peptidase family in the glutathione metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cappiello
- a Biology-Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy and
| | - Matteo Spinelli
- a Biology-Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy and
| | - Maurizio Mormino
- a Biology-Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy and
| | - Giovanni Renzone
- b ISPAAM-Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Research Council , Naples , Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- b ISPAAM-Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Research Council , Naples , Italy
| | - Roberta Moschini
- a Biology-Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy and
| | | | - Umberto Mura
- a Biology-Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy and
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Ng HM, Kin LX, Dashper SG, Slakeski N, Butler CA, Reynolds EC. Bacterial interactions in pathogenic subgingival plaque. Microb Pathog 2016; 94:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Großhennig S, Ischebeck T, Gibhardt J, Busse J, Feussner I, Stülke J. Hydrogen sulfide is a novel potential virulence factor of Mycoplasma pneumoniae: characterization of the unusual cysteine desulfurase/desulfhydrase HapE. Mol Microbiol 2016; 100:42-54. [PMID: 26711628 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a human pathogen causing atypical pneumonia with a minimalized and highly streamlined genome. So far, hydrogen peroxide production, cytadherence, and the ADP-ribosylating CARDS toxin have been identified as pathogenicity determinants. We have studied haemolysis caused by M. pneumoniae, and discovered that hydrogen peroxide is responsible for the oxidation of heme, but not for lysis of erythrocytes. This feature could be attributed to hydrogen sulfide, a compound that has previously not been identified as virulence factor in lung pathogens. Indeed, we observed hydrogen sulfide production by M. pneumoniae. The search for a hydrogen sulfide-producing enzyme identified HapE, a protein with similarity to cysteine desulfurases. In contrast to typical cysteine desulfurases, HapE is a bifunctional enzyme: it has both the cysteine desulfurase activity to produce alanine and the cysteine desulfhydrase activity to produce pyruvate and hydrogen sulfide. Experiments with purified HapE showed that the enzymatic activity of the protein is responsible for haemolysis, demonstrating that HapE is a novel potential virulence factor of M. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Großhennig
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Gibhardt
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Busse
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Georg-August-University, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Stülke
- Department of General Microbiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Georg-August-University, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Modak JK, Rut W, Wijeyewickrema LC, Pike RN, Drag M, Roujeinikova A. Structural basis for substrate specificity of Helicobacter pylori M17 aminopeptidase. Biochimie 2015; 121:60-71. [PMID: 26616008 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The M17 aminopeptidase from the carcinogenic gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori (HpM17AP) is an important housekeeping enzyme involved in catabolism of endogenous and exogenous peptides. It is implicated in H. pylori defence against the human innate immune response and in the mechanism of metronidazole resistance. Bestatin inhibits HpM17AP and suppresses H. pylori growth. To address the structural basis of catalysis and inhibition of this enzyme, we have established its specificity towards the N-terminal amino acid of peptide substrates and determined the crystal structures of HpM17AP and its complex with bestatin. The position of the D-phenylalanine moiety of the inhibitor with respect to the active-site metal ions, bicarbonate ion and with respect to other M17 aminopeptidases suggested that this residue binds to the S1 subsite of HpM17AP. In contrast to most characterized M17 aminopeptidases, HpM17AP displays preference for L-Arg over L-Leu residues in peptide substrates. Compared to very similar homologues from other bacteria, a distinguishing feature of HpM17AP is a hydrophilic pocket at the end of the S1 subsite that is likely to accommodate the charged head group of the L-Arg residue of the substrate. The pocket is flanked by a sodium ion (not present in M17 aminopeptidases that show preference for L-Leu) and its coordinating water molecules. In addition, the structure suggests that variable loops at the entrance to, and in the middle of, the substrate-binding channel are important determinants of substrate specificity of M17 aminopeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyanta K Modak
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedical Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wioletta Rut
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lakshmi C Wijeyewickrema
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert N Pike
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcin Drag
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Roujeinikova
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedical Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Jarocki VM, Santos J, Tacchi JL, Raymond BBA, Deutscher AT, Jenkins C, Padula MP, Djordjevic SP. MHJ_0461 is a multifunctional leucine aminopeptidase on the surface of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Open Biol 2015; 5:140175. [PMID: 25589579 PMCID: PMC4313372 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidases are part of the arsenal of virulence factors produced by bacterial pathogens that inactivate host immune peptides. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a genome-reduced pathogen of swine that lacks the genetic repertoire to synthesize amino acids and relies on the host for availability of amino acids for growth. M. hyopneumoniae recruits plasmin(ogen) onto its cell surface via the P97 and P102 adhesins and the glutamyl aminopeptidase MHJ_0125. Plasmin plays an important role in regulating the inflammatory response in the lungs of pigs infected with M. hyopneumoniae. We show that recombinant MHJ_0461 (rMHJ_0461) functions as a leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) with broad substrate specificity for leucine, alanine, phenylalanine, methionine and arginine and that MHJ_0461 resides on the surface of M. hyopneumoniae. rMHJ_0461 also binds heparin, plasminogen and foreign DNA. Plasminogen bound to rMHJ_0461 was readily converted to plasmin in the presence of tPA. Computational modelling identified putative DNA and heparin-binding motifs on solvent-exposed sites around a large pore on the LAP hexamer. We conclude that MHJ_0461 is a LAP that moonlights as a multifunctional adhesin on the cell surface of M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M Jarocki
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jerran Santos
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jessica L Tacchi
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Benjamin B A Raymond
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Ania T Deutscher
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Private Bag 4008, Narellan, New South Wales 2567, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Private Bag 4008, Narellan, New South Wales 2567, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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Defining the cytosolic pathway of glutathione degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana: role of the ChaC/GCG family of γ-glutamyl cyclotransferases as glutathione-degrading enzymes and AtLAP1 as the Cys-Gly peptidase. Biochem J 2015; 468:73-85. [PMID: 25716890 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione homoeostasis is critical to plant life and its adaptation to stress. The γ-glutamyl cycle of glutathione biosynthesis and degradation plays a pre-eminent role in glutathione homoeostasis. The genes encoding two enzymatic steps of glutathione degradation, the γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase (GGCT; acting on γ-glutamyl amino acids) and the Cys-Gly dipeptidase, have, however, lacked identification. We have investigated the family of GGCTs in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show through in vivo functional assays in yeast that all three members of the ChaC/GCG subfamily show significant activity towards glutathione but no detectable activity towards γ-glutamyl methionine. Biochemical characterization of the purified recombinant enzymes GGCT2;2 and GGCT2;3 further confirmed that they act specifically to degrade glutathione to yield 5-oxoproline and Cys-Gly peptide and show no significant activity towards γ-glutamyl cysteine. The Km for glutathione was 1.7 and 4.96 mM for GGCT2;2 and GGCT2;3 respectively and was physiologically relevant. Evaluation of representative members of other subfamilies indicates the absence of GGCTs from plants showing significant activity towards γ-glutamyl-amino acids as envisaged in the classical γ-glutamyl cycle. To identify the Cys-Gly peptidase, we evaluated leucine aminopeptidases (LAPs) as candidate enzymes. The cytosolic AtLAP1 (A. thaliana leucine aminopeptidase 1) and the putative chloroplastic AtLAP3 displayed activity towards Cys-Gly peptide through in vivo functional assays in yeast. Biochemical characterization of the in vitro purified hexameric AtLAP1 enzyme revealed a Km for Cys-Gly of 1.3 mM that was physiologically relevant and indicated that AtLAP1 represents a cytosolic Cys-Gly peptidase activity of A. thaliana. The studies provide new insights into the functioning of the γ-glutamyl cycle in plants.
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Dose-dependent metabolic alterations in human cells exposed to gamma irradiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113573. [PMID: 25419661 PMCID: PMC4242643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation exposure is a threat to public health because it causes many diseases, such as cancers and birth defects, due to genetic modification of cells. Compared with the past, a greater number of people are more frequently exposed to higher levels of radioactivity today, not least due to the increased use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiation-emitting devices. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS)-based metabolic profiling was used to investigate radiation- induced metabolic changes in human fibroblasts. After exposure to 1 and 5 Gy of γ-radiation, the irradiated fibroblasts were harvested at 24, 48, and 72 h and subjected to global metabolite profiling analysis. Mass spectral peaks of cell extracts were analyzed by pattern recognition using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results showed that the cells irradiated with 1 Gy returned to control levels at 72 h post radiation, whereas cells irradiated with 5 Gy were quite unlike the controls; therefore, cells irradiated with 1 Gy had recovered, whereas those irradiated with 5 Gy had not. Lipid and amino acid levels increased after the higher-level radiation, indicating degradation of membranes and proteins. These results suggest that MS-based metabolite profiling of γ-radiation-exposed human cells provides insight into the global metabolic alterations in these cells.
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Vorwerk H, Mohr J, Huber C, Wensel O, Schmidt-Hohagen K, Gripp E, Josenhans C, Schomburg D, Eisenreich W, Hofreuter D. Utilization of host-derived cysteine-containing peptides overcomes the restricted sulphur metabolism of Campylobacter jejuni. Mol Microbiol 2014; 93:1224-45. [PMID: 25074326 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The non-glycolytic food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni successfully colonizes the intestine of various hosts in spite of its restricted metabolic properties. While several amino acids are known to be used by C. jejuni as energy sources, none of these have been found to be essential for growth. Here we demonstrated through phenotype microarray analysis that cysteine utilization increases the metabolic activity of C. jejuni. Furthermore, cysteine was crucial for its growth as C. jejuni was unable to synthesize it from sulphate or methionine. Our study showed that C. jejuni compensates this limited anabolic capacity by utilizing sulphide, thiosulphate, glutathione and the dipeptides γGlu-Cys, Cys-Gly and Gly-Cys as sulphur sources and cysteine precursors. A panel of C. jejuni mutants in putative peptidases and peptide transporters were generated and tested for their participation in the catabolism of the cysteine-containing peptides, and the predicted transporter protein CJJ81176_0236 was discovered to facilitate the growth with the dipeptide Cys-Gly, Ile-Arg and Ile-Trp. It was named Campylobacter peptide transporter A (CptA) and is the first representative of the oligopeptide transporter OPT family demonstrated to participate in the glutathione-derivative Cys-Gly catabolism in prokaryotes. Our study provides new insights into how host- and microbiota-derived substrates like sulphide, thiosulphate and short peptides are used by C. jejuni to compensate its restricted metabolic capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Vorwerk
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Characterization of anAspergillus oryzaeCysteinyl Dipeptidase Expressed inEscherichia coli. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:159-61. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Carroll RK, Veillard F, Gagne DT, Lindenmuth JM, Poreba M, Drag M, Potempa J, Shaw LN. The Staphylococcus aureus leucine aminopeptidase is localized to the bacterial cytosol and demonstrates a broad substrate range that extends beyond leucine. Biol Chem 2014; 394:791-803. [PMID: 23241672 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a potent pathogen of humans exhibiting a broad disease range, in part due to an extensive repertoire of secreted virulence factors, including proteases. Recently, we identified the first example of an intracellular protease (leucine aminopeptidase, LAP) that is required for virulence in S. aureus. Disruption of pepZ, the gene encoding LAP, had no affect on the growth rate of bacteria; however, in systemic and localized infection models the pepZ mutant had significantly attenuated virulence. Recently, a contradictory report was published suggesting that LAP is an extracellular enzyme and it is required for growth in S. aureus. Here, we investigate these results and confirm our previous findings that LAP is localized to the bacterial cytosol and is not required for growth. In addition, we conduct a biochemical investigation of purified recombinant LAP, identifying optimal conditions for enzymatic activity and substrate preference for hydrolysis. Our results show that LAP has a broad substrate range, including activity against the dipeptide cysteine-glycine, and that leucine is not the primary target of LAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan K Carroll
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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Carroll RK, Robison TM, Rivera FE, Davenport JE, Jonsson IM, Florczyk D, Tarkowski A, Potempa J, Koziel J, Shaw LN. Identification of an intracellular M17 family leucine aminopeptidase that is required for virulence in Staphylococcus aureus. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:989-99. [PMID: 22613209 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a highly virulent bacterial pathogen capable of causing a variety of ailments throughout the human body. It is a major public health concern due to the continued emergence of highly pathogenic methicillin resistant strains (MRSA) both within hospitals and in the community. Virulence in S. aureus is mediated by an array of secreted and cell wall associated virulence factors, including toxins, hemolysins and proteases. In this work we identify a leucine aminopeptidase (LAP, pepZ) that strongly impacts the pathogenic abilities of S. aureus. Disruption of the pepZ gene in either Newman or USA300 resulted in a dramatic attenuation of virulence in both localized and systemic models of infection. LAP is required for survival inside human macrophages and gene expression analysis shows that pepZ expression is highest in the intracellular environment. We examine the cellular location of LAP and demonstrate that it is localized to the bacterial cytosol. These results identify for the first time an intracellular leucine aminopeptidase that influences disease causation in a Gram-positive bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan K Carroll
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology & Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave, ISA2015 Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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The leucine aminopeptidase of Staphylococcus aureus is secreted and contributes to biofilm formation. Int J Infect Dis 2012; 16:e375-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Dashper SG, Seers CA, Tan KH, Reynolds EC. Virulence factors of the oral spirochete Treponema denticola. J Dent Res 2010; 90:691-703. [PMID: 20940357 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510385242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that treponemes are involved in the etiology of several chronic diseases, including chronic periodontitis as well as other forms of periodontal disease. There are interesting parallels with other chronic diseases caused by treponemes that may indicate similar virulence characteristics. Chronic periodontitis is a polymicrobial disease, and recent animal studies indicate that co-infection of Treponema denticola with other periodontal pathogens can enhance alveolar bone resorption. The bacterium has a suite of molecular determinants that could enable it to cause tissue damage and subvert the host immune response. In addition to this, it has several non-classic virulence determinants that enable it to interact with other pathogenic bacteria and the host in ways that are likely to promote disease progression. Recent advances, especially in molecular-based methodologies, have greatly improved our knowledge of this bacterium and its role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Dashper
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health, Melbourne Dental School and Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Comparative Proteomic Analyses of Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Cell Wall-Associated Proteins. Curr Microbiol 2010; 62:578-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Zhang JH, Dong Z, Chu L. Hydrogen sulfide induces apoptosis in human periodontium cells. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:71-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chu L, Xu X, Su J, Song L, Lai Y, Dong Z, Cappelli D. Role of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in glutathione catabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:236-42. [PMID: 19416454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our previous studies demonstrated that three enzymes, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), cysteinylglycinase (CGase) and cystalysin, are required for the catabolism of glutathione to produce hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) in Treponema denticola. In this study, we examined glutathione catabolism in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. METHODS The GGT and CGase of A. actinomycetemcomitans were determined by biological methods and GGT was characterized using a molecular biological approach. RESULTS A. actinomycetemcomitans showed GGT and CGase activity, but could not produce H(2)S from glutathione. The addition of recombinant T. denticola cystalysin, an l-cysteine desulfhydrase, to whole cells of A. actinomycetemcomitans resulted in the production of H(2)S from glutathione. Subsequently, we cloned A. actinomycetemcomitans GGT gene (ggt) and overexpressed the 63 kDa GGT protein. The recombinant A. actinomycetemcomitans GGT was purified and identified. The K(cat)/K(m) of the recombinant GGT from N-gamma-l-glutamyl-4-nitroaniline as substrate was 31/microm/min. The activity of GGT was optimum at pH 6.9-7.1 and enhanced by thiol-containing compounds. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that A. actinomycetemcomitans had GGT and CGase activities and that the GGT was characterized. The possible role of A. actinomycetemcomitans in glutathione metabolism and H(2)S production from oral bacteria was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chu
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Kaur H, Kumar C, Junot C, Toledano MB, Bachhawat AK. Dug1p Is a Cys-Gly peptidase of the gamma-glutamyl cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and represents a novel family of Cys-Gly peptidases. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:14493-502. [PMID: 19346245 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808952200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
GSH metabolism in yeast is carried out by the gamma-glutamyl cycle as well as by the DUG complex. One of the last steps in the gamma-glutamyl cycle is the cleavage of Cys-Gly by a peptidase to the constitutent amino acids. Saccharomyces cerevisiae extracts carry Cys-Gly dipeptidase activity, but the corresponding gene has not yet been identified. We describe the isolation and characterization of a novel Cys-Gly dipeptidase, encoded by the DUG1 gene. Dug1p had previously been identified as part of the Dug1p-Dug2p-Dug3p complex that operates as an alternate GSH degradation pathway and has also been suggested to function as a possible di- or tripeptidase based on genetic studies. We show here that Dug1p is a homodimer that can also function in a Dug2-Dug3-independent manner as a dipeptidase with high specificity for Cys-Gly and no activity toward tri- or tetrapeptides in vitro. This activity requires zinc or manganese ions. Yeast cells lacking Dug1p (dug1Delta) accumulate Cys-Gly. Unlike all other Cys-Gly peptidases, which are members of the metallopeptidase M17, M19, or M1 families, Dug1p is the first to belong to the M20A family. We also show that the Dug1p Schizosaccharomyces pombe orthologue functions as the exclusive Cys-Gly peptidase in this organism. The human orthologue CNDP2 also displays Cys-Gly peptidase activity, as seen by complementation of the dug1Delta mutant and by biochemical characterization, which revealed a high substrate specificity and affinity for Cys-Gly. The results indicate that the Dug1p family represents a novel class of Cys-Gly dipeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Kaur
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160 036, India
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