1
|
Sidar A, Voshol GP, Vijgenboom E, Punt PJ. Novel Design of an α-Amylase with an N-Terminal CBM20 in Aspergillus niger Improves Binding and Processing of a Broad Range of Starches. Molecules 2023; 28:5033. [PMID: 37446690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the starch processing industry including the food and pharmaceutical industries, α-amylase is an important enzyme that hydrolyses the α-1,4 glycosidic bonds in starch, producing shorter maltooligosaccharides. In plants, starch molecules are organised in granules that are very compact and rigid. The level of starch granule rigidity affects resistance towards enzymatic hydrolysis, resulting in inefficient starch degradation by industrially available α-amylases. In an approach to enhance starch hydrolysis, the domain architecture of a Glycoside Hydrolase (GH) family 13 α-amylase from Aspergillus niger was engineered. In all fungal GH13 α-amylases that carry a carbohydrate binding domain (CBM), these modules are of the CBM20 family and are located at the C-terminus of the α-amylase domain. To explore the role of the domain order, a new GH13 gene encoding an N-terminal CBM20 domain was designed and found to be fully functional. The starch binding capacity and enzymatic activity of N-terminal CBM20 α-amylase was found to be superior to that of native GH13 without CBM20. Based on the kinetic parameters, the engineered N-terminal CBM20 variant displayed surpassing activity rates compared to the C-terminal CBM20 version for the degradation on a wide range of starches, including the more resistant raw potato starch for which it exhibits a two-fold higher Vmax underscoring the potential of domain engineering for these carbohydrate active enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andika Sidar
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Gerben P Voshol
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- GenomeScan, 2333 BZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Vijgenboom
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Punt
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Ginkgo Bioworks, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han X, Ding N, Ban X, Gu Z, Cheng L, Hong Y, Li C, Li Z. Fusion of maltooligosaccharide-forming amylases from two origins for the improvement of maltopentaose synthesis. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110735. [PMID: 34865754 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Maltopentaose-forming amylases are promising enzymes for their ability to hydrolyze starch and produce functional maltooligosaccharides. Two maltopentaose-forming amylase genes from Bacillus megaterium (BmMFA) and Saccharophagus degradans (SdMFA) were expressed heterologously and their characteristics were analyzed. BmMFA has substantial thermostability and SdMFA owns superior product specificity. The carbohydrate-binding module of SdMFA was fused with BmMFA and the fused protein showed ideal enzymatic properties and displayed potential for industrial production of maltopentaose. Under the optimized conditions, the final product containing 47.41% maltopentaose was obtained with a conversion rate of 92.67% from starch. This study provides a novel strategy for the directed modification of MFAses through protein fusion approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Ning Ding
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Li Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Yan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Caiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Roth C, Moroz OV, Ariza A, Skov LK, Ayabe K, Davies GJ, Wilson KS. Structural insight into industrially relevant glucoamylases: flexible positions of starch-binding domains. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 74:463-470. [PMID: 29717717 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318004989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Glucoamylases are one of the most important classes of enzymes in the industrial degradation of starch biomass. They consist of a catalytic domain and a carbohydrate-binding domain (CBM), with the latter being important for the interaction with the polymeric substrate. Whereas the catalytic mechanisms and structures of the individual domains are well known, the spatial arrangement of the domains with respect to each other and its influence on activity are not fully understood. Here, the structures of three industrially used fungal glucoamylases, two of which are full length, have been crystallized and determined. It is shown for the first time that the relative orientation between the CBM and the catalytic domain is flexible, as they can adopt different orientations independently of ligand binding, suggesting a role as an anchor to increase the contact time and the relative concentration of substrate near the active site. The flexibility in the orientations of the two domains presented a considerable challenge for the crystallization of the enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Roth
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Olga V Moroz
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Antonio Ariza
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Lars K Skov
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, DK-2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
| | | | - Gideon J Davies
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Keith S Wilson
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cripwell RA, Rose SH, van Zyl WH. Expression and comparison of codon optimised Aspergillus tubingensis amylase variants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
5
|
Heterologous, Expression, and Characterization of Thermostable Glucoamylase Derived from Aspergillus flavus NSH9 in Pichia pastoris. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5962028. [PMID: 27504454 PMCID: PMC4967687 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5962028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel thermostable glucoamylase cDNA without starch binding domain (SBD) of Aspergillus flavus NSH9 was successfully identified, isolated, and overexpressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. The complete open reading frame of glucoamylase from Aspergillus flavus NSH9 was identified by employing PCR that encodes 493 amino acids lacking in the SBD. The first 17 amino acids were presumed to be a signal peptide. The cDNA was cloned into Pichia pastoris and the highest expression of recombinant glucoamylase (rGA) was observed after 8 days of incubation period with 1% methanol. The molecular weight of the purified rGA was about 78 kDa and exhibited optimum catalytic activity at pH 5.0 and temperature of 70°C. The enzyme was stable at higher temperature with 50% of residual activity observed after 20 min at 90°C and 100°C. Low concentration of metal (Mg++, Fe++, Zn++, Cu++, and Pb++) had positive effect on rGA activity. This rGA has the potential for use and application in the saccharification steps, due to its thermostability, in the starch processing industries.
Collapse
|
6
|
Schmidt AE, Shvetsov AV, Kuklin AI, Lebedev DV, Surzhik MA, Sergeev VR, Isaev-Ivanov VV. Small-angle scattering study of Aspergillus awamori glycoprotein glucoamylase. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774516010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Plant SnRK1 Kinases: Structure, Regulation, and Function. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM 2016; 107:403-438. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43589-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
8
|
Rather MY, Nordberg Karlsson E, Adlercreutz P. Complexation of alkyl glycosides with α-cyclodextrin can have drastically different effects on their conversion by glycoside hydrolases. J Biotechnol 2015; 200:52-8. [PMID: 25711178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Substrates present in aggregated forms, such as micelles, are often poorly converted by enzymes. Alkyl glycosides constitute typical examples and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) decreases with increasing length of the alkyl group. In this study, possibilities to hydrolyse alkyl glycosides by glycoside hydrolases were explored, and α-cyclodextrin was used as an agent to form inclusion complexes with the alkyl glycosides, thereby preventing micelle formation. The cyclodextrin complexes were accepted as substrates by the enzymes to variable extent. The β-glucosidases originating from Thermotoga neapolitana (Tn Bgl3B) and from almond were not at all able to hydrolyse alkyl β-glucosides in the presence of 100mM α-cyclodextrin. However, Aspergillus niger amyloglucosidase readily accepted the complexes as substrates. In reactions involving decyl and dodecyl maltosides, the presence of 100mM α-cyclodextrin caused an increase in reaction rate in most cases, especially at high substrate concentrations. Surprisingly, the amyloglucosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of octyl-β-maltoside to glucose and β-octylglucoside was faster in the presence of α-cyclodextrin than without, even at substrate concentrations below CMC. A possible explanation of the observed rate enhancement is that binding sites on the carbohydrate binding domain of amyloglucosidase, known to bind cyclodextrins, help to guide the alkyl glycoside-cyclodextrin complex to the active site, and thereby promote its conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Younis Rather
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Patrick Adlercreutz
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Viktor MJ, Rose SH, van Zyl WH, Viljoen-Bloom M. Raw starch conversion by Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing Aspergillus tubingensis amylases. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2013; 6:167. [PMID: 24286270 PMCID: PMC4176734 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch is one of the most abundant organic polysaccharides available for the production of bio-ethanol as an alternative transport fuel. Cost-effective utilisation of starch requires consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) where a single microorganism can produce the enzymes required for hydrolysis of starch, and also convert the glucose monomers to ethanol. RESULTS The Aspergillus tubingensis T8.4 α-amylase (amyA) and glucoamylase (glaA) genes were cloned and expressed in the laboratory strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y294 and the semi-industrial strain, S. cerevisiae Mnuα1. The recombinant AmyA and GlaA displayed protein sizes of 110-150 kDa and 90 kDa, respectively, suggesting significant glycosylation in S. cerevisiae. The Mnuα1[AmyA-GlaA] and Y294[AmyA-GlaA] strains were able to utilise 20 g l-1 raw corn starch as sole carbohydrate source, with ethanol titers of 9.03 and 6.67 g l-1 (0.038 and 0.028 g l-1 h-1), respectively, after 10 days. With a substrate load of 200 g l-1 raw corn starch, Mnuα1[AmyA-GlaA] yielded 70.07 g l-1 ethanol (0.58 g l-1 h-1) after 120 h of fermentation, whereas Y294[AmyA-GlaA] was less efficient at 43.33 g l-1 ethanol (0.36 g l-1 h-1). CONCLUSIONS In a semi-industrial amylolytic S. cerevisiae strain expressing the A. tubingensis α-amylase and glucoamylase genes, 200 g l-1 raw starch was completely hydrolysed (saccharified) in 120 hours with 74% converted to released sugars plus fermentation products and the remainder presumably to biomass. The single-step conversion of raw starch represents significant progress towards the realisation of CBP without the need for any heat pretreatment. Furthermore, the amylases were produced and secreted by the host strain, thus circumventing the need for exogenous amylases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko J Viktor
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag ×1, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Shaunita H Rose
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag ×1, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Willem H van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag ×1, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Marinda Viljoen-Bloom
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag ×1, Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li Z, Wei P, Cheng H, He P, Wang Q, Jiang N. Functional role of β domain in the Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis glucoamylase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:2091-9. [PMID: 23852641 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis MB4 glucoamylase (TteGA) contains a catalytic domain (CD), which is structurally similar to eukaryotic GA, and a β domain (BD) with ambiguous function. Firstly, BD is found to be essential to TteGA activity because CD alone could not hydrolyze soluble starch. However, starch hydrolysis activity, similar to that of intact TteGA, was restored to CD in the presence of BD. Secondly, BD is found to be an important helper in the correct folding of CD because CD was mainly expressed in the inclusion bodies on its own in Escherichia coli. By contrast, intact TteGA, BD, and CD combined with BD could be expressed as soluble proteins. Additionally, BD is essential to the thermostability of TteGA because CD displayed lower thermostability compared with the intact TteGA and exhibited enhanced thermostability in the presence of BD in vitro. Truncation of TteGA or mutagenesis of the residues that participate in the interdomain interaction at its BD also led to the reduced thermostability of TteGA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Li
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Matveev YI, Plashchina IG. Effect of the degrees of polymerization of an enzyme and a substrate on the catalytic activity of the enzyme. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x1208007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
12
|
Glucoamylases: structural and biotechnological aspects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:1267-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Heterologous expression and efficient ethanol production of a Rhizopus glucoamylase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:59-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
14
|
Christiansen C, Abou Hachem M, Janecek S, Viksø-Nielsen A, Blennow A, Svensson B. The carbohydrate-binding module family 20--diversity, structure, and function. FEBS J 2009; 276:5006-29. [PMID: 19682075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Starch-active enzymes often possess starch-binding domains (SBDs) mediating attachment to starch granules and other high molecular weight substrates. SBDs are divided into nine carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) families, and CBM20 is the earliest-assigned and best characterized family. High diversity characterizes CBM20s, which occur in starch-active glycoside hydrolase families 13, 14, 15, and 77, and enzymes involved in starch or glycogen metabolism, exemplified by the starch-phosphorylating enzyme glucan, water dikinase 3 from Arabidopsis thaliana and the mammalian glycogen phosphatases, laforins. The clear evolutionary relatedness of CBM20s to CBM21s, CBM48s and CBM53s suggests a common clan hosting most of the known SBDs. This review surveys the diversity within the CBM20 family, and makes an evolutionary comparison with CBM21s, CBM48s and CBM53s, discussing intrafamily and interfamily relationships. Data on binding to and enzymatic activity towards soluble ligands and starch granules are summarized for wild-type, mutant and chimeric fusion proteins involving CBM20s. Noticeably, whereas CBM20s in amylolytic enzymes confer moderate binding affinities, with dissociation constants in the low micromolar range for the starch mimic beta-cyclodextrin, recent findings indicate that CBM20s in regulatory enzymes have weaker, low millimolar affinities, presumably facilitating dynamic regulation. Structures of CBM20s, including the first example of a full-length glucoamylase featuring both the catalytic domain and the SBD, are summarized, and distinct architectural and functional features of the two SBDs and roles of pivotal amino acids in binding are described. Finally, some applications of SBDs as affinity or immobilization tags and, recently, in biofuel and in planta bioengineering are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Christiansen
- VKR Research Centre Pro-Active Plants, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Maize AKINbetagamma dimerizes through the KIS/CBM domain and assembles into SnRK1 complexes. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1887-94. [PMID: 19450586 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The SNF1/AMPK/SnRK1 complex is an intracellular energy sensor composed of three types of subunits: the SnRK1 kinase and two regulatory, non-catalytic subunits (designated beta and gamma). We have previously described an atypical plant gamma-subunit, AKINbetagamma, which contains an N-terminal tail similar to the so-called KIS domain normally present in beta-subunits. However, it is not known whether AKINbetagamma normally associates with endogenous SnRK1 complexes in vivo, nor how its unique domain structure might contribute to SnRK1 function. Here, we present evidence that maize AKINbetagamma is an integral component of active SnRK1 complexes in plant cells. Using complementary methodological approaches, we also show that AKINbetagamma associates through homomeric interactions mediated by both, the gamma- and, unexpectedly, the KIS/CBM domain.
Collapse
|